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{{Short description|Wealth or an entity that promises wealth}}
{{other uses}} {{other uses}}
⚫ ]]]
⚫ '''Mammon''' is referred to in the ] to describe material ] or ], most often ] as a ], and sometimes included in the ].
'''Mammon''' (]: מָמוֹנָא, māmōnā) in the ] is commonly thought to mean money, material ], or any entity that promises wealth, and is associated with the ] pursuit of gain. The ] and the ] both quote ] using the word in a phrase often rendered in English as "You cannot serve both God and mammon."


⚫ In the ], it was often ] and sometimes included in the ].
⚫ ].]]
''Mammon'' in ] (ממון) means 'money'. The word was adopted to ] to mean wealth.


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
Mammon derives from ] 'mammon', from Greek 'μαμμωνάς', Syriac 'mámóna' (riches),<ref name="Webster">''Webster's Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged'': Publishers International Press, New York, 1977.</ref> Aramaic 'mamon' (riches, money),<ref name=Hastings>Hastings, James, ed.; New York, Scribners, 1908-1921, Volume 8:374</ref><ref>John Parkhurst, Edition 5, 1809, Oxford University, p414 (Aramaic = ])</ref> a loan word from ] 'ממון (mmôn) meaning money,<ref>Michael Sokoloff, JHU Press, Jan 3, 2003, p.682</ref><ref> (Modern Hebrew)</ref><ref>Howard H. Covitz, PhD, March 30, 2000, : "When scriptural translators chose not to translate ממון (mammon), this common Babylonian-exile word for money, they effectively neutered the Galilean’s admonition against idolizing riches, against wealth-worship, by thus-making scripture resonate with proscriptions against another transgression, against the worship of strange Gods."</ref> wealth<ref>{{cite book|last=Fernandez|first=Miguel Perez|title=An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10904-9|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OPQXid589wIC&pg=PA5&dq=mammon+money{{!}}wealth+aramaic|Hebrew&hl=en&ei=VnbzS4jPG6DsmwPz5IGaDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CGIQ6AEwCg#v=onepage&q=mammon%20money%7Cwealth%20aramaic%7CHebrew&f=false|page=5}}</ref> or possessions;<ref name="france">R. T. France, 'God and Mammon' in ''The Evangelical Quarterly'', Vol. 51 (Jan.-Mar. 1979), p. 9</ref> although it may also have meant 'that in which one trusts'.<ref name=Hastings/> (Scholars are divided about the etymology.<ref name=Hastings/>) The word ''Mammon'' comes into English from ] ''mammona'' 'wealth', used most importantly in the ] (along with ] ''mammonas'' and pseudo-Jerome's ''mammon''). This was in turn borrowed from ] μαμωνᾶς, which appears in the ], borrowed from Aramaic מָמוֹנָא ''māmōnā'', an emphatic form of the word ''māmōn'' 'wealth, profit',<ref name="oed">"Mammon, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2016. Web. 3 September 2016.</ref> perhaps specifically from the ] dialect. The spelling μαμμωνᾷ refers to "a Syrian deity, god of riches; Hence riches, wealth"; μαμωνᾶς is transliterated from Aramaic and also means "wealth".<ref name="Webster">''Webster's Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged'': Publishers International Press, New York, 1977.</ref> However, it is not clear what the earlier history of the Aramaic form was.<ref name="oed"/><ref name="Hastings">Hastings, James, ed.; New York, Scribners, 1908–1921, , Volume 8:374</ref> The word may have been present throughout the ]: the word is unknown in Old Testament Hebrew, but has been found in the ];<ref name="Fitzmyer1997">{{cite book|author=Joseph A. Fitzmyer|title=Essays on the Semitic Background of the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElJQNk_r9AEC&pg=PA169|date=1 December 1997|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-4845-1|pages=169–}}</ref> post-biblical Hebrew attests to ''māmōn''; and, according to ], Punic included the word ''mammon'' 'profit'.<ref name="oed" /> It has been suggested that the Aramaic word ''māmōn'' was a ] from ] ממון (mamôn) meaning money,<ref>Michael Sokoloff, JHU Press, Jan 3, 2003, , p.682</ref><ref> (Modern Hebrew)</ref><ref>Howard H. Covitz (March 30, 2000), : "When scriptural translators chose not to translate ממון (mammon), this common Babylonian-exile word for money, they effectively neutered the Galilean's admonition against idolizing riches, against wealth-worship, by thus-making scripture resonate with proscriptions against another transgression, against the worship of strange gods."</ref> wealth,<ref>{{cite book|last=Fernandez|first=Miguel Perez|title=An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-10904-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OPQXid589wIC&dq=mammon+money%7Cwealth+aramaic%7CHebrew&pg=PA5|page=5}}</ref> or possessions;<ref name="france">{{cite journal |first=R. T. |last=France |title=God and Mammon |journal=The Evangelical Quarterly |volume=51 |issue=January–March 1979 |page=9 |url=https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/eq/1979-1_003.pdf }}</ref> although it may also have meant "that in which one trusts".<ref name=Hastings/>


According to the ] of the New Testament,<ref name="TR"> (07 Jan 2025)</ref> the Greek word translated "Mammon" is spelt in the dative case as μαμμωνᾷ in the ] at ]:24, while in the ] at ], it appears respectively as μαμωνᾶ (genitive case) in verse 9, μαμωνᾷ (dative case) in verse 11, and μαμωνᾷ (dative case) in verse 13. The 28th edition of the popular Critical Text of the New Testament<ref name="NA28">Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, 28., revised ed., edited by Barbara and Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini and Bruce M. Metzger together with the Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 2012</ref> has the same readings as the TR, except in Matthew: μαμωνᾷ. The ]<ref name="LSJ">Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996</ref> has a listing for only μαμωνᾶς, ᾶ, with entry "wealth. Ev.Luc 16.9, al. (Aramaic word)," without any entry for the -μμ- form. The ] uses "Mammon" for both Greek spellings; ] uses ''richessis''.
The ] word for "Mammon", ''μαμμωνάς'', occurs in the ] (during the ]) and in the ] (] 16:9-13). The ] keeps the Syriac word. ] uses "richessis".


⚫ The ] of the Bible says it is "a Semitic word for ] or riches".<ref>''Bible – Revised Standard Version'' (RSV), footnotes p. 6 NT Matthew 6:24, Melton Book Company, 1971</ref> The International Children's Bible (ICB) uses the wording "You cannot serve God and money at the same time".<ref>''International Children's Bible'' p. 482 Matthew 6:24 (Word Publishing, 2003)</ref>
Christians began to use the name of Mammon as a pejorative, a term that was used to describe gluttony and unjust worldly gain in Biblical literature. It was personified as a ] in the New Testament.{Mt.6.24; Lk.16.13} The term is often used to refer to excessive materialism or greed as a negative influence.


Christians began to use "mammon" as a term that was used to describe gluttony, excessive materialism, greed, and unjust worldly gain.
⚫ The ] (RSV) of the Bible explains "mammon is a Semetic word for ] or riches."<ref>''Bible - Revised Standard Verion'' (RSV), footnotes p6 NT ''Mt 6:24'', Melton Book Company, 1971</ref> The ] (ICB) uses the wording, ''"You cannot serve God and money at the same time."''<ref>''International Children's Bible'' p. 482 ''Mt 6:24'' (Word Publishing, 2003)</ref>

⚫ ]'s '']'']]
⚫ {{blockquote|Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.|]–], ] (])}}

⚫ Early mentions of Mammon allude to the ], e.g., '']'', "''De solo Mammona cogitant, quorum Deus est sacculus''" (lit. ''They think only of Mammon, whose God is the purse''); and ], "''Lucrum Punice Mammon dicitur''" (lit. "''Riches is called Mammon by the Phoenicians''" (Sermon on the Mount, ii).


== Personifications == == Personifications ==
] also asserted that Mammon was another name for ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Graef| first=Hilda |title=The Lord's Prayer: The Beatitudes |year=1954|publisher=Paulist Press|pages=83| isbn=9780809102556 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txtYdIXpoJYC&pg=PA83}}</ref>
⚫ ]'s '']'']]
⚫ {{quote|''"Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon." - Matthew 6:19-21,24'' (KJV)}}


In the 4th century ] and ] relate Mammon to greed and greed as an evil master that enslaves, and ] even personifies Mammon as greed.<ref name="Rosner2007">{{cite book|author=Brian S. Rosner|title=Greed as Idolatry: The Origin and Meaning of a Pauline Metaphor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Un6q9ZcMj4cC&pg=PA23|date=28 August 2007|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=978-0-8028-3374-7|pages=23–}}</ref>
In the Bible, Mammon is personified in ''Luke 16:13'', and ''Matthew 6:24'', the latter verse repeating ''Luke 16:13''. In the Greek, ''Luke 16:9'' and ''Luke 16:11'' also personify Mammon.


⚫ During the ], Mammon was commonly personified as the demon of wealth and greed. Thus ] (II, dist. 6) says, "Riches are called by the name of a devil, namely Mammon, for Mammon is the name of a devil, by which name riches are called according to the Syrian tongue." ] also regards Mammon as a deity. ], commenting on the passage in Luke, says: "''Mammon est nomen daemonis''" (Mammon is the name of a demon).
⚫ Early mentions of Mammon appear to stem from the personification in the ], e.g. '']'', "Do solo Mammona cogitant, quorum Deus est sacculus"; and ], "Lucrum Punice Mammon dicitur" (Serm. on Mt., ii). ] also asserted that Mammon was another name for ].


] in his ''Notes on the New Testament'' states that Mammon was a Syriac word for an ] worshipped as the god of riches, similar to ] among the Greeks, but he cited no authority for the statement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://biblecommenter.com/matthew/6-24.htm |title=Matthew 6:24 Commentaries: "No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth |publisher=Biblecommenter.com |access-date=2014-03-20}}</ref>
⚫ During the ], Mammon was commonly personified as the demon of ], ] and ]. Thus ] (II, dist. 6) says, "Riches are called by the name of a devil, namely Mammon, for Mammon is the name of a devil, by which name riches are called according to the Syrian tongue." ] also regards Mammon as a deity. ] (commenting on the passage in Luke) says: "Mammon est nomen daemonis" (Mammon is the name of a demon).


No trace, however, of any Syriac god of such a name exists,<ref name="france"/> and the common literary identification of the name with a god of covetousness or avarice likely stems from ]'s '']'', where Mammon oversees a cave of worldly wealth. ]'s '']'' describes a fallen angel who values earthly treasure over all other things.<ref name="herbermann">''The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Discipline, Doctrine, and History of the Catholic Church'', C. G. Herbermann, E. A. Pace, C. B. Pallen, T. J. Shahan, and J. J. Wynne, editors, pg. 580, "Mammon" by Hugh Pope. The Encyclopedia Press, New York, 1913.</ref><ref name="lessons">''Select Notes on the International Sabbath School Lessons'', F. N. Peloubet, W. A. Wilde and Company, Boston, 1880.</ref> Later ]ist writings such as ]'s '']'' describe Mammon as Hell's ambassador to England. For ] in ''Past and Present'', the 'Gospel of Mammonism' became simply a metaphoric personification for the materialist spirit of the nineteenth century. No trace, however, of any Syriac god of such a name exists,<ref name="france"/> and the common literary identification of the name with a god of covetousness or avarice likely stems from ]'s '']'', where Mammon oversees a cave of worldly wealth. ]'s '']'' describes a fallen angel who values earthly treasure over all other things.<ref>{{cite CE1913|wstitle= Mammon |volume= 9 |last= Pope |first= Hugh |author-link= Hugh Pope |short=1}}</ref><ref name="lessons">''Select Notes on the International Sabbath School Lessons'', F. N. Peloubet, W. A. Wilde and Company, Boston, 1880.</ref> Later ]ist writings such as ]'s '']'' describe Mammon as Hell's ambassador to England.<ref>{{cite book|last=de Plancy| first=J. Collin|title=Infernal Dictionary Deluxe Edition|year=2015|publisher=Abracax House|pages=764|isbn=978-0997074512|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/29607971-infernal-dictionary-deluxe-edition}}</ref> For ] in '']'' (1843), the "Gospel of Mammonism" became simply a metaphoric personification for the ] spirit of the 19th century.


Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god ], and the Roman ], in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in ] as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves being associated with ''greed'' in the Middle Ages. ] metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as "Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed". Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god ], and the Roman ], in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in '']'' as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves having been associated with greed in the ]. ] metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as "Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed".

Under the influence of the Social Gospel movement, American populists, progressives and "muck-rakers" during the generation of 1880–1925 used "Mammon" with specific reference to the consolidated wealth and power of the banking and corporate institutions headquartered on Wall Street and their predatory activities nationwide.


==In various countries== ==In various countries==
* "Mamona" (sometimes "Mamuna") is a synonym for Mammon in Slavic countries. Currently, the word "mamona" is used figuratively and derogatorily in the ] as a synonym to ]. This, however, has biblical origins; see above. The word "mammona" is quite often used in the ] and ]s as a synonym to ]. * "Mamona" (sometimes "Mamuna") is a synonym for mammon among ]. In the 21st century, the word "mamona" is used figuratively and derogatorily in ] as a synonym of ]. In ] the word ''mamonár'' is sometimes used to refer to a greedy person.
* The word "mammona" is quite often used in the ] and ]s as a synonym of material wealth.
* In ], the word "Mammon" is a colloquial and contemptuous term for "money". Usually as a phrase in combination with the adjective "schnöde" ("der schnöde Mammon" = the contemptible mammon).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Mammon |title= Mammon |publisher=Bibliographisches Institut GmbH |location=Berlin |language=de |access-date=30 August 2013}}</ref>
* In ], where Mammon is not so well known, the image used to criticize the love of wealth is the ],<ref name="DRAE">'''' in the '']''.</ref> idolized by the Israelites against the will of God.
* In ] the word "Mammon" is a colloquial term for "money". {{Fact|date=November 2012}}
* In ] the word "amaana" means a financial or material trust held for someone else. Its triliteral root is /aleph - mim - nun/ and so it is likely a cognate with Syriac "mámóna". Sumerian, however, is not a Semitic language though it was supplanted by Akkadian, which is Semitic. In the Quran, a character named Haman, is mentioned together with the name Pharaoh on six occasions in two surahs, 28:6; 28:8; 28:38; 29:39; 40:34; and 40:36. Muslim tradition identifies this Haman as a person of incredible wealth.
* In Mexico, "un Mammon" is used to denigrate someone who has a certain superior air about him.


== Popular culture == ==In literature==
The 1409 ] manuscript titled '']'' associated Mammon with the ] of the ].

In ] (1843), ] describes ]'s worship of money as the "Gospel of Mammonism".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carlyle |first=Thomas |title=Past and Present |year=1843 |chapter=Book III. Chapter II. The Gospel of Mammonism. |chapter-url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26159/26159-h/26159-h.htm#Page_181}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
{{main|Mammon in popular culture}} {{main|Mammon in popular culture}}
Various characters, demons, have taken the name Mammon in books, film, TV, anime and video games. Numerous characters and demons are named Mammon in books, film, television, and games.


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Money|Bible}}
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==External links== ==External links==
{{wikiquote}} {{wikiquote}}
{{Wiktionary|Mammon}}
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{{commons category|Mammon}}
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* at thmon-mammon "Mamon"] at the ''Jewish Encyclopedia''
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* at the ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
{{Authority control}}


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Latest revision as of 02:02, 8 January 2025

Wealth or an entity that promises wealth For other uses, see Mammon (disambiguation).
1909 painting The Worship of Mammon by Evelyn De Morgan

Mammon (Aramaic: מָמוֹנָא, māmōnā) in the New Testament is commonly thought to mean money, material wealth, or any entity that promises wealth, and is associated with the greedy pursuit of gain. The Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke both quote Jesus using the word in a phrase often rendered in English as "You cannot serve both God and mammon."

In the Middle Ages, it was often personified and sometimes included in the seven princes of Hell. Mammon in Hebrew (ממון) means 'money'. The word was adopted to modern Hebrew to mean wealth.

Etymology

The word Mammon comes into English from post-classical Latin mammona 'wealth', used most importantly in the Vulgate Bible (along with Tertullian's mammonas and pseudo-Jerome's mammon). This was in turn borrowed from Hellenistic Greek μαμωνᾶς, which appears in the New Testament, borrowed from Aramaic מָמוֹנָא māmōnā, an emphatic form of the word māmōn 'wealth, profit', perhaps specifically from the Syriac dialect. The spelling μαμμωνᾷ refers to "a Syrian deity, god of riches; Hence riches, wealth"; μαμωνᾶς is transliterated from Aramaic and also means "wealth". However, it is not clear what the earlier history of the Aramaic form was. The word may have been present throughout the Canaanite languages: the word is unknown in Old Testament Hebrew, but has been found in the Qumran documents; post-biblical Hebrew attests to māmōn; and, according to Augustine of Hippo, Punic included the word mammon 'profit'. It has been suggested that the Aramaic word māmōn was a loanword from Mishnaic Hebrew ממון (mamôn) meaning money, wealth, or possessions; although it may also have meant "that in which one trusts".

According to the Textus Receptus of the New Testament, the Greek word translated "Mammon" is spelt in the dative case as μαμμωνᾷ in the Sermon on the Mount at Matthew 6:24, while in the Parable of the Unjust Steward at Luke 16, it appears respectively as μαμωνᾶ (genitive case) in verse 9, μαμωνᾷ (dative case) in verse 11, and μαμωνᾷ (dative case) in verse 13. The 28th edition of the popular Critical Text of the New Testament has the same readings as the TR, except in Matthew: μαμωνᾷ. The LSJ has a listing for only μαμωνᾶς, ᾶ, with entry "wealth. Ev.Luc 16.9, al. (Aramaic word)," without any entry for the -μμ- form. The Authorised Version uses "Mammon" for both Greek spellings; John Wycliffe uses richessis.

The Revised Standard Version of the Bible says it is "a Semitic word for money or riches". The International Children's Bible (ICB) uses the wording "You cannot serve God and money at the same time".

Christians began to use "mammon" as a term that was used to describe gluttony, excessive materialism, greed, and unjust worldly gain.

Mammon from Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal

Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. No man can serve two masters: for either he will hate the one, and love the other; or else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. Ye cannot serve God and mammon.

— Matthew 6:19–21, 24 (KJV)

Early mentions of Mammon allude to the Gospels, e.g., Didascalia, "De solo Mammona cogitant, quorum Deus est sacculus" (lit. They think only of Mammon, whose God is the purse); and Saint Augustine, "Lucrum Punice Mammon dicitur" (lit. "Riches is called Mammon by the Phoenicians" (Sermon on the Mount, ii).

Personifications

Gregory of Nyssa also asserted that Mammon was another name for Beelzebub.

In the 4th century Cyprian and Jerome relate Mammon to greed and greed as an evil master that enslaves, and John Chrysostom even personifies Mammon as greed.

During the Middle Ages, Mammon was commonly personified as the demon of wealth and greed. Thus Peter Lombard (II, dist. 6) says, "Riches are called by the name of a devil, namely Mammon, for Mammon is the name of a devil, by which name riches are called according to the Syrian tongue." Piers Plowman also regards Mammon as a deity. Nicholas de Lyra, commenting on the passage in Luke, says: "Mammon est nomen daemonis" (Mammon is the name of a demon).

Albert Barnes in his Notes on the New Testament states that Mammon was a Syriac word for an idol worshipped as the god of riches, similar to Plutus among the Greeks, but he cited no authority for the statement.

No trace, however, of any Syriac god of such a name exists, and the common literary identification of the name with a god of covetousness or avarice likely stems from Spenser's The Faerie Queene, where Mammon oversees a cave of worldly wealth. Milton's Paradise Lost describes a fallen angel who values earthly treasure over all other things. Later occultist writings such as Jacques Collin de Plancy's Dictionnaire Infernal describe Mammon as Hell's ambassador to England. For Thomas Carlyle in Past and Present (1843), the "Gospel of Mammonism" became simply a metaphoric personification for the materialist spirit of the 19th century.

Mammon is somewhat similar to the Greek god Plutus, and the Roman Dis Pater, in his description, and it is likely that he was at some point based on them; especially since Plutus appears in The Divine Comedy as a wolf-like demon of wealth, wolves having been associated with greed in the Middle Ages. Thomas Aquinas metaphorically described the sin of Avarice as "Mammon being carried up from Hell by a wolf, coming to inflame the human heart with Greed".

Under the influence of the Social Gospel movement, American populists, progressives and "muck-rakers" during the generation of 1880–1925 used "Mammon" with specific reference to the consolidated wealth and power of the banking and corporate institutions headquartered on Wall Street and their predatory activities nationwide.

In various countries

  • "Mamona" (sometimes "Mamuna") is a synonym for mammon among Slavs. In the 21st century, the word "mamona" is used figuratively and derogatorily in Polish as a synonym of money. In Slovak the word mamonár is sometimes used to refer to a greedy person.
  • The word "mammona" is quite often used in the Finnish and Estonian languages as a synonym of material wealth.
  • In German, the word "Mammon" is a colloquial and contemptuous term for "money". Usually as a phrase in combination with the adjective "schnöde" ("der schnöde Mammon" = the contemptible mammon).

In literature

The 1409 Lollard manuscript titled Lanterne of Light associated Mammon with the deadly sin of the greed.

In Past and Present (1843), Thomas Carlyle describes Victorian England's worship of money as the "Gospel of Mammonism".

In popular culture

Main article: Mammon in popular culture

Numerous characters and demons are named Mammon in books, film, television, and games.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Mammon, n." OED Online. Oxford University Press, June 2016. Web. 3 September 2016.
  2. Webster's Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged: Publishers International Press, New York, 1977.
  3. ^ Hastings, James, ed.; New York, Scribners, 1908–1921, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 8:374
  4. Joseph A. Fitzmyer (1 December 1997). Essays on the Semitic Background of the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-0-8028-4845-1.
  5. Michael Sokoloff, JHU Press, Jan 3, 2003, A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic of the Talmudic and Geonic Periods, p.682
  6. Translation and definition "ממון", Dictionary Hebrew–English online (Modern Hebrew)
  7. Howard H. Covitz (March 30, 2000), Shabbos and Proper Nouns: "When scriptural translators chose not to translate ממון (mammon), this common Babylonian-exile word for money, they effectively neutered the Galilean's admonition against idolizing riches, against wealth-worship, by thus-making scripture resonate with proscriptions against another transgression, against the worship of strange gods."
  8. Fernandez, Miguel Perez (1999). An Introductory Grammar of Rabbinic Hebrew. Brill. p. 5. ISBN 978-90-04-10904-9.
  9. ^ France, R. T. "God and Mammon" (PDF). The Evangelical Quarterly. 51 (January–March 1979): 9.
  10. (07 Jan 2025)
  11. Nestle-Aland, Novum Testamentum Graece, 28., revised ed., edited by Barbara and Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini and Bruce M. Metzger together with the Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung, Münster, Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart, 2012
  12. Liddell, Henry George, Robert Scott, and Henry Stuart Jones. A Greek-English Lexicon. 9th ed. with revised supplement. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996
  13. Bible – Revised Standard Version (RSV), footnotes p. 6 NT Matthew 6:24, Melton Book Company, 1971
  14. International Children's Bible p. 482 Matthew 6:24 (Word Publishing, 2003)
  15. Graef, Hilda (1954). The Lord's Prayer: The Beatitudes. Paulist Press. p. 83. ISBN 9780809102556.
  16. Brian S. Rosner (28 August 2007). Greed as Idolatry: The Origin and Meaning of a Pauline Metaphor. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 23–. ISBN 978-0-8028-3374-7.
  17. "Matthew 6:24 Commentaries: "No one can serve two masters; for either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You cannot serve God and wealth". Biblecommenter.com. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
  18. Pope, Hugh (1910). "Mammon" . Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9.
  19. Select Notes on the International Sabbath School Lessons, F. N. Peloubet, W. A. Wilde and Company, Boston, 1880.
  20. de Plancy, J. Collin (2015). Infernal Dictionary Deluxe Edition. Abracax House. p. 764. ISBN 978-0997074512.
  21. "Mammon" (in German). Berlin: Bibliographisches Institut GmbH. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  22. Carlyle, Thomas (1843). "Book III. Chapter II. The Gospel of Mammonism.". Past and Present.

External links

  • "Mammon" at thmon-mammon "Mamon"] at the Jewish Encyclopedia
  • "Mammon" at the Encyclopædia Britannica
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