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| {{Short description|1911 novella by Edith Wharton}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{Infobox |
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| {{For|the film adaptation|Ethan Frome (film)}} | |||
| ⚫ | {{Infobox book | ||
| | name = Ethan Frome | | name = Ethan Frome | ||
| | title_orig = | | title_orig = | ||
| | translator = | | translator = | ||
| | image = |
| image = Ethan Frome first edition cover.jpg | ||
| | |
| image_size = 200px | ||
| | caption = | |||
| | author = ] | | author = ] | ||
| | illustrator = | | illustrator = | ||
| Line 10: | Line 13: | ||
| | country = United States | | country = United States | ||
| | language = English | | language = English | ||
| | series = | |||
| | subject = | | subject = | ||
| | genre = | | genre = | ||
| | publisher = ] | | publisher = ] | ||
| | release_date = 1911 | | release_date = September 1911 | ||
| | media_type = Print ( |
| media_type = Print (hardback & paperback) | ||
| | pages = 195 pp | | pages = 195 pp | ||
| | ISBN = 0-486-26690-7 | | ISBN = 0-486-26690-7 | ||
| | external_url = https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/edith-wharton/ethan-frome | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''''Ethan Frome''''' is a |
'''''Ethan Frome''''' is a 1911 novella by American author ]. It details the story of a man who falls in love with his wife's cousin and the tragedies which result from the ensuing ]. The novel has been adapted into a ].<ref name="film review">{{cite web|last=Canby |first=Vincent |title=Liam Neeson in Lead Of Wharton Classic |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE1DE1F3CF931A25750C0A965958260 |work=] |date=1993-03-12 |access-date=2008-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519222556/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F0CE1DE1F3CF931A25750C0A965958260 |archive-date=2011-05-19 }}</ref> | ||
| ==Plot== | ==Plot== | ||
| An unnamed male narrator is working at a power plant but due to a carpenter's strike, finds himself forced to spend a winter in the nearby small town of (fictional) Starkfield, Massachusetts. The man who chauffeurs him to work is a limping, quiet man named Ethan Frome, a lifelong resident and local fixture of the community. The narrator learns that Frome's limp arose from being injured in an accident. The story then flashes back 24 years to detail Frome's past. | |||
| ''Ethan Frome'' is set in a fictional New England town named Starkfield, where an unnamed narrator tells the story of his encounter with Ethan Frome, a man with dreams and desires that end in an ] turn of events. The narrator tells the story based on an account from observations at Frome's house when he had to stay there during a winter storm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethan Frome – Plot Overview|url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/frome/summary.html|work=]|year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref> | |||
| The young Frome is married to a sickly woman named Zeena (Zenobia), who appears older than her age, is unkind to Ethan, and whose life revolves around seeking expensive treatments for her varied illnesses. Although the Fromes have limited means themselves, they have taken in Zeena's cousin Mattie, whose family is poor. Ethan falls in love with Mattie, and it becomes increasingly clear that Mattie also loves him. While it remains ambiguous if Zeena suspects Ethan's unfaithfulness, she makes plans to send Mattie away. Zeena claims that, because of her failing health, her physician has recommended she hire a maid who will relieve her of housework. Zeena has already arranged for the hired girl to arrive by train soon, and Mattie must vacate her room immediately. Ethan, miserable at the thought of losing Mattie, considers running away with her, but he lacks the money to do so, and will feel guilty about leaving Zeena with the farm. | |||
| The novel is framed by the literary device of an extended ]. The first chapter opens with an unnamed narrator who, while spending a winter in Starkfield, sets out to learn about the life of a mysterious local figure named Ethan Frome, a man who had been injured in a horrific “smash-up” twenty-four years before. Frome is described as “the most striking figure in Starkfield”, “the ruin of a man” with a “careless powerful look…in spite of a lameness checking each step like the jerk of a chain”. | |||
| The next morning, Ethan rushes into town to try to get a cash advance from a customer for a load of lumber in order to have the money with which to elope with Mattie. His plan is unhinged by guilt, however, when his customer's wife expresses compassion for Ethan. He realizes that he cannot cheat this kindly woman and her husband out of money. | |||
| The narrator fails to get many details from the townspeople. However, the narrator hires Frome as his driver for a week. A severe snowstorm forces Frome to take the narrator to his home one night for shelter. Just as the two are entering Frome's house, the first chapter ends. The second chapter flashes back twenty-four years; the narration switches from the ] of the first chapter to an omniscient ]. Ethan is waiting outside a church dance for Mattie, his wife’s cousin, who lives with Ethan and his wife Zeena (Zenobia) to help around the house since Zeena is sickly. Mattie is given the occasional night off to entertain herself in town as partial recompense for taking care of the Frome family without pay, and Ethan has fallen into the habit of walking her home. It is made clear that Ethan has deep feelings for Mattie, and it is equally clear that Zeena suspects these feelings and does not approve. | |||
| Ethan comes back to the farm and picks up Mattie to take her to the train station. They stop at a hill upon which they had once planned to go sledding and decide to sled together as a way of delaying their sad parting. After their first run, Mattie suggests a suicide pact: that they go down again, and steer the sled directly into a big ] tree, so they will never be parted and so that they may spend their last moments together. The resulting crash leaves both of them alive, Ethan with a permanent limp and Mattie paralyzed from a ]. | |||
| When Zeena leaves for a two-day visit to seek treatment for her illness in a neighboring town, Ethan is excited to have an evening alone with Mattie. However, the two never verbalize or show their passion for each other throughout their evening together. The Fromes' cat breaks Zeena’s favorite pickle dish which Mattie had set on the table. Ethan sets the dish's pieces neatly in the cupboard with plans to fix it soon. He represses the impulse to demonstrate his passion and affection for Mattie. | |||
| The narrative returns to the present, where he tells of being forced by a ] to stay the night at the Frome house, the first stranger to enter the house in 20 years. He witnesses an unhappy scene with Mattie and the Fromes living together, with Zeena as Mattie's caregiver. Ironically, Ethan and Mattie have gotten their wish to stay together, but in mutual unhappiness and discontent, with Mattie now having developed an irritable disposition, and the sickly Zeena rising to the challenge of becoming a caretaker. Zeena is a constant presence between the two of them, although it remains ambiguous as to whether she knew of their dalliance. | |||
| In the morning Ethan’s plans to reveal his love for Mattie are foiled by the presence of his hired man; he runs into town to pick up some glue for the broken pickle dish, and upon his return finds that Zeena has returned. Zeena informs him that she plans to send Mattie away and hire a more efficient girl to replace her, as her health is failing even more rapidly. Ethan’s passions are inflamed by the thought of losing Mattie, he finds her in the kitchen after Zeena’s pronouncement. He tells her of Zeena’s plans to dismiss her, but their moment is interrupted by Zeena herself. Zeena discovers the broken pickle dish and is angered, furthering her determination to get rid of Mattie. | |||
| ==Development== | |||
| Ethan considers running away with Mattie, but he does not possess the financial wherewithal to do so. The next morning, Zeena announces the plans to hire a new girl and send Mattie on her way. Ethan rushes into town on an errand to seek out an advance from a customer for a load of lumber, so as to give him the money to run away with Mattie. His plan is unhinged by guilt, however, when his customer’s wife compliments him on his patience and dedication in caring for Zeena through her sickness. | |||
| The story of ''Ethan Frome'' had initially begun as a French-language composition that Wharton had to write while studying the language in ],<ref name="nightmare">{{Cite book|last=Springer|first=Marlene|title=Ethan Frome: A Nightmare of Need|series=Twayne's Masterwork Studies|location=New York City|publisher=Twayne Publishers|year=1993}}</ref> but several years later she took the story up again and transformed it into the novel it now is, basing her sense of New England culture and place on her ten years of living at The Mount, her home in ]. She would read portions of her novel-in-progress each day to her good friend Walter Berry, who was an international lawyer. Wharton likely based the story of Ethan and Mattie's sledding experience on an accident that she had heard about in 1904 in Lenox.<ref name="context">{{cite web|title=Ethan Frome – Context|url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/frome/context.html|work=]|year=2006|access-date=2008-02-11}}</ref> Five people total were involved in the real-life accident, four girls and one boy. They crashed into a lamppost while sledding down Courthouse Hill in Lenox. A girl named Emily Hazel Crosby was killed in the accident. Wharton learned of the accident from one of the girls who survived, Kate Spencer, when the two became friends while both worked at the ]. Kate Spencer suffered from a hip injury in the accident and also had facial injuries. It is among the few works by Wharton with a rural setting.<ref name="context"/> Wharton found the notion of the tragic sledding crash to be irresistible as a potential extended metaphor for the wrongdoings of a secret love affair. | |||
| ⚫ | Lenox is also where Wharton had traveled extensively and had come into contact with at least one of the victims of the accident; victims of the accident are buried in graves nearby Wharton family members. In her introduction to the novel, Wharton talks of the "outcropping ]" of ], the austerity of its land and the stoicism of its people. There are frequent references to ], ], pine, and ] trees. The connection between land and people is very much a part of ]; the environment is a powerful shaper of man's fate, and the novel dwells insistently on the cruelty of Starkfield's winters.<ref>Lewis, R.W.B. ''Edith Wharton: A Biography''. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1975.</ref> | ||
| Ethan returns to the farm, picking up Mattie to go to the train station. They stop at a hill upon which they had once proposed to go ], and they decide to go through with the sledding despite the dangers of the trees. After their first run, Mattie suggests a ]; that they run themselves into a tree so they may spend their last moments together. Ethan resists the notion, but then finally agrees, and they take the ride down together. On the way down, a vision of Zeena's face makes Ethan try to turn aside at the last moment, but he recovers and hits the elm tree. Instead of both of them being killed, Ethan regains consciousness after the accident and, dazed and confused, finds Mattie lying beside him moaning in pain. Additionally, Ethan is partially paralyzed, finding movement to be difficult. This was the so-called "smash-up" introduced at the beginning of the novel. | |||
| ⚫ | ==Reception== | ||
| The final chapter switches back to the first-person narrator point of view of the first chapter, as Frome and the narrator walk into the Frome household two decades later. Mattie still lives with Frome, but she is paralyzed from the accident. Her personality has "soured" and Zeena now must care for her and Ethan. | |||
| ⚫ | '']'' called ''Ethan Frome'' "a compelling and haunting story."<ref>{{cite news|title=Three Lives in Supreme Torture|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1911/10/08/104878602.pdf|page=BR603|work=]|date=October 8, 1911|access-date=2008-02-11 | format=PDF}}</ref> Wharton was able to write an appealing book and separate it from her other works, where her characters in ''Ethan Frome'' are not of the elite upper class. However, the problems that the characters endure are still consistently the same, where the protagonist has to decide whether or not to fulfill their duty or follow their heart. She began writing Ethan Frome in the early 1900s when she was still married. The novel was criticized by ] as lacking in moral or ethical significance.<ref name="nightmare"/> Trilling wrote that the ending is "terrible to contemplate," but that "the mind can do nothing with it, can only endure it."<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716205915/http://www.novelguide.com/EthanFrome/essayquestions.html |date=2014-07-16 }}. NovelGuide: Ethan Frome. Novelgide.com, n.d. February 24, 2010.</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | Jeffrey Lilburn notes that some find "the suffering endured by Wharton's characters is quite bleak and makes for a dull read," but others see the difficult moral questions addressed and note that it "provides insightful commentary on the American economic and cultural realities that produced and allowed such suffering." Wharton was always careful to label ''Ethan Frome'' as a brief reminiscence rather than a novel. Critics did take note of this when reviewing the book, some in more candor than others. Elizabeth Ammons reflected that reading Wharton's novel compelled her to reminisce upon when literature was more enthralling. She found a story that functions as a "realistic social criticism," a reminder that some are willing to indulge in dull prose based solely upon the name of the author. Despite her obvious quarrels with the work, Ammons proceeded to analyze the text. The moral concepts, as described by Ammons, are revealed with all of the brutality of Starkfield's winters. Comparing Mattie Silver and Zeena Frome, Ammons suggests that Mattie would grow as frigid and crippled as Zeena, so long as such women remain isolated and dependent. Wharton cripples Mattie, says Lilburn, but has her survive in order to demonstrate the cruelty of the culture surrounding women in that period.<ref>Lilburn, Jeffrey. "Ethan Frome (Criticism)." ''Answers.com''. Retrieved 2010-02-24.</ref> | ||
| ==Symbolism== | |||
| {{Original research|section|discuss=Talk:Ethan Frome#Symbolism and Themes are original research|date=July 2011}} | |||
| ''Ethan Frome'' makes ample use of ] as a ]. Similar to '']'' by ] (also set in New England), Edith Wharton uses the color red against the snowy white background of her Massachusetts setting to symbolize Mattie’s attraction and vitality as opposed to Zeena, as well as her temptation to Ethan in general. Wharton uses the cat and the pickle dish to symbolize the failing marriage of Ethan and Zeena; the cat symbolizes Zeena’s presence when Ethan and Mattie are alone, and when it breaks the pickle dish, this symbolizes the final fracturing of the marriage that is rapidly coming as Mattie and Ethan slide closer and closer to ]. | |||
| ==Adaptations== | |||
| The gold locket symbolizes that Ethan is the only man for Mattie, for when she lost her gold locket, dozens of other men looked for it, but Ethan was the one who found it. | |||
| The book was adapted to the 1993 ], directed by ], and starring ], ], ] and ].<ref name="film review"/> | |||
| ] adapted the book to a one-act ballet titled ''Snowblind'' for the ]. The ballet premiered in 2018, with Ulrik Birkkjaer as Ethan, ] as Zeena and ] as Mattie.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dancetabs.com/2018/04/san-francisco-ballet-unbound-festival-prog-b-myles-thatcher-cathy-marston-david-dawson-sf/|title=San Francisco Ballet – Unbound Festival Program B: works by Myles Thatcher, Cathy Marston, David Dawson – San Francisco|website=DanceTabs|last=Desaulniers|first=Heather|date=April 23, 2018}}</ref> | |||
| ==Themes== | |||
| {{Original research|section|discuss=Talk:Ethan Frome#Symbolism and Themes are original research|date=July 2011}} | |||
| Ethan’s character is one that becomes a full circle, moving from silent desire to action to quiet submission, ordered by life’s circumstances. The novel is all the more remarkable for its forbidden impressions of the ] ] in New England, especially given that its author was a woman of ]. The name of the small Massachusetts town represents a bleak, cold and dismal environment. | |||
| ==Connection to the author's life== | |||
| Wharton likely based the story on an accident that she had heard about in 1904 in ].<ref name="context">{{cite web|title=Ethan Frome – Context|url=http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/frome/context.html|work=]|year=2006|accessdate=2008-02-11}}</ref> Five people total were in the actual accident, four girls and one boy. They crashed into a lamppost while sledding down Courthouse Hill in ]. A girl named Hazel Crosby was killed in the accident. Another girl involved in the accident, Kate Spencer, became friends with Wharton while both worked at the ] and it was from Spencer that Wharton learned of the accident. The story of ''Ethan Frome'' had initially begun as a ] composition that Wharton had to write while studying the language in ].<ref name="nightmare">{{Cite document|last=Bellman|first=Samuel Irving|title=Ethan Frome: A Nightmare of Need|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2455/is_n1_v33/ai_19589297/print|work=Twayne's Masterwork Studies|location=New York, New York|publisher=Twayne Publishers|year=1993|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> It is among the few works by Wharton with a rural setting.<ref name="context"/> Another element that contributes to the story has to do with it being told as ]. The telling of the story is told within another story. The audience is first introduced to the narrator's story of meeting Ethan Frome, and then is told the story of the accident and events surrounding it.<ref>http://eolit.hrw.com/hlla/novelguides/hs/Mini-Guide.Wharton.pdf</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | Lenox is also where Wharton had traveled extensively and had come into contact with one of the victims of the accident |
||
| ⚫ | ==Reception== | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | Jeffrey Lilburn notes that some find |
||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{ |
{{Reflist}} | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| {{Commons category}} | |||
| {{wikisource}} | |||
| {{Wikisource|Ethan Frome (Scribners 1911)|''Ethan Frome'', 1st edition of 1911}} | |||
| {{Wikisource|Ethan Frome (Scribners 1922)|''Ethan Frome'', 2nd edition of 1922, with added introduction by the author}} | |||
| ⚫ | *{{ |
||
| * {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/edith-wharton/ethan-frome}} | |||
| ⚫ | *{{ |
||
| ⚫ | * {{Gutenberg|no=4517|name=Ethan Frome}} | ||
| * audio book at librivox.org | |||
| ⚫ | * {{FadedPage|id=20161208|name=Ethan Frome}} | ||
| * at amlit.com | |||
| * {{librivox book | title=Ethan Frome | author=Edith WHARTON}} (2 versions) | |||
| * | |||
| * at ] | |||
| * at | |||
| * study guide, themes, quotes, teacher resources | |||
| {{John Madden}} | |||
| {{Edith Wharton fiction}} | {{Edith Wharton fiction}} | ||
| {{Authority control}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 03:14, 2 January 2025
1911 novella by Edith Wharton For the film adaptation, see Ethan Frome (film). | |
| Author | Edith Wharton |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Scribner's |
| Publication date | September 1911 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | Print (hardback & paperback) |
| Pages | 195 pp |
| ISBN | 0-486-26690-7 |
| Text | Ethan Frome online |
Ethan Frome is a 1911 novella by American author Edith Wharton. It details the story of a man who falls in love with his wife's cousin and the tragedies which result from the ensuing love triangle. The novel has been adapted into a film of the same name.
Plot
An unnamed male narrator is working at a power plant but due to a carpenter's strike, finds himself forced to spend a winter in the nearby small town of (fictional) Starkfield, Massachusetts. The man who chauffeurs him to work is a limping, quiet man named Ethan Frome, a lifelong resident and local fixture of the community. The narrator learns that Frome's limp arose from being injured in an accident. The story then flashes back 24 years to detail Frome's past.
The young Frome is married to a sickly woman named Zeena (Zenobia), who appears older than her age, is unkind to Ethan, and whose life revolves around seeking expensive treatments for her varied illnesses. Although the Fromes have limited means themselves, they have taken in Zeena's cousin Mattie, whose family is poor. Ethan falls in love with Mattie, and it becomes increasingly clear that Mattie also loves him. While it remains ambiguous if Zeena suspects Ethan's unfaithfulness, she makes plans to send Mattie away. Zeena claims that, because of her failing health, her physician has recommended she hire a maid who will relieve her of housework. Zeena has already arranged for the hired girl to arrive by train soon, and Mattie must vacate her room immediately. Ethan, miserable at the thought of losing Mattie, considers running away with her, but he lacks the money to do so, and will feel guilty about leaving Zeena with the farm.
The next morning, Ethan rushes into town to try to get a cash advance from a customer for a load of lumber in order to have the money with which to elope with Mattie. His plan is unhinged by guilt, however, when his customer's wife expresses compassion for Ethan. He realizes that he cannot cheat this kindly woman and her husband out of money.
Ethan comes back to the farm and picks up Mattie to take her to the train station. They stop at a hill upon which they had once planned to go sledding and decide to sled together as a way of delaying their sad parting. After their first run, Mattie suggests a suicide pact: that they go down again, and steer the sled directly into a big elm tree, so they will never be parted and so that they may spend their last moments together. The resulting crash leaves both of them alive, Ethan with a permanent limp and Mattie paralyzed from a spinal injury.
The narrative returns to the present, where he tells of being forced by a blizzard to stay the night at the Frome house, the first stranger to enter the house in 20 years. He witnesses an unhappy scene with Mattie and the Fromes living together, with Zeena as Mattie's caregiver. Ironically, Ethan and Mattie have gotten their wish to stay together, but in mutual unhappiness and discontent, with Mattie now having developed an irritable disposition, and the sickly Zeena rising to the challenge of becoming a caretaker. Zeena is a constant presence between the two of them, although it remains ambiguous as to whether she knew of their dalliance.
Development
The story of Ethan Frome had initially begun as a French-language composition that Wharton had to write while studying the language in Paris, but several years later she took the story up again and transformed it into the novel it now is, basing her sense of New England culture and place on her ten years of living at The Mount, her home in Lenox, Massachusetts. She would read portions of her novel-in-progress each day to her good friend Walter Berry, who was an international lawyer. Wharton likely based the story of Ethan and Mattie's sledding experience on an accident that she had heard about in 1904 in Lenox. Five people total were involved in the real-life accident, four girls and one boy. They crashed into a lamppost while sledding down Courthouse Hill in Lenox. A girl named Emily Hazel Crosby was killed in the accident. Wharton learned of the accident from one of the girls who survived, Kate Spencer, when the two became friends while both worked at the Lenox Library. Kate Spencer suffered from a hip injury in the accident and also had facial injuries. It is among the few works by Wharton with a rural setting. Wharton found the notion of the tragic sledding crash to be irresistible as a potential extended metaphor for the wrongdoings of a secret love affair.
Lenox is also where Wharton had traveled extensively and had come into contact with at least one of the victims of the accident; victims of the accident are buried in graves nearby Wharton family members. In her introduction to the novel, Wharton talks of the "outcropping granite" of New England, the austerity of its land and the stoicism of its people. There are frequent references to larch, elm, pine, and hemlock trees. The connection between land and people is very much a part of naturalism; the environment is a powerful shaper of man's fate, and the novel dwells insistently on the cruelty of Starkfield's winters.
Reception
The New York Times called Ethan Frome "a compelling and haunting story." Wharton was able to write an appealing book and separate it from her other works, where her characters in Ethan Frome are not of the elite upper class. However, the problems that the characters endure are still consistently the same, where the protagonist has to decide whether or not to fulfill their duty or follow their heart. She began writing Ethan Frome in the early 1900s when she was still married. The novel was criticized by Lionel Trilling as lacking in moral or ethical significance. Trilling wrote that the ending is "terrible to contemplate," but that "the mind can do nothing with it, can only endure it."
Jeffrey Lilburn notes that some find "the suffering endured by Wharton's characters is quite bleak and makes for a dull read," but others see the difficult moral questions addressed and note that it "provides insightful commentary on the American economic and cultural realities that produced and allowed such suffering." Wharton was always careful to label Ethan Frome as a brief reminiscence rather than a novel. Critics did take note of this when reviewing the book, some in more candor than others. Elizabeth Ammons reflected that reading Wharton's novel compelled her to reminisce upon when literature was more enthralling. She found a story that functions as a "realistic social criticism," a reminder that some are willing to indulge in dull prose based solely upon the name of the author. Despite her obvious quarrels with the work, Ammons proceeded to analyze the text. The moral concepts, as described by Ammons, are revealed with all of the brutality of Starkfield's winters. Comparing Mattie Silver and Zeena Frome, Ammons suggests that Mattie would grow as frigid and crippled as Zeena, so long as such women remain isolated and dependent. Wharton cripples Mattie, says Lilburn, but has her survive in order to demonstrate the cruelty of the culture surrounding women in that period.
Adaptations
The book was adapted to the 1993 film of the same name, directed by John Madden, and starring Liam Neeson, Patricia Arquette, Joan Allen and Tate Donovan.
Cathy Marston adapted the book to a one-act ballet titled Snowblind for the San Francisco Ballet. The ballet premiered in 2018, with Ulrik Birkkjaer as Ethan, Sarah Van Patten as Zeena and Mathilde Froustey as Mattie.
References
- ^ Canby, Vincent (1993-03-12). "Liam Neeson in Lead Of Wharton Classic". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2011-05-19. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- ^ Springer, Marlene (1993). Ethan Frome: A Nightmare of Need. Twayne's Masterwork Studies. New York City: Twayne Publishers.
- ^ "Ethan Frome – Context". SparkNotes. 2006. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- Lewis, R.W.B. Edith Wharton: A Biography. New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1975.
- "Three Lives in Supreme Torture" (PDF). The New York Times. October 8, 1911. p. BR603. Retrieved 2008-02-11.
- "Review of Ethan Frome" Archived 2014-07-16 at the Wayback Machine. NovelGuide: Ethan Frome. Novelgide.com, n.d. February 24, 2010.
- Lilburn, Jeffrey. "Ethan Frome (Criticism)." Answers.com. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- Desaulniers, Heather (April 23, 2018). "San Francisco Ballet – Unbound Festival Program B: works by Myles Thatcher, Cathy Marston, David Dawson – San Francisco". DanceTabs.
External links
- Ethan Frome at Standard Ebooks
- Ethan Frome at Project Gutenberg
- Ethan Frome at Faded Page (Canada)
Ethan Frome public domain audiobook at LibriVox (2 versions)- 1953 Best Plays radio adaptation at Internet Archive
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