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{{short description|none}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox flag {{Infobox flag
|Name = Florida |Name = Florida
|Article =
|Image = Flag of Florida.svg |Image = Flag of Florida.svg
|Alt = Flag of Florida
|Nickname =
|Use = 110000 |Use = 010000
|Symbol = |Symbol = {{FIAV|010000}}{{FIAV|normal}}
|Proportion = 2:3 |Proportion = 2:3
|Adoption = {{Start date and age|1868|8|6}}<ref name="Britannica"/> (initial version)<br>{{Start date and age|1900|11|6}}<ref name="Britannica"/> (first modification)<br>{{Start date and age|1985|5|21}}<ref name="Britannica"/> (second modification)
|Adoption = September 24, 1900
|Design = Red saltire on a white background, with the seal of Florida superimposed on the center. |Design = A red cross on a white field, with the state seal in the center.
|Designer = |Designer =
|Type = State
}} }}


The '''] of the ]''' consists of a red ], St. Andrew's Cross, on a white background, with the ] superimposed on the center. The design was approved by a popular referendum in 1900. The current design has been in use since 1985, after the state seal was graphically improved and officially sanctioned for use by state officials. The '''flag of Florida''' is the ] of the ] of ]. The flag consists of a red ] on a white background, with the ] superimposed on the center.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/44018|title=The 1868 State Flag of Florida|author=Florida Memory|publisher=The State Archives of Florida|access-date=November 26, 2019}}</ref> The flag's current design has been in use since May 21, 1985, after the design of the Florida state seal was graphically improved and officially sanctioned for use by state officials.

In 2001, a survey conducted by the ] ranked Florida's state flag 34th in design quality of the 72 ], ] and ] ranked.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nava.org/digital-library/design/surveys/2001-State-Provincial-Flag-Survey.pdf|title=2001 State/Provincial Flag Survey - NAVA.org|work=nava.org}}</ref> It is one of three U.S. state flags to feature the words "]" (the U.S. motto since 1956), with the other two being those of ] and ].


==History== ==History==
] at the Great Assembly of the ] in 1651.]]
] from the 16th to the 19th centuries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/flags.cfm |title=Florida's Historic Flags |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref>]]
] after 1785. Its colors are reflected in the present ].]] ] in 2013.]]
], 1651.]]
]. Design by ].]]


] was a dynastic union and federation of kingdoms when ] discovered and claimed Florida in 1513. Several flags were used during the first period of Spanish settlement and governance in Florida, such as the standard of the ] in ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pensapedia.com/City_of_Five_Flags |title=City of Five Flags |accessdate=2012-09-04}}</ref> and the ] in ]. As with other Spanish territories, the Burgundian saltire was generally used in Florida to represent collective Spanish sovereignty between 1513 and 1821. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/flagdetails.cfm?id=3 |title=Florida's Historic Flags |accessdate=2012-09-04}}</ref> ] was a dynastic union and federation of kingdoms when ] claimed ] for the ] on April 2, 1513. Colonial authorities used several banners or standards during the first period of settlement and governance in Florida, such as the royal standard of the ]. As with other Spanish territories, the ] was generally used in Florida to represent collective Spanish sovereignty between 1513 and 1821.<ref>{{cite web |title=Florida's Historic Flags |url=http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/flagdetails.cfm?id=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006180131/http://www.flheritage.com:80/facts/symbols/flagdetails.cfm?id=3 |archive-date=Oct 6, 2014 |access-date=2012-09-04 |website=flheritage}}</ref>


In 1763, the Spanish passed control of Florida to Great Britain via the ]. Britain used the original union flag with the white diagonal stripes in Florida during this brief period. The British also divided the Florida territory into ], with its capital at St. Augustine, and ], with its capital at Pensacola. In 1763, Spain passed control of Florida to ] via the ], following the latter's victory over France in the ], in exchange for other territory. Great Britain used the ] with the white diagonal stripes in Florida during this brief period. The British also divided the Florida territory into ], with its capital at St. Augustine, and ], with its capital at Pensacola. The border was the ].


Spain regained control of Florida in ]. In 1785, ] chose a new ] for Spain, which was now a more centralized nation-state, and its territories. This flag, a tri-band of red-yellow-red, was used along with the Burgundian saltire in the provinces of East and West Florida until 1821, when the Florida provinces joined the United States. Spain regained control of the Florida Provinces (las Floridas) after the ] and the ] following the American Revolutionary War, when Britain ceded its territories east of the Mississippi River. In 1785, ] chose a new ] for Spain, which had become a more centralized nation-state, and its crown territories. This tri-band of red-gold-red was used with the Burgundian saltire in the provinces of East and West Florida until they joined the United States in 1821. Florida was admitted to the Union in 1845.


===Secession from the Union===
Between 1821 and 1861, Florida had no official flag. The Lone Star and Stripes, previously the ], was used as a provisional between 1861 and 1868, after Florida seceded from the ] and declared itself a "sovereign and independent nation."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.floridamemory.com/exhibits/floridahighlights/secession/ |title=Ordinance of Secession, 1861 (From: Florida Convention of the People, Ordinance of Secession, 1861, Series S972) |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref> This flag was also used when State forces took control of the federal forts and a navy yard in Pensacola. Col. William H. Chase was Commander of Florida Troops and the flag is also referred to as the Chase Flag. Later in the year the ] passed a law authorizing Governor Perry to design an official flag for the state. His design was the ] but with the blue field extending all the way down the flag and the newly created seal of Florida within the blue field.
]]]
Between 1821 and 1861, Florida had no official flag. The inauguration of Governor ] in 1845 featured a flag with bars of blue, gold, red, white and green, along with the motto "Let Us Alone." However, this never was an official state flag.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dos.myflorida.com/florida-facts/florida-state-symbols/state-flag/floridas-historic-flags/state-flags/state-flag-1845/ |title=State Flag - 1845 |publisher=Florida Department of State}}</ref>


]
As part of the Confederacy, Florida flew all three versions of the Confederate flag and the ], which was briefly used as an unofficial flag of the Confederacy before the first official flag was adopted. The Bonnie Blue flag had a single five-point star centered in a blue background and was previously used as the flag of the short-lived ] in 1810, which included parts of modern-day Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana.
In January 1861 Florida declared that it had seceded from the ] and declared itself a "sovereign and independent nation,"<ref>{{cite web |title=Ordinance of Secession, 1861 (From: Florida Convention of the People, Ordinance of Secession, 1861, Series S972) |url=http://www.floridamemory.com/exhibits/floridahighlights/secession/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920145119/http://www.floridamemory.com/exhibits/floridahighlights/secession/ |archive-date=Sep 20, 2012 |access-date=2012-08-17 |website=floridamemory}}</ref> reaffirming the Preamble in the ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Constitution of 1838 |url=http://library.law.fsu.edu/Digital-Collections/CRC/CRC-1998/conhist/1838con.html |website=library.law.fsu.edu}}</ref> The state used the ] as a provisional flag between January and September 1861.<ref name="Cannon2005">{{cite book |last=Cannon |first=Devereaux D. Jr. |url=https://archive.org/details/flagsofconfedera0000cann |title=The Flags of the Confederacy: An Illustrated History |date=2005 |publisher=] |others=Cover design by Larry Pardue |isbn=978-1-565-54109-2 |location=] |pages=36–37 |oclc=970744690 |url-access=registration |orig-year=1st pub. St. Lukes Press:1988}}</ref> It also used this flag when Floridian forces took control of U.S. forts and a Navy yard in Pensacola. Colonel ] was commander of Floridian troops, and the flag is also referred to as the Chase Flag.


Later that year, the ] passed a law authorizing Governor Perry to design an official flag. His design was the tri-band of the ] but with the blue field extending down and the new seal of Florida placed within the blue field. As a member of the Confederacy, Florida saw use of all three versions of the Confederate flag. The ], previously the flag of the short-lived ], was briefly used as an unofficial ]. It features a single five-point star centered in a blue background.
Between 1868 and 1900, the flag of Florida was simply the state seal on a white background. In a discrepancy however, one version of the state seal depicts a steamboat with a white flag that included a red saltire, similar to Florida's current flag. In the late 1890s, ] ], a ], advocated that St. Andrew's Cross be added so that it would not appear to be a ] of truce hanging still on a flagpole. This addition was approved by popular referendum in 1900. <ref name=16Flags>{{cite web |url=http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/contentViewer.aspx?category=PublicGuide&file=About%20Florida%20--%20Flags%20of%20Florida.html |title=Florida House of Representatives - About Florida – Flags of Florida |accessdate=2008-11-04}}</ref> The red saltire of the Cross of Burgundy represents the cross on which St. Andrew was crucified.


===Florida Constitution of 1868===
==Five Flags over Florida==
Between 1868 and 1900, the flag of Florida was the state seal on a white background. In a discrepancy, however, a later version of the state seal depicts a ] with a white flag that includes a red saltire, similar to Florida's current flag.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022|reason=I cannot verify the claim about the seal having a red satire}} In the late 1890s, Florida governor ] advocated adding a red ] so that the flag would not appear to be a ] of truce if hanging limp on a flagpole. Floridians approved the addition of St. Andrew's Cross by popular referendum in 1900.<ref name="16Flags">{{cite web |title=Florida House of Representatives - About Florida – Flags of Florida |url=http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/contentViewer.aspx?category=PublicGuide&file=About%20Florida%20--%20Flags%20of%20Florida.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605191045/http://www.myfloridahouse.gov/contentViewer.aspx?category=PublicGuide&file=About%20Florida%20--%20Flags%20of%20Florida.html |archive-date=Jun 5, 2011 |access-date=2008-11-04 |website=]}}</ref> The red saltire of the ] represents the cross on which St. Andrew was crucified, and the standard is frequently displayed today in Florida's historic Spanish settlements, such as ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dma.myflorida.com/first-muster/ |title=First Muster - Florida Department of Military Affairs|access-date=2014-06-14}}</ref>
<!--The picture label is wrong: The five flags in it include 2 Spanish flag (the red&yellow strip one and the one with the red cross on white background), and no French flag. ]-->
The term "Five Flags over Florida" usually refers to the five governments that have exerted sovereignty over all or part of Florida: the flags of ], ], ], the ], and the ]. At various times in its history, at least 16 different flags have been used in Florida or parts of Florida.<ref name="16Flags"/>


===Historical Progression of Designs===<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add images or links to this section. It would quickly become too unwieldy. Thank you. -->
==See also==
{{Gallery
{{Portal|Florida}}
|width=200 |height=180
* ]
|align=center
* ]
|Flag of Cross of Burgundy.svg|The Spanish Cross of Burgundy
* ]
|Florida Provisional 1861.svg|January 13<ref name="Cannon2005" />&nbsp;– September 12, 1861
* ]
|Flag of Florida (1861).svg|{{Dts|1861|09|13}}<ref name="Cannon2005" />&nbsp;– August 5, 1868
* ]
|Flag of Florida (1868–1900).svg|{{Dts|1868|8|6}}<ref name="Britannica"/> – 1900
|File:Flag of Florida (1900).svg|{{Dts|1900}}&nbsp;(first version containing the cross, lacked standardized seal and ratio)
|Flag of Florida (1900-1985).svg|{{Dts|1900|11|06}}<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Whitney |title=flag of Florida |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Florida |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> – May 20, 1985
|Flag of Florida.svg|{{Dts|1985|05|21}}<ref name="Britannica"/> – present
}}<!-- EDITORS NOTE: Please do not add images or links to this section. It would quickly become too unwieldy. Thank you. -->

==Additional perspectives==
Some historians interpret the addition of a red saltire as a commemoration of Florida's contributions to the Confederacy by Governor ], who served in the 2nd Florida Regiment, Confederate army.<ref>{{cite web |title=Florida Governor Francis Philip Fleming |url=http://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_florida/col2-content/main-content-list/title_fleming_francis.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918064506/https://www.nga.org/cms/home/governors/past-governors-bios/page_florida/col2-content/main-content-list/title_fleming_francis.html |archive-date=Sep 18, 2017 |publisher=]}}</ref> The addition was made during a period promoting the "]" of the antebellum South, around the time of the flag's change.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Dave|title=Flag debate spreading across Deep South|url=http://savannahnow.com/stories/091700/LOCflaginsight.shtml#.VaunxRNVhBd|access-date=19 July 2015|work=Savannah Morning News|date=17 September 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722185513/http://savannahnow.com/stories/091700/LOCflaginsight.shtml#.VaunxRNVhBd|archive-date=22 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ingraham |first1=Christopher |date=21 June 2015 |title=How the Confederacy lives on in the flags of seven Southern states |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2015/06/21/how-the-confederacy-lives-on-in-the-flags-of-seven-southern-states/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref> According to historian John M. Coski, the Florida legislature adopted its new flag near the time when it ] and passed new ] and ].<ref name="Coski8081">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA80|title=The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem|date=2005|first=John M.|last=Coski|access-date=March 8, 2016|pages=80–81|location=United States of America|publisher=First Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-01983-0|quote=The flag changes in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida coincided with the passage of formal Jim Crow segregation laws throughout the South. Four years before Mississippi incorporated a Confederate battle flag into its state flag, its constitutional convention passed pioneering provisions to 'reform' politics by effectively disenfranchising most African Americans.|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309032406/https://books.google.com/books?id=zs0VJTbNwfAC&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=falsee|archive-date=March 9, 2016}}</ref> Other former Confederate slave states, such as ] and ], also adopted new state flags around the same time that they instituted segregation laws.<ref name=Coski8081/>

Not all historians agree with assertions about association with the Confederacy.<ref name=mt>{{cite news |first=Kyle |last= Munzenreider |url= https://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/is-floridas-state-flag-the-most-overtly-racist-symbol-in-the-united-states-7710371 |title= Is Florida's State Flag "the Most Overtly Racist Symbol in the United States"?|newspaper=] |date=June 26, 2015 |access-date= June 11, 2020}}</ref> James C. Clark, a lecturer in the ]'s history department, does not believe that Fleming's new flag had anything to do with the Confederacy.<ref name=mt/> "That St. Andrew's Cross that Fleming added, the red cross, dates back to the original flag the Spanish flew over Florida in the 16th century."<ref name=ucf>{{cite news |first=Glenn |last=Garvin |url= https://www.miamiherald.com/news/state/florida/article25444405.html|title=Historians differ on whether Florida flag echoes Confederate banner|newspaper=] |date=June 24, 2015 |access-date= June 11, 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Similarly, ], a Florida state-educated historian who has written extensively on Florida history, says he has "seen no specific evidence linking this flag to the Confederate one."<ref name=ucf/>

==See also==<!-- EDITORS NOTE: This section should primarily contain lists linked to the main article which are directly related to the flag. Thank you. -->
{{Portal|Florida|Heraldry}}
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|1}} {{reflist|30em}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commons category|Flags of Florida}}
*
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* {{FOTW|id=us-fl|title=Florida}}
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Latest revision as of 22:37, 6 January 2025

Florida
Flag of Florida
UseState flag Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flagSmall vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag
Proportion2:3
AdoptedAugust 6, 1868; 156 years ago (1868-08-06) (initial version)
November 6, 1900; 124 years ago (1900-11-06) (first modification)
May 21, 1985; 39 years ago (1985-05-21) (second modification)
DesignA red cross on a white field, with the state seal in the center.

The flag of Florida is the official flag of the U.S. state of Florida. The flag consists of a red saltire on a white background, with the state seal superimposed on the center. The flag's current design has been in use since May 21, 1985, after the design of the Florida state seal was graphically improved and officially sanctioned for use by state officials.

In 2001, a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association ranked Florida's state flag 34th in design quality of the 72 Canadian provincial, U.S. state and U.S. territorial flags ranked. It is one of three U.S. state flags to feature the words "In God We Trust" (the U.S. motto since 1956), with the other two being those of Georgia and Mississippi.

History

Painting of Burgundian saltires at the Great Assembly of the States-General in 1651.
The flag of Florida (center) alongside the Cross of Burgundy in 2013.

Spain was a dynastic union and federation of kingdoms when Juan Ponce de León claimed Florida for the Spanish Crown on April 2, 1513. Colonial authorities used several banners or standards during the first period of settlement and governance in Florida, such as the royal standard of the Crown of Castile. As with other Spanish territories, the Burgundian saltire was generally used in Florida to represent collective Spanish sovereignty between 1513 and 1821.

In 1763, Spain passed control of Florida to Great Britain via the Treaty of Paris, following the latter's victory over France in the Seven Years' War, in exchange for other territory. Great Britain used the original union flag with the white diagonal stripes in Florida during this brief period. The British also divided the Florida territory into East Florida, with its capital at St. Augustine, and West Florida, with its capital at Pensacola. The border was the Apalachicola River.

Spain regained control of the Florida Provinces (las Floridas) after the Siege of Pensacola and the Treaty of Paris following the American Revolutionary War, when Britain ceded its territories east of the Mississippi River. In 1785, King Charles III chose a new naval and battle flag for Spain, which had become a more centralized nation-state, and its crown territories. This tri-band of red-gold-red was used with the Burgundian saltire in the provinces of East and West Florida until they joined the United States in 1821. Florida was admitted to the Union in 1845.

Secession from the Union

Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag used as a stand in for a state flag during the 1845 inauguration of Governor William Dunn Moseley

Between 1821 and 1861, Florida had no official flag. The inauguration of Governor William D. Moseley in 1845 featured a flag with bars of blue, gold, red, white and green, along with the motto "Let Us Alone." However, this never was an official state flag.

Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag Flag flown at the State Capitol on January 11, 1861, when Florida declared independence from the United States

In January 1861 Florida declared that it had seceded from the Union and declared itself a "sovereign and independent nation," reaffirming the Preamble in the Constitution of 1838. The state used the Naval Ensign of Texas as a provisional flag between January and September 1861. It also used this flag when Floridian forces took control of U.S. forts and a Navy yard in Pensacola. Colonel William H. Chase was commander of Floridian troops, and the flag is also referred to as the Chase Flag.

Later that year, the Florida Legislature passed a law authorizing Governor Perry to design an official flag. His design was the tri-band of the Confederacy but with the blue field extending down and the new seal of Florida placed within the blue field. As a member of the Confederacy, Florida saw use of all three versions of the Confederate flag. The Bonnie Blue flag, previously the flag of the short-lived Republic of West Florida, was briefly used as an unofficial flag of the Confederacy. It features a single five-point star centered in a blue background.

Florida Constitution of 1868

Between 1868 and 1900, the flag of Florida was the state seal on a white background. In a discrepancy, however, a later version of the state seal depicts a steamboat with a white flag that includes a red saltire, similar to Florida's current flag. In the late 1890s, Florida governor Francis P. Fleming advocated adding a red St. Andrew's Cross so that the flag would not appear to be a white flag of truce if hanging limp on a flagpole. Floridians approved the addition of St. Andrew's Cross by popular referendum in 1900. The red saltire of the Cross of Burgundy represents the cross on which St. Andrew was crucified, and the standard is frequently displayed today in Florida's historic Spanish settlements, such as St. Augustine.

Historical Progression of Designs

  • The Spanish Cross of Burgundy The Spanish Cross of Burgundy
  • January 13 – September 12, 1861 January 13 – September 12, 1861
  • September 13, 1861 – August 5, 1868 September 13, 1861 – August 5, 1868
  • August 6, 1868 – 1900 August 6, 1868 – 1900
  • 1900 (first version containing the cross, lacked standardized seal and ratio) 1900 (first version containing the cross, lacked standardized seal and ratio)
  • November 6, 1900 – May 20, 1985 November 6, 1900 – May 20, 1985
  • May 21, 1985 – present May 21, 1985 – present

Additional perspectives

Some historians interpret the addition of a red saltire as a commemoration of Florida's contributions to the Confederacy by Governor Francis P. Fleming, who served in the 2nd Florida Regiment, Confederate army. The addition was made during a period promoting the "Lost Cause" of the antebellum South, around the time of the flag's change. According to historian John M. Coski, the Florida legislature adopted its new flag near the time when it disenfranchised African Americans and passed new Jim Crow laws and segregation. Other former Confederate slave states, such as Mississippi and Alabama, also adopted new state flags around the same time that they instituted segregation laws.

Not all historians agree with assertions about association with the Confederacy. James C. Clark, a lecturer in the University of Central Florida's history department, does not believe that Fleming's new flag had anything to do with the Confederacy. "That St. Andrew's Cross that Fleming added, the red cross, dates back to the original flag the Spanish flew over Florida in the 16th century." Similarly, Canter Brown Jr., a Florida state-educated historian who has written extensively on Florida history, says he has "seen no specific evidence linking this flag to the Confederate one."

See also

References

  1. ^ Smith, Whitney. "flag of Florida". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
  2. Florida Memory. "The 1868 State Flag of Florida". The State Archives of Florida. Retrieved November 26, 2019.
  3. "2001 State/Provincial Flag Survey - NAVA.org" (PDF). nava.org.
  4. "Florida's Historic Flags". flheritage. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
  5. "State Flag - 1845". Florida Department of State.
  6. "Secession Flag - 1861". Florida Department of State. Retrieved January 6, 2025.
  7. "Florida Secedes from the Union". Museum of Florida History. Retrieved January 6, 2025.
  8. "Ordinance of Secession, 1861 (From: Florida Convention of the People, Ordinance of Secession, 1861, Series S972)". floridamemory. Archived from the original on September 20, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  9. "Florida Constitution of 1838". library.law.fsu.edu.
  10. ^ Cannon, Devereaux D. Jr. (2005) . The Flags of the Confederacy: An Illustrated History. Cover design by Larry Pardue. Gretna: Pelican Publishing Company. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-1-565-54109-2. OCLC 970744690.
  11. "Florida House of Representatives - About Florida – Flags of Florida". Florida House of Representatives. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
  12. "First Muster - Florida Department of Military Affairs". Retrieved June 14, 2014.
  13. "Florida Governor Francis Philip Fleming". National Governors Association. Archived from the original on September 18, 2017.
  14. Williams, Dave (September 17, 2000). "Flag debate spreading across Deep South". Savannah Morning News. Archived from the original on July 22, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  15. Ingraham, Christopher (June 21, 2015). "How the Confederacy lives on in the flags of seven Southern states". Washington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  16. ^ Coski, John M. (2005). The Confederate Battle Flag: America's Most Embattled Emblem. United States of America: First Harvard University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 0-674-01983-0. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2016. The flag changes in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida coincided with the passage of formal Jim Crow segregation laws throughout the South. Four years before Mississippi incorporated a Confederate battle flag into its state flag, its constitutional convention passed pioneering provisions to 'reform' politics by effectively disenfranchising most African Americans.
  17. ^ Munzenreider, Kyle (June 26, 2015). "Is Florida's State Flag "the Most Overtly Racist Symbol in the United States"?". Miami New Times. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  18. ^ Garvin, Glenn (June 24, 2015). "Historians differ on whether Florida flag echoes Confederate banner". Miami Herald. Retrieved June 11, 2020.

External links

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