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			{{Short description\|Saudi human rights activist (born c. 1965)}}
⚫	{{Use dmy dates\|date=~~July~~ ~~2012~~}}
		⚫	{{about\|an economics professor and human rights organisation co-founder\|the Guantanamo Bay prisoner\|Mohammed al-Qahtani\|other people named al-Qahtani\|Qahtan (disambiguation)#Al-Qahtani}}
		⚫	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2023}}
	{{Use British English\|date=July 2012}}		{{Use British English\|date=July 2012}}
	{{Infobox person		{{Infobox person
		⚫	\| name = Mohammad Fahad al-Qahtani
⚫	\| ~~name~~=Mohammad Fahad Muflih al-Qahtani<ref name="acpra_founding" /><ref name="alarabiya_muflih" /> ~~<br />{{lang\|ar\|محمد فهد مفلح القحطاني}}~~
			\| native_name = {{lang\|ar\|محمد فهد مفلح القحطاني}}
	\| image=
			\| image = ACPRA 6th Trial Session 5 (cropped).JPG
	\| caption=
			\| caption = Al-Qahtani in November 2012
⚫	\| birth_date= {{Birth based on age as of date\|46\|2012\|06\|18}}<ref name="AI_2012_charges" />
		⚫	\| birth_name = Mohammad Fahad Muflih al-Qahtani<ref name="acpra_founding" /><ref name="alarabiya_muflih" />
	\| birth_place=
		⚫	\| birth_date = {{Birth based on age as of date\|df=yes\|46\|2012\|06\|18}}<ref name="AI_2012_charges" />
	\| nationality = ]
	\| ~~residence~~ =		\| birth_place =
	\| ~~religion~~ =		\| nationality = Saudi
	\| known_for= co-founding of ]<ref name="acpra_founding" />		\| awards = ]
			\| known_for = co-founding of ]<ref name="acpra_founding" />
	\| occupation = ] ] at the Institute of Diplomatic Affairs, ]<ref name="Lippman_profile" />		\| occupation = economics professor at the Institute of Diplomatic Affairs, ]<ref name="Lippman_profile" />
	\| children = 4<ref name="Lippman_profile" />		\| children = 4<ref name="Lippman_profile" /> (Omar al-Qahtani and Othman al-Qahtani){{citation needed\|date=November 2018}}
	}}		}}

			'''Mohammad Fahad Muflih al-Qahtani''' ({{lang\|ar\|محمد فهد مفلح القحطاني}}, born 1965)<ref name="AI_2012_charges" /> is a human rights activist, economics professor<ref name="Lippman_profile" /> and political prisoner currently jailed at ]<ref>{{cite web \|title=Prisoners of Conscience: Mohammed Fahad al-Qahtani \|url=https://www.alqst.org/en/prisonersofconscience/mohammed-al-qahtani \|website=القسط لحقوق الإنسان منظمة \|publisher=ALQST \|access-date=13 September 2022}}</ref> in ]. Prior to his arbitrary 2012 arrest, he co-founded and later led<ref name="acpra_founding" /> the ] human rights organisation ].<ref name="acprahr-info" /> ] described al-Qahtani as "one of ]'s] most eloquent and fervent critics".<ref name="alkarama_charges" /> On 9 March 2013, al-Qahtani was sentenced to ten years in prison followed by a ten-year travel ban, ostensibly for "co-founding an unlicensed civil association".<ref name="BBCNews_court_jails" /> He has carried out several hunger strikes to protest Saudi prison conditions endured during his politically motivated incarceration. As of 2022, he remains jailed and has been intermittently kept in ] since 2018.<ref name="ALQST_alQahtani_timeline" />
⚫	{{about\|an economics professor and human rights organisation co-founder\|the Guantanamo Bay prisoner\|Mohammed al-Qahtani}}

	'''Mohammad Fahad Muflih al-Qahtani''' ({{lang\|ar\|محمد فهد مفلح القحطاني }}) is an ] ]<ref name="Lippman_profile" /> and co-founder<ref name="acpra_founding" /> of the ]n ] organisation ] and, {{as of\|2011\|05\|lc=y}}, its leader.<ref name="DailyBeast_qahtani_profile" /> ] described al-Qahtani as "one of ]'s] most eloquent and fervent critics".<ref name="alkarama_charges" /> On 18 June 2012, al-Qahtani was charged in court on several charges relating to his human rights activities.<ref name="AI_2012_charges" /><ref name="alkarama_charges" /> Later in June 2012, al-Qahtani predicted that the Saudi Arabian government would "soon" have a "snowball" loss of political and socioeconomic control.<ref name="Lippman_profile" />
			In 2018, he was awarded the ], together with other jailed activists ] and ] for "their visionary and courageous efforts, guided by universal human rights principles, to reform the totalitarian political system in Saudi Arabia."<ref>, Jan M. Olsen, ], 24 September 2018</ref> Their awards were received on their behalf by his son Omar al-Qahtani and ].<ref>, ]</ref>

	==Education and academic career==		==Education and academic career==
	Mohammad Fahad al-Qahtani has a ] from ] in the ].<ref name="Lippman_profile" /> {{As of\|2012\|06}}, he was employed as an ] ] at the Institute of Diplomatic Affairs of the ].<ref name="Lippman_profile" />		Mohammad Fahad al-Qahtani has a PhD from ] in the United States.<ref name="Lippman_profile" /> {{As of\|2012\|06}}, he was employed as an economics professor at the Institute of Diplomatic Affairs of the ].<ref name="Lippman_profile" />

	==Human rights activities==		==Human rights activities==
	===2008 hunger strike===		===2008 hunger strike===
	In November 2008, al-Qahtani was among 20 human rights activists who started a two-day ] in protest against the imprisonment without fair, public trials of 11 activists, including ] and former university professors.<ref name="AJE_2008_hungerstrike" /><ref name="adalaksa_career_2007arrest" /><ref name="ACHR_2008KSAhungerstrike" /> Al-Qahtani stated that ]s calling for the activists to receive fair trials and better conditions of detention were ignored, and that ] and ] were not respected in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="AJE_2008_hungerstrike" /><ref name="ACHR_2008KSAhungerstrike" />		In November 2008, al-Qahtani was among 20 human rights activists who started a two-day ] in protest against the imprisonment without fair, public trials of 11 activists, including ] and former university professors.<ref name="AJE_2008_hungerstrike" /><ref name="adalaksa_career_2007arrest" /><ref name="ACHR_2008KSAhungerstrike" /> Al-Qahtani stated that ]s calling for the activists to receive fair trials and better conditions of detention were ignored, and that ] and ] were not respected in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="AJE_2008_hungerstrike" /><ref name="ACHR_2008KSAhungerstrike" />

	=== 2009 Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association===		=== 2009 Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association===
	Al-Qahtani co-founded the ]n ] organisation ] in October 2009 together with ] and nine others.<ref name="acpra_founding" /> {{As of\|2012\|06}}, he continued to be active in ACPRA.<ref name="alkarama_charges" />		Al-Qahtani co-founded the Saudi Arabian human rights organisation ] (ACPRA) in October 2009 together with ] and nine others.<ref name="acpra_founding" /> {{As of\|2012\|06}}, he continued to be active in ACPRA.<ref name="alkarama_charges" />

	=== 2011 ~~Prisoner Demonstration~~ ===		===2011 prisoner demonstration===
	On Feb ~~05,~~ 2011, about 40 women demonstrated in front of the Interior Ministry in central Riyadh, calling for the release of prisoners. Mohammed al-Qahtani later told Reuters, "The women demand to free people imprisoned in the campaign against terrorism. Many people have been held up for a long time without trial, or have nothing to do with al Qaeda." According to an ACPRA website, they were carrying signs that said, "free our prisoners or try them in a fair public court."		On 5 Feb 2011, about 40 women demonstrated in front of the Interior Ministry in central Riyadh, calling for the release of prisoners. Mohammed al-Qahtani later told Reuters, "The women demand to free people imprisoned in the campaign against terrorism. Many people have been held up for a long time without trial, or have nothing to do with al Qaeda." According to an ACPRA website, they were carrying signs that said, "free our prisoners or try them in a fair public court."

	==2012 court case==		==2012 court case==
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	Al-Qahtani was charged in a Saudi court on 18 June 2012 on 11 charges related to his human rights activism, including:		Al-Qahtani was charged in a Saudi court on 18 June 2012 on 11 charges related to his human rights activism, including:

	{{~~Quote~~\|"setting up an unlicensed organisation, 'breaking allegiance to the ruler', accusing the judiciary of allowing torture and accepting confessions made under duress, describing the Saudi Arabian authorities as a police state, inciting public opinion by accusing authorities of human rights violations, and turning international organizations against the Kingdom".<ref name="AI_2012_charges" />}} If convicted, penalties for al-Qahtani could include a 5-year prison term, a travel ban and a fine.<ref name="alkarama_charges" /> Another founding member of ACPRA, ] received a four-year jail sentence in April 2012.		{{blockquote\|setting up an unlicensed organisation, 'breaking allegiance to the ruler', accusing the judiciary of allowing torture and accepting confessions made under duress, describing the Saudi Arabian authorities as a police state, inciting public opinion by accusing authorities of human rights violations, and turning international organizations against the Kingdom.<ref name="AI_2012_charges" />}}

			If convicted, penalties for al-Qahtani could include a 5-year prison term, a travel ban and a fine.<ref name="alkarama_charges" /> Another founding member of ACPRA, ] received a four-year jail sentence in April 2012.
⚫	One of the charges against al-Qahtani was "sending 'false information presented as facts to the official international mechanisms.'" The human rights organisation ] interpreted this to refer to al-Qahtani's founding role in ACPRA and ACPRA's work with Alkarama in preparing documents to give to the ] ].<ref name="alkarama_charges" />

		⚫	One of the charges against al-Qahtani was "sending 'false information presented as facts to the official international mechanisms.'" The human rights organisation ] interpreted this to refer to al-Qahtani's founding role in ACPRA and ACPRA's work with Alkarama in preparing documents to give to the United Nations ].<ref name="alkarama_charges" />
⚫	Mohammad al-Qahtani's trial started on 1 September 2012 with nine charges, including "setting up an unlicensed organisation and ]". The trial of ], another ACPRA co-founder, started on the same day.<ref name="BBCNews_Saudi_campaigner" ~~/> The opening hearings took place in the ].<ref name="al-arabiya two prominent activists" /> <ref name="BBCNews_Saudi_campaigner"~~/> Supporters of al-Qahtani and al-Hamid were initially present in the courtroom. Text and photo reports of the trial were published live on the ]s ] and ],<ref name="al-arabiya two prominent activists" /> which was described by the Sebastian Usher of the ] as "a measure of transparency that is unusual in Saudi Arabia".<ref name="BBCNews_Saudi_campaigner" /> The judge ordered some of the audience to leave the court room. According to ], those ordered to leave were ] users,<ref name="al-arabiya two prominent activists" /> and according to the ], those ordered to leave were al-Qahtani's and al-Hamid's supporters and family.<ref name="BBCNews_Saudi_campaigner" />

		⚫	Mohammad al-Qahtani's trial started on 1 September 2012 with nine charges, including "setting up an unlicensed organisation and ]". The trial of ], another ACPRA co-founder, started on the same day.<ref name="BBCNews_Saudi_campaigner" /> Supporters of al-Qahtani and al-Hamid were initially present in the courtroom. Text and photo reports of the trial were published live on the ]s Twitter and Facebook,<ref name="al-arabiya two prominent activists" /> which was described by the Sebastian Usher of the ] as "a measure of transparency that is unusual in Saudi Arabia".<ref name="BBCNews_Saudi_campaigner" /> The judge ordered some of the audience to leave the court room. According to ], those ordered to leave were mobile phone users,<ref name="al-arabiya two prominent activists" /> and according to the ], those ordered to leave were al-Qahtani's and al-Hamid's supporters and family.<ref name="BBCNews_Saudi_campaigner" />
⚫	=== International reaction ===

			On 9 March 2013, he was found guilty of several charges and sentenced to ten years in prison followed by ten years of travel ban.<ref name="BBCNews_court_jails" />
	] described the charges as "part of a series of recent trials aimed at silencing human rights activists" in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="AI_2012_charges" />

		⚫	===International reaction===
	On 29 June, the ] spoke on al-Qahtani's behalf at the 20th session of the ], stating its "uttermost concern over the targeting of activists for their cooperation with international human rights protection mechanisms" and referring specifically to the charges against al-Qahtani.<ref name="CIHRS_UNHRC" />		On 29 June, the ] spoke on al-Qahtani's behalf at the 20th session of the ], stating its "uttermost concern over the targeting of activists for their cooperation with international human rights protection mechanisms" and referring specifically to the charges against al-Qahtani.<ref name="CIHRS_UNHRC" />

			] described the charges as "part of a series of recent trials aimed at silencing human rights activists" in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="AI_2012_charges" /> Later, it described the sentence as an evidence of "Saudi Arabian authorities' inability to deal with any opinion that contradicts their own."<ref name="AI_punishment" /> ] described the sentence as being "outrageous."<ref name="HRW_release" />

			===Imprisonment===
			Al-Qahtani was shifted into solitary confinement on 17 December 2018. He carried out several ]s in 2020 and 2021 in protest against prison conditions.<ref name="ALQST_alQahtani_timeline" />

			On 26 May 2022, al-Qahtani was assaulted by a mentally ill prisoner. Other prisoners defended al-Qahtani and stopped the assault.<ref name="ALQST_alQahtani_timeline" />

	==Points of view==		==Points of view==
			===Low-end jobs for Saudi women===
			In 2009, Al-Qatani opposed the opening of housemaid jobs to Saudi women, saying that low-end jobs should be performed by migrant workers. The statement was made in response to a report that 30 Saudi women recruited through an employment agency had taken on jobs as domestic workers. Al-Qahtani criticized the ministry of labor for forcing Saudis into low-end jobs, saying they should instead start from the top, since high-end jobs were readily available, and there were plenty of expatriates to fill the menial jobs.

	=== Women to Drive movement ===		===Women to Drive movement===
	On June ~~17,~~ 2011, Al-Qatani tweeted, "My wife, Maha, and I have just come from a 45-minute drive, she was the driver through Riyadh streets," a reference to the ], a campaign for Saudi women's right to drive that called for Saudi women to start driving starting June ~~17,~~ 2011.		On 17 June 2011, Al-Qatani tweeted, "My wife, Maha, and I have just come from a 45-minute drive, she was the driver through Riyadh streets," a reference to the ], a campaign for Saudi women's right to drive that called for Saudi women to start driving starting 17 June 2011.

	===Human rights===		===Human rights===
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	In April 2011, al-Qahtani stated in relation to the Saudi-led ] intervention in the ]:		In April 2011, al-Qahtani stated in relation to the Saudi-led ] intervention in the ]:

	{{~~Quote~~\|Unfortunately, they are throwing their power, their authority and their leverage to maintain the status quo, and I ~~don’t~~ think it's going to survive in the future. I tell you they have taken too many embarrassments during these revolutions. ~~That’s~~ not the way you build your own foreign policy."<ref name="AJE_Bahraini_uprising" />}}		{{Blockquote\|Unfortunately, they are throwing their power, their authority and their leverage to maintain the status quo, and I don't think it's going to survive in the future. I tell you they have taken too many embarrassments during these revolutions. That's not the way you build your own foreign policy.<ref name="AJE_Bahraini_uprising" />}}

	In early 2011, al-Qahtani believed that "the only serious way to seek change is by slow and concentrated steps". He suggested that the families of ] would be more motivated to carry out street protests, especially if women participated, compared to "liberals".<ref name="DailyBeast_qahtani_profile" />. During the ] events of early 2011, al-Qahtani received telephone calls from political prisoners' families, prior to a ] in front of the ] in ]<ref name="swiss_Saudi_5Feb" /> by 50 women. Al-Qahtani stated that "the small group spent the night in jail, but they got serious news coverage in the process."<ref name="DailyBeast_qahtani_profile" />		In early 2011, al-Qahtani believed that "the only serious way to seek change is by slow and concentrated steps". He suggested that the families of ] would be more motivated to carry out street protests, especially if women participated, compared to "liberals".<ref name="DailyBeast_qahtani_profile" /> During the ] events of early 2011, al-Qahtani received telephone calls from political prisoners' families, prior to a ] in front of the ] in ]<ref name="swiss_Saudi_5Feb" /> by 50 women. Al-Qahtani stated that "the small group spent the night in jail, but they got serious news coverage in the process."<ref name="DailyBeast_qahtani_profile" />

	In June 2012, after being charged in court for his human rights activities<ref name="AI_2012_charges" /><ref name="alkarama_charges" />, al-Qahtani stated:		In June 2012, after being charged in court for his human rights activities,<ref name="AI_2012_charges" /><ref name="alkarama_charges" /> al-Qahtani stated:

	{{~~Quote~~\|The Saudi regime would soon lose its grip, and things would spin out of control. I am still very optimistic about the future because the regime will continue to deteriorate. Political and socioeconomic problems will snowball out of control. Eventually, the regime will fail, and people too would soon realize its failure. I guess it's our destiny to face prison terms, and possibly the loss of our steady source of income. This price, however, is a small token for regaining our people's liberty and freedom.<ref name="Lippman_profile" />}}		{{Blockquote\|The Saudi regime would soon lose its grip, and things would spin out of control. I am still very optimistic about the future because the regime will continue to deteriorate. Political and socioeconomic problems will snowball out of control. Eventually, the regime will fail, and people too would soon realize its failure. I guess it's our destiny to face prison terms, and possibly the loss of our steady source of income. This price, however, is a small token for regaining our people's liberty and freedom.<ref name="Lippman_profile" />}}

	== See also ==		==See also==
	{{~~Portalbox~~\|Saudi Arabia}}		{{Portal\|Saudi Arabia}}
	* ] (ACPRA)		*] (ACPRA)

⚫	== External links ==
	* (on Twitter)

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist~~\|30em~~\|refs=		{{reflist\|refs=

		⚫	<ref name="BBCNews_Saudi_campaigner">{{cite web \|title=Saudi campaigner Mohammad al-Qahtani goes on trial – 1 September 2012 \|publisher=BBC World Service \|date=1 September 2012 \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19448323 \|access-date=2012-09-03 \|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419181011/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19448323 \|url-status=live \|archive-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>

⚫	<ref name="BBCNews_Saudi_campaigner">{{cite web\| title =Saudi campaigner Mohammad al-Qahtani goes on trial — 1 September 2012\| ~~work =~~\| publisher =BBC World Service\| date =1 September 2012 \| url =~~http~~://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19448323 \| ~~doi =\| accessdate~~ =2012-09-03 \|~~archiveurl~~=http://www.~~webcitation~~.~~org~~/~~6APYN5sM9~~ \| ~~archivedate~~=~~2012~~-~~09-03~~ }}</ref>

	<ref name="al-arabiya two prominent activists">{{cite web\| ~~last =~~\| ~~first =\| authorlink =\| coauthors =\|~~ title =Two prominent Saudi human rights activists on trial in Riyadh — Monday, 03 September 2012 \| ~~work =\|~~ publisher =Al Arabiya News\| date =3 September 2012 \| url =http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/09/03/235859.html \| ~~doi =\| accessdate~~ =2012-09-03 \|~~archiveurl~~= ~~http~~://~~www~~.~~webcitation~~.org/~~6APYE80cJ \|archivedate=~~2012-09-03 \|~~deadurl~~= no }}</ref>		<ref name="al-arabiya two prominent activists">{{cite web \|title=Two prominent Saudi human rights activists on trial in Riyadh – Monday, 03 September 2012 \|publisher=Al Arabiya News \|date=3 September 2012 \|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/09/03/235859.html \|access-date=2012-09-03 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904043658/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/09/03/235859.html \|archive-date=4 September 2012 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

		⚫	<ref name="acpra_founding">{{cite web \|title=Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (ACPRA) (An Establishing Declaration) – Riyadh, Saudi Arabia – Monday, October 12, 2009 \|publisher=Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association \|date=12 October 2009 \|url=http://www.acpra.net/news_view_5.html \|access-date=2011-03-25 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903063011/http://www.acpra.net/news_view_5.html \|archive-date=3 September 2011 \|url-status=dead}}</ref>

			<ref name="DailyBeast_qahtani_profile">{{cite news \|first=Mike \|last=Giglio \|title=Saudi's Surprise Renegades \|date=1 May 2011 \|publisher=] \|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/05/01/saudi-s-surprise-renegades.html \|access-date=2012-07-20 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017064757/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/05/01/saudi-s-surprise-renegades.html \|archive-date=17 October 2012 \|url-status=dead}}</ref>
⚫	<ref name="acpra_founding">{{cite web\| ~~last =~~\| ~~first =\| authorlink =\| coauthors =\|~~ title =Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (ACPRA) (An Establishing Declaration) — Riyadh, Saudi Arabia — Monday, October 12, 2009\| ~~work =~~\| publisher =Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association\| date =~~2009-10-~~12 \| url =http://www.acpra.net/news_view_5.html \| ~~doi =\| accessdate~~ =2011-03-25 \|~~archiveurl~~=http://www.~~webcitation~~.~~org~~/~~5xSTUw1KW~~ \|~~archivedate=2011~~-~~03-25~~ \|~~deadurl~~=no }}</ref>

	<ref name="~~DailyBeast_qahtani_profile~~">{{cite ~~news~~ \| ~~first~~=~~Mike~~ \| ~~last=Giglio~~ \| ~~pages=~~ \| ~~language~~ ~~=\| title=Saudi’s~~ ~~Surprise Renegades~~ \| ~~date=2011-05-01 \|~~ publisher=] \| url=~~http~~://www.~~thedailybeast~~.~~com~~/~~newsweek~~/~~2011/05/01~~/saudi-s-~~surprise~~-~~renegades.html~~ \|~~accessdate~~=2012-07-20 \|~~archiveurl~~=http://www.~~webcitation~~.org/~~69J1Oi4Dc~~ \|~~archivedate~~=2012~~-07-20~~ \|~~deadurl~~=no}}</ref>		<ref name="AI_2012_charges">{{cite web \|title=Saudi Arabia ramps up clampdown on human rights activists \|publisher=] \|date=18 June 2012 \|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/saudi-arabia-ramps-clampdown-human-rights-activists-2012-06-18 \|access-date=2012-07-20 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802015219/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/saudi-arabia-ramps-clampdown-human-rights-activists-2012-06-18 \|archive-date=2 August 2012 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

			<ref name="AJE_2008_hungerstrike">{{cite news \|title=Saudi hunger strike over detentions \|date=6 November 2008 \|publisher=] \|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2008/11/2008116153455440898.html \|access-date=2012-07-20 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044653/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2008/11/2008116153455440898.html \|archive-date=4 March 2016 \|url-status=live}}</ref>
		⚫	<ref name="ACHR_2008KSAhungerstrike">{{cite web \|title=Defense Teams for jailed Saudi Activists Are observing and Calling for a Two-Day Hunger Strike To Show Solidarity with Detainees and To Support Their Human Rights \|publisher=] \|date=25 October 2008 \|url=http://www.achr.nu/newen97.htm \|access-date=2012-09-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804015015/http://www.achr.nu/newen97.htm \|archive-date=4 August 2012 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

	<ref name="~~AI_2012_charges~~">{{cite web\| ~~last =~~\| ~~first =\| authorlink =\| coauthors =\|~~ title =~~Saudi~~ ~~Arabia~~ ~~ramps up clampdown on human rights activists~~ \| ~~work =\|~~ publisher =] \| date =~~2012-06-18~~ \| url =http://www.~~amnesty~~.org/en/~~news/saudi~~-~~arabia~~-~~ramps~~-~~clampdown-human-rights-activists-2012-06-18~~ \|~~format =\| doi =\| accessdate~~ =2012-07-20 \|~~archiveurl~~=http://www.~~webcitation~~.org/~~69J1mVumc~~ \|~~archivedate~~=~~2012-07-20~~ \|~~deadurl~~=no }}</ref>		<ref name="adalaksa_career_2007arrest">{{cite web \|title=Suleyman Saleh Al-Reshoudi \|publisher=Adalaksa.org \|date=3 March 2011 \|url=http://www.adalaksa.org/content/suleyman-saleh-al-reshoudi \|access-date=2012-08-30 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424190050/http://www.adalaksa.org/content/suleyman-saleh-al-reshoudi \|archive-date=24 April 2012 \|url-status=dead}}</ref>

			<ref name="AJE_Bahraini_uprising">{{cite news \|title=Bahraini medical centres and schools 'raided' \|date=26 April 2011 \|publisher=] \|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011426205632924276.html \|access-date=2012-07-20 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017122249/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/04/2011426205632924276.html \|archive-date=17 October 2012 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

	<ref name="~~AJE_2008_hungerstrike~~">{{cite news \| ~~first~~= \| ~~last~~= \| ~~pages~~= \| ~~language =~~\| title= Saudi ~~hunger~~ ~~strike~~ ~~over~~ ~~detentions~~ \| date=~~2008-11-06~~ \| publisher=] \| url=http://www.~~aljazeera~~.~~com~~/news/~~middleeast~~/~~2008/11/2008116153455440898~~.html \|~~accessdate=2012~~-~~07-20~~ \|~~archiveurl~~= http://www.~~webcitation~~.~~org~~/~~69J1F7gSV~~ \|~~archivedate~~=2012~~-07-20~~ \|~~deadurl~~=no}}</ref>		<ref name="swiss_Saudi_5Feb">{{cite news \|first1=Ulf \|last1=Laessing \|first2=Asma \|last2=Alsharif \|title=Saudi women protest, web activists call for reform \|date=5 February 2011 \|publisher=]/] \|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Saudi_women_protest,_web_activists_call_for_reform.html?cid=29428092 \|access-date=16 February 2011 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105124807/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/news/international/Saudi_women_protest,_web_activists_call_for_reform.html?cid=29428092 \|archive-date=5 January 2012 \|url-status=live}}</ref>
⚫	<ref name="ACHR_2008KSAhungerstrike">{{cite web\| ~~last =~~\| ~~first =\| authorlink =\| coauthors =\|~~ title = Defense Teams for jailed Saudi Activists Are observing and Calling for a Two-Day Hunger Strike To Show Solidarity with Detainees and To Support Their Human Rights \| ~~work =\|~~ publisher =] \| date =~~2008-10-~~25 \| url = http://www.achr.nu/newen97.htm \|~~format =\| doi =\| accessdate~~ =2012-09-07 \|~~archiveurl~~=http://www.~~webcitation~~.~~org~~/~~6AVWCTXym~~ \|~~archivedate=2012~~-~~09-07~~ \|~~deadurl~~=no }}</ref>

		⚫	<ref name="alkarama_charges">{{cite web \|title=Saudi Arabia: Prominent Human Rights Defender Risks 5 Years of Prison for cooperating with the UN \|publisher=] \|date=29 June 2012 \|url=http://en.alkarama.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=961:saudi-arabia-prominent-human-rights-defender-risks-5-years-of-prison-for-cooperating-with-the-un&catid=33:communiqu&Itemid=179 \|access-date=2012-07-20 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922095741/http://en.alkarama.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=961:saudi-arabia-prominent-human-rights-defender-risks-5-years-of-prison-for-cooperating-with-the-un&catid=33:communiqu&Itemid=179 \|archive-date=22 September 2012 \|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	<ref name="adalaksa_career_2007arrest">{{cite web\| last =\| first =\| authorlink =\| coauthors =\| title =Suleyman Saleh Al-Reshoudi \| work =\| publisher =Adalaksa.org \| date =2011-03-03\| url =http://www.adalaksa.org/content/suleyman-saleh-al-reshoudi \|format =\| doi =\| accessdate =2012-08-30 \|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AJGozm7q \|archivedate=2012-08-30 \|deadurl=no }}</ref>

	<ref name="~~AJE_Bahraini_uprising~~">{{cite ~~news~~ \| ~~first~~= \| ~~last=~~ \| ~~pages=~~ \| ~~language~~ =\| title= ~~Bahraini~~ ~~medical centres and schools 'raided'~~ \| ~~date=2011-04-26 \|~~ publisher=] \| url=http://www.~~aljazeera~~.~~com~~/~~news~~/~~middleeast~~/~~2011~~/04/~~2011426205632924276.html~~ \|~~accessdate~~=2012-07-20 \|~~archiveurl~~=~~http~~://~~www~~.~~webcitation~~.org/~~69J3apoHF~~ \|~~archivedate~~=2012~~-07-20~~ \|~~deadurl~~=no}}</ref>		<ref name="CIHRS_UNHRC">{{cite web \|last=Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) \|title=Escalating crackdown on rights defenders \|publisher=] \|date=2 July 2012 \|url=http://www.ifex.org/saudi_arabia/2012/07/06/rights_defenders_risk/ \|access-date=2012-07-20 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923232537/http://ifex.org/saudi_arabia/2012/07/06/rights_defenders_risk/ \|archive-date=23 September 2012 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

	<ref name="~~swiss_Saudi_5Feb~~">{{cite news \| ~~first1~~=~~Ulf~~ ~~\| last1=Laessing~~ \|~~first2~~=~~Asma~~ \|~~last2~~=~~Alsharif~~ \| title=Saudi ~~women~~ ~~protest,~~ ~~web~~ ~~activists~~ ~~call~~ for ~~reform~~ \| date=5 ~~February~~ ~~2011~~ \| publisher=]/] \| url=http://www.~~swissinfo~~.ch/~~eng~~/~~news~~/~~international~~/~~Saudi_women_protest,_web_activists_call_for_reform~~.html~~?cid=29428092~~ \|~~accessdate~~=~~16 February 2011~~ \|~~archiveurl~~=http://www.~~webcitation~~.~~org~~/~~5wYAoCCPC~~ \|~~archivedate~~=16 ~~February~~ ~~2011~~ \|~~deadurl~~=no }}</ref>		<ref name="Lippman_profile">{{cite news \|first=Thomas W. \|last=Lippman \|author-link=Thomas Lippman \|title=Saudi Professor Faces Charges After Fighting for Free Speech \|date=28 June 2012 \|publisher=] \|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/mohammad-al-qahtani-pushes-the-l.html \|access-date=2012-07-20 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710071707/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/mohammad-al-qahtani-pushes-the-l.html \|archive-date=10 July 2012 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

		⚫	<ref name="alarabiya_muflih">{{cite news \|title=Amnesty calls for case against Saudi human rights activists to be dropped \|date=7 September 2012 \|publisher=] \|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/09/07/236608.html \|access-date=2012-09-07 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908114301/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/09/07/236608.html \|archive-date=8 September 2012 \|url-status=live}}</ref>
⚫	<ref name="alkarama_charges">{{cite web\| ~~last =~~\| ~~first =\| authorlink =\| coauthors =\|~~ title =Saudi Arabia: Prominent Human Rights Defender Risks 5 Years of Prison for cooperating with the UN \| ~~work =\|~~ publisher =] \| date =2012~~-06-29~~\| url =http://en.alkarama.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=961:saudi-arabia-prominent-human-rights-defender-risks-5-years-of-prison-for-cooperating-with-the-un&catid=33:communiqu&Itemid=179 \|~~format =\| doi =\| accessdate~~ =2012-07-20 \|~~archiveurl~~= http://~~www~~.~~webcitation~~.org/~~69JCV2I5Q \|archivedate~~=~~2012~~-07-20 \|~~deadurl~~=no }}</ref>

			<ref name="acprahr-info">{{cite web \|url=http://acprahr.net/news_view_66.html \|script-title=ar:الهيئة الإدارية \|work=Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association \|access-date=2013-03-12 \|language=ar}}</ref>
	<ref name="CIHRS_UNHRC">{{cite web\| last =Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) \| first =\| authorlink =\| coauthors =\| title =Escalating crackdown on rights defenders \| work =\| publisher =] \| date =2012-07-02 \| url =http://www.ifex.org/saudi_arabia/2012/07/06/rights_defenders_risk/ \|format =\| doi =\| accessdate =2012-07-20 \|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/69JCVFEPL \|archivedate=2012-07-20 \|deadurl=no }}</ref>

			<ref name="BBCNews_court_jails">{{cite news \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21726466 \|title=Saudi Arabia court jails activists Qahtani and Hamid \|publisher=BBC News \|date=9 March 2013 \|access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref>
	<ref name="Lippman_profile">{{cite news \| first= Thomas W. \| last=Lippman \|authorlink = Thomas Lippman \| pages= \| language =\| title=Saudi Professor Faces Charges After Fighting for Free Speech \| date=2012-06-28 \| publisher=] \| url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/al-monitor/mohammad-al-qahtani-pushes-the-l.html \|accessdate=2012-07-20 \|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/69JCfJRCK \|archivedate=2012-07-20 \|deadurl=no}}</ref>

			<ref name="AI_punishment">{{cite web \|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/saudi-arabia-punishes-two-activists-voicing-opinion-2013-03-11 \|title=Saudi Arabia punishes two activists for voicing opinion \|publisher=] \|date=11 March 2013 \|access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref>
⚫	<ref name="alarabiya_muflih">{{cite news \| ~~first= \| last= \| pages= \| language =\|~~ title=Amnesty calls for case against Saudi human rights activists to be dropped \| date=2012~~-09-07~~ \| publisher=] \| url= http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/09/07/236608.html \|~~accessdate~~=2012-09-07 \|~~archiveurl~~=~~http~~://~~www~~.~~webcitation~~.org/~~6AVVmfxYo~~ \|~~archivedate~~=2012~~-09-07~~ \|~~deadurl~~=no}}</ref>

			<ref name="HRW_release">{{cite web \|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/03/11/saudi-arabia-release-jailed-rights-activists \|title=Saudi Arabia: Release Jailed Rights Activists \|work=Human Rights Watch \|date=11 March 2013 \|access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref>

			<ref name="ALQST_alQahtani_timeline">{{cite web \| title= Mohammed Fahad al-Qahtani \| website= ] \|year =2021 \| url = https://www.alqst.org/en/prisonersofconscience/mohammed-al-qahtani \| access-date = 2022-08-10 \|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220527170529/https://www.alqst.org/en/prisonersofconscience/mohammed-al-qahtani \|archive-date= 2022-05-27 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

	}}		}}

		⚫	==External links==
			{{Commons category\|Mohammad al-Qahtani}}
			*{{Twitter}}
			*

	{{2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests}}		{{2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests}}
	{{Arab Spring}}		{{Arab Spring}}

	{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
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	\| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
	\| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Human rights activist
	\| DATE OF BIRTH =
	\| PLACE OF BIRTH =
	\| DATE OF DEATH =
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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Qahtani, Mohammad Fahad}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Qahtani, Mohammad Fahad}}
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Latest revision as of 03:00, 10 November 2024

Saudi human rights activist (born c. 1965) This article is about an economics professor and human rights organisation co-founder. For the Guantanamo Bay prisoner, see Mohammed al-Qahtani. For other people named al-Qahtani, see Qahtan (disambiguation) § Al-Qahtani.

Mohammad Fahad al-Qahtani
محمد فهد مفلح القحطاني
Al-Qahtani in November 2012
Born	Mohammad Fahad Muflih al-Qahtani 1965 or 1966 (age 58–59)
Nationality	Saudi
Occupation(s)	economics professor at the Institute of Diplomatic Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saudi Arabia)
Known for	co-founding of ACPRA
Children	4 (Omar al-Qahtani and Othman al-Qahtani)
Awards	Right Livelihood Award

Mohammad Fahad Muflih al-Qahtani (محمد فهد مفلح القحطاني, born 1965) is a human rights activist, economics professor and political prisoner currently jailed at Al-Ha’ir Prison in Riyadh. Prior to his arbitrary 2012 arrest, he co-founded and later led the Saudi Arabia human rights organisation Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association. Alkarama described al-Qahtani as "one of most eloquent and fervent critics". On 9 March 2013, al-Qahtani was sentenced to ten years in prison followed by a ten-year travel ban, ostensibly for "co-founding an unlicensed civil association". He has carried out several hunger strikes to protest Saudi prison conditions endured during his politically motivated incarceration. As of 2022, he remains jailed and has been intermittently kept in solitary confinement since 2018.

In 2018, he was awarded the Right Livelihood Award, together with other jailed activists Abdullah al-Hamid and Waleed Abulkhair for "their visionary and courageous efforts, guided by universal human rights principles, to reform the totalitarian political system in Saudi Arabia." Their awards were received on their behalf by his son Omar al-Qahtani and Yahya Assiri.

Education and academic career

Mohammad Fahad al-Qahtani has a PhD from Indiana University Bloomington in the United States. As of June 2012, he was employed as an economics professor at the Institute of Diplomatic Affairs of the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Human rights activities

2008 hunger strike

In November 2008, al-Qahtani was among 20 human rights activists who started a two-day hunger strike in protest against the imprisonment without fair, public trials of 11 activists, including Suliman al-Reshoudi and former university professors. Al-Qahtani stated that petitions calling for the activists to receive fair trials and better conditions of detention were ignored, and that freedom of speech and freedom of assembly were not respected in Saudi Arabia.

2009 Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association

Al-Qahtani co-founded the Saudi Arabian human rights organisation Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (ACPRA) in October 2009 together with Mohammed Saleh al-Bejadi and nine others. As of June 2012, he continued to be active in ACPRA.

2011 prisoner demonstration

On 5 Feb 2011, about 40 women demonstrated in front of the Interior Ministry in central Riyadh, calling for the release of prisoners. Mohammed al-Qahtani later told Reuters, "The women demand to free people imprisoned in the campaign against terrorism. Many people have been held up for a long time without trial, or have nothing to do with al Qaeda." According to an ACPRA website, they were carrying signs that said, "free our prisoners or try them in a fair public court."

2012 court case

Charges and trial

Al-Qahtani was charged in a Saudi court on 18 June 2012 on 11 charges related to his human rights activism, including:

setting up an unlicensed organisation, 'breaking allegiance to the ruler', accusing the judiciary of allowing torture and accepting confessions made under duress, describing the Saudi Arabian authorities as a police state, inciting public opinion by accusing authorities of human rights violations, and turning international organizations against the Kingdom.

If convicted, penalties for al-Qahtani could include a 5-year prison term, a travel ban and a fine. Another founding member of ACPRA, Mohammed al-Bejadi received a four-year jail sentence in April 2012.

One of the charges against al-Qahtani was "sending 'false information presented as facts to the official international mechanisms.'" The human rights organisation Alkarama interpreted this to refer to al-Qahtani's founding role in ACPRA and ACPRA's work with Alkarama in preparing documents to give to the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention.

Mohammad al-Qahtani's trial started on 1 September 2012 with nine charges, including "setting up an unlicensed organisation and breaking allegiance to the king". The trial of Abdullah al-Hamid, another ACPRA co-founder, started on the same day. Supporters of al-Qahtani and al-Hamid were initially present in the courtroom. Text and photo reports of the trial were published live on the social networking services Twitter and Facebook, which was described by the Sebastian Usher of the BBC as "a measure of transparency that is unusual in Saudi Arabia". The judge ordered some of the audience to leave the court room. According to Al Arabiya, those ordered to leave were mobile phone users, and according to the BBC, those ordered to leave were al-Qahtani's and al-Hamid's supporters and family.

On 9 March 2013, he was found guilty of several charges and sentenced to ten years in prison followed by ten years of travel ban.

International reaction

On 29 June, the Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies spoke on al-Qahtani's behalf at the 20th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, stating its "uttermost concern over the targeting of activists for their cooperation with international human rights protection mechanisms" and referring specifically to the charges against al-Qahtani.

Amnesty International described the charges as "part of a series of recent trials aimed at silencing human rights activists" in Saudi Arabia. Later, it described the sentence as an evidence of "Saudi Arabian authorities' inability to deal with any opinion that contradicts their own." Human Rights Watch described the sentence as being "outrageous."

Imprisonment

Al-Qahtani was shifted into solitary confinement on 17 December 2018. He carried out several hunger strikes in 2020 and 2021 in protest against prison conditions.

On 26 May 2022, al-Qahtani was assaulted by a mentally ill prisoner. Other prisoners defended al-Qahtani and stopped the assault.

Points of view

Low-end jobs for Saudi women

In 2009, Al-Qatani opposed the opening of housemaid jobs to Saudi women, saying that low-end jobs should be performed by migrant workers. The statement was made in response to a report that 30 Saudi women recruited through an employment agency had taken on jobs as domestic workers. Al-Qahtani criticized the ministry of labor for forcing Saudis into low-end jobs, saying they should instead start from the top, since high-end jobs were readily available, and there were plenty of expatriates to fill the menial jobs.

Women to Drive movement

On 17 June 2011, Al-Qatani tweeted, "My wife, Maha, and I have just come from a 45-minute drive, she was the driver through Riyadh streets," a reference to the Women2Drive movement, a campaign for Saudi women's right to drive that called for Saudi women to start driving starting 17 June 2011.

Human rights

Al-Qahtani believes that all people, including those suspected of terrorist activities, have the right to a fair trial.

Arab Spring

In April 2011, al-Qahtani stated in relation to the Saudi-led Peninsula Shield Force intervention in the Bahraini uprising:

Unfortunately, they are throwing their power, their authority and their leverage to maintain the status quo, and I don't think it's going to survive in the future. I tell you they have taken too many embarrassments during these revolutions. That's not the way you build your own foreign policy.

In early 2011, al-Qahtani believed that "the only serious way to seek change is by slow and concentrated steps". He suggested that the families of political prisoners would be more motivated to carry out street protests, especially if women participated, compared to "liberals". During the Arab Spring events of early 2011, al-Qahtani received telephone calls from political prisoners' families, prior to a 5 February 2011 protest in front of the Ministry of Interior in Riyadh by 50 women. Al-Qahtani stated that "the small group spent the night in jail, but they got serious news coverage in the process."

In June 2012, after being charged in court for his human rights activities, al-Qahtani stated:

The Saudi regime would soon lose its grip, and things would spin out of control. I am still very optimistic about the future because the regime will continue to deteriorate. Political and socioeconomic problems will snowball out of control. Eventually, the regime will fail, and people too would soon realize its failure. I guess it's our destiny to face prison terms, and possibly the loss of our steady source of income. This price, however, is a small token for regaining our people's liberty and freedom.

References

^ "Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (ACPRA) (An Establishing Declaration) – Riyadh, Saudi Arabia – Monday, October 12, 2009". Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association. 12 October 2009. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 25 March 2011.
"Amnesty calls for case against Saudi human rights activists to be dropped". Al Arabiya. 7 September 2012. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
^ "Saudi Arabia ramps up clampdown on human rights activists". Amnesty International. 18 June 2012. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ Lippman, Thomas W. (28 June 2012). "Saudi Professor Faces Charges After Fighting for Free Speech". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
"Prisoners of Conscience: Mohammed Fahad al-Qahtani". القسط لحقوق الإنسان منظمة. ALQST. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
الهيئة الإدارية. Saudi Civil and Political Rights Association (in Arabic). Retrieved 12 March 2013.
^ "Saudi Arabia: Prominent Human Rights Defender Risks 5 Years of Prison for cooperating with the UN". Alkarama. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
^ "Saudi Arabia court jails activists Qahtani and Hamid". BBC News. 9 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
^ "Mohammed Fahad al-Qahtani". ALQST. 2021. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
3 Saudi human rights activists awarded "Alternative Nobel", Jan M. Olsen, Fox News, 24 September 2018
Jailed Saudi activists honored with Right Livelihood Award, Deutsche Welle
^ "Saudi hunger strike over detentions". Al Jazeera. 6 November 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
"Suleyman Saleh Al-Reshoudi". Adalaksa.org. 3 March 2011. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
^ "Defense Teams for jailed Saudi Activists Are observing and Calling for a Two-Day Hunger Strike To Show Solidarity with Detainees and To Support Their Human Rights". Arab Commission for Human Rights. 25 October 2008. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
^ "Saudi campaigner Mohammad al-Qahtani goes on trial – 1 September 2012". BBC World Service. 1 September 2012. Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
^ "Two prominent Saudi human rights activists on trial in Riyadh – Monday, 03 September 2012". Al Arabiya News. 3 September 2012. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies (CIHRS) (2 July 2012). "Escalating crackdown on rights defenders". IFEX. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
"Saudi Arabia punishes two activists for voicing opinion". Amnesty International. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
"Saudi Arabia: Release Jailed Rights Activists". Human Rights Watch. 11 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
^ Giglio, Mike (1 May 2011). "Saudi's Surprise Renegades". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
"Bahraini medical centres and schools 'raided'". Al Jazeera. 26 April 2011. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
Laessing, Ulf; Alsharif, Asma (5 February 2011). "Saudi women protest, web activists call for reform". Swiss Info/Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2011.

External links

v t e 2011–2012 Saudi Arabian protests
Part of the Arab Spring
Timeline	Jan–Apr 2011 May–Dec 2011 Jan–Jun 2012 from Jul 2012
Events/Campaigns	Women's suffrage campaign Women to drive movement Political prisoner release Anti male-guardianship campaign
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Groups	ACPRA HRFS CDHRAP Society for Development and Change Umma Islamic Party Mabahith Coalition for Freedom and Justice
Places	Jeddah Riyadh Qatif al-Awamiyah ʽUlaysha Prison
Related	2011 Bahraini uprising Nimr Baqir al-Nimr street
Category

v t e Arab Spring
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Notable people	Women in the Arab Spring Algeria: Abdelaziz Bouteflika Ahmed Ouyahia Bahrain: Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Hasan Mushaima Ali Salman Ali Jawad al-Sheikh Egypt: Hosni Mubarak Omar Suleiman Mohamed Hussein Tantawy Ahmed Nazif Ahmed Shafik Wael Ghonim Kamal Ganzouri Khaled Mohamed Saeed Essam Sharaf Mohamed ElBaradei Mohamed Morsi Hesham Qandil Bassem Youssef Jordan: King Abdullah II Marouf al-Bakhit Samir Rifai Libya: Muammar Gaddafi Saif al-Islam Gaddafi Mustafa Abdul-Jelil Mahmud Gebril Mohammed Nabbous Mauritania: Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Morocco: Mohammed VI Abbas El Fassi Saudi Arabia: Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Khaled al-Johani Manal al-Sharif Nimr al-Nimr Sudan: Omar al-Bashir Hassan al-Turabi Syria: Bashar al-Assad Muhammad Naji al-Otari Adel Safar Riyad Farid Hijab Wael Nader al-Halqi Maher al-Assad Burhan Ghalioun Moaz al-Khatib Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Tunisia: Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Mohamed Ghannouchi Moncef Marzouki Rashid al-Ghannushi Fouad Mebazaa Beji Caid Essebsi Hamadi Jebali Mohamed Bouazizi Chokri Belaid United Arab Emirates: UAE Five Yemen: Ali Abdullah Saleh Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Tawakkol Karman Abdul Majeed al-Zindani Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Sadiq al-Ahmar Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Mohammed Ali al-Houthi
Impact	Occupy movement Albania Armenia Azerbaijan 2011 2013 Belarus Burkina Faso China Greece India 2011 2012 Iran Iraqi Kurdistan Israel Maldives Mali Mexico 2011 2012 Portugal Russia Spain Turkey 2011–2012 2013 United Kingdom United States Libyan civil war (2011–present) Egyptian crisis (2011–2014)
UN Resolutions	65/265 1970 1973 2009 2014 2016
International reactions	Bahrain Egypt Libya civil war military intervention death of Muammar Gaddafi Syria Tunisia Yemen
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