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{{Short description|Theorized ancient Korean states}}
⚫ The '''Three Gojoseon kingdoms''' are states noted in history texts such as ]<ref>Joseon Sangosa. Sin Chaeho. (1931) ISBN :8947210331 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}}</ref> (1924–25), and has been researched by several historians,<ref>김정배, 고조선 연구의 사적 고찰 (Historical Survey on Research of Kochosun), ''단군학연구'', '''7''', 185 - 206 (2002)</ref><ref>이정복, 논점 한국사 사료집성 (The Collection of Korean History Controversy), 국학자료원, ISBN :8982064729 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}}</ref><ref>신채호, 조선민족의 전성시대 (The Prosperity Age of Joseon People), ''삼천리'', '''7'''(1), 59-67 (1935)</ref><ref>강경구, 고대의 삼조선과 낙랑 (Three Gojoseon and Nangnang Nation), 기린원 (1991)</ref> although not widely accepted by scholars.<ref>The theory is even mentioned in most canonical history texts, including ]'s ''A New History of Korea'' and the ]'s ''Korean History: Discovery of its characteristics and developments'' (Seoul:Hollym, 2004).</ref>
{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}
⚫ The '''three Gojoseon kingdoms''' are states thought to have existed according to '']''<ref>Joseon Sangosa. Sin Chaeho. (1931) {{ISBN|8947210331}}</ref> (1924–25). The concept gained a following among several fringe historians,<ref>김정배, 고조선 연구의 사적 고찰 (Historical Survey on Research of Kochosun), ''단군학연구'', '''7''', 185–206 (2002)</ref><ref>이정복, 논점 한국사 사료집성 (The Collection of Korean History Controversy), 국학자료원, {{ISBN|8982064729}}</ref><ref>신채호, 조선민족의 전성시대 (The Prosperity Age of Joseon People), ''삼천리'', '''7'''(1), 59–67 (1935)</ref><ref>강경구, 고대의 삼조선과 낙랑 (Three Gojoseon and Nangnang Nation), 기린원 (1991)</ref> although it is not completely accepted by mainstream scholars.<ref>The theory is mentioned in non-canonical history texts, including ]'s ''A New History of Korea'' and the ]'s ''Korean History: Discovery of its characteristics and developments'' (Seoul:Hollym, 2004).</ref>


By popular Korean history drawing on the ], ] (고조선, 2333 BCE – 239 BCE) was the first state of ] that was established around ], south ] and north ]. According to fringe historians, Gojoseon was a united kingdom composed of three confederacies of Gojoseon such as Majoseon (마조선), Jinjoseon (진조선) and Beonjoseon (번조선). Three confederacies were also called as Mahan, Jinhan and Beonhan. In conventional Korean history, the posterior ] (the three confederacies ], ], and ]) existed in central and southern Korean Peninsula, and were established around the time of Gojoseon's fall until fully absorbed by the ] around the 4th century CE. Therefore, the posterior Samhan must be discriminated from the '''prior Samhan''' or '''Samjoseon'''. In popular Korean history, drawing on the ], ] (고조선, 古朝鮮, 2333 BC – 239 BC) was an early state that was established around ], southern ], and the northern ].{{Citation needed|date=December 2020}} It was anciently known simply as ''Joseon'', but is now referred to as ''Gojoseon'', i.e. "Ancient Joseon" to distinguish it from the much later (14th century) Kingdom of ].


According to some sources, Gojoseon was a kingdom formed by the union of three confederacies, or '']'': Makjoseon (막조선, 莫朝鮮), Jinjoseon (진조선, 真朝鮮) and Beonjoseon (번조선, 番朝鮮). These three confederacies are said to be also known as ], ], and ]. In conventional Korean history, these three confederacies appeared following Gojoseon's break-up, in the central and southern Korean Peninsula, until they were fully absorbed into the ] around the 4th century CE. Therefore, these later Samhan must be distinguished from the "former Samhan", or ''Samjoseon''.
⚫ ==Government Structure==
⚫ Based on ] that is written in 1924-25 by ], Gojoseon had an organizational system of three states and 5 ministries. Three states were composed of Jinjoseon, Majoseon and Beonjoseon. Jinjoseon was ruled by a Supreme-]. Beonjoseon and Majoseon were ruled by two Vice-]s. Five Ministries or ] were composed of Dotga (which means a pig), Gaeda (which means a dog), Soga (which means a cow), Malga (which means a horse) and Shinga according to their areas of east, west, south, north and center. This ministry system using the name of animals were also used by ], which was a succession of Gojoseon. In wartime, five military troops of a central army, an advanced army, a left army and a right army were organized according to military commands by the general of central army. It is said that the traditional Korean game or ] follows the structure of these five military structures. Generally, the succession system of the Supreme Dangun and the Vice-Dangun were judged by heredity, and sometimes the ruler could be succeeded by one of the Ohga, which shows that the sovereign's power was not absolute.


⚫ ==Government structure==
== Territory of Three Confederacies ==
⚫ According to '']'', written in 1924–25 by ], Korea during the Sudu era(which roughly corresponds to Dangun Joseon) had an organizational system of three states and 5 ministries(Obu,五部). The three states consisted of Jinjoseon, Makjoseon and Beonjoseon. Jinjoseon was said to be ruled by the Supreme ]. Beonjoseon and Makjoseon were said to be ruled by two Vice-Danguns. The Five Ministries, or '']'', included ''Dotga'' (pig), ''Gaega'' (dog), ''Soga'' (cow), ''Malga'' (horse) and ''Shinga'' according to their areas of east, west, south, north and center. This ministry system using the name of animals was also claimed to be used by ], which is considered a successor state of Gojoseon by fringe historians (in real life its hard to say it is a successor state as buyeo was coexistent with gojoseon). In wartime, five military troops(오군,五軍) consisting of a central army, an advanced army, a left army and a right army were said to be organized, according to military commands, by the general of the central army. It is said that the traditional Korean game of '']'' is patterned after these five military structures (the real origin was based on the system of sachooldo). Generally, the succession system of the Supreme Dangun and the Vice-Dangun was said to be determined by heredity, and sometimes the ruler said to be succeeded by one of the ''Ohga'', suggesting that the sovereign's power was not absolute.<ref>], chapter 2</ref>
<!-- Deleted image removed: ] -->Majoseon was located at the ], Jinjoseon was located at ], and Beojoseon was located at the around of ]. <br>
Gojoseon is developed based on the bronze wares, and continue to the Iron Age. The territory of three Gojoseons can be known by their unique style bronze sword. i.e., mandolin-shaped dagger (비파형동검, 琵琶形銅劍). The mandolin-shape dagger is found in around ], ], ] and even ]. It proves that three Gojoseons territory at least cover the area in the map. Furthermore, the shape of the mandolin-shape dagger of Gojoseon are very different from those found in China. In addition, the composition of Gojoseon's bronze contains much more tin than that of China. These prove that the culture of bronze of Gojoseon are very different from Chinese bronze-ware so that they are not affected by Chinese bronze culture.


== Jinjoseon (2333 BCE - 239 BCE) == == Jinjoseon (2333 BC – 239 BC) ==
It is usually said that the prefixes Ma, Jin and Beon were borrowed by ]s to represent the ]. "Jin" or sometimes "Shin" represent the meanings of "whole" or "general", which says that Jinjosen was the central confederacy of Gojoseon. Shin says the prefixes Ma, Jin and Beon were borrowed from ]s to represent the ] using the ]. ''Jin'' (or ''Shin'') represents the meanings of "whole" or "general"; thus ''Jinjoseon'' refers to the central confederacy of Gojoseon.
] (아사달) was the capital city of Jinjoseon governed by ], and the other two Joseons were governed by the ]s. Joseon Sangosa says that Asadal corresponds to the current ]. In history books, Jinjoseon was usually called ''Jin.'' At 425 BCE, the name of Ancient Joseon was changed to Great Buyeo, and the capital city was moved to Jangdang. At this time, Jinjoseon did not have enough power to control Beonjoseon and Majoseon, and gradually Gojoseon began to disintegrate. At 239 BCE, Jinjoseon was conquered by ], and the state name was changed to ]. ] (아사달) was the capital city of Jinjoseon governed by ], and the other two Joseons were governed by the ]s. ''Joseon Sangosa'' says that Asadal corresponds to the current ]. In history books, Jinjoseon was usually called ''Jin.'' Jinjoseon was conquered by ], and the state name was changed to ].<ref>], chapter 1 and 2</ref>


==Beonjoseon (2333 BCE - 108 BCE)== ==Beonjoseon (2333 BC – 108 BC)==
"Beon" or sometimes "Byun" means a plain or a field. Because Bejoseon was a neighbor to the Chinese states, Chinese history usually referred to Beonjoseon as ''Gojoseon'' or simply ''Joseon.'' Therefore, ] and ] were usurptions of Beonjoseon. The Danguns allowed Gija and Wiman to rule over Beonjoseon because they were of the ] race. Chinese usually referred to the ancestral Korean race, "Dong-i", which means an eastern barbarian. Dangun had assigned Chidunam (치두남, 蚩頭男) as a vice Dangun of Beonjoseon. Its capital city was "Heomdok" (험독현, 險瀆縣), also called ] (왕검성, 王儉城). Chidunam was a descendant of ] (치우, 蚩尤), and a descendant of the Baedal royalty. Hyeomdokhyeon is currently located in Changli (昌黎) County of ] Province in the modern People's Republic of China.<ref></ref> According to Joseon Sangosa, the "Gi" family became the kings of Beonjoseon in 323BCE, and the central authority of the Vice-Dangun became very powerful. Beonjoseon of the Gi family was usurped by Wiman during 193BCE, from which it was called Wiman Joseon henceforth. The last Vice-Dangun, ], fled with his nobles and a large number of people into the ]. There, he conquered Majoseon, and established ]. ''Beon'' or sometimes ''Byun'' means a plain or a field. Because Beonjoseon was a neighbor to the Chinese states, Chinese history usually referred to Beonjoseon as ''Gojoseon'' or simply ''Joseon.'' According to Shin, ] and ] were usurpations of Beonjoseon, and the Danguns allowed Gija and Wiman to rule over Beonjoseon because they were of the ] race. Chinese usually referred to the ancestral Korean race as ''Dong-yi'', meaning eastern barbarians.<ref></ref> According to ''Joseon Sangosa'', the ''Gi'' family became the kings of Beonjoseon in 323 BC, and the central authority of the Vice-Dangun became very powerful. Beonjoseon of the Gi family was usurped by Wiman in 193 BC; it was called Wiman Joseon henceforth. The last Vice-Dangun, ], fled with his nobles and a large number of people into the Korean peninsula. There, he conquered Makjoseon, and established ].


== Majoseon (2333 BCE - ?) == == Makjoseon (2333 BC – ?) ==
"Ma" is generally used to represent south, and Majoseon was located at the south of Jinjoseon. Dangun assigned ] (웅백다, 熊伯多) as Vice Dangun of Majoseon. Its capital city was ]. The years of destruction are not certain, but it is thought that Majoseon was conquered by ] when he fled from ], and then changed the name of the state to ], which was one of the confederacies of posteria ]. It seems that Mahan had continued until it was conquered by ]. ''Ma'' is generally used to represent "south", and Makjoseon was located to the south of Jinjoseon. Its capital city was ]. It is uncertain how long Makjoseon endured, but it is thought to have been conquered by ] when he fled from ], and then changed the name of the state to ] &mdash; one of the confederacies of the later ]. It seems that Mahan continued until it was conquered by ].<ref>Joseon Sangosa, Chapter 3</ref>


== Disintegration of Three Gojoseon == == Disintegration of Three Gojoseon ==
According to Joseon Sangosa, the disintegration of three Gojoseon started at 400BCE, when Yan had attacked Gojoseon, and Gihu became the king of Beonjoseon. When Gihu became the king of Beonjoseon, it seems that Gihu did not fall under the jurisdiction of Jinjoseon, and Beonjoseon by Gi family was indedepent of Jinjoseon. Thereafter, the power of Jinjoseon over Beonjoseon and Majoseon greatly weakened, which caused the disintegration of Gojoseon. According to ''Joseon Sangosa'', the disintegration of the three Gojoseon started when people were disillusioned with the religion of the Samjoseon confederation, and decided to establish their own autonomous entities.<ref>Joseon Sangosa, Chapter 3</ref>


== Notes == ==Interpretation==
===Misreading===
⚫ <references/>
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}


Some Korean scholars point out that the basis of the story is from Shin's interpretation of the following line in the chapter "Treatise on Chosun" (朝鮮列傳) section of the '']'' that Shin introduced in his book ''Chǒnhu Samhan Ko'' ("A Study of the Three Hans in Sequence", or "An Inquiry into the Former and Latter Three Han States"; 前後三韓考):
⚫ == References ==

*
自始全燕時嘗略屬眞番朝鮮.
*

"] and Joseon were already invaded and subjugated in the high days of the ]."

Since the characters 眞番朝鮮 can be read as Jinbeon and Joseon or Jinjoseon and Beonjoseon, this is thought to be the source of the confusion.

===Support for the interpretation of Shin's original opinion===
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}

On the collected annotations (集解) of the same section, Guang Xu (徐廣) who was a historian of ], illustrates that Jinbeon is also called Jinmak (眞莫).
In the Biographies of the Wuhuan, ], and ] in the '']'' in the '']'', a following detailed paragraph appears that differentiates Jin (辰) and Beon (蕃) which suggests the two entities were separate.

初, 右渠未破時, 朝鮮相歷谿卿以諫右渠不用, 東之辰國,
時民隨出居者二千餘戶, 亦與朝鮮貢蕃不相往來.

"At earlier times before ] was demolished, a Joseon official called Yeokgyeyung (歷谿卿) expostulated to the king but after his expostulation was refused he went east to the state of ] (辰國). At that time there were 2000 houses of people who followed his journey, and they never traded with Beon (蕃) which was a tributary of Joseon."

==Trivia==
A classification of Three Joseons existed before in the geography section of the Veritable Records of Sejong of the ] where it illustrates the history of ] in ]. But the classification was of ](Jeonjoseon), ](Hujoseon), and ].<ref>], Veritable Records of Sejong, geography, Pyongan province, Pyongyangbu,"本三朝鮮舊都。 唐堯戊辰歲, 神人降于檀木之下, 國人立爲君, 都平壤, 號檀君, 是爲前朝鮮。 周武王克商, 封箕子于此地, 是爲後朝鮮。 逮四十一代孫準, 時有燕人衞滿亡命, 聚黨千人, 來奪準地, 都于王險城, 【卽平壤府。】 是爲衞滿朝鮮。"</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
* ] * ]
* ]


⚫ == References ==
⚫ ]
⚫ <references/>


] ]
⚫ ]

Latest revision as of 00:08, 27 August 2024

Theorized ancient Korean states
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The three Gojoseon kingdoms are states thought to have existed according to Joseon Sangosa (1924–25). The concept gained a following among several fringe historians, although it is not completely accepted by mainstream scholars.

In popular Korean history, drawing on the Korean founding myth, Gojoseon (고조선, 古朝鮮, 2333 BC – 239 BC) was an early state that was established around Liaoning, southern Manchuria, and the northern Korean Peninsula. It was anciently known simply as Joseon, but is now referred to as Gojoseon, i.e. "Ancient Joseon" to distinguish it from the much later (14th century) Kingdom of Joseon.

According to some sources, Gojoseon was a kingdom formed by the union of three confederacies, or Samhan: Makjoseon (막조선, 莫朝鮮), Jinjoseon (진조선, 真朝鮮) and Beonjoseon (번조선, 番朝鮮). These three confederacies are said to be also known as Mahan, Byeonhan, and Jinhan. In conventional Korean history, these three confederacies appeared following Gojoseon's break-up, in the central and southern Korean Peninsula, until they were fully absorbed into the Three Kingdoms of Korea around the 4th century CE. Therefore, these later Samhan must be distinguished from the "former Samhan", or Samjoseon.

Government structure

According to Joseon Sangosa, written in 1924–25 by Sin Chaeho, Korea during the Sudu era(which roughly corresponds to Dangun Joseon) had an organizational system of three states and 5 ministries(Obu,五部). The three states consisted of Jinjoseon, Makjoseon and Beonjoseon. Jinjoseon was said to be ruled by the Supreme Dangun. Beonjoseon and Makjoseon were said to be ruled by two Vice-Danguns. The Five Ministries, or Ohga, included Dotga (pig), Gaega (dog), Soga (cow), Malga (horse) and Shinga according to their areas of east, west, south, north and center. This ministry system using the name of animals was also claimed to be used by Buyeo, which is considered a successor state of Gojoseon by fringe historians (in real life its hard to say it is a successor state as buyeo was coexistent with gojoseon). In wartime, five military troops(오군,五軍) consisting of a central army, an advanced army, a left army and a right army were said to be organized, according to military commands, by the general of the central army. It is said that the traditional Korean game of Yut is patterned after these five military structures (the real origin was based on the system of sachooldo). Generally, the succession system of the Supreme Dangun and the Vice-Dangun was said to be determined by heredity, and sometimes the ruler said to be succeeded by one of the Ohga, suggesting that the sovereign's power was not absolute.

Jinjoseon (2333 BC – 239 BC)

Shin says the prefixes Ma, Jin and Beon were borrowed from Chinese characters to represent the Korean language using the Idu system. Jin (or Shin) represents the meanings of "whole" or "general"; thus Jinjoseon refers to the central confederacy of Gojoseon. Asadal (아사달) was the capital city of Jinjoseon governed by Dangun, and the other two Joseons were governed by the vice Danguns. Joseon Sangosa says that Asadal corresponds to the current Harbin. In history books, Jinjoseon was usually called Jin. Jinjoseon was conquered by Hae Mo-su of Buyeo, and the state name was changed to Buyeo.

Beonjoseon (2333 BC – 108 BC)

Beon or sometimes Byun means a plain or a field. Because Beonjoseon was a neighbor to the Chinese states, Chinese history usually referred to Beonjoseon as Gojoseon or simply Joseon. According to Shin, Gija Joseon and Wiman Joseon were usurpations of Beonjoseon, and the Danguns allowed Gija and Wiman to rule over Beonjoseon because they were of the Dongyi race. Chinese usually referred to the ancestral Korean race as Dong-yi, meaning eastern barbarians. According to Joseon Sangosa, the Gi family became the kings of Beonjoseon in 323 BC, and the central authority of the Vice-Dangun became very powerful. Beonjoseon of the Gi family was usurped by Wiman in 193 BC; it was called Wiman Joseon henceforth. The last Vice-Dangun, Gijun, fled with his nobles and a large number of people into the Korean peninsula. There, he conquered Makjoseon, and established Mahan.

Makjoseon (2333 BC – ?)

Ma is generally used to represent "south", and Makjoseon was located to the south of Jinjoseon. Its capital city was Pyongyang. It is uncertain how long Makjoseon endured, but it is thought to have been conquered by Gijun when he fled from Wiman, and then changed the name of the state to Mahan — one of the confederacies of the later Samhan. It seems that Mahan continued until it was conquered by Baekje.

Disintegration of Three Gojoseon

According to Joseon Sangosa, the disintegration of the three Gojoseon started when people were disillusioned with the religion of the Samjoseon confederation, and decided to establish their own autonomous entities.

Interpretation

Misreading

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Some Korean scholars point out that the basis of the story is from Shin's interpretation of the following line in the chapter "Treatise on Chosun" (朝鮮列傳) section of the Records of the Grand Historian that Shin introduced in his book Chǒnhu Samhan Ko ("A Study of the Three Hans in Sequence", or "An Inquiry into the Former and Latter Three Han States"; 前後三韓考):

自始全燕時嘗略屬眞番朝鮮.

"Zhenfan Commandery and Joseon were already invaded and subjugated in the high days of the Yan."

Since the characters 眞番朝鮮 can be read as Jinbeon and Joseon or Jinjoseon and Beonjoseon, this is thought to be the source of the confusion.

Support for the interpretation of Shin's original opinion

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

On the collected annotations (集解) of the same section, Guang Xu (徐廣) who was a historian of Eastern Jin, illustrates that Jinbeon is also called Jinmak (眞莫). In the Biographies of the Wuhuan, Xianbei, and Dongyi in the Book of Wei in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, a following detailed paragraph appears that differentiates Jin (辰) and Beon (蕃) which suggests the two entities were separate.

初, 右渠未破時, 朝鮮相歷谿卿以諫右渠不用, 東之辰國, 時民隨出居者二千餘戶, 亦與朝鮮貢蕃不相往來.

"At earlier times before King Ugeo was demolished, a Joseon official called Yeokgyeyung (歷谿卿) expostulated to the king but after his expostulation was refused he went east to the state of Jin (辰國). At that time there were 2000 houses of people who followed his journey, and they never traded with Beon (蕃) which was a tributary of Joseon."

Trivia

A classification of Three Joseons existed before in the geography section of the Veritable Records of Sejong of the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty where it illustrates the history of Pyongyang in Pyongan Province. But the classification was of Dangun Joseon(Jeonjoseon), Gija Joseon(Hujoseon), and Wiman Joseon.

See also

References

  1. Joseon Sangosa. Sin Chaeho. (1931) ISBN 8947210331
  2. 김정배, 고조선 연구의 사적 고찰 (Historical Survey on Research of Kochosun), 단군학연구, 7, 185–206 (2002)
  3. 이정복, 논점 한국사 사료집성 (The Collection of Korean History Controversy), 국학자료원, ISBN 8982064729
  4. 신채호, 조선민족의 전성시대 (The Prosperity Age of Joseon People), 삼천리, 7(1), 59–67 (1935)
  5. 강경구, 고대의 삼조선과 낙랑 (Three Gojoseon and Nangnang Nation), 기린원 (1991)
  6. The theory is mentioned in non-canonical history texts, including Lee Ki-baek's A New History of Korea and the Korean National Commission for UNESCO's Korean History: Discovery of its characteristics and developments (Seoul:Hollym, 2004).
  7. Joseon Sangosa, chapter 2
  8. Joseon Sangosa, chapter 1 and 2
  9. Shihchi jijie(史記集解), Chapter 115 Records of Joseon
  10. Joseon Sangosa, Chapter 3
  11. Joseon Sangosa, Chapter 3
  12. Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty, Veritable Records of Sejong, geography, Pyongan province, Pyongyangbu,"本三朝鮮舊都。 唐堯戊辰歲, 神人降于檀木之下, 國人立爲君, 都平壤, 號檀君, 是爲前朝鮮。 周武王克商, 封箕子于此地, 是爲後朝鮮。 逮四十一代孫準, 時有燕人衞滿亡命, 聚黨千人, 來奪準地, 都于王險城, 【卽平壤府。】 是爲衞滿朝鮮。"
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