TI-89 series: Difference between revisions

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			{{Short description\|Series of graphing calculators}}
	]
			{{Infobox calculator
			\| name = TI-89
			\| image = TI-89.jpg
			\| caption = A TI-89
			\| type = ] ]
			\| entry = ]
			\| introduced = September 1998<ref>{{Cite news \|date=1998-08-08 \|title=TI-89 Nears Release - ticalc.org \|url=https://www.ticalc.org/archives/news/articles/0/0/506.html \|access-date=2023-01-23}}</ref>
			\| discontinued = 2004
			\| latest_firmware = 2.09
			\| successor = ]
			\| manufacturer = ]
			\| precision =
			\| processor = ]
			\| frequency = 10, 12 MHz
			\| display_type = ] ]
			\| display_size = 160×100
			\| prog_lang =
			\| memory_user = 256 KB RAM (188 KB user accessible)
			\| memory_rom = 2 MB flash memory (639 KB user accessible)
			\| memory_step =
			\| weight =
			\| dimensions =
			\| supply = 4 ],<br />1 ] or ] for RAM backup
			}}

			]
	The '''TI-89''' and the '''TI-89 Titanium''' are ]s developed by ]. The bulk of its users are students, who often find the built in ] invaluable. For this reason, the calculator is banned for use on the ] and in some classrooms. It is, however, allowed by the ] on all calculator-permitted tests, including the ], some ] and the ] ], ], ], and ] exams.
			]
			]
			]
			]
			]
			]
			The '''TI-89''' and the '''TI-89 Titanium''' are ]s developed by ] (TI). They are differentiated from most other TI graphing calculators by their ], which allows symbolic manipulation of algebraic expressions—equations can be solved in terms of variables— whereas the ]/] series can only give a numeric result.

	==~~The original version:~~ TI-89==		== TI-89 ==
			The TI-89 is a graphing calculator developed by Texas Instruments in 1998. The unit features a 160×100 ] resolution ] and a large amount of ], and includes TI's ''Advanced Mathematics Software''. The TI-89 is one of the highest model lines in TI's calculator products, along with the ]. In the summer of 2004, the standard TI-89 was replaced by the TI-89 Titanium.

			The TI-89 runs on a 32-bit microprocessor, the ], which nominally runs at 10 or 12 ],<ref>{{cite web \|last=Woerner \|first=Joerg \|date=July 27, 2020 \|title=Texas Instruments TI-89 \|website=Datamath Calculator Museum \|url=http://www.datamath.org/Graphing/TI-89.htm \|accessdate=June 27, 2022}}</ref> depending on the calculator's hardware version. The calculator has 256 ] of ], (190 kB of which are available to the user) and 2 MB of ] (700 kB of which is available to the user). The RAM and Flash ROM are used to store expressions, ], ], ]s, and lists.
	The '''TI-89''' is a ] developed by ] in ]. Possessing a 160×100 ] resolution ] screen with advanced ], coupled with TI's ''Advanced Mathematics Software'', the TI-89 was dwarfed only by its larger and slightly more powerful cousin, the ]. In the summer of ], the standard TI-89 was replaced by the improved TI-89 Titanium.

			The TI-89 is essentially a ] with a limited ] and smaller screen. It was created partially in response to the fact that while ] are allowed on many standardized tests, the TI-92 was not due to the ] layout of its keyboard. Additionally, some people found the TI-92 unwieldy and overly large. The TI-89 is significantly smaller—about the same size as most other graphing calculators. It has a flash ROM, a feature present on the TI-92 Plus but not on the original TI-92.
	The heart of the TI-89 is the ] microprocessor, which nominally runs at 10 ] or 12 MHz (depending on the calculator's hardware version). Texas Instruments has allocated 256 ] of the total ] for the unit (190 KB of which are available to the user) and 2 MB of ] (700 KB of which is available to the user). The RAM and Flash ROM are used to store expressions, ]s, ]s, tables, ]s, and lists.

	===User features===		=== User features ===
			The major advantage of the TI-89 over other TI calculators is its built-in ], or CAS. The calculator can evaluate and simplify algebraic expressions symbolically. For example, entering <code>x^2-4x+4</code> returns <math>x^2-4x+4</math>. The answer is "]ed" by default; that is, displayed as it would be written by hand (e.g. the aforementioned <math>x^2-4x+4</math> rather than <code>x^2-4x+4</code>). The TI-89's abilities include:
	] graph on the calculator]]
			* Algebraic factoring of expressions, including ].
	The TI-89 is essentially a ] with a limited ] and smaller screen. It was created partially in response to the fact that while ] are allowed on many standardized tests, the TI-92 was considered a computer due to the ] layout of its keyboard. Additionally, some people found the TI-92 unwieldy and overly large. The TI-89 is significantly smaller, about the same size as most other graphing calculators. It has a flash ROM, a feature present on the TI-92 Plus but not on the original TI-92. The TI-89 is not permitted on the ], although it is permitted on the ] examinations.
			* Algebraic simplification; for example, the CAS can combine multiple terms into one fraction by finding a common ].
			* Evaluation of trigonometric expressions to exact values. For example, sin(60°) returns <math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}</math> instead of 0.86603.
			* Solving equations for a certain variable. The CAS can solve for one variable in terms of others; it can also solve systems of equations. For equations such as quadratics where there are multiple solutions, it returns all of them. Equations with infinitely many solutions are solved by introducing arbitrary constants: <code>solve(tan(x+2)=0,x)</code> returns <code>x=2.(90.@n1-1)</code>, with the <code>@n1</code> representing any integer.
			* Symbolic and numeric ] and ]. ]s and ]s are evaluated exactly when possible, and approximately otherwise.
			* Calculate ] (gcd) and ] (lcm)
			*]: ], ],<ref name=DAAch12>{{cite book \|date=2004 \|title=Discovering Advanced Algebra \|edition=1st \|chapter=Chapter 12: Calculator Notes for the TI-89, TI-92 Plus, and Voyage 200 \|publisher=Kendall Hunt \|pages=73–75 \|url=http://math.kendallhunt.com/documents/daa1/CalculatorNotes/TI89/DAA_TI89CN_12.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407075830/http://math.kendallhunt.com/documents/daa1/CalculatorNotes/TI89/DAA_TI89CN_12.pdf \|archive-date=April 7, 2022}}</ref> ], ], ]<ref>{{cite web \|last=Fairbourn \|first=Camille \|title=Using the normalcdf function on the TI‐89 \|url=https://www.usu.edu/math/cfairbourn/CalculatorHelps/normalcdfTI-89.pdf \|accessdate=June 27, 2022}}</ref>
			*PrettyPrint<ref name=":0">se side 14 i "Vælg den rigtige regnemaskine. Lommeregnerguide 1998". af Texas Instruments</ref> (like equation editor and ])
			*These ]s are shown as symbols <math>\pi</math>, <math>e</math>, <math>i</math> and <math>\infty</math>
			*Draw 2D and 3D ]<ref name=":0" />
			* Calculate ]<ref name=":16">{{cite web \|title=Module 22 - Power Series \|website=TI Education \|url=https://education.ti.com/html/t3_free_courses/calculus89_online/mod22/mod22_lesson3.html}}</ref>
			*Calculate ],<ref name=":20">{{cite web \|title=Finding limits with the TI-89 \|url=https://www.uwsuper.edu/acaddept/mathcsci/documentation/upload/finding_limits.pdf}}</ref> including infinite limits and limits from one direction
			*] calculation<ref name=":19">{{cite web \|title=TI 89 for Vectors \|url=http://macs.citadel.edu/zhangli/Courses-Taught/Fall2016/courses/math231/TI%2089%20for%20Vectors.pdf}}</ref>
			*] calculation<ref name=":18">{{cite web \|last=O'Connell \|first=Jeff \|title=Matrix Operations on the TI-89 \|url=http://homepages.math.uic.edu/~bpower6/math160/matrixops89.pdf}}</ref>
			*Calculate ]<ref name=":03">side 14-15 i "Vælg den rigtige regnemaskine. Lommeregnerguide 1998". af Texas Instruments</ref> (summation or infinite product)
			*Calculate ]<ref>{{cite web \|last=Fairbourn \|first=Camille \|title=Chi-square tests for Independence on the TI-89 \|url=https://www.usu.edu/math/cfairbourn/CalculatorHelps/Chi-sq-Indep_89.pdf \|accessdate=June 27, 2022}}</ref>
			*Calculate ]s<ref name=":13">{{cite web \|last=Brown \|first=Stan \|title=Complex Numbers on TI-89 \|url=https://brownmath.com/ti83/complx89.htm}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{cite web \|title=How to add vectors on the Ti-89 \|url=http://wrean.ca/ph191/handouts/vectors_ti89.pdf}}</ref>
			*Factoring ]: factor(polynomial) or cfactor(polynomial)
			*Solve ]:<ref>{{cite web \|last1=McCalla \|first1=Jeff \|last2=Ouellette \|first2=Steve \|date=March 26, 2016 \|title=Solve Command from TI-Nspire CAS Algebra Submenu \|work=TI-Nspire For Dummies \|url=https://www.dummies.com/education/graphing-calculators/solve-command-from-ti-nspire-cas-algebra-submenu/ \|accessdate=June 27, 2022}}</ref> solve(equation,<math>x</math>) or csolve(equation,<math>x</math>)
			* Solve first or second order ]: deSolve(differential equation,<math>x</math>,<math>y</math>)
			*Multiply and divide ]:<ref name=":12">{{cite web \|title=Calculator Quick Reference Guide and Instructions \|url=https://spot.pcc.edu/math/download/calculator/calc_hand_book.pdf}}</ref> underscore _ "diamond" "MODE"
			*A number of ]:
			** LinReg
			** QuadReg
			** CubicReg
			** QuartReg
			** ExpReg
			** LnReg
			** PowerReg
			** Logistic
			** SinReg

			In addition to the standard two-dimensional ] plots, it can also produce graphs of ], ], sequence plots, ] fields, and three-dimensional (two independent variable) functions.
	The major advantage of the TI-89 over lower-model TI calculators is its built-in ], or CAS. The calculator can evaluate and simplify algebraic expressions symbolically. For example, <code>(x^3-x^2-8x+12)/(x+3)</code> returns <math>x^2-4x+4</math>. The answer is ] by default; that is, it is returned as it would be written on paper, as opposed to how it would be entered into a computer. The previous answer would appear as it was displayed here, with the exponents being superscripts, instead of as <code>x^2-4x+4</code>.

			=== Programming ===
	To simplify the answer further, the factor function can be used. Entering <code>factor((x^3-x^2-8x+12)/(x+3))</code> returns <math>(x-2)^2</math>. The TI-89 can also expand factored expressions; entering <code>expand((x-2)^2)</code> yields <math>x^2-4x+4</math>. Expand will also do partial fraction decomposition if necessary, such as in the case of <code>expand((x-3)/(x^2-4x-12))</code>, where it returns
			The TI-89 is directly programmable in a language called ] 89, TI's derivative of ] for calculators. With the use of a ], it is also possible to develop more complex programs in Motorola 68000 ] or ], ] them to machine language, and copy them to the calculator. Two software development kits for C programming are available; one is TI Flash Studio, the official TI ], and the other is TIGCC, a third-party SDK based on ].
	: <math>\frac{5}{8(x+2)}+\frac{3}{8(x-6)}</math>.
	The calculator has two more very useful functions to simplify expressions: <code>comDenom</code> and <code>propFrac</code>. <code>comDenom</code> returns an answer with only one ]; for example <code>comDenom(x/2+(y^2-6)/3-z^2/8)</code> returns
	: <math>\frac{12x+8y^2-3z^2-48}{24}</math>.
	propFrac divides two expressions; an example would be <code>propFrac((x^2-5)/(x-3))</code> returning
	:<math>\frac{4}{x-3}+x+3</math>.

			In addition, there is a third party flash application called GTC that allows the writing and compilation of C programs directly on the calculator. It is built on TIGCC, with some modifications. Numerous BASIC extensions are also present, the most notable of which is NewProg.
	The calculator can evaluate trigonometric expressions to exact values. For example, sin(60°) returns
	:<math>\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}</math>.
	The calculator automatically reduces many trigonometric expressions; for example, sin(x)^2-1 equals <math>-(cos(x))^2</math>.
	It even handles expressions such as <code>sin(arctan(x^2-6))</code>, returning
	:<math>(x^2-6)\sqrt{\frac{1}{x^4-12x^2+37}}</math>.
	The <code>tExpand</code> function expands things such as <code>sin(3x)cos(x)</code> into <math>4\sin(x)(\cos(x))^3-\sin(x)\cos(x)</math>.
	The <code>tCollect</code> function does just the opposite, reversing the expansion done by <code>tExpand</code>.

			Since the TI-89's release in 1998, thousands of programs for ], ], or entertainment have been developed.{{Citation needed\|date=March 2009}} Many video games have also been developed. Many are generic clones of '']'', '']'', and other classic games, but some programs are more advanced: for example, a ] emulator, a ]-playing program, a ], and a clone of '']''. Some of the most popular and well-known games are ], ], and ]. Many calculator games and other useful programs can be found on TI-program sharing sites. Ticalc.org is a major one that offers thousands of calculator programs.
	One of the most powerful features of the TI-89 is the <code>solve()</code> function. It takes two arguments, the equation and the variable to be solved for. For example, <code>solve(3x+3=12,x)</code> returns <math>x=3</math>. For equations such as quadratics where there are multiple solutions, it returns all of them. For example, <code>solve(x^4-x^2+3=6,x)</code> produces
	:<math>x=\frac{\sqrt{2(\sqrt{13}+1)}}{2}\ \textrm{or}\ x=\frac{-\sqrt{2(\sqrt{13}+1)}}{2}</math>.
	For equations with infinite solutions, it solves them by introducing arbitrary constants. For example, <code>solve(tan(x+2)=0,x)</code> returns x=@n1<math>\pi</math>-2, with the @n1 representing any integer.

			=== Hardware versions ===
	The TI-89 can also solve systems of equations. Entering in solve(x+y=4 and x^2-6x+3=y,x) gives
			There are four hardware versions of the TI-89. These versions are normally referred to as HW1, HW2, HW3, and HW4 (released in May 2006). Entering the key sequence ''' ''' displays the hardware version. Older versions (before HW2) don't display anything about the hardware version in the about menu. The differences in the hardware versions are not well documented by Texas Instruments. HW1 and HW2 correspond to the original TI-89; HW3 and HW4 are only present in the TI-89 Titanium.
	:<math>x=\frac{\sqrt{29}+5}{2}</math> and <math>y=\frac{-(\sqrt{29}-3)}{2}</math> or <math>x=\frac{-(\sqrt{29}-5)}{2}</math> and <math>y=\frac{\sqrt{29}+3}{2}</math>.
	It can also solve equations with complex solutions or variables with the function cSolve.

			The most significant difference between HW1 and HW2 is in the way the calculator handles the display. In HW1 calculators there is a video buffer that stores all of the information that should be displayed on the screen, and every time the screen is refreshed the calculator accesses this buffer and flushes it to the display (]). In HW2 and later calculators, a region of memory is directly aliased to the display controller (]). This allows for slightly faster memory access, as the HW1's DMA controller used about 10% of the bus bandwidth. However, it interferes with a trick some programs use to implement ] graphics by rapidly switching between two or more displays (]). On the HW1, the DMA controller's base address can be changed (a single write into a ] ]) and the screen will automatically use a new section of memory at the beginning of the next frame. In HW2, the new page must be written to the screen by software. The effect of this is to cause increased flickering in grayscale mode, enough to make the 7-level grayscale supported on the HW1 unusable (although 4-level grayscale works on both calculators).
	The TI-89 also handles most calculus problems. It takes symbolic ] of all ] and derivatives of some more complex functions too. The derivative function is <math> d </math>, and it takes two arguments, the function and the variable. It also takes an optional argument specifying what derivative to take (for example, making the optional argument 3 will take the third derivative). Entering in <code><math> d </math>((x^x-x)/(x-1),x)</code> gives
	:<math>\frac{(x-1)\ln(x)+x-2)x^x+1}{(x-1)^2}</math>.
	When an exact solution can't be found or an approximate solution is desired, nDeriv can be used.

			HW2 calculators are slightly faster because TI increased the nominal speed of the processor from 10 MHz to 12 MHz. It is believed that TI increased the speed of HW4 calculators to 16 MHz, though many users disagree about this finding. The measured statistics are closer to 14 MHz.
	The calculator takes all existing integrals of elementary functions, and some of more complex functions as well. For example, ∫((x^2+1)^(-3/2),x) gives
	:<math>\frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}</math>.
	By default, it doesn't add a ], but by providing the integral a third parameter, it will use that as a constant of integration. By giving it a fourth argument as well, it will evaluate the ] from the third parameter to the fourth. ∫((x^2+1)^(-3/2),x,1,y) gives
	:<math>\int_{1}^{y} (x^2+1)^{-3/2}\,dx = \frac{y}{\sqrt{y^2+1}}-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}</math>.

			Another difference between HW1 and HW2 calculators is assembly program size limitations. The size limitation on HW2 calculators has varied with the AMS version of the calculator. As of AMS 2.09 the limit is 24k. Some earlier versions limited assembly programs to 8k, and the earliest AMS versions had no limit. The latest AMS version has a 64kb limit. HW1 calculators have no hardware to enforce the limits, so it is easy to bypass them in software. There are ]es and kernels that can be installed on HW2 calculators to remove the limitations.
	In cases where no exact definite integral exists, or when the calculator cannot find it, it will approximate it. nInt will also approximate integrals.

			== TI-89 Titanium ==
	The TI-89 can also take limits of functions. limit((1+1/x)^x,x,∞) is equivalent to
			{{Infobox calculator
	:<math>\lim_{x \to \infty}((1+1/x)^x)</math> and returns <math>e</math>.
			\| name = TI-89 Titanium
			\| image = TI-biju.jpg
			\| caption = A TI-89 Titanium with Computer Algebra System
			\| type = ] ]
			\| entry = ]
			\| introduced = June 1, 2004<ref>{{Cite news \|date=2004-06-17 \|title=TI-89 Titanium Now Available - ticalc.org \|url=https://www.ticalc.org/archives/news/articles/11/112/112576.html \|access-date=2023-01-23}}</ref>
			\| discontinued =
			\| latest_firmware = 3.10
			\| predecessor = TI-89
			\| successor = ]
			\| manufacturer =
			\| precision =
			\| processor = ]
			\| frequency = 16 MHz
			\| display_type = ] ]
			\| display_size = 160×100
			\| prog_lang =
			\| memory_user = {{val\|256\|ul=KB}} RAM ({{val\|188\|u=KB}} user accessible)
			\| memory_rom = {{val\|4\|ul=MB}} flash memory ({{val\|2.7\|u=MB}} user accessible)
			\| memory_step =
			\| weight =
			\| dimensions =
			\| supply = 4 ],<br />1 ]
			}}

			The '''TI-89 Titanium''' was released in the June 1st, 2004, and has largely replaced the popular classic TI-89. The TI-89 Titanium is referred to as HW3 and uses the corresponding AMS 3.x. In 2006, new calculators were upgraded to HW4 which was supposed to offer increases in RAM and speeds up to {{val\|16\|ul=MHz}}, but some benchmarks made by users reported speeds between 12.85 and {{val\|14.1\|u=MHz}}.
	In addition to the standard two-dimensional ] plots, it can also produce graphs of ], ], sequence plots, ] fields, and three-dimensional (two variable) functions.

			The touted advantages of the TI-89 Titanium over the original TI-89 include two times the flash memory (with over four times as much available to the user). The TI-89 Titanium is essentially a ], without an integrated keyboard. The TI-89 Titanium also has a ] port, for connectivity to other TI-89 Titanium calculators, or to a computer (to store programs or update the ]). The TI-89 Titanium also features some pre-loaded applications, such as "CellSheet", a ] program also offered with other TI calculators. The Titanium has a slightly updated CAS, which adds a few more mathematical functions, most notably implicit differentiation. The Titanium also has a slightly differing case design from that of the TI-89 (the Titanium's case design is similar to that of the ]).
	===Programming===
	The TI-89 is directly programmable in a language called ], TI's derivative of ] for calculator applications. Using a ], one can also develop one's own programs in Motorola 68000 ] or ], ] them to machine language, and copy them to the calculator. Two software development kits for C programming are available; one is TI Flash Studio, the official TI ], and the other is ], a third-party SDK based on ].

			There are some minor compatibility issues with C and assembly programs developed for the original TI-89. Some have to be recompiled to work on the Titanium due to various small hardware changes, though in most cases the problems can be fixed by using a utility such as GhostBuster, by Olivier Armand and Kevin Kofler. This option is generally preferred as it requires no knowledge of the program, works without the need of the program's source code, is automated, and doesn't require additional computer software. In some cases, only one character needs to be changed (the ROM base on TI-89 is at {{mono\|0x200000}}, whereas the TI-89 Titanium is at {{mono\|0x800000}}) by hand or by patcher. Most, if not all, of these problems are caused by the mirror memory (ghost space) or lack thereof.{{Citation needed\|date=December 2015}}
	Since ], thousands of programs for ], ], or entertainment have been developed. Many available games are generic clones of '']'', '']'', and other classic games, but some programs are more advanced — for example, a ] emulator and a ] playing program.

			== Use in schools ==
	===Hardware versions===
	There are two hardware versions of the original TI-89. These versions are normally referred to as HW1 and HW2. Entering the key sequence ''' ''' outputs the hardware version. If the dialog box displays "Hardware Version 2.00" then the calculator version is HW2 and if it displays "Hardware Version 1.00", the calculator is HW1 (only newer OS' display "Hardware Version 1.00", older OS' don't display anything about the hardware version if your calc is a HW1 machine). The differences in the hardware versions are not well documented by Texas Instruments.

			=== United Kingdom ===
	The most significant difference between HW1 and HW2 is in the way the calculator handles the display. In HW1 calculators there is a video buffer that stores all of the information that should be displayed on the screen, and every time the screen is refreshed the calculator accesses this buffer and flushes it to the display (]). On the HW2, a region of memory is directly aliased to the display controller (]). This allows for faster memory access, as the HW1's DMA controller used about 10% of the bus bandwidth; however, it interferes with a trick some programs use to implement ] graphics by rapidly switching between two or more displays (]). On the HW1, the DMA controller's base address can be changed and the screen will automatically use a new section of memory; on the HW2, the new page must be written to the screen in software. The effect of this is to cause increased flickering in grayscale mode, enough to make the 7-level grayscale supported on the HW1 unusable (although 4-level grayscale works on both calculators).
			The ] publish examination instructions on behalf of the main examination boards in ], ] and ]. These instructions state that a calculator used in an examination must not be designed to offer symbolic algebra manipulation, symbolic differentiation or integration.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Joint Council for Qualifications \|date=2014 \|title=Instructions for Conducting Examinations 2014–2015 \|page=13 \|url=http://www.jcq.org.uk/Download/exams-office/ice---instructions-for-conducting-examinations/instructions-for-conducting-examinations-2014-2015 \|access-date=2015-03-29 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330231909/http://www.jcq.org.uk/Download/exams-office/ice---instructions-for-conducting-examinations/instructions-for-conducting-examinations-2014-2015 \|archive-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> This precludes use of the TI-89 or TI-89 Titanium in examinations, but it may be used as part of classroom study. The ] give the same instructions for examinations in ].<ref>{{cite web \|author=Scottish Qualifications Authority \|date=2013 \|title=Mathematics Update Letter \|page=2 \|url=http://www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/MathsUpdate_March_%202013_Final%20Draft.pdf \|access-date=2015-03-29}}</ref>

			=== United States ===
	HW2 calculators are slightly faster because TI increased the nominal speed of the processor from 10 MHz to 12 MHz.
			In the United States, the TI-89 is allowed by the ] on all calculator-permitted tests, including the ], some ], and the ], ], ], and ] exams. However, the calculator is banned from use on the ], the ], and in some classrooms. The ], with otherwise comparable features, has a ] keyboard that results in it being classified as a ] device rather than as a calculator.<ref></ref>

			== See also ==
	Another difference between HW1 and HW2 calculators is assembly program size limitations. Unlike HW2 calculators, HW1 calculators have no such limits. The memory limitations that have been imposed on HW2 calculators has varied with the AMS version of the calculator. As of AMS 2.09 the limit is 24k. There are, however, unofficial patches and kernels that can be installed on HW2 calculators to overcome them.
			* ]
			* ]

			{{Clear}}
	In May 2006, Texas Instruments released hardware version 4 for the TI-89 Titanium. The speed of the processor is found to be estimated around 16 MHz. Many users disagree about this speed, however. The correct speed has not been determined yet.

	==~~"Case-Swapping"~~==		== References ==
			{{Reflist\|30em}}

			== External links ==
	"Case Swapping" is becoming increasingly common among TI-89 users as teachers are becoming aware of the calculator's capibilities and banning it from classroom use. Innovative users are taking the internal electronics of a TI-89 and putting them in another calculator’s shell, most commonly the Ti-83+.
			* {{Official website\|http://education.ti.com/educationportal/sites/US/productDetail/us_ti89ti.html}}
			*
			*
			* {{webarchive \|date=April 7, 2016 \|title=Complete disassembly of a TI-89 Titanium calculator \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407185926/https://www.takeitapart.com/guide/6}}

			{{TI-calc}}
	==TI-89 Titanium==
			{{Authority control}}

	The '''TI-89 Titanium''' was released in the summer of ], and is positioned as a replacement for the popular (but now low-margin) TI-89. The TI-89 Titanium is referred to as HW3 and uses the corresponding AMS 3.x, 3.10 being the latest version.

	The touted advantages of the TI-89 Titanium over the TI-89 are having roughly four times the available flash memory (with over three times as much available to the user). The TI-89 Titanium is essentially a ] without an integrated keyboard, but with a mini-] port for connectivity to other (TI-89 Titanium) calculators or to computers to add programs or update the ] (also called the AMS - Advanced Mathematics Software). The TI-89 Titanium also features some pre-loaded applications, such as "CellSheet", a ] program also offered with other TI calculators. The Titanium also has a case design different from that of the TI-89.

	There are some minor compatibility issues with C and assembly programs developed for the original TI-89. Some have to be recompiled to work on the Titanium due to various small hardware changes, though in most cases you can fix the problem on calc by using a utility such as GhostBuster, by Olivier Armand and . This option is usually the best as it requires no knowledge of the program, works without the need of the program's source code, is automated, and doesn't require additional computer software. In some cases, only one character needs to be changed (the TI-89's ROM base is at 0x200000, whereas the TI-89 Titanium's is at 0x800000) by hand or by patcher. Most, if not all, of these problems are caused by the ] or lack thereof.

	==External links==
	*
	* - A site with frequent news features, tutorials, and forums
	* - Beginner-focused forum
	* - The largest archives of programs by a single author, plus a large community forum.
	* - Games, science, and math programs for the TI-89.
	* - Fan site devoted to TI-89, TI-92, and TI-92 Plus graphing calculators
	* - A good programming resource.
	* - The largest collection of programs and other resources.
	* - Calculator downloads, news, forums, tutorials, and more.
	* - TI-Chess, TIGCC, and many other programming utilities.
	* - A large collection of TI community news, polls, discussions, and reviews.
	* - For technical information on the TI-89, including a discussion of HW1,HW2, and HW3.
	* - Large community forum

	{{TI-graphing-calc}}

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Latest revision as of 05:19, 2 December 2024

Series of graphing calculators

TI-89
Calculator
A TI-89
Type	Programmable Graphing
Manufacturer	Texas Instruments
Introduced	September 1998
Discontinued	2004
Latest firmware	2.09
Successor	TI-89 Titanium
Entry mode	DAL
Display type	LCD Dot-matrix
Display size	160×100
CPU
Processor	Motorola 68000
Frequency	10, 12 MHz
Programming
User memory	256 KB RAM (188 KB user accessible)
Firmware memory	2 MB flash memory (639 KB user accessible)
Other
Power supply	4 AAA batteries, 1 CR1616 or CR1620 for RAM backup

TI-89 uses cFactor.

The TI-89 and the TI-89 Titanium are graphing calculators developed by Texas Instruments (TI). They are differentiated from most other TI graphing calculators by their computer algebra system, which allows symbolic manipulation of algebraic expressions—equations can be solved in terms of variables— whereas the TI-83/84 series can only give a numeric result.

TI-89

The TI-89 is a graphing calculator developed by Texas Instruments in 1998. The unit features a 160×100 pixel resolution LCD and a large amount of flash memory, and includes TI's Advanced Mathematics Software. The TI-89 is one of the highest model lines in TI's calculator products, along with the TI-Nspire. In the summer of 2004, the standard TI-89 was replaced by the TI-89 Titanium.

The TI-89 runs on a 32-bit microprocessor, the Motorola 68000, which nominally runs at 10 or 12 MHz, depending on the calculator's hardware version. The calculator has 256 kB of RAM, (190 kB of which are available to the user) and 2 MB of flash memory (700 kB of which is available to the user). The RAM and Flash ROM are used to store expressions, variables, programs, text files, and lists.

The TI-89 is essentially a TI-92 Plus with a limited keyboard and smaller screen. It was created partially in response to the fact that while calculators are allowed on many standardized tests, the TI-92 was not due to the QWERTY layout of its keyboard. Additionally, some people found the TI-92 unwieldy and overly large. The TI-89 is significantly smaller—about the same size as most other graphing calculators. It has a flash ROM, a feature present on the TI-92 Plus but not on the original TI-92.

User features

The major advantage of the TI-89 over other TI calculators is its built-in computer algebra system, or CAS. The calculator can evaluate and simplify algebraic expressions symbolically. For example, entering x^2-4x+4 returns $x^{2}-4x+4$ . The answer is "prettyprinted" by default; that is, displayed as it would be written by hand (e.g. the aforementioned $x^{2}-4x+4$ rather than x^2-4x+4). The TI-89's abilities include:

Algebraic factoring of expressions, including partial fraction decomposition.
Algebraic simplification; for example, the CAS can combine multiple terms into one fraction by finding a common denominator.
Evaluation of trigonometric expressions to exact values. For example, sin(60°) returns ${\frac {\sqrt {3}}{2}}$ instead of 0.86603.
Solving equations for a certain variable. The CAS can solve for one variable in terms of others; it can also solve systems of equations. For equations such as quadratics where there are multiple solutions, it returns all of them. Equations with infinitely many solutions are solved by introducing arbitrary constants: solve(tan(x+2)=0,x) returns x=2.(90.@n1-1), with the @n1 representing any integer.
Symbolic and numeric differentiation and integration. Derivatives and definite integrals are evaluated exactly when possible, and approximately otherwise.
Calculate greatest common divisor (gcd) and least common multiple (lcm)
Probability theory: factorial, combination, permutation, binomial distribution, normal distribution
PrettyPrint (like equation editor and LaTeX)
These mathematical constants are shown as symbols $\pi$ , $e$ , $i$ and $\infty$
Draw 2D and 3D graph
Calculate taylorpolynomial
Calculate limit of a function, including infinite limits and limits from one direction
Vector calculation
Matrix calculation
Calculate series (summation or infinite product)
Calculate chi squared test
Calculate complex numbers
Factoring polynomial: factor(polynomial) or cfactor(polynomial)
Solve equation: solve(equation, $x$ ) or csolve(equation, $x$ )
Solve first or second order differential equation: deSolve(differential equation, $x$ , $y$ )
Multiply and divide SI Units: underscore _ "diamond" "MODE"
A number of regressions:
- LinReg
- QuadReg
- CubicReg
- QuartReg
- ExpReg
- LnReg
- PowerReg
- Logistic
- SinReg

In addition to the standard two-dimensional function plots, it can also produce graphs of parametric equations, polar equations, sequence plots, differential equation fields, and three-dimensional (two independent variable) functions.

Programming

The TI-89 is directly programmable in a language called TI-BASIC 89, TI's derivative of BASIC for calculators. With the use of a PC, it is also possible to develop more complex programs in Motorola 68000 assembly language or C, translate them to machine language, and copy them to the calculator. Two software development kits for C programming are available; one is TI Flash Studio, the official TI SDK, and the other is TIGCC, a third-party SDK based on GCC.

In addition, there is a third party flash application called GTC that allows the writing and compilation of C programs directly on the calculator. It is built on TIGCC, with some modifications. Numerous BASIC extensions are also present, the most notable of which is NewProg.

Since the TI-89's release in 1998, thousands of programs for math, science, or entertainment have been developed. Many video games have also been developed. Many are generic clones of Tetris, Minesweeper, and other classic games, but some programs are more advanced: for example, a ZX Spectrum emulator, a chess-playing program, a symbolic circuit simulator, and a clone of Link's Awakening. Some of the most popular and well-known games are Phoenix, Drugwars, and Snake. Many calculator games and other useful programs can be found on TI-program sharing sites. Ticalc.org is a major one that offers thousands of calculator programs.

Hardware versions

There are four hardware versions of the TI-89. These versions are normally referred to as HW1, HW2, HW3, and HW4 (released in May 2006). Entering the key sequence displays the hardware version. Older versions (before HW2) don't display anything about the hardware version in the about menu. The differences in the hardware versions are not well documented by Texas Instruments. HW1 and HW2 correspond to the original TI-89; HW3 and HW4 are only present in the TI-89 Titanium.

The most significant difference between HW1 and HW2 is in the way the calculator handles the display. In HW1 calculators there is a video buffer that stores all of the information that should be displayed on the screen, and every time the screen is refreshed the calculator accesses this buffer and flushes it to the display (direct memory access). In HW2 and later calculators, a region of memory is directly aliased to the display controller (memory-mapped I/O). This allows for slightly faster memory access, as the HW1's DMA controller used about 10% of the bus bandwidth. However, it interferes with a trick some programs use to implement grayscale graphics by rapidly switching between two or more displays (page-flipping). On the HW1, the DMA controller's base address can be changed (a single write into a memory-mapped hardware register) and the screen will automatically use a new section of memory at the beginning of the next frame. In HW2, the new page must be written to the screen by software. The effect of this is to cause increased flickering in grayscale mode, enough to make the 7-level grayscale supported on the HW1 unusable (although 4-level grayscale works on both calculators).

HW2 calculators are slightly faster because TI increased the nominal speed of the processor from 10 MHz to 12 MHz. It is believed that TI increased the speed of HW4 calculators to 16 MHz, though many users disagree about this finding. The measured statistics are closer to 14 MHz.

Another difference between HW1 and HW2 calculators is assembly program size limitations. The size limitation on HW2 calculators has varied with the AMS version of the calculator. As of AMS 2.09 the limit is 24k. Some earlier versions limited assembly programs to 8k, and the earliest AMS versions had no limit. The latest AMS version has a 64kb limit. HW1 calculators have no hardware to enforce the limits, so it is easy to bypass them in software. There are unofficial patches and kernels that can be installed on HW2 calculators to remove the limitations.

TI-89 Titanium

TI-89 Titanium
Calculator
A TI-89 Titanium with Computer Algebra System
Type	Programmable Graphing
Introduced	June 1, 2004
Latest firmware	3.10
Predecessor	TI-89
Successor	TI-Nspire CAS
Entry mode	DAL
Display type	LCD Dot-matrix
Display size	160×100
CPU
Processor	Motorola 68000
Frequency	16 MHz
Programming
User memory	256 KB RAM (188 KB user accessible)
Firmware memory	4 MB flash memory (2.7 MB user accessible)
Other
Power supply	4 AAA batteries, 1 SR44

The TI-89 Titanium was released in the June 1st, 2004, and has largely replaced the popular classic TI-89. The TI-89 Titanium is referred to as HW3 and uses the corresponding AMS 3.x. In 2006, new calculators were upgraded to HW4 which was supposed to offer increases in RAM and speeds up to 16 MHz, but some benchmarks made by users reported speeds between 12.85 and 14.1 MHz.

The touted advantages of the TI-89 Titanium over the original TI-89 include two times the flash memory (with over four times as much available to the user). The TI-89 Titanium is essentially a Voyage 200, without an integrated keyboard. The TI-89 Titanium also has a USB On-The-Go port, for connectivity to other TI-89 Titanium calculators, or to a computer (to store programs or update the operating system). The TI-89 Titanium also features some pre-loaded applications, such as "CellSheet", a spreadsheet program also offered with other TI calculators. The Titanium has a slightly updated CAS, which adds a few more mathematical functions, most notably implicit differentiation. The Titanium also has a slightly differing case design from that of the TI-89 (the Titanium's case design is similar to that of the TI-84 Plus).

There are some minor compatibility issues with C and assembly programs developed for the original TI-89. Some have to be recompiled to work on the Titanium due to various small hardware changes, though in most cases the problems can be fixed by using a utility such as GhostBuster, by Olivier Armand and Kevin Kofler. This option is generally preferred as it requires no knowledge of the program, works without the need of the program's source code, is automated, and doesn't require additional computer software. In some cases, only one character needs to be changed (the ROM base on TI-89 is at 0x200000, whereas the TI-89 Titanium is at 0x800000) by hand or by patcher. Most, if not all, of these problems are caused by the mirror memory (ghost space) or lack thereof.

Use in schools

United Kingdom

The Joint Council for Qualifications publish examination instructions on behalf of the main examination boards in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. These instructions state that a calculator used in an examination must not be designed to offer symbolic algebra manipulation, symbolic differentiation or integration. This precludes use of the TI-89 or TI-89 Titanium in examinations, but it may be used as part of classroom study. The SQA give the same instructions for examinations in Scotland.

United States

In the United States, the TI-89 is allowed by the College Board on all calculator-permitted tests, including the SAT, some SAT Subject Tests, and the AP Calculus, Physics, Chemistry, and Statistics exams. However, the calculator is banned from use on the ACT, the PLAN, and in some classrooms. The TI-92 series, with otherwise comparable features, has a QWERTY keyboard that results in it being classified as a computer device rather than as a calculator.

References

"TI-89 Nears Release - ticalc.org". 1998-08-08. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
"ti89-simulator.org at WI. TI-89 Online Simulator". website.informer.com. Retrieved 2021-05-13.
Woerner, Joerg (July 27, 2020). "Texas Instruments TI-89". Datamath Calculator Museum. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
"Chapter 12: Calculator Notes for the TI-89, TI-92 Plus, and Voyage 200". Discovering Advanced Algebra (PDF) (1st ed.). Kendall Hunt. 2004. pp. 73–75. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2022.
Fairbourn, Camille. "Using the normalcdf function on the TI‐89" (PDF). Retrieved June 27, 2022.
^ se side 14 i "Vælg den rigtige regnemaskine. Lommeregnerguide 1998". af Texas Instruments
"Module 22 - Power Series". TI Education.
"Finding limits with the TI-89" (PDF).
"TI 89 for Vectors" (PDF).
O'Connell, Jeff. "Matrix Operations on the TI-89" (PDF).
side 14-15 i "Vælg den rigtige regnemaskine. Lommeregnerguide 1998". af Texas Instruments
Fairbourn, Camille. "Chi-square tests for Independence on the TI-89" (PDF). Retrieved June 27, 2022.
Brown, Stan. "Complex Numbers on TI-89".
"How to add vectors on the Ti-89" (PDF).
McCalla, Jeff; Ouellette, Steve (March 26, 2016). "Solve Command from TI-Nspire CAS Algebra Submenu". TI-Nspire For Dummies. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
"Calculator Quick Reference Guide and Instructions" (PDF).
"TI-89 Titanium Now Available - ticalc.org". 2004-06-17. Retrieved 2023-01-23.
Joint Council for Qualifications (2014). "Instructions for Conducting Examinations 2014–2015". p. 13. Archived from the original on 2015-03-30. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
Scottish Qualifications Authority (2013). "Mathematics Update Letter" (PDF). p. 2. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
ACT's CAAP Tests: Use of Calculators on the CAAP Mathematics Test

External links

Official website
Instruction Manual
Using the TI-89 Graphing Calculator
Complete disassembly of a TI-89 Titanium calculator at the Wayback Machine (archived April 7, 2016)

v t e Texas Instruments calculators
Z80-based graphing	TI-73 TI-81 TI-82 TI-83x TI-84x TI-85 TI-86
M68k-based graphing	TI-89 TI-92x and Voyage 200 PLT
ARM-based graphing	TI-Nspire–TI-Nspire CAS
Other graphing	TI-80
Non-graphing programmable	TI-55 TI-55 II TI-55 III TI-56 TI-57x TI-58x TI-59 TI-74 TI-95 (PROCALC)
Scientific models	TI SR-50 TI-30 TI-32 TI-34 TI-35 TI-36 TI-54 TI-68
Financial models	Business Analyst series
Other models	TI-108 TI-7 TI-12 TI-15 TI-1030 TI-1031
Related	TI-BASIC Calculator-Based Laboratory Texas Instruments signing key controversy list of TI calculators

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