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{{About|the historical and cultural region in India and Nepal|the proposal to create a state of Mithila in India|Mithila (proposed Indian state)|other uses|Mithila (disambiguation){{!}}Mithila}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2012}}
{{mergefrom|List of Kings of Mithila|date=May 2012}} {{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
].)]]
{{Infobox settlement
'''Mithila''' (]: मिथिला, ''mithilā'') was a city in ], the capital of the ] Kingdom. The name Mithila is also commonly used to refer to the Videha Kingdom itself, as well as to the modern-day territories that fall within the ancient boundaries of Videha: ] and ]. The city of Mithila has been identified as modern day ] in ] of ]. The Mithila kingdom existed in the eastern ] in areas which is today spread over more than half of ] state of ], and parts of adjoining ]
| name = Mithila
| native_name = मिथिला
| type = Cultural region
| subdivision_type = Continent
| subdivision_name = ]
| subdivision_type1 = Countries
| subdivision_name1 = ] and ]
| subdivision_type2 = States or Provinces
| subdivision_name2 = ] and ] (India) and ], ] and ] (Nepal)
| blank_name_sec1 = Regional Language(s) and/or dialect(s)
| blank_info_sec1 = ]<br>]<br>] and several other dialects of Maithili
| image_blank_emblem = Emblem of Mithila.png
| blank_emblem_type = '''Emblem of Mithila'''
| image_map = Mithila Region of India and Nepal.png
| map_caption = Map of the Mithila region of ] & ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2016/02/20/the-giving-tree|title=Mithila region}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = ]<br>Tirhutiya<br>Mithilabasi
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a =Vivah Mandap, Janakpur.jpg
|photo2a =Fort of Darbhanga.jpg
| spacing =1
| position = center
| color_border = white
| color = white


| foot_montage = Top to bottom: ] (]), Royal Insigna of Raj Darbhanga & ] }}
The legend of Mithila extends over many centuries. Both ] and Vardamana ] are said to have lived in Mithila. It also formed the center of Indian history during the first millennium, and has contributed to various literary and scriptural works.
| founder = ]
| named_for = ]
}}
'''Mithila''' ({{IAST3|Mithilā}}), also known as ''']''', ''']''' and '''Mithilanchal''', is a geographical and cultural region of the ] bounded by the ] in the east, the ] in the south, the ] in the west and by the foothills of the ] in the north.<ref name="Jha1997">{{cite book |author=Jha, M. |year=1997 |chapter=Hindu Kingdoms at contextual level |title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA27 |pages=27–42 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi|isbn=9788175330344 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Mishra, V. |year=1979 |publisher=Mithila Prakasana |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FBuAAAAMAAJ&q=area+of+mithila |title=Cultural Heritage of Mithila |pages=13}}</ref> It comprises certain parts of ] and ] of India<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O49ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR20|title=Sushasan Ke Aaine Mein Naya Bihar|first=Pankaj Kumar|last= Jha|date=2010 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|location=Bihar (India)|isbn=9789380186283}}</ref> and adjoining districts of the ], ] and ] of ].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ishii, H. |year=1993 |title=Seasons, Rituals and Society: the culture and society of Mithila, the Parbate Hindus and the Newars as seen through a comparison of their annual rites |journal=Senri Ethnological Studies 36 |pages=35–84 |url=https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=3055&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823205608/https://minpaku.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=3055&item_no=1&attribute_id=18&file_no=1 |archive-date=23 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=Kumar2000>{{cite journal |author=Kumar, D. |year=2000 |title=Mithila after the Janakas |journal=The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=60 |pages=51–59}}</ref> The native language in Mithila is ], and its speakers are referred to as ]s.<ref name="Jha1997" />


Mithila is commonly used to refer to the ] Kingdom, as well as to the modern-day territories that fall within the ancient boundaries of Videha.<ref name="Kumar2000" /> Until the 20th century, Mithila was still ruled in part by the ].
The name Mithila is derived after Mythical King 'Miti'. He was supposed to have been created from body of his father King Nimi. He established the capital of his kingdom at Mithilapuri and hence the region came to be called Mithila. Since he was born out of body of his father, he took the title Janaka. After this, the ] were called Janaka. The most famous Janaka was Kushadhwaja, father of ]. He was 21st Janaka of Mithila. This Dynasty was also called Videha Janaka. There were 57 kings in the dynasty of Videha Janaka.


==History==
==Ancient history and myths==
{{Main|History of Mithila Region|}}
{{See also|Videha}}


===Vedic period===
The most important reference to Mithila is in the Hindu epic, Ramayana where Lord Rama's wife Sita is said to have been the princess of the land, born to King Janaka, who ruled Mithila from Janakpur. Other famous kings of Mithila during ancient period are King Bhanumath, Satghumanya, Suchi, Urjnama, Satdhwya, Kriti, Anjan, Arisnami, Srutayu, Supasyu, Suryasu, Srinjay, Sourmabi, Anena, Bhimrath, Satyarath, Upangu, Upgupt, Swagat, Snanand, Subrachya, Supraswa, Subhasn, Suchurut, Susurath, Jay, Vijay, Critu, Suny, Vith Habya, Dwati, Bahulaswa, Kriti Tirtiya.
Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by ] peoples who established the ] kingdom.<ref>] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143</ref> During the Later ] (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of Ancient India, along with ] and ]. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called ''Janakas''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Witzel, M. |author-link=Michael Witzel |year=1989 |chapter=Tracing the Vedic dialects |title=Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes |location=Paris |editor1-last=Caillat |editor1-first=C. |pages=141–143 |publisher=Fondation Hugot}}</ref> The Videha Kingdom was incorporated into the ], which had its capital in the city of ], and is also in Mithila.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hemchandra, R. |year=1972 |title=Political History of Ancient India |location=Calcutta |publisher=University of Calcutta}}</ref>


===Medieval period===
It is said that the last king of Janak Dynasty was of bad character. He was dethroned by public under leadership of Acharyas (Learned Men). Thereafter, Mithila remained without king for hundreds of years. Instead of king, a democratic system was followed were the ruler was elected by the people and the decisions were taken in a collective manner. In fact, Mithila may be referred as the first democracy of the world. This continued for several centuries till the region was attacked and conquered by ].
] leading his troops in the capture of the city of Tirhut. Depicted by eyewitness Muhammad Sadr Ala-i in his work ''Basātin al-uns'', published ca.1410. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=ÇAĞMAN |first1=FİLİZ |last2=TANINDI |first2=ZEREN |title=Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul |journal=Muqarnas |date=2011 |volume=28 |pages=230, 258 Fig.56 |jstor=23350289 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23350289.pdf |issn=0732-2992}}</ref>]]
From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these was the ], the ] and the Khandwala Dynasty, also known as ]. The Malla dynasty and Licchavi dynasty of Nepal are also Maithil in origin. The rulers of the Oiniwar Dynasty and the Raj Darbhanga were ]s. It was during the reign of the Raj Darbhanga family that the capital of Mithila was shifted to ].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA56 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective|pages=55–56| isbn=9788175330344| last1=Jha| first1=Makhan| year=1997| publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt.}}</ref>


Tughlaq had attacked and taken control of Bihar, and from the end of the ] until the establishment of the ] in 1526, there was anarchy and chaos in the region. ] (reigned from 1556 to 1605) realised that taxes from Mithila could only be collected if there was a king who could ensure peace there. The Brahmins were dominant in the Mithila region and Mithila had Brahmin kings in the past.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
Thereafter several dynasties such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] etc. ruled there from time to time. There was no significant ruler in Mithila after Janaks till 5th–6th century when Jaywardhan Raja Salhesh became the king. He made his capital at Mahisautha-Sirha (presently in Nepal). He defended the region against attacks by Tibetans several times. Hence, he was called Shailesh (king of Mountains) from Jaywardhan which in local dialect was called Salhesh.


Akbar summoned Rajpandit Chandrapati Thakur to ] and asked him to name one of his sons who could be made caretaker and tax collector for his lands in Mithila. Chandrapati Thakur named his middle son, ], and Akbar declared ] as the caretaker of Mithila on the day of ] in 1557 AD.
== Ruling dynasties of Mithila ==
{{original research|reason=This lists the people who have ruled region that was once Mithila. These kings cannot be called "ruling dynasties of Mithila" -- this is like calling the Native American chiefs "rulers of United States of America".|date=May 2012}}
In the Medieval & Modern History of India, Mithila has never been ruled as a separate state. Till the 14th century, Mithila being a part of erstwhile Bengal, was ruled by Bengal Kings. Later on, after fall of Bengal to Muslim Rulers, Mithila became a part of Ghulam/Tuglaq/Mughal kingdoms. Starting with the Oinwara dynasty, all the rulers of Mithila listed hereunder were not independent kings. Their status was more or less of Rent paying Rajas/ Subedars/Jamindars despite the fact that several of them were granted the Titles of Raja/ Maharaja/Maharajadiraj by Muslim/English Rulers.


Lakshmeshwar Singh (reigned from 1860 to 1898) was the eldest son of Maharaja Maheshwar Singh of Darbhanga. He, along with his younger brother, Rameshwar Singh received a western education from Government appointed tutors as well as a traditional Indian education from a ] ]. He spent approximately £300,000 on relief work during the ]. He constructed hundreds of miles of roads in various parts of the Raj, planting them with tens of thousands of trees for the comfort of travellers, as part of generating employment for people effected by famine. He constructed iron bridges over all the navigable rivers
===Around 6th century to 9th century (Pal Dynasty)===
Mithila, being part of erstwhile Bengal, was ruled by Pal Dynasty for three centuries. Pal Dynasty were followers of Buddhism.The last king of Pal Dynasty was Madanpal. Madanpal proved to be a weak king and was defeated by Adishur Samant Sen's army.


He built, and entirely supported, a first-class Dispensary at Darbhanga, which cost £3400; a similar one at Kharakpur, which cost £3500; and largely contributed to many others.
===Around 9th century to 11th century (Sen Dynasty)===
]
Sen Dynatsy were followers of Hinduism and hence people of Mithila, being followers of Hinduism, helped Samant Sen in defeating Madanpal. Mithila thus came under the rule of Sen Dynasty. Eminent scholar Vachaspati Mishra (from Village Thardhi in Madhubani district) was from this period, Sen Dynasty had five kings - Samant Sen, Hemant Sen, Vijay Sen, Vallal Sen and Laxman Sen (until the 11th century).
He built an Anglo-vernacular school at a cost of £1490, which he maintained, as well as nearly 30 vernacular schools of different grades; and subsidised a much larger number of educational institutions. He was also one of the founders of ] as well as one of the main financial contributors thereto. Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh is known for purchasing Lowhter Castle for the venue of the 1888 Allahabad Congress session when the British denied permission to use any public place. The British Governor<sup>]'']</sup> commissioned ] to make a statue of Lakshmeshwar Singh. This is installed at ] in ].


On the occasion of the Jubilee of the reign of Queen Victoria, Lakshmeshwar Singh was declared as a ], and was promoted to Knight Grand Commander in 1897.
===Around 11th century to 14th century (Deva Dynasty)===
He was also a member of the ] of 1895, formed by British Government along with ] who was the Diwan of ]. The Royal Opium Commission consisted of a 9-member team of which 7 were British and 2 were Indians and its chairman was ].
Nanya Deva defeated the last King of Sen Dynasty, Laxman Sen and became King of Bengal and thereby Mithila which till bifurcation of Bihar from Bengal was a part of that State. Nanya Deva had come from west and had his first capital at Simraun Garh (Birganj).


==Geography==
Krnat Dynasty also had five kings namely Nanya Dev, Gang Dev, Narshingh Dev, Shakrasingh Dev and Hari Singh Dev. Of these Hari Singh Dev became the most famous. He was instrumental in initiating and implementing PANJI Prabandha system in Maithil Brahmins and Maithil Kayasthas (Karn Kayasthas).There capital was Kamaldalan(kamladityastahn)present andhra tharhi. He was also great patron of art and literature. In the court of Hari Singh Dev the Royal Priest was Pt. Kameshwar Thakur the author of 'VARNA RATNAKAR', which is considered to be the first prose, an encyclopedia in any north Indian language. Pt. Kameshwar Thakur later became founder of Oinwar Dynasty.
{{Multiple image
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Mithila region of Nepal.png
| caption1 = Mithila region of Nepal|
| caption2 = Mithila region of India
| alt1 = Mithila region of Nepal
| image2 = Mithila region of India.png
}}
Mithila is a distinct geographical region with natural boundaries like rivers and hills. It is largely a flat and fertile ] plain criss-crossed by numerous rivers which originate from the ]. Due to the flat plains and fertile land Mithila has a rich variety of biotic resources; however, because of frequent floods people could not take full advantage of these resources.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thakur, B.|author2= Singh, D.P.|author3= Jha, T. |year=2007 |chapter=The Folk Culture of Mithila |editor=Thakur, B.|editor2= Pomeroy, G.|editor3= Cusack, C.|editor4= Thakur, S.K. |pages=422–446 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odCJoIaDqZ0C&pg=PA422 |title=City, Society, and Planning. Volume 2: Society|publisher= Concept Publishing Company|isbn= 9788180694608}}{{dead link|date=July 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>


Seven major rivers flow through Mithila: ], ], ], ], ], ], and the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bihar.ws/info/Geography-of-Bihar/Rivers-of-Bihar.html |title=Rivers of Bihar &#124; Bihar Articles |publisher=Bihar.ws |access-date=4 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723055131/http://www.bihar.ws/info/Geography-of-Bihar/Rivers-of-Bihar.html |archive-date=23 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> They flow from the Himalayas in the north to the ] river in the south. These rivers regularly flood, depositing silt onto the farmlands and sometimes causing death or hardship.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}
===Kings from 1326AD to 1526 (Oinwar Dynasty)===
In 1326, Firoz Shah Tughlak attacked and conquered Mithila region. The last king of Karnat Dynasty Harisingh Dev fled to Nepal. According to historian Dr. Upendra Thakur anarchy prevailed in Mithila region for next 27 years. In 1353 Firoz Shah Tughlak appointed Pt. Kameshwar Thakur as KARAD RAJA (rent paying king). Kameshwar Thakur belonged to village named Oini, which is presently in ] District. The dynasty was named after the village Oini as Oinwar Dynasty.
Kameshwar Thakur, being of scholarly nature, was unable to collect and pay tax to Firoz Shah Tughlak. Thus, Kameshwar Thakur was dethroned and his son, Bhogishwar Thakur was made next King of Mithila region. This dynasty was one of the few ruling dynasties of India who were Brahmins. Thereafter, the Mithila region had Kings from Brahmin caste only.


==Culture==
The list kings of Oinwar Dynasty is as under:
{{Main|Mithila culture}}
* Kameshwar Thakur
]
* Bhogishwar Thakur
Men and women in Mithila are very religious and dress for the festivals as well. The costumes of Mithila stem from the rich traditional culture of Mithila. ] and ] with a ] bordered ] which is the Symbol of Passion, Love, Bravery and Courage are common clothing items for men. Men wear Gold ring in their nose which symbolizes prosperity, happiness and wealth inspired by ]. Also wear Balla on their wrist and ] on their Head. In ancient times there was no colour option in Mithila, so the Maithil women wore white or yellow Saree with red Border but now they have a lot of variety and colour options and wear ''Laal-Paara'' (the traditional red-boarded white or yellow ])<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite AV media |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqbPoGYxjS0 |title= Maithil women wore Red Boarded Yellow or White Saree during Jhijhiya Naach|access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> on some special occasions, and also wear ''Shakha-Pola''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jhajistore.com/blogs/news/mithilas-bengal-connection-a-conversation-with-shalini-ji|title=Mithila as well as Bengal wearing शाखा पोला" www.jhajistore.com |access-date= 12 August 2019}}</ref> with lahthi in their hand. In ], this represents new beginnings, passion and prosperity. Red also represents the Hindu goddess ], a symbol of new beginnings and feminine power. During Chhaith, the women of Mithila wear pure cotton dhoti without stitching which reflects the pure, traditional Culture of Mithila. Usually crafted from pure cotton for daily use and from pure silk for more glamorous occasions, traditional attire for the women of Mithila includes Jamdani, Banarisi and Bhagalpuri and many more.
* Ganeshwar Singh
* Kirti Singh
* Bhavesh Thakur (also known as Bhav Singh) – He was younger son of Kameshwar Thakur. Since Kirti Singh died issueless, the kingdom passed over to Bhavesh Thakur.
* Dev Singh
* Shiv Singh – He declared himself to be independent King and stopped paying taxes to Tughlak empire. Due to his decision to challenge authority of Tughlaks empire, Ibrahim Shah Tughlak attacked Mithila. In the battle, Shiv Singh was killed.
* Padma Singh – He was younger brother of Shiv Singh.
* Queen Bishwas Devi – Padma Singh died issueless at an early age. After his death, his wife Queen Bishwas Devi ruled Mithila region, but she too died soon after taking over reign of Mithila.
* Hari Singh – He was cousin of Padma Singh. Since Padma Singh died issueless, the throne passed to Hari Singh.
* Nar Singh
* Dhir Singh (ruled 1459–1480)
* Bhairav Singh (ruled 1480–1515) - He was a very popular king and initiated several development works like digging of ponds construction of roads, wells, temples, etc. He was a great patron of art and culture as well.
* Rambhadra Singh Dev
* Laxminath Singh Dev – He was the last King of OINWAR dynasty. Sikandar Lodhi attacked Mithila region in 1526 and Maharaja Laxminath Singh Dev was killed in the ensuing battle.


] and ] are the Cultural Dance of Mithila. Jhijhiya is performed in Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Madhubani and their Neighbour Districts on the other hand ] is performed in Begusarai, Khagaria, Katihar, Naugachia during Durga Puja and Kalipuja with Shankha-Dhaak Sound.
===1526–1577 - Period of Anarchy===
Many festivals are celebrated throughout the year in Mithila. ], ] and ] is celebrated as perhaps the most important of all the celebrations of Mithila.
Sikandar Lodhi made his son-in-law, Alauddin, the ruler of this area. During this period, Mogul Empire was beginning to take its root in Delhi. Alauddin was not a successful ruler and for next 50 years, anarchy prevailed in Mithila region.


===Mithila Paag===
When Akbar became emperor, he tried to bring normalcy to Mithila region. He came to the conclusion that only after a Maithil Brahmin was made King, peace can prevail and rent can be collected in Mithila. In 1577, Emperor Akbar declared Pt. Mahesh Thakur as the ruler of Mithila.
{{Main|Paag}}
Pt. Mahesh Thakkur was of the mool 'Kharaure Bhaur' and hence that dynasty was called 'Khandwala Kul' and the capital was made in the northwest of Sarisab-Pahi and Rajgram.

The '''Paag''' is a headdress in the ] of ] and ] worn by ] people. It is a symbol of honour and respect and a significant part of ].

The Paag dates back to pre-historic times when it was made of plant leaves. It exists today in a modified form. The Paag is wore by the whole Maithil community. The colour of the Paag also carries a lot of significance. The red Paag is worn by the ] and by those who are undergoing the ]. Paag of mustard colour is donned by those attending wedding ceremonies and the elders wear a white Paag.

This Paag now features place in the popular Macmillan Dictionary. For now, Macmillan Dictionary explains Paag as “a kind of headwear worn by people in the Mithila belt of India.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/dec/26/maithili-paag-finds-place-in-macmillan-dictionary-2081124.html|title=Maithili 'paag' finds place in Macmillan Dictionary|date=26 December 2019 }}</ref>]

On 10 February 2017, ] released a set of sixteen ] on "Headgears of India". The Mithila Paag was featured on one of those postage stamps.

The ] was (in 2017) a social service organization whose flagship programme was Paag Bachau Abhiyan (Save the Paag Campaign). NOTE - it is not clear (as at April 2024) whether this campaign or the Foundation still exist.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Save-the-Paag-campaign-kicks-off-on-Feb-28-in-Delhi/articleshow/51157643.cms|title=Save the 'Paag' campaign kicks off on Feb 28 in Delhi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 February 2016 |accessdate=2 September 2017}}</ref>

===Languages and dialects===
{{Main|Maithili language}}

People of Mithila primarily speak in Maithili and its various dialects including ]<ref>{{Cite web |first=M |last=Asad |year=2013 |title=Reduplication in Modern Maithili |website=Language in India.com |url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2015/asadmaithilireduplicationfinal.pdf }}</ref> and its perceived dialects ],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kashyap |first=Abhishek Kumar |date=2014-05-01 |title=The Bajjika language and speech community Abhishek Kumar Kashyap |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2014-0001/html |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |language=en |issue=227 |pages=209–224 |doi=10.1515/ijsl-2014-0001 |s2cid=147345446 |issn=1613-3668}}</ref> and ] while also being well versed in other languages like ], ] and ] for official or administrative purposes.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

This language is an ] native to the ], mainly spoken in ] and ] and is one of the 22 ] ]. In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern ] and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal. ] is formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of ]. Today it is written in the ] adopted script.

===Maithil Cuisine===
{{Main|Maithil cuisine}}

{{multiple image
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| image1 = Gujhia.JPG
| alt1 = Pilukia
| image2 = Cacik-1.jpg
| alt2 = Dahi
| image3 = Boyal Macher Jhol.jpg
| alt3 = Maachh
| image4 = Manghser Ghugni.jpg
| alt4 = Ghughnee
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| footer = Traditional Maithil cuisine
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Maithil cuisine is a part of ] and ]. It is a culinary style which originated in Mithila. Some traditional Maithil dishes are:
* ]-]
* Vegetable of ]
* ]
* ], made of fruits and vegetables which are generally mixed with ingredients like salt, spices, and vegetable oils and are set to mature in a moistureless medium.
* ]
* Bada
* Badee
* ]
* ]
* ]
* Irhar
* Pudukiya (Purukiya) ( also known as ]) which is basically dumplings.
* ] Payas
* ]
* ]

===Madhubani/Mithila Painting===
{{Main|Madhubani/Mithila Painting}}]
Madhubani art or Mithila painting is practiced in the Mithila region of India and Nepal.
It was traditionally created by the women of different communities of the Mithila region. It is named after ] of ], India which is where it originated.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&pg=PA96 |title=Madhubani Painting |year=2003 |isbn=9788170171560 |pages=96 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |access-date=20 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028144752/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UvuJyvtsCjwC&pg=PA96 |archive-date=28 October 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

This painting as a form of wall art was practiced widely throughout the region; the more recent development of painting on paper and canvas originated among the villages around Madhubani, and it is these latter developments that may correctly be referred to as ''Madhubani art.''<ref>Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art," Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5-33</ref>

== Main festivals ==
* ]: Prayers during Chhath ] are dedicated to the ], ], to show gratitude and thankfulness
* ]: includes folk theater and song, celebrates the love between brothers and sisters and is based on a legend recounted in the ]s.
* ] (Chhotka Pabni): Very popular with the name of "Chhotka-Pabni" and Dopaharka Aragh in Mithila.Celebrated in Aghan Shukla-paksha Shasthi tithi.
* ] (Chhotka Pabni): This is celebrated in month of Baishakh Shukla-paksha Shasthi tithi and It is also called Chhotka-Pabni(Dopaharka Aragh) in Mithila.
* ]: Along with ], ], ] and the moon god is worshipped. The story of Chorchan Puja is also heard on this day after that ] is offered to the ] god (]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chauth Chand 2022: आज मनाई जाएगी चौठ चन्द्र पूजा, चांद की इस तरह होती है पूजा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/religion/ganesh-chaturthi-2022-mithila-chaurchan-parv-puja-vidhi-shubh-muhurat-know-how-to-worship-moon-sry |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=30 August 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Chaurchan Puja 2022 Wishes & Chauth Chandra Puja HD Images: Celebrate This Bihar Festival of the Moon on Ganesh Chaturthi Sharing Chaurchan Photos, Messages & Wallpapers {{!}} 🙏🏻 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/festivals-events/chaurchan-puja-2022-wishes-chauth-chandra-puja-hd-images-celebrate-this-bihar-festival-of-the-moon-on-ganesh-chaturthi-sharing-chaurchan-photos-messages-wallpapers-4143117.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>
* ]: celebrated mainly in Indian states of ], ] and ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/religion/jivitputrika-vrat-2020-jitiya-puja-vidhi-nahay-khay-date-and-timing-shubh-muhurt-jeevaputrika-vow-will-start-from-today-with-hi-khay-know-what-is-important-to-keep-in-mind-during-the-fast-rdy-2|title = Jivitputrika Vrat 2020: जीवित्पुत्रिका व्रती महिलाएं आज खोलेंगी व्रत, जानें पारण करने के लिए हर एक शुभ समय और विधि| date=11 September 2020 }}</ref> and Nepal; mothers fast (without water) for wellbeing of their children.<ref name="indastro1">{{cite web|url=http://indianastrology.co.in/4117-jivitputrika-vrat-2016-jitiya-2016-date-hindu-panchang/|title=Jivitputrika Vrat 2016 (Jitiya 2016) Date & Hindu Panchang - Indian Astrology|date=July 18, 2016|publisher=|access-date=September 4, 2016|archive-date=25 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125122123/http://indianastrology.co.in/4117-jivitputrika-vrat-2016-jitiya-2016-date-hindu-panchang/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ]: Hindu festival celebrating the wedding of Rama and Sita. It is observed on the fifth day of the Shukla paksha or waxing phase of moon in the Agrahayana month (November – December) as per Maithili calendar and in the month of Margashirsha in the Hindu calendar.
* ]
* ]: Ganga Dussehra, also known as '''Gangavataran''', is a ] festival celebrated by Maithils in ] (The Welcome Gate of Mithila). ]. It is believed by Hindus that the ] ] descended from heaven to earth on this day.<ref name=today>{{cite news|last1=Agnihotri|first1=Sanjana|title=All you need to know about Ganga Dussehra|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ganga-dussehra-june-significance-history/1/691870.html|access-date=4 July 2016|work=India Today|date=14 June 2016}}</ref>
* Kalpwas: Celebrated every in the Kartik month at ] in ] Dhaam, ].
* ] (Lachhmi Puja): harvest festival marking the end of monsoon season
* ] (Durga Maay Aagmon)
* ] (Ritual of Durga Puja)
* ]
* ]: a ten-day festival,{{sfn| Doniger|1999|p=306}}{{sfn| Lochtefeld|2002|p=208}} of which the last five are of the most significance.<ref>{{cite news |author=Parmita Borah |date=2 October 2011 |title=Durga Puja - a Celebration of Female Supremacy |url=http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html |publisher=EF News International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425051716/http://www.efi-news.com/2011/10/durga-puja-celebration-of-female.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> is an important festival in the ] tradition of Hinduism.{{sfn| McDermott|2001|pp=172-174}}{{sfn|Foulston|Abbott|2009|pp=162-169}}{{sfn|Rodrigues|2003|pp=7-8}} It marks the victory of goddess Durga in her battle against the shape-shifting ], ].{{sfn|Daniélou|1991|p=288}}{{sfn|McDaniel|2004|pp=215-219}}{{efn-ua|group=note|In the Shakta tradition of ], many of the stories about obstacles and battles have been considered as metaphors for the divine and demonic within each human being, with liberation being the state of self-understanding whereby a virtuous nature & society emerging victorious over the vicious.{{sfn| McDaniel|2004|pp=20–21, 217–219}}}} Thus, the festival epitomizes the victory of good over evil, though it is also in part a harvest festival celebrating the goddess as the motherly power behind all of life and creation.{{sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=111–112}}{{sfn|Donner|2016|p=25}}
* ]: dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali, celebrated on the new moon day ] of the Hindu month Kartik
* ]: marks the preparation for the arrival of ]. The festival is celebrated by people of ] in the ]n countries in different ways depending on the region. Vasant Panchami also marks the start of preparation for ] and ], which take place forty days later.<ref name="Roy2005p192">Christian Roy (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 192–193. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-089-5}}.</ref>
* ]: celebrates the descent of Vishnu as the Rama avatar, through his birth to King ] and Queen ] in ], ].<ref name=dna8apr2014>, DNA, 8 April 2014</ref>
* ] (Chaiti Durga Puja)
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

==People==
{{Main|Maithils}}Maithili language speakers are referred to as Maithils and they are an ] ] group. There are an estimated 75 million Maithils in India alone. The vast majority of them are ].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOQkpcVcd9AC&pg=PT215 | title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia | author=James B. Minahan| isbn=9781598846607 | date=30 August 2012 | publisher=Abc-Clio }}</ref>

The people of Mithila can be split into various ]/] affiliations such as ], ]s, ], ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s, ], ]s, ]s, ], ]s, ] and many more.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&pg=PA33 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective | author=Makhan Jha | pages=33–40| isbn=9788175330344 | year=1997 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref>

==Demands for administrative units==
===Proposed Indian state===
{{Main|Mithila, India|Mithila State Movement}}

There is an ] in the Maithili speaking region of Bihar and Jharkhand for a separate ] of Mithila.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=mithila+india+state&pg=PA148 | title=Small States Syndrome in India | access-date=16 February 2017 | pages=146 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143622/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA148&dq=mithila+india+state&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiL0fDo2pXSAhVEKcAKHej6AicQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=mithila%20india%20state&f=false | archive-date=17 February 2017 | df=dmy-all | isbn=9788170226918 | last1=Kumāra | first1=Braja Bihārī | year=1998 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>

===Proposed Nepalese province===
{{See also|Madhesh Province}}
There was a movement in the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal for a separate province.<ref>{{cite book |author=Burkert, C. |chapter=Defining Maithil Identity |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&pg=PA245 |title=Nationalism and Ethnicity in a Hindu Kingdom: The Politics and Culture of Contemporary Nepal |year=2012 |editor1=Gellner, D. |editor2=Pfaff-Czarnecka, J. |editor3=Whelpton, J. |publisher=Routledge |location=London, New York |isbn=9781136649561 |pages=241–273 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820000356/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n4FQMEiZcrIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA245 |archive-date=20 August 2017 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ] was established under the 2015 Constitution, which transformed Nepal into a Federal Democratic Republic, with a total of 7 provinces. Province No. 2 has a substantial Maithili speaking population and consists most of the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal. It was demanded by some Mithila activists that Province No. 2 be named 'Mithila Province'.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2018-05-02/samiti-vows-to-protest-for-mithila-province.html |title = Samiti vows to protest for Mithila Province}}</ref>
On 23 December 2021, four different names for the Province No. 2 were presented by the various parties of the ]. The four names were ‘Madhesh Pradesh’, ‘Janaki Pradesh’, ‘Madhya Madhesh Pradesh’ and ‘Mithila Bhojpura’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five names proposed for Province 2 |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2021/23/228334/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref>

Among the four names, Madhesh Pradesh (Madhesh Province) was chosen and finalized on 17 January 2022. The name was finalized with 80 percent majority in the Provincial Assembly. ] was named as the capital of the province.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Shirish B. |date=2022-01-18 |title=Nepal's Province 2 renamed 'Madhes Pradesh' |url=https://theprint.in/world/nepals-province-2-renamed-madhes-pradesh/806579/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{dynamic list}}
The following are notable residents (past and present) of Mithila region.

===Historical===
] ]]
]]]
* ], King of Mithila and Father in Law of King ]
* ], Princess of ] and wife of King ]
* ]charya, 10th/11th-century philosopher and ] of the ] school.
* ], 14th/15th century Maithili and Sanskrit poet-saint
*], 15th/16th-century ] poet from Mithila
*], King of Mithila during the ] from 1304 - 1324 CE
*], King of Mithila during the ] from 1147-1187 CE
*], King of Mithila during the ] from 1174-1227 CE
*], King of Mithila during the ] from 1227-1285 CE
*], 14th-century ], ] and ] who composed the earliest prose work in the ], the ]
*], political theorist and general from the 14th century
*], 13th/14th century ], ]ian and ]
*], 15th-century philosopher
*], 9th/10th-century philosopher of the ] tradition
*], zamindar and principal landowner of ], 1860–1898
*], zamindar and principal landowner of ], 1898–1929

===Modern===
* ], Indian ], political activist, social worker, poet and writer, born in ]<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Culture|first1=Government of India|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="twocircles">{{cite web|last1=Sajjad|first1=Mohammad|title=Maghfur Aijazi: A freedom-fighter and a builder of Indian democracy|url=http://twocircles.net/2013jan06/maghfur_aijazi_freedomfighter_and_builder_indian_democracy.html#.VPkHguHN45w|website=TwoCircles.net|date=6 January 2013|access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref>
* ], Member of Nepalese parliament, Vice president of ruling party ] and former ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nidhi appointed NC Vice-Prez, Khadka Gen Secy|url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/05/04/nidhi-appointed-nc-vice-prez-khadka-general-secy|access-date=2022-01-15|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref>
*] was an ] ] poet, essayist, patriot and academic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anubhuti-hindi.org/gauravgram/dinker/index.htm |title=Ramdhari Singh Dinker - Hindi ke Chhayavadi Kavi |website=www.anubhuti-hindi.org |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>
* ] was an Indian parliamentarian and social reformer who served as the chairman of the Second Backward Classes Commission (popularly known as the ]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rT2xWp_iTCYC|title=Nitish Kumar and the Rise of Bihar|date=2011-01-01|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780670084593|language=en}}</ref>
* ], formerly US-based computer scientist, author and political leader of Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=222 |title=" मुख्य समाचार " :: नेपाल :: |publisher=Ekantipur.com |date=24 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |archive-date=4 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704035340/http://www.ekantipur.com/nepal/article/?id=222 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ], Nepalese journalist and writer from ] of Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=C. K. |title=Art and identity |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/60528/ |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>
* ], influential writer of modern ] literature in the post-] era.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.seasonsindia.com/art_culture/lit_hindi_sea.htm |title=Seasons India :: Hindi Literature of India |website=www.seasonsindia.com |access-date=2020-04-26}}</ref>
* ], Indian Politician and Member of Parliament from ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri Gopal Jee Thakur{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-gopal-jee-thakur |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=www.india.gov.in}}</ref>
* ], Indian politician, born in ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-shahnawaz-hussain-on-im-hit-list-113121000234_1.html|title=BJP's Shahnawaz Hussain on IM hit list|last=IANS|date=10 December 2013|access-date=26 October 2017|via=Business Standard|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111054/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/bjp-s-shahnawaz-hussain-on-im-hit-list-113121000234_1.html|archive-date=26 October 2017|df=dmy-all|newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bjp-leader-shahnawaz-hussain-s-impersonator-arrested-76095|title=BJP leader Shahnawaz Hussain's impersonator arrested|website=NDTV.com|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219094253/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/bjp-leader-shahnawaz-hussain-s-impersonator-arrested-76095|archive-date=19 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article542836.ece|title=PM's 'lack' of leadership has made UPA 'sinking ship': BJP|website=NewIndianExpress.com|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220836/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article542836.ece|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* ] was the Chief Minister of ] and a member of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/598.htm |title=8th Lok Sabha – Members Bioprofile – AZAD, SHRI BHAGWAT JHA |access-date=2011-08-06 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006151543/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/598.htm |archive-date=6 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* ], Indian singer
* ], First president of Nepal
*], three time Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly from ] of Mithila region.
* ], Indian folk singer
* ], Bollywood playback singer
* ], leader of ]
* ], Bollywood actor
* ], Indian television actress
* ], former Indian cricketer and politician
* ], Bollywood actor
* ], one of the first female fighter pilots of India
* ], 12th-century Indian mathematician and philosopher
* ]
* ], novelist and essayist, journalist and critic
* ], Indian freedom fighter, ], ] and ] writer
* ], Indian writer
* ], Indian scholar
* ], former Member of Indian parliament and vice-chancellor of Jain Vishva Bharati University
* ], Hindi literature, grammarian and publisher
* ], Indian poet, novelist and freedom fighter
* ], scholar
* ], Indian author
* ] a Hindi novelist, journalist, poet, and short story writer
* ], Literary critic, historian, novelist, dramatist, poet, and a lexicographer
* ], former President of ]
* ], first vice-president of ]
* ], presenter of on ]
* ], madhubani artist, social activist
* ], ], born in ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/patna/i-want-self-reliant-bihar-sushil-modi-is-our-guardian-says-new-deputy-cm-tarkishore-prasad/story-JpUVa9XpDnKP1lO8GGI3pK.html|title=I want self-reliant Bihar; Sushil Modi is our guardian, says new deputy CM Tarkishore Prasad|date=19 November 2020}}</ref>
* ], Indian journalist, born in ]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Reed|first1=Stanley|author-link1=Stanley Reed (British politician)|title=The Indian And Pakistan Year Book And Who's Who 1950|date=1950|publisher=]|page=679|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.15206|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
* ], ] and academic serving the ]
* ] (born 2000), Indian dancer, choreographer and actress
* ] (born 1998), Indian Scholar, Renewable Energy

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Nepal}}
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]

==Notes==
{{Notelist-ua}}


===1577–1947 – Khandavala Dynasty===
* '''Raja Mahesh Thakur''' (expired 1558).
* '''Raja Gopal Thakur''' He was eldest Son of Raja Mahesh Thakur. He died suddenly and was king for a very small period only.
* '''Raja Parmanand Thakur''' He was second son of Raja Mahesh Thakur. He too ruled for a brief period before his death.
* '''Raja Subhankar Thakur''' (expired 1607) - He was fifth son of Raja Mahesh Thakur.
* '''Raja Purushottam Thakur''' (ruled - 1607–1623) (expired 1623). He was son of Raja Shubhankar Thakur. He was killed in 1623.
]
* '''Raja Narayan Thakur''' (ruled 1623–1642)
* '''Raja Sundar Thakur''' (ruled 1642–1662) (expired 1662).
* '''Raja Mahinath Thakur''' (ruled 1662–1684) (expired 1684).
* '''Raja Nirpat Thakur''' (ruled 1684–1700) (expired 1700).
* '''Raja Raghu Singh''' (ruled 1700–1736) (expired 1736) - Raja Raghu Singh obtained lease of whole of ''Sarkar Tirhut'' including Darbhanga and ] at an annual rent of Rs.100,000, which was a huge amount at that time. The annual revenue of ''Sarkar Tirhut'' in 1685 AD was officially returned at Rs.7,69,287. At one time, during reign of Raja Raghu Singh, Nawab Mahabat Jung, ''Nawab Subahdar'' of Behar, got jealous of the wealth of Raja Raghu Singh and imprisoned his family at Patna. Raghu Singh escaped capture and later succeeded in getting the estate back along with large grant with Mughal Governor on the condition that "'''''Do Justice, Relieve Distress, And Put The Country In Flourishing Condition.''''' This condition was fulfilled by Raja Raghu Singh and subsequent Maharajas of Darbhanga. He built a mud fort at Bhawara near ].
* '''Raja Bishnu Singh''' (ruled 1736–1740) (expired 1740).
* '''Raja Narendra Singh''' (ruled 1740–1760) (expired 1760). Raja Narendra Singh died issueless. He adopted Raja Pratap Singh, great great grandson of Narayan Thakur, son of Raja Shubhankar Thakur, younger brother of Raja Sundar Thakur as his successor.
* '''Raja Pratap Singh''' (ruled 1760–1776) (expired 1776). Raja Pratap Singh built Rajbari at Darbhanga and shifted the capital to Darbhanga from Bhawara.
* '''Raja Madho Singh''' (ruled - 1776–1808) (expired 1808). He was younger brother of Raja Pratap Singh and succeeded Raja Pratap Singh upon his death. In 1776, Raja Madho Singh received grant of Dharampur in District of Purnea, Bihar from Shah Alam, Mughal Emperor of Delhi. Raja Madho Singh had a long dispute with British Government over revenue payment and extent of his right over the land.
* '''Maharaja Chhatra Singh Bahadur''' (ruled 1808–1839) (expired 1839). He was second son of Raja Madho Singh. He was first in the family to hold the title of Maharaja Bahadur. Maharaja Chhatra Singh made over his estate and title to his eldest son Maharaja Rudra Singh Bahadur on ground of old age in 1839. He died a few days later after coronation of Maharaja Rudra Singh Bahadur.
* '''Maharaja Rudra Singh Bahadur''' (ruled 1839–1850) (expired 1850). After death of Maharaja Chhatra Singh Bahadur, younger brothers of Maharaja Rudra Singh Bahadur were involved in a long litigation for succession to the estate. It was ultimately held by High Court of Calcutta that ordinary Hindu Law of Succession can not apply in this case and the Raj Darbhanga family would have to follow the family custom or Kulachar. Accordingly, Maharaja Rudra Singh Bahadur being the eldest son of Maharaja Chhatra Singh Bahadur was declared to be ]. This permanently settled the issue of succession and thereafter the succession was based upon primogeniture..
* '''Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur''' (ruled 1850–1860) (expired 1860). Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur ruled for ten years. He expired in the month of October 1860 leaving behind two sons - Lakshmeshwar Singh and Rameshwar Singh, both of whom became Maharajas of Darbhanga later.
* ''']''' (ruled 1860–1898) (born - September 25, 1858 – died December 17, 1898). Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh was a known philanthropist. His statue was installed in Calcutta in 1904 at Dalhousie Square as a tribute to him. Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh Bahadur was a minor at time of death of his father and thus Raj Darbhanga was placed under Court of Ward. He was the first Maharaja of Darbhanga who received western education. He was taught by a British tutor - Mr. Chester Mcnaughton. After attaining majority, Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh Bahadur took over the reins of Raj Darbhanga. He entirely devoted himself to public work and was recognized as one of the greatest nobles and philanthropists of India at that time.
* '''Maharaja Rameshwar Singh Bahadur''' (ruled 1898–1929) (born - January 16, 1860 – died July 3, 1929). Maharaja Rameshwar Singh Bahadur became Maharaja of Darbhanga after death of his elder brother Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh Bahadur, who died issueless. He was appointed to the Indian Civil Service in 1878, serving as assistant magistrate successively at Darbhanga, Chhapra and Bhagalpur. He was exempted from attendance at the Civil Courts. He was appointed a Member of the Legislative Council of Bengal (MLC of Bengal) in 1885. He was also a Member of Council of Governor General of India in 1899 and 1904, President of Bihar Landholder's Association, President of All India Landholder's Association, President of Bharat Dharma Mahamandal, Member of Council of State, Trustee of Victoria Memorial, Calcutta, President of Hindu University Society, M.E.C. of Bihar and Orissa, Member of Indian Police Commission (1902–03). He was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind medal in 1900. He was the only member of India Police Commission who dissented with the report and suggested that the recruitment to the Indian Police Services should be through a single exam only to be conducted in India and Britain simultaneously. Further as per his suggestion the recruitment should be without any basis colour or nationality. This suggestion was rejected by the India Police Commission.<ref>http://bprd.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkfile/File688.pdf</ref>
* '''Maharaja Kameshwar Singh Bahadur''' (ruled 1929–1947 i.e. till independence of India on 15 August 1947 when all the kingdoms merged with Union of India). (born - November 28, 1907 – died November 8, 1962). He was member of the Council of State 1933–1946, Member of the Constituent Assembly 1947–1952 and the Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha) 1952–1958 and 1960–1962.He was the first person in India to get a bust of Mahatma Gandhi made by celebrated artist and niece of Winston Churchill—Clare Sheriden. The bust was presented to the then viceroy of India Lord Linlithgow to be displayed in Government House (now Rashtrapati Bhawan). This was acknowledged by Mahatma Gandhi in a letter to Lord Linlithgow in 1940.<ref>Courage and Benevolence: Maharajadhiraj Kameshwar Singh; published by Maharajadhiraj Kameshwar Singh Kalyani Foundation</ref>
'''kusheshwarasthan''':-about 50 km from darbhanga and 9 km from '''Harinagar village.'''
==References== ==References==
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==External links== ==Bibliography==
*


*{{cite book
{{Historical regions of North India}}
|last=Tukol
|first=T. K.
|title=Compendium of Jainism
|publisher=University of Karnataka
|year=1980
|location=Dharwad}}


*{{cite book
]
|last=Shah
]
|first= Umakant Premanand
]
|title=Jaina-Rupa Mandana: Jaina Iconography:, Volume 1
]
|year=1987
]
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m_y_P4duSXsC
]
|location=India
|publisher=Shakti Malik Abhinav Publications
|isbn=978-81-7017-208-6}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Mithila}}
*
{{India topics}}
{{Historical regions of North India|state=collapsed}}
{{Nepal topics}}
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 04:24, 21 December 2024

This article is about the historical and cultural region in India and Nepal. For the proposal to create a state of Mithila in India, see Mithila (proposed Indian state). For other uses, see Mithila.

Cultural region in India and Nepal, Asia
Mithila मिथिला
Cultural region
Top to bottom: Vivah Mandap (Janakpurdham, Nepal), Royal Insigna of Raj Darbhanga & Darbhanga Fort
Official logo of MithilaEmblem of Mithila
Map of the Mithila region of India & NepalMap of the Mithila region of India & Nepal
ContinentAsia
CountriesIndia and Nepal
States or ProvincesBihar and Jharkhand (India) and Madhesh Province, Koshi and Bagmati Province (Nepal)
Founded byVidegha Mathava
Named forKing Mithi
Demonym(s)Maithils
Tirhutiya
Mithilabasi
Regional Language(s) and/or dialect(s)Maithili
Bajjika
Angika and several other dialects of Maithili

Mithila (IAST: Mithilā), also known as Tirhut, Tirabhukti and Mithilanchal, is a geographical and cultural region of the Indian subcontinent bounded by the Mahananda River in the east, the Ganges in the south, the Gandaki River in the west and by the foothills of the Himalayas in the north. It comprises certain parts of Bihar and Jharkhand of India and adjoining districts of the Koshi Province, Bagmati Pradesh and Madhesh Province of Nepal. The native language in Mithila is Maithili, and its speakers are referred to as Maithils.

Mithila is commonly used to refer to the Videha Kingdom, as well as to the modern-day territories that fall within the ancient boundaries of Videha. Until the 20th century, Mithila was still ruled in part by the Raj Darbhanga.

History

Main article: History of Mithila Region See also: Videha

Vedic period

Mithila first gained prominence after being settled by Indo-Aryan peoples who established the Videha kingdom. During the Later Vedic period (c. 1100–500 BCE), Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of Ancient India, along with Kuru and Panchala. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called Janakas. The Videha Kingdom was incorporated into the Vajjika League, which had its capital in the city of Vaishali, and is also in Mithila.

Medieval period

Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq leading his troops in the capture of the city of Tirhut. Depicted by eyewitness Muhammad Sadr Ala-i in his work Basātin al-uns, published ca.1410. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.

From the 11th century to the 20th century, Mithila was ruled by various indigenous dynasties. The first of these was the Karnats of Mithila, the Oiniwar Dynasty and the Khandwala Dynasty, also known as Raj Darbhanga. The Malla dynasty and Licchavi dynasty of Nepal are also Maithil in origin. The rulers of the Oiniwar Dynasty and the Raj Darbhanga were Maithil Brahmins. It was during the reign of the Raj Darbhanga family that the capital of Mithila was shifted to Darbhanga.

Tughlaq had attacked and taken control of Bihar, and from the end of the Tughlaq Dynasty until the establishment of the Mughal Empire in 1526, there was anarchy and chaos in the region. Akbar (reigned from 1556 to 1605) realised that taxes from Mithila could only be collected if there was a king who could ensure peace there. The Brahmins were dominant in the Mithila region and Mithila had Brahmin kings in the past.

Akbar summoned Rajpandit Chandrapati Thakur to Delhi and asked him to name one of his sons who could be made caretaker and tax collector for his lands in Mithila. Chandrapati Thakur named his middle son, Mahesh Thakur, and Akbar declared Mahesh Thakur as the caretaker of Mithila on the day of Ram Navami in 1557 AD.

Lakshmeshwar Singh (reigned from 1860 to 1898) was the eldest son of Maharaja Maheshwar Singh of Darbhanga. He, along with his younger brother, Rameshwar Singh received a western education from Government appointed tutors as well as a traditional Indian education from a Sanskrit Pandit. He spent approximately £300,000 on relief work during the Bihar famine of 1873–74. He constructed hundreds of miles of roads in various parts of the Raj, planting them with tens of thousands of trees for the comfort of travellers, as part of generating employment for people effected by famine. He constructed iron bridges over all the navigable rivers

He built, and entirely supported, a first-class Dispensary at Darbhanga, which cost £3400; a similar one at Kharakpur, which cost £3500; and largely contributed to many others.

Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh

He built an Anglo-vernacular school at a cost of £1490, which he maintained, as well as nearly 30 vernacular schools of different grades; and subsidised a much larger number of educational institutions. He was also one of the founders of Indian National Congress as well as one of the main financial contributors thereto. Maharaja Lakshmeshwar Singh is known for purchasing Lowhter Castle for the venue of the 1888 Allahabad Congress session when the British denied permission to use any public place. The British Governor commissioned Edward Onslow Ford to make a statue of Lakshmeshwar Singh. This is installed at Dalhousie Square in Kolkata.

On the occasion of the Jubilee of the reign of Queen Victoria, Lakshmeshwar Singh was declared as a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, and was promoted to Knight Grand Commander in 1897. He was also a member of the Royal Commission on Opium of 1895, formed by British Government along with Haridas Viharidas Desai who was the Diwan of Junagadh. The Royal Opium Commission consisted of a 9-member team of which 7 were British and 2 were Indians and its chairman was Earl Brassey.

Geography

Mithila region of NepalMithila region of NepalMithila region of India

Mithila is a distinct geographical region with natural boundaries like rivers and hills. It is largely a flat and fertile alluvial plain criss-crossed by numerous rivers which originate from the Himalayas. Due to the flat plains and fertile land Mithila has a rich variety of biotic resources; however, because of frequent floods people could not take full advantage of these resources.

Seven major rivers flow through Mithila: Gandak, Kosi, Mahananda, Bagmati, Kamala, Balan, and the Budhi Gandak. They flow from the Himalayas in the north to the Ganges river in the south. These rivers regularly flood, depositing silt onto the farmlands and sometimes causing death or hardship.

Culture

Main article: Mithila culture
Map of full Mithila
Map of full Mithila

Men and women in Mithila are very religious and dress for the festivals as well. The costumes of Mithila stem from the rich traditional culture of Mithila. Panjabi Kurta and Dhoti with a Mithila Painting bordered Maroon coloured Gamchha which is the Symbol of Passion, Love, Bravery and Courage are common clothing items for men. Men wear Gold ring in their nose which symbolizes prosperity, happiness and wealth inspired by Lord Vishnu. Also wear Balla on their wrist and Mithila Paag on their Head. In ancient times there was no colour option in Mithila, so the Maithil women wore white or yellow Saree with red Border but now they have a lot of variety and colour options and wear Laal-Paara (the traditional red-boarded white or yellow Saree) on some special occasions, and also wear Shakha-Pola with lahthi in their hand. In Mithila culture, this represents new beginnings, passion and prosperity. Red also represents the Hindu goddess Durga, a symbol of new beginnings and feminine power. During Chhaith, the women of Mithila wear pure cotton dhoti without stitching which reflects the pure, traditional Culture of Mithila. Usually crafted from pure cotton for daily use and from pure silk for more glamorous occasions, traditional attire for the women of Mithila includes Jamdani, Banarisi and Bhagalpuri and many more.

Jhijhiya and Dhuno-Naach are the Cultural Dance of Mithila. Jhijhiya is performed in Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Madhubani and their Neighbour Districts on the other hand Dhuno-Naach is performed in Begusarai, Khagaria, Katihar, Naugachia during Durga Puja and Kalipuja with Shankha-Dhaak Sound. Many festivals are celebrated throughout the year in Mithila. Chhaith, Durga Puja and Kali puja is celebrated as perhaps the most important of all the celebrations of Mithila.

Mithila Paag

Main article: Paag

The Paag is a headdress in the Mithila region of India and Nepal worn by Maithil people. It is a symbol of honour and respect and a significant part of Maithil culture.

The Paag dates back to pre-historic times when it was made of plant leaves. It exists today in a modified form. The Paag is wore by the whole Maithil community. The colour of the Paag also carries a lot of significance. The red Paag is worn by the bridegroom and by those who are undergoing the sacred thread rituals. Paag of mustard colour is donned by those attending wedding ceremonies and the elders wear a white Paag.

This Paag now features place in the popular Macmillan Dictionary. For now, Macmillan Dictionary explains Paag as “a kind of headwear worn by people in the Mithila belt of India.”

Paag

On 10 February 2017, India Posts released a set of sixteen commemorative postage stamps on "Headgears of India". The Mithila Paag was featured on one of those postage stamps.

The Mithilalok Foundation was (in 2017) a social service organization whose flagship programme was Paag Bachau Abhiyan (Save the Paag Campaign). NOTE - it is not clear (as at April 2024) whether this campaign or the Foundation still exist.

Languages and dialects

Main article: Maithili language

People of Mithila primarily speak in Maithili and its various dialects including Thēthi and its perceived dialects Bajjika, and Angika while also being well versed in other languages like English, Hindi and Nepali for official or administrative purposes.

This language is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian subcontinent, mainly spoken in India and Nepal and is one of the 22 recognised Indian languages. In Nepal, it is spoken in the eastern Terai and is the second most prevalent language of Nepal. Tirhuta is formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi. Today it is written in the Devanagari adopted script.

Maithil Cuisine

Main article: Maithil cuisine PilukiaDahiMaachhGhughneeTraditional Maithil cuisine

Maithil cuisine is a part of Indian cuisine and Nepalese cuisine. It is a culinary style which originated in Mithila. Some traditional Maithil dishes are:

Madhubani/Mithila Painting

Main article: Madhubani/Mithila Painting
National Institute Of Mithila Art

Madhubani art or Mithila painting is practiced in the Mithila region of India and Nepal. It was traditionally created by the women of different communities of the Mithila region. It is named after Madhubani district of Bihar, India which is where it originated.

This painting as a form of wall art was practiced widely throughout the region; the more recent development of painting on paper and canvas originated among the villages around Madhubani, and it is these latter developments that may correctly be referred to as Madhubani art.

Main festivals

People

Main article: Maithils

Maithili language speakers are referred to as Maithils and they are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. There are an estimated 75 million Maithils in India alone. The vast majority of them are Hindu.

The people of Mithila can be split into various caste/clan affiliations such as Brahmins, Kayasthas, Kanu, Kewats, Bhumihars, Rajputs, Kushwahas, Baniyas, Kamatas, Ahirs, Kurmis, Dushads, Kujras, Manush and many more.

Demands for administrative units

Proposed Indian state

Main articles: Mithila, India and Mithila State Movement

There is an ongoing movement in the Maithili speaking region of Bihar and Jharkhand for a separate Indian state of Mithila.

Proposed Nepalese province

See also: Madhesh Province

There was a movement in the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal for a separate province. Province No. 2 was established under the 2015 Constitution, which transformed Nepal into a Federal Democratic Republic, with a total of 7 provinces. Province No. 2 has a substantial Maithili speaking population and consists most of the Maithili speaking areas of Nepal. It was demanded by some Mithila activists that Province No. 2 be named 'Mithila Province'. On 23 December 2021, four different names for the Province No. 2 were presented by the various parties of the Provincial Assembly of Madhesh Province. The four names were ‘Madhesh Pradesh’, ‘Janaki Pradesh’, ‘Madhya Madhesh Pradesh’ and ‘Mithila Bhojpura’.

Among the four names, Madhesh Pradesh (Madhesh Province) was chosen and finalized on 17 January 2022. The name was finalized with 80 percent majority in the Provincial Assembly. Janakpur was named as the capital of the province.

Notable people

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following are notable residents (past and present) of Mithila region.

Historical

Statue of the 11th century philosopher Udayana
Statue of Maithili language poet, Vidyapati

Modern

See also

Notes

  1. In the Shakta tradition of Hinduism, many of the stories about obstacles and battles have been considered as metaphors for the divine and demonic within each human being, with liberation being the state of self-understanding whereby a virtuous nature & society emerging victorious over the vicious.

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