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{{short description|1821 treaty ending the Mexican War of Independence}}
]
{{Infobox treaty
⚫ The '''Treaty of Córdova''' established ] independence from ] at the conclusion of the ]. It was signed on August 24, 1821 in ], ], ]. The signatories were the head of the ], ], and acting on behalf of the ], ''Jefe Político Superior'' ]. The treaty has seventeen articles, which developed the proposals of the ].<ref>Muñoz Saldaña, Rafael (2009) ''México Independiente: el despertar de una nación''. Volume I. Mexico City, Televisa, p.140-141. ISBN 978-968-5963-25-1</ref> The Treaty of Córdoba is the first document in which Spanish and Mexican officials accept the liberty of what will become the ], although it is not today recognized as the foundational moment, since these ideas are often attributed to the ] (September 15, 1810).
| name = Treaty of Córdoba
| long_name =
⚫ | image = Tratados de Córdoba.JPG
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 24 August 1821
| location_signed = ], ]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective =
| condition_effective = The treaty was rejected by ].
| date_expiration =
| negotiators =
| signatories =
* {{flagicon|Mexico|1821}} ]
* {{flagicon|Spain|1785}} ]
| parties =
| ratifiers =
* {{flagdeco|Mexico|1821}} ], Regent of the Mexican Empire
* {{flagdeco|Spain|1785}} ], High Political Head of Spanish government in Mexico
| depositor =
| language = ]
| languages =
| wikisource =
}}


⚫ The '''Treaty of Córdoba''' established Mexican independence from ] at the conclusion of the ]. It was signed on August 24, 1821 in ], ]. The signatories were the head of the ], ], and, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, ''Jefe Político Superior'' ]. The treaty has 17 articles, which developed the proposals of the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Muñoz Saldaña |first=Rafael |year=2009 |title=México Independiente: el despertar de una nación |trans-title=Independent Mexico: the awakening of a nation |volume=1 |location=Mexico City |publisher=Televisa |pages=140–141 |language=es |isbn=978-968-5963-25-1}}</ref> The Treaty is the first document in which Spanish (without authorization) and Mexican officials accept the liberty of what will become the ], but it is not today recognized as the foundational moment, since these ideas are often attributed to the ] (September 16, 1810). The treaty was rejected by the Spanish government, publishing this determination in Madrid on February 13 and 14, 1822.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mxicotravsde04tomorich#page/94 |title=México a través de los siglos |year=1888 |trans-title=Mexico Through the Centuries |editor-last=Riva Palacio |editor-first=D. Vicente |volume=4 |language=es |publisher=Ballescá y Comp. |page=94, footnote 1}}</ref>
⚫ == Objectives ==
⚫ In the treaty, New Spain is recognized as an independent ], which is defined as "], ]al and ]." The crown of the Mexican Empire was offered first to ]. Should he not present himself in Mexico within the time to be determined by the Mexican Cortes (]) to take the ], the crown would then be offered in sequence to his brothers, the ]s ] and ], and cousin, Archduke ]<ref>
{{Cite web | title = Tratados de Córdoba | publisher = Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM | url = http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/infjur/leg/conshist/pdf/tratcord.pdf | accessdate = 12 October 2009}}</ref> or another individual of a ], whom the Cortes will determine. In the case that none of these accept the crown (as indeed did happen), the treaty then established that Cortes can designate a new king without specifying if the person needed to belong to a European royal house.


⚫ ==Objectives==
⚫ The idea in this last clause had not been considered in the Plan of Iguala, and was conveniently added by Iturbide to leave open the possibility of his taking the crown. At the same time, O'Donojú, as ] and ''jefe político superior'', had no authority to sign such a treaty, but was interested in preserving Mexico for the Spanish royal family, and probably signed without considering that Iturbide might have designs on the crown.<ref>Riva Palacio, Vicente (1880) , Volume III, La guerra de independencia''] p.740.</ref>
]


⚫ In the treaty, New Spain is recognized as an independent ], which is defined as "], ]al and ]." The crown of the Mexican Empire was offered first to ]. Should he not present himself in Mexico within the time to be determined by the Mexican Cortes (]) to take the ], the crown would then be offered in sequence to his brothers, the ]s ] and ], and cousin, Archduke ]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tratados de Córdoba |trans-title=Treaty of Córdoba |publisher=Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM|url=http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/infjur/leg/conshist/pdf/tratcord.pdf|access-date=12 October 2009|url-status=dead|language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214160536/http://www.juridicas.unam.mx/infjur/leg/conshist/pdf/tratcord.pdf|archive-date=14 December 2010}}</ref> or another individual of a ], whom the Cortes would determine. In the case that none of these accept the crown, the treaty then established that Cortes could designate a new king without specifying if the person needed to belong to a European royal house.{{cn|date=August 2021}}
⚫ == Signing and consequences ==
⚫ On September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered triumphantly into ] and on the following day the ] was promulgated. The ] did not accept the validity of the Plan of Iguala nor the Treaty of Córdoba, and Spain only recognized Mexican independence in December 1836.<ref>Mexican War of Independence</ref> Therefore, the Mexican Congress elected a Mexican monarch the following year. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822.<ref>Álvarez Cuartero, Izaskun (2005) ''Visiones y revisiones de la independencia americana: México, Centroamérica y Haití'', Series Aquilafuente volumen 84. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, p.266. ISBN 978-84-7800-535-2</ref> The monarchy was short-lived, and after the republican ], the Congress no longer considered the Plan of Iguala or Treaty of Córdoba in effect.<ref>Muñoz Saldaña, Rafael, p.162</ref>


⚫ The idea in this last clause had not been considered in the Plan of Iguala, and was added by Iturbide to leave open the possibility of his taking the crown. At the same time, O'Donojú, as ] and ''jefe político superior'', had no authority to sign such a treaty, but was interested in preserving Mexico for the Spanish royal family, and probably signed without considering that Iturbide might have designs on the crown.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Riva Palacio |editor-first=D. Vicente |year=1880 |url=https://archive.org/stream/mxicotravsde03tomorich#page/740/mode/2up |title=México a través de los siglos: La guerra de independencia |trans-title=Mexico Through the Centuries: The War of Independence |volume=3 |language=es |page=740}}</ref>
⚫ == References ==


⚫ ==Signing and consequences==
⚫ {{reflist}}
⚫ On September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered triumphantly into ] and on the following day, the ] was widely known. Shortly after, Iturbide suggested to offer the Mexican throne to a member of the ] (most likely to ]) but all attempts and offers had failed. Therefore, the Mexican Congress elected a Mexican monarch the following year. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822.<ref>{{cite book |last=Álvarez Cuartero |first=Izaskun |year=2005 |title=Visiones y revisiones de la independencia americana: México, Centroamérica y Haití |trans-title=Visions and Revisions of American Independence: Mexico, Central America, and Haiti |series=Aquilafuente |volume=84 |publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca |page=266 |language=es |isbn=978-84-7800-535-2}}</ref> The monarchy lasted three years, and after the republican ], the Congress no longer considered the Plan of Iguala or Treaty of Córdoba in effect.<ref>Muñoz Saldaña, Rafael (2009), p. 162</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
*], 1819 U.S.–Spain treaty regarding border locations
⚫ {{wikisource|Tratados de Córdoba}}
*] *]

⚫ ==References==
⚫ {{reflist}}

==External links==
⚫ {{wikisourcelang|es|Tratados de Córdoba}}
* (English & Spanish versions)


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Latest revision as of 06:47, 11 November 2024

1821 treaty ending the Mexican War of Independence
Treaty of Córdoba
Signed24 August 1821
LocationCórdoba, Veracruz, Mexico
ConditionThe treaty was rejected by Spain.
Signatories
Ratifiers
LanguageSpanish

The Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence. It was signed on August 24, 1821 in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico. The signatories were the head of the Army of the Three Guarantees, Agustín de Iturbide, and, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, Jefe Político Superior Juan O'Donojú. The treaty has 17 articles, which developed the proposals of the Plan of Iguala. The Treaty is the first document in which Spanish (without authorization) and Mexican officials accept the liberty of what will become the First Mexican Empire, but it is not today recognized as the foundational moment, since these ideas are often attributed to the Grito de Dolores (September 16, 1810). The treaty was rejected by the Spanish government, publishing this determination in Madrid on February 13 and 14, 1822.

Objectives

House where the Treaties of Córdoba were signed.

In the treaty, New Spain is recognized as an independent empire, which is defined as "monarchical, constitutional and moderate." The crown of the Mexican Empire was offered first to Ferdinand VII of Spain. Should he not present himself in Mexico within the time to be determined by the Mexican Cortes (parliament) to take the oath of office, the crown would then be offered in sequence to his brothers, the Infantes Carlos and Francisco, and cousin, Archduke Charles or another individual of a royal house, whom the Cortes would determine. In the case that none of these accept the crown, the treaty then established that Cortes could designate a new king without specifying if the person needed to belong to a European royal house.

The idea in this last clause had not been considered in the Plan of Iguala, and was added by Iturbide to leave open the possibility of his taking the crown. At the same time, O'Donojú, as captain general and jefe político superior, had no authority to sign such a treaty, but was interested in preserving Mexico for the Spanish royal family, and probably signed without considering that Iturbide might have designs on the crown.

Signing and consequences

On September 27, 1821, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered triumphantly into Mexico City and on the following day, the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire was widely known. Shortly after, Iturbide suggested to offer the Mexican throne to a member of the House of Bourbon (most likely to Ferdinand VII) but all attempts and offers had failed. Therefore, the Mexican Congress elected a Mexican monarch the following year. Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on May 18, 1822. The monarchy lasted three years, and after the republican revolution of Casa Mata, the Congress no longer considered the Plan of Iguala or Treaty of Córdoba in effect.

See also

References

  1. Muñoz Saldaña, Rafael (2009). México Independiente: el despertar de una nación [Independent Mexico: the awakening of a nation] (in Spanish). Vol. 1. Mexico City: Televisa. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-968-5963-25-1.
  2. Riva Palacio, D. Vicente, ed. (1888). México a través de los siglos [Mexico Through the Centuries] (in Spanish). Vol. 4. Ballescá y Comp. p. 94, footnote 1.
  3. "Tratados de Córdoba" [Treaty of Córdoba] (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2009.
  4. Riva Palacio, D. Vicente, ed. (1880). México a través de los siglos: La guerra de independencia [Mexico Through the Centuries: The War of Independence] (in Spanish). Vol. 3. p. 740.
  5. Álvarez Cuartero, Izaskun (2005). Visiones y revisiones de la independencia americana: México, Centroamérica y Haití [Visions and Revisions of American Independence: Mexico, Central America, and Haiti]. Aquilafuente (in Spanish). Vol. 84. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. p. 266. ISBN 978-84-7800-535-2.
  6. Muñoz Saldaña, Rafael (2009), p. 162

External links

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