Demographics of Somalia: Difference between revisions

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	'''Somali clan''' refers to the clan grouping of the ]. It is an important social unit and ] membership continues to play an important part in their culture and in the ]. The clan is ], ie traced through the male line. Clans are often divided into sub-clans, sometimes many times.
			{{Short description\|none}}
			<!-- Per convention, please leave the page layout as is, with the main info on the country's ethnic groups at the top, and the statistical summary data below it. -->{{Infobox place demographics\|place=]\|image=File:Somalia single age population pyramid 2020.png\|image_size=350\|caption=Population pyramid of Somalia in 2020\|size_of_population=18,100,000 (2023 est.)<ref name="unfpa.org 2023-01">{{cite web \|url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/SO \|title=World Population Dashboard Somalia\|publisher=United Nations Population Fund \|date=2023-01-01 \|website=unfpa.org \|access-date=2023-04-28}}</ref>\|nation=Somali\|major_ethnic=Somali (98%)\|age_0–14_years=42.38%\|age_65_years=2.27%\|growth=2.42% (2022 est.)\|birth=37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)\|death=11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)\|net_migration=-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)\|infant_mortality=86.53 deaths/1,000 live births\|life=55.72 years\|life_male=53.39 years\|life_female=58.12 years\|fertility=6.90 children born/woman (2020)<ref name="elief"/>}}{{Somali clans}}
			Demographic features of ]'s inhabitants include ethnicity, language, population density, education level, health, economic status, ] and other aspects of the population. Somalia is believed to be one of the most homogeneous countries in Africa.<ref>{{Citation \|last=Olanrewaju \|first=Ilemobola Peter \|title=Fractionality in Homogeneity? Value Differences and Cross-Cultural Conflict in Somalia \|date=2014 \|work=Selected Themes in African Political Studies: Political Conflict and Stability \|series=Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development \|pages=9–23 \|editor-last=Asuelime \|editor-first=Lucky \|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06001-9_2 \|place=Cham \|publisher=Springer International Publishing \|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06001-9_2 \|language=en \|isbn=978-3-319-06001-9 \|editor2-last=Francis \|editor2-first=Suzanne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Popescu \|first=Alba Iulia Catrinel \|date=2021 \|title=SOMALIA – CASE STUDY ON THE FRAGMENTATION OF AN ETHNICALLY AND CIVILIZATIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS STATE \|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1007489 \|journal=Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University \|volume=10 \|language=English \|issue=3 \|pages=164–176 \|doi=10.53477/2284-9378-21-37 \|issn=2284-936X\|doi-access=free }}</ref>

			==2020 survey==
	In traditional Somali society, marriage was often to someone from another clan, ie ], but during the recent conflict in Somalia this seems to have become the exception rather than the rule.
			]s, known to deprive women of opportunities to reach their full potential, have among women aged 20–24, 36 percent of total population.<ref name="elief">{{cite web\|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somali-health-and-demographic-survey-2020\|website=reliefweb.int\|date=30 April 2020\|author=Govt. Somalia, ] \|title=The Somali Health and Demographic Survey 2020}}</ref>

			The April 2020 SHDS report further unveils that ] remain very high, the total fertility rate for Somalia is 6.9 children per woman, the highest in the world, which would impact planning for the next years.<ref name="elief" /> In addition, 99 percent of women have still been ].<ref name="elief" />
	==Heirarchy of clans==
	Certain clans are classed as ''noble clans'', referring to the belief that they share a common Somali ancestry, whereas the minority clans are believed to have mixed parentage. The four noble clans, known collectively as the ''Samale'' (or ''Samaale''), are:
	*]
	*]
	*]
	*]

			==Ethnic groups==
	''Sab'' is the term used to refer to minority clans.
			===Somalis===
			] constitute the largest ] in Somalia, at approximately 98% of the nation's inhabitants.<ref name="2009factbook">{{cite web\|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/Somaliland\|title=Somalia\|access-date=2009-05-31\|date=2009-05-14\|work=]\|publisher=]}}{{Dead link\|date=May 2024 \|bot=InternetArchiveBot \|fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They are organized into ] groupings, which are important ]s; clan membership plays a central part in Somali ] and ]. Clans are ] and are typically divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. Through the '']'' system (]), the advanced clan structure has served governmental roles in many rural Somali communities.<ref name="Abdullahi142">{{cite book\|last=Abdullahi\|first=Mohamed Diriye\|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia\|year=2001\|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group\|isbn=0313313334\|page=\|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri\|url-access=registration}}</ref>

			According to ''The Economist'', at independence Somalia was "arguably in ethnic terms the most homogeneous country in Africa" however, the publication also notes:{{Blockquote\|"..its ethnic homogeneity is misleading. Despite also sharing a single language and religion, it is divided into more than 500 clans and sub-clans."<ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2013/05/11/the-centre-holds-but-only-just\|title=The centre holds, but only just\|newspaper=The Economist\|date=11 May 2013\|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref>}}
	The ] (made up of the Digil and Mirifle clans) are an agro-pastoral group in the area between the ] and ]s. They occupy a kind of second tier in the Somali social system - because they do not follow a nomadic lifestyle, live further south and speak a group of ] (Maay) which have recently been classified as a separate language, they have to some extent been isolated from the mainstream of Somali society.

			====Somali Clans====
	A group of occupational clans have sometimes been considered as ]es because traditionally they could only marry among themselves and other Somalis considered them to be ritually unclean. They lived in their own settlements among the nomadic populations in the north and performed specialized occupations such as metalworking, tanning and hunting. These clans include the Tomal, Midgan, Yibir, Ayle, Jaji and Yahar.
			{{Main\|Somali clans}}
			Somali clans ({{langx\|so\|Qabaa'ilka Soomaalida}}; {{langx\|ar\|القبائل الصومالية\|translit=''al-Qabā'il al-Sūmāliyya''}}) are patrilineal kinship groups based on agnatic descent of the ].<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Lewis \|first=Ioan \|date=2004 \|title=Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox \|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/visible-and-invisible-differences-the-somali-paradox/5E8CC79BF1CED20D4FD4152201D6D86D \|journal=Africa \|language=en \|volume=74 \|issue=4 \|pages=489–515 \|doi=10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489 \|issn=1750-0184}}</ref>{{sfn\|Lewis\|Samatar\|1999\|p=11}}<ref name="AppiahGates2010p39522">{{cite book \|author=Marian Aguiar \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC \|title=Encyclopedia of Africa \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 \|editor=Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates \|page=395}}</ref> Tradition and folklore connects the origin of the Somali population by language and way of life, and societal organisations, by customs, and by a feeling of belonging to a broader family among individuals from the ].<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Touval \|first=Saadia \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24QGAQAAIAAJ \|title=Somali Nationalism: International Politics and the Drive for Unity in the Horn of Africa \|date=1963 \|publisher=Harvard University Press \|isbn=978-0-674-59435-7 \|pages=15 \|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal \|last=Abdi \|first=Farhia \|date=2024-01-01 \|title=Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Leadership Leadership \|url=https://www.academia.edu/115832897 \|journal=The Journal of Social Encounters \|doi=10.69755/2995-2212.1248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Hamilton \|first=David \|date=1967 \|title=Imperialism Ancient and Modern: A Study of British Attitudes to the Claims to Sovereignty to the Northern Somali Coastline. \|url=https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/6139/1/15_Imperialism%20Ancient%20and%20Modern_a%20study%20of%20British%20attitudes%20to%20the%20claims%20to%20Sovereignty%20to%20the%20Northern%20Somali%20coastline.pdf \|journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies \|pages=11–12}}</ref>

			The ] are mainly divided among five patrilineal clans, the ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Somali networks - structures of clan and society (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 949) \|url=https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/somali-networks-structures-of-clan-and-society-gsdrc-helpdesk-research-report-949 \|access-date=2024-07-16 \|website=GOV.UK \|language=en}}</ref> The average person is able to trace his/her ancestry generations back. Somali clans in contemporary times have an established official structure in the country's political system, acknowledged by a mathematical formula for equitably distributing seats between the clans in the ].<ref>{{Cite web \|date=2023-05-22 \|title=The role of 4.5 in democratization and governance in Somalia: Implications and considerations for the way forward (May 2023) - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb \|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/role-45-democratization-and-governance-somalia-implications-and-considerations-way-forward-may-2023 \|access-date=2024-07-16 \|website=reliefweb.int \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Ahmed \|first=Nasteha \|date=2019-02-01 \|title=Somalia's struggle to integrate traditional and modern governance: The 4.5 formula and 2012 provisional constitution \|url=https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/511 \|journal=Theses and Dissertations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book \|last=Osman \|first=Abdulahi A. \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScxEDwAAQBAJ&dq=info:rUWuOGUXLcQJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA58 \|title=Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives inReconstituting a Failed State \|date=2007-07-31 \|publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd \|isbn=978-1-909112-87-2 \|language=en}}</ref>

			The clan represents the highest degree of familial affiliation. It holds territorial properties and is typically overseen by a Sultan. Clans possess ancestral lands, which are associated with the migratory patterns of the Somali populace throughout their historical narrative. Each clan is administered by its designated leader and supported by its council of elders, with land being communally owned and overseen.<ref name=":4222">{{Cite book \|last=Ssero \|first=Florence \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQj-zgEACAAJ \|title=Global Review of Ethnopolitics \|volume=2 \|pages=25–40 \|language=en}}</ref> Various Somali clans utilise ] for their leaders, including ],{{sfn\|Lewis\|Samatar\|1999\|pp=203–204}} ], ],<ref>Mohamed Haji Muktar, ''Historical Dictionary of Somalia'', (Scarecrow Press: 2003), p.35</ref> ],{{sfn\|Lewis\|Samatar\|1999\|pp=203–204}} and ].<ref>{{cite book \|url=https://en.sewasew.com/phrases/4612?withDetails=1 \|title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad}}</ref> Clan leadership may be ], or leaders may be ] by the council of elders composed of representatives from diverse clan lineages. The leaders of these clans fulfill both religious and political responsibilities.<ref name=":4222" />

			===Other ethnic groups===
			Non-Somali ethnic minority groups make up about 5% of the nation's population.<ref name=2009factbook/> They include ], ] & ].{{Culture of Somalia}}

			==Languages==
			{{main\|Languages of Somalia}}
			].\|left]]
			] is the official language of Somalia. It is the ] of Somalis, the nation's most populous ethnic group.<ref name="factbook">{{cite web\|author=Central Intelligence Agency\|title=Somalia\|work=The World Factbook\|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency\|location=Langley, Virginia\|year=2011\|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/\|access-date=2011-10-05}}</ref> The language is a member of the ] branch of the ] family.<ref>I. M. Lewis, ''Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somalis, ] and Saho'', (Red Sea Press: 1998), p. 11.</ref>

			In addition to Somali, ], which is also an Afroasiatic tongue,<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov, ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', (Kِppe: 2003), pp. 70–71.</ref> is another official language in Somalia. Many speak it due to centuries-old ties with the ], the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.<ref name="Dubnov"/><ref name="PutnamNoor">Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor, ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', (Center for Applied Linguistics: 1993), p. 15.: "Somalis speak Somali. Many people also speak Arabic, and educated Somalis usually speak either English or Italian as well. Swahili may also be spoken in coastal areas near Kenya."</ref><ref name="MacDonald">Fiona MacDonald et al., ''Peoples of Africa'', Volume 10, (Marshall Cavendish: 2000), p. 178.</ref>

			] is widely used and taught. Other minority languages include ], a variant of the ] ] that is spoken along the southern coast by the ], as well as ], another Swahili dialect that is the mother tongue of the ] ethnic minority group.

			==Population==
			According to {{UN_Population\|source}}, the total population was {{UN_Population\|Somalia}} in {{UN_Population\|Year}}, compared to 2,264,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 44.9%, 52.3% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% was 65 years or older.<ref name="WPP 2010">{{Cite press release \|title = World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision \|date = 2011-05-03 \|publisher = ], Population Division \|url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Other-Information/Press_Release_WPP2010.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506084513/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Other-Information/Press_Release_WPP2010.pdf \|archive-date = 2011-05-06 \|url-status = deviated}}</ref>

			==Vital statistics==
			Registration of vital events in Somalia is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates:<ref>{{cite UN WPP\|2022\|rows=2741:2812\|cols=M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI}}</ref>

			{\| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
			\|-
			! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" \|Year
			! style="width:70pt;"\|Population
			! style="width:70pt;"\|Live births per year
			! style="width:70pt;"\|Deaths per year
			! style="width:70pt;"\|Natural change per year
			! style="width:70pt;"\|CBR*
			! style="width:70pt;"\|CDR*
			! style="width:70pt;"\|NC*
			! style="width:70pt;"\|TFR*
			! style="width:70pt;"\|IMR*
			! style="width:70pt;"\|Life expectancy (years)
			\|-
			\|1950
			\|2 213 000
			\| 112 000
			\| 50 000
			\| 62 000
			\|50.5
			\|22.4
			\|28.1
			\|7.25
			\|152.1
			\|41.40
			\|-
			\|1951
			\| 2 276 000
			\| 114 000
			\| 51 000
			\| 62 000
			\|49.9
			\|22.6
			\|27.3
			\|7.25
			\|151.4
			\|41.52
			\|-
			\|1952
			\| 2 339 000
			\| 116 000
			\| 53 000
			\| 63 000
			\|49.4
			\|22.5
			\|26.8
			\|7.25
			\|150.1
			\|41.74
			\|-
			\|1953
			\| 2 402 000
			\| 117 000
			\| 54 000
			\| 64 000
			\|48.9
			\|22.4
			\|26.5
			\|7.25
			\|148.8
			\|41.97
			\|-
			\|1954
			\| 2 466 000
			\| 119 000
			\| 55 000
			\| 65 000
			\|48.5
			\|22.3
			\|26.2
			\|7.25
			\|147.6
			\|42.19
			\|-
			\|1955
			\| 2 530 000
			\| 122 000
			\| 56 000
			\| 66 000
			\|48.0
			\|22.1
			\|26.0
			\|7.25
			\|146.3
			\|42.40
			\|-
			\|1956
			\| 2 595 000
			\| 124 000
			\| 57 000
			\| 67 000
			\|47.7
			\|21.9
			\|25.8
			\|7.25
			\|145.1
			\|42.62
			\|-
			\|1957
			\| 2 662 000
			\| 126 000
			\| 58 000
			\| 68 000
			\|47.4
			\|21.7
			\|25.7
			\|7.25
			\|143.9
			\|42.83
			\|-
			\|1958
			\| 2 729 000
			\| 129 000
			\| 59 000
			\| 70 000
			\|47.1
			\|21.5
			\|25.6
			\|7.25
			\|142.7
			\|43.04
			\|-
			\|1959
			\| 2 798 000
			\| 131 000
			\| 60 000
			\| 71 000
			\|46.8
			\|21.3
			\|25.5
			\|7.25
			\|141.6
			\|43.25
			\|-
			\|1960
			\| 2 871 000
			\| 134 000
			\| 61 000
			\| 73 000
			\|46.6
			\|21.1
			\|25.5
			\|7.25
			\|140.4
			\|43.45
			\|-
			\|1961
			\| 2 946 000
			\| 137 000
			\| 62 000
			\| 75 000
			\|46.4
			\|21.0
			\|25.3
			\|7.25
			\|139.8
			\|43.56
			\|-
			\|1962
			\| 3 023 000
			\| 140 000
			\| 63 000
			\| 77 000
			\|46.2
			\|20.7
			\|25.4
			\|7.26
			\|138.1
			\|43.88
			\|-
			\|1963
			\| 3 102 000
			\| 143 000
			\| 64 000
			\| 79 000
			\|46.0
			\|20.5
			\|25.4
			\|7.26
			\|137.0
			\|44.10
			\|-
			\|1964
			\| 3 184 000
			\| 146 000
			\| 65 000
			\| 81 000
			\|45.8
			\|20.4
			\|25.4
			\|7.26
			\|135.9
			\|44.30
			\|-
			\|1965
			\| 3 268 000
			\| 149 000
			\| 66 000
			\| 83 000
			\|45.7
			\|20.2
			\|25.5
			\|7.26
			\|134.6
			\|44.54
			\|-
			\|1966
			\| 3 354 000
			\| 153 000
			\| 67 000
			\| 86 000
			\|45.5
			\|20.0
			\|25.6
			\|7.26
			\|133.5
			\|44.76
			\|-
			\|1967
			\| 3 442 000
			\| 156 000
			\| 68 000
			\| 88 000
			\|45.4
			\|19.8
			\|25.6
			\|7.25
			\|132.4
			\|44.97
			\|-
			\|1968
			\| 3 532 000
			\| 160 000
			\| 69 000
			\| 91 000
			\|45.3
			\|19.6
			\|25.7
			\|7.23
			\|131.4
			\|45.17
			\|-
			\|1969
			\| 3 625 000
			\| 164 000
			\| 71 000
			\| 93 000
			\|45.2
			\|19.5
			\|25.8
			\|7.21
			\|130.4
			\|45.37
			\|-
			\|1970
			\| 3 721 000
			\| 168 000
			\| 72 000
			\| 96 000
			\|45.2
			\|19.3
			\|25.9
			\|7.18
			\|129.4
			\|45.56
			\|-
			\|1971
			\| 3 818 000
			\| 173 000
			\| 73 000
			\| 99 000
			\|45.2
			\|19.2
			\|26.0
			\|7.15
			\|128.4
			\|45.75
			\|-
			\|1972
			\| 3 918 000
			\| 177 000
			\| 75 000
			\| 103 000
			\|45.2
			\|19.0
			\|26.2
			\|7.12
			\|127.5
			\|45.94
			\|-
			\|1973
			\| 4 022 000
			\| 182 000
			\| 76 000
			\| 106 000
			\|45.2
			\|18.9
			\|26.3
			\|7.09
			\|126.5
			\|46.13
			\|-
			\|1974
			\| 4 126 000
			\| 187 000
			\| 86 000
			\| 101 000
			\|45.3
			\|20.7
			\|24.6
			\|7.06
			\|137.8
			\|43.82
			\|-
			\|1975
			\| 4 228 000
			\| 192 000
			\| 86 000
			\| 106 000
			\|45.5
			\|20.4
			\|25.1
			\|7.03
			\|135.9
			\|44.18
			\|-
			\|1976
			\| 4 334 000
			\| 198 000
			\| 87 000
			\| 111 000
			\|45.7
			\|20.1
			\|25.5
			\|7.02
			\|134.0
			\|44.57
			\|-
			\|1977
			\| 4 450 000
			\| 204 000
			\| 82 000
			\| 122 000
			\|45.8
			\|18.3
			\|27.5
			\|7.00
			\|122.6
			\|46.92
			\|-
			\|1978
			\| 4 778 000
			\| 214 000
			\| 84 000
			\| 130 000
			\|46.8
			\|18.4
			\|28.4
			\|7.13
			\|121.7
			\|46.95
			\|-
			\|1979
			\| 5 409 000
			\| 241 000
			\| 93 000
			\| 148 000
			\|47.1
			\|18.2
			\|28.8
			\|7.16
			\|120.7
			\|47.31
			\|-
			\|1980
			\| 5 892 000
			\| 277 000
			\| 106 000
			\| 171 000
			\|47.3
			\|18.1
			\|29.2
			\|7.18
			\|119.8
			\|47.49
			\|-
			\|1981
			\| 5 935 000
			\| 291 000
			\| 110 000
			\| 181 000
			\|47.7
			\|18.1
			\|29.7
			\|7.23
			\|119.0
			\|47.67
			\|-
			\|1982
			\| 5 952 000
			\| 286 000
			\| 107 000
			\| 179 000
			\|48.0
			\|18.0
			\|30.0
			\|7.25
			\|118.2
			\|47.83
			\|-
			\|1983
			\| 6 143 000
			\| 296 000
			\| 109 000
			\| 187 000
			\|48.3
			\|17.8
			\|30.5
			\|7.28
			\|116.6
			\|48.17
			\|-
			\|1984
			\| 6 369 000
			\| 307 000
			\| 112 000
			\| 196 000
			\|48.5
			\|17.6
			\|30.9
			\|7.30
			\|115.2
			\|48.46
			\|-
			\|1985
			\| 6 631 000
			\| 322 000
			\| 117 000
			\| 205 000
			\|48.7
			\|17.7
			\|31.0
			\|7.33
			\|114.8
			\|48.28
			\|-
			\|1986
			\| 6 909 000
			\| 336 000
			\| 121 000
			\| 215 000
			\|48.9
			\|17.6
			\|31.2
			\|7.35
			\|114.1
			\|48.37
			\|-
			\|1987
			\| 7 158 000
			\| 351 000
			\| 124 000
			\| 227 000
			\|49.0
			\|17.3
			\|31.7
			\|7.37
			\|113.1
			\|48.90
			\|-
			\|1988
			\| 7 160 000
			\| 362 000
			\| 151 000
			\| 211 000
			\|49.1
			\|20.5
			\|28.6
			\|7.40
			\|115.8
			\|43.84
			\|-
			\|1989
			\| 7 035 000
			\| 352 000
			\| 131 000
			\| 221 000
			\|49.2
			\|18.3
			\|30.8
			\|7.42
			\|110.1
			\|46.72
			\|-
			\|1990
			\| 6 999 000
			\| 349 000
			\| 128 000
			\| 221 000
			\|49.0
			\|18.0
			\|31.0
			\|7.44
			\|108.3
			\|47.11
			\|-
			\|1991
			\| 6 733 000
			\| 346 000
			\| style="color:red"\| 284 000
			\| 63 000
			\|49.4
			\|style="color:red"\|40.5
			\|style="color:red"\|8.9
			\|7.47
			\|237.4
			\|26.57
			\|-
			\|1992
			\| 6 428 000
			\| 327 000
			\| 251 000
			\| 76 000
			\|50.2
			\|38.6
			\|11.7
			\|7.50
			\|236.3
			\|27.31
			\|-
			\|1993
			\| 6 621 000
			\| 328 000
			\| 101 000
			\| 227 000
			\|50.4
			\|15.5
			\|style="color:blue"\|34.9
			\|7.53
			\|104.6
			\|50.65
			\|-
			\|1994
			\| 6 960 000
			\| 351 000
			\| 111 000
			\| 240 000
			\|50.3
			\|15.9
			\|34.4
			\|7.54
			\|105.1
			\|50.33
			\|-
			\|1995
			\| 7 211 000
			\| 360 000
			\| 113 000
			\| 247 000
			\|50.1
			\|15.8
			\|34.4
			\|7.58
			\|104.5
			\|50.60
			\|-
			\|1996
			\| 7 472 000
			\| 376 000
			\| 119 000
			\| 257 000
			\|50.1
			\|15.9
			\|34.2
			\|7.62
			\|104.8
			\|50.45
			\|-
			\|1997
			\| 7 734 000
			\| 388 000
			\| 124 000
			\| 264 000
			\|50.3
			\|16.1
			\|34.2
			\|style="color: blue"\|7.66
			\|106.8
			\|50.20
			\|-
			\|1998
			\| 8 057 000
			\| 403 000
			\| 127 000
			\| 276 000
			\|50.2
			\|15.8
			\|34.4
			\|7.65
			\|104.6
			\|50.66
			\|-
			\|1999
			\| 8 384 000
			\| 419 000
			\| 133 000
			\| 286 000
			\|50.1
			\|15.9
			\|34.2
			\|7.63
			\|104.7
			\|50.53
			\|-
			\|2000
			\| 8 721 000
			\| 434 000
			\| 137 000
			\| 297 000
			\|49.9
			\|15.8
			\|34.1
			\|7.61
			\|104.6
			\|50.66
			\|-
			\|2001
			\| 9 071 000
			\| 450 000
			\| 142 000
			\| 308 000
			\|49.7
			\|15.7
			\|34.0
			\|7.58
			\|104.4
			\|50.74
			\|-
			\|2002
			\| 9 411 000
			\| 467 000
			\| 148 000
			\| 320 000
			\|49.7
			\|15.7
			\|34.0
			\|7.58
			\|104.4
			\|50.73
			\|-
			\|2003
			\| 9 758 000
			\| 482 000
			\| 153 000
			\| 329 000
			\|49.4
			\|15.7
			\|33.7
			\|7.55
			\|104.5
			\|50.61
			\|-
			\|2004
			\| 10 117 000
			\| 498 000
			\| 159 000
			\| 339 000
			\|49.2
			\|15.7
			\|33.5
			\|7.52
			\|104.6
			\|50.54
			\|-
			\|2005
			\| 10 467 000
			\| 513 000
			\| 163 000
			\| 350 000
			\|49.0
			\|15.6
			\|33.4
			\|7.48
			\|104.4
			\|50.66
			\|-
			\|2006
			\| 10 785 000
			\| 527 000
			\| 168 000
			\| 359 000
			\|48.7
			\|15.6
			\|33.2
			\|7.46
			\|104.1
			\|50.60
			\|-
			\|2007
			\| 11 118 000
			\| 539 000
			\| 173 000
			\| 366 000
			\|48.5
			\|15.5
			\|32.9
			\|7.42
			\|103.5
			\|50.52
			\|-
			\|2008
			\| 11 445 000
			\| 555 000
			\| 174 000
			\| 381 000
			\|48.2
			\|15.1
			\|33.1
			\|7.39
			\|101.3
			\|51.12
			\|-
			\|2009
			\| 11 730 000
			\| 565 000
			\| 172 000
			\| 393 000
			\|47.9
			\|14.6
			\|33.4
			\|7.34
			\|98.7
			\|51.85
			\|-
			\|2010
			\| 12 027 000
			\| 576 000
			\| 185 000
			\| 390 000
			\|47.7
			\|15.4
			\|32.3
			\|7.30
			\|102.5
			\|50.56
			\|-
			\|2011
			\| 12 217 000
			\| 589 000
			\| 184 000
			\| 405 000
			\|47.5
			\|14.9
			\|32.7
			\|7.26
			\|100.0
			\|51.30
			\|-
			\|2012
			\| 12 440 000
			\| 590 000
			\| 169 000
			\| 420 000
			\|47.3
			\|13.6
			\|33.7
			\|7.20
			\|91.4
			\|53.16
			\|-
			\|2013
			\| 12 852 000
			\| 604 000
			\| 169 000
			\| 435 000
			\|47.0
			\|13.1
			\|33.9
			\|7.13
			\|88.7
			\|53.84
			\|-
			\|2014
			\| 13 309 000
			\| 622 000
			\| 170 000
			\| 452 000
			\|46.7
			\|12.8
			\|33.9
			\|7.06
			\|86.1
			\|54.28
			\|-
			\|2015
			\| 13 764 000
			\| 640 000
			\| 171 000
			\| 469 000
			\|46.5
			\|12.4
			\|34.0
			\|6.98
			\|83.9
			\|54.86
			\|-
			\|2016
			\| 14 293 000
			\| 657 000
			\| 175 000
			\| 482 000
			\|46.2
			\|12.3
			\|33.9
			\|6.89
			\|82.0
			\|55.04
			\|-
			\|2017
			\| 14 864 000
			\| 675 000
			\| 177 000
			\| 498 000
			\|45.5
			\|11.9
			\|33.6
			\|6.74
			\|79.8
			\|55.65
			\|-
			\|2018
			\| 15 411 000
			\| 693 000
			\| 176 000
			\| 516 000
			\|45.0
			\|11.4
			\|33.5
			\|6.63
			\|77.2
			\|56.38
			\|-
			\|2019
			\| 15 981 000
			\| 711 000
			\| 176 000
			\| 535 000
			\|44.6
			\|\|11.0
			\|33.5
			\|6.53
			\|75.0
			\|57.08
			\|-
			\|2020
			\| 16 537 000
			\| 728 000
			\| 188 000
			\| 540 000
			\|44.0
			\|11.4
			\|32.6
			\|6.42
			\|72.9
			\|55.97
			\|-
			\|2021
			\| 17 271 000
			\| 762 000
			\| 195 000
			\| 566 000
			\| 44.1
			\|11.3
			\|32.8
			\|6.35
			\|70.0
			\|57.2
			\|-
			\|2022
			\| 17 802 000
			\| 780 000
			\| 228 000
			\| 551 000
			\| 43.8
			\|12.8
			\|31.0
			\| 6.26
			\|86.7
			\|53.9
			\|-
			\|2023
			\| 18 356 000
			\| 789 000
			\| 181 000
			\| 608 000
			\|style="color:red"\|43.0
			\| 9.8
			\|33.1
			\|style="color:red" \|6.13
			\|66.3
			\|58.8
			\|-
			\| colspan="11" style="text-align:left;" \| * <small> CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)</small>
			\|}
			{{GraphChart
			\| width = 450
			\| height = 150
			\| xAxisTitle=year
			\| yAxisTitle= million
			\| yAxisMin=
			\| yGrid= 0,1
			\| xGrid= 10
			\| legend=
			\| type = line
			\| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

			\| y1= 2.2,2.3,2.3,2.4,2.5,2.5,2.6,2.7,2.7,2.8,2.9,2.9,3,3.1,3.2,3.3,3.4,3.4,3.5,3.6,3.7,3.8,3.9,4,4.1,4.2,4.3,4.5,4.8,5.4,5.9,5.9,6,6.1,6.4,6.6,6.9,7.2,7.2,7,7,6.7,6.4,6.6,7,7.2,7.5,7.7,8.1,8.4,8.7,9.1,9.4,9.8,10.1,10.5,10.8,11.1,11.4,11.7,12,12.2,12.4,12.9,13.3,13.8,14.3,14.9,15.4,16,16.5,17.1

			\| y1Title= population (million)

			}}
			{{GraphChart
			\| width = 450
			\| height = 150
			\| xAxisTitle=years
			\| yAxisTitle= ‰
			\| yAxisMin=
			\| yGrid= 0,1
			\| xGrid= 10
			\| hAnnotatonsLine=
			\| hAnnotatonsLabel=
			\| legend=
			\| type = line
			\| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

			\| y1= 28.1,27.3,26.8,26.5,26.2,26.0,25.8,25.7,25.6,25.5,25.5,25.3,25.4,25.4,25.4,25.5,25.6,25.6,25.7,25.8,25.9,26.0,26.2,26.3,24.6,25.1,25.5,27.5,28.4,28.8,29.2,29.7,
			30.0,30.5,30.9,31.0,31.2,31.7,28.6,30.8,31.0,8.9,11.7,34.9,34.4,34.4,34.2,34.2,34.4,34.2,34.1,34.0,34.0,33.7,33.5,33.4,33.2,32.9,33.1,33.4,32.3,32.7,33.7,33.9,
			33.9,34.0,33.9,33.6,33.5,33.5,32.6,32.0

			\| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
			}}
			{{GraphChart
			\| width = 450
			\| height = 150
			\| xAxisTitle=years
			\| yAxisTitle= ‰
			\| yAxisMin=
			\| yGrid= 0,1
			\| xGrid= 10
			\| hAnnotatonsLine=
			\| hAnnotatonsLabel=
			\| legend=
			\| type = line
			\| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

			\| y1= 152.1,151.4,150.1,148.8,147.6,146.3,145.1,143.9,142.7,141.6,140.4,139.8,138.1,137.0,135.9,134.6,133.5,132.4,131.4,130.4,129.4,128.4,127.5,126.5,137.8,135.9,
			134.0,122.6,121.7,120.7,119.8,119.0,118.2,116.6,115.2,114.8,114.1,113.1,115.8,110.1,108.3,237.4,236.3,104.6,105.1,104.5,104.8,106.8,104.6,104.7,104.6,104.4,104.4,104.5,104.6,104.4,104.1,103.5,101.3,98.7,102.5,100.0,91.4,88.7,86.1,83.9,82.0,79.8,77.2,75.0,72.9,71.2

			\| y1Title=Infant Mortality (per 1000 live births)
			}}
			{{GraphChart
			\| width = 450
			\| height = 150
			\| xAxisTitle=years
			\| yAxisTitle= TFR
			\| yAxisMin=
			\| yGrid= 0,1
			\| xGrid= 10
			\| hAnnotatonsLine=
			\| hAnnotatonsLabel=
			\| legend=
			\| type = line
			\| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

			\| y1= 7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.26,7.26,7.26,7.26,7.26,7.25,7.23,7.21,7.18,7.15,7.12,7.09,7.06,7.03,7.02,7.00,7.13,7.16,7.18,7.23,
			7.25,7.28,7.30,7.33,7.35,7.37,7.40,7.42,7.44,7.47,7.50,7.53,7.54,7.58,7.62,7.66,7.65,7.63,7.61,7.58,7.58,7.55,7.52,7.48,7.46,7.42,7.39,7.34,7.30,7.26,7.20,7.13,7.06,6.98,6.89,6.74,6.63,6.53,6.42,6.31,

			\| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate
			}}

			==Demographic statistics==

			Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.<ref name="WPR 2022">{{citation\|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/somalia-population\|title=Somalia Population 2022\|website=World Population Review}}</ref>

			*One birth every 46 seconds
			*One death every 3 minutes
			*One net migrant every 16 minutes
			*Net gain of one person every 1 minutes

			The following demographic are from the ]<ref name=".cia.gov">{{citation\|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/\|title= The World FactBook – Somalia\|date=2022\|work=]}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> unless otherwise indicated.

			===Population===
			:18,100,000 (2023 est.)<ref name="unfpa.org 2023-01"/>

			:11,259,029 (July 2018 est.)]
			:10,428,043 (2014 est.)

			===Religions===
			Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)

			===Age structure===
			:''0-14 years:'' 42.38% (male 2,488,604/female 2,493,527)
			:''15-24 years:'' 19.81% (male 1,167,807/female 1,161,040)
			:''25-54 years:'' 30.93% (male 1,881,094/female 1,755,166)
			:''55-64 years:'' 4.61% (male 278,132/female 264,325)
			:''65 years and over:'' 2.27% (2020 est.) (male 106,187/female 161,242)

			:''0-14 years:'' 42.87% (male 2,410,215 /female 2,416,629)
			:''15-24 years:'' 19.35% (male 1,097,358 /female 1,081,762)
			:''25-54 years:'' 31.23% (male 1,821,823 /female 1,694,873)
			:''55-64 years:'' 4.35% (male 245,744 /female 243,893)
			:''65 years and over:'' 2.19% (male 95,845 /female 150,887) (2018 est.)

			===Birth rate===
			:37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th
			:39.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th
			:40.87 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)

			===Death rate===
			:11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th
			:12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
			:13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)

			===Total fertility rate===
			:5.22 children born/woman (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th
			:5.31 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th
			:5.7 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 6th

			===Population growth rate===
			:2.42% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 27th
			:2.08% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 45th
			:1.75% (2014 est.)

			===Median age===
			:total: 18.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 210th
			:male: 18.7 years
			:female: 18.3 years (2020 est.)

			:Total: 18.2 years. Country comparison to the world: 211th
			:Male: 18.4 years
			:Female: 18 years (2018 est.)

			===Net migration rate===
			:-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 171st
			:-5.6 migrants/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 199th
			:-9.51 migrants/1,000 population (2014 est.)

			===Contraceptive prevalence rate===
			:6.9% (2018/19)

			===Dependency ratios===
			:Total dependency ratio: 97.4 (2015 est.)
			:Youth dependency ratio: 92.1 (2015 est.)
			:Elderly dependency ratio: 5.3 (2015 est.)
			:]: 18.8 (2015 est.)

			===Urbanization===
			{{main\|List of cities in Somalia by population}}
			:urban population: 47.3% of total population (2022)
			:rate of urbanization: 4.2% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)

			:Urban population: 45% of total population (2018)
			:Rate of urbanization: 4.23% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

			:''Urban population:'' 37.7% of total population (2011)
			:''Rate of ]:'' 3.79 annual rate of change (2010–15 est.)

			===Sex ratio===
			''At birth:'' 1.03 males/female <br />
			''Under 15 years:'' 1 male/female <br />
			''15–64 years:'' 1.07 males/female <br />
			''65 years and over:'' 0.66 males/female ]
			<br />
			''Total population:'' 1.01 males/female (2015 est. )

			===Infant mortality rate===
			:Total: 93 deaths/1,000 live births
			:Male: 101.4 deaths/1,000 live births
			:Female: 84.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

			===Life expectancy at birth===
			total population: 55.72 years. Country comparison to the world: 225th
			male: 53.39 years
			female: 58.12 years (2022 est.)

			:Total population: 53.2 years
			:Male: 51 years
			:Female: 55.4 years (2018 est.)] in Somalia since 1950]]

			:''Total population:'' 51.58 years
			:''Male:'' 49.58 years
			:''Female:'' 53.65 years (2014 est.)

			===Major infectious diseases===
			:degree of risk: very high (2020)
			:food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
			:vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
			:water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
			:animal contact diseases: rabies

			note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Somalia is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

			===HIV/AIDS===
			;HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate
			0.1% (2017 est.)
			;HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS
			11,000 (2017 est.)
			;HIV/AIDS – deaths
			<1000 (2017 est.)

			===Major infectious diseases===
			''Degree of risk'': high <br />
			''Food or waterborne diseases'': bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever <br />
			''Vector-borne diseases'': dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever <br />
			''Water contact disease'': schistosomiasis <br />
			''Animal contact disease'': rabies (2013)

			===Nationality===
			''Noun:'' Somali (singular) or Somali (plural)<br />
			''Adjective:'' Somali

			===Ethnic groups===
			*] 90%<ref name="CIASO">{{cite web\|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/\|title= Africa – SOMALIA\|date= 24 January 2023\|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref>
			*] and other non-Somali 10%.

			===Languages===
			*] (official)<ref name="CIASO"/>
			*] (official)<ref name="Frspc2">{{cite web \|title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution \|url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf \|archive-date=24 January 2013 \|access-date=10 September 2012 \|quote=The official language of the Federal Republic of Somalia is Somali (Maay and Maxaa-tiri), and Arabic is the second language.}}</ref>
			===Literacy===
			''Definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write <br />
			''Total population:'' N/A<ref>No reliable data on nationwide literacy rate. 2013 FSNAU survey indicates considerable differences per region, with the autonomous northeastern ] region having the highest registered literacy rate (72%). </ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
			{{Portal\|Somalia}}
	*]
	*]		* ]
			* ]
	*]
			* ]
			* ]

			==Notes==
			{{CIA World Factbook}}
			{{Reflist\|2}}

	==References==		==References==
			* '''', Worldbank, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts
	*
			* , Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001
			* , Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001

			==External links==
			{{Commons category\|Demographics of Somalia}}
			*, from "Reunification of the Somali People", Jack L. Davies

			{{Ethnic groups in Somalia}}
			{{Somalia topics \|state=collapsed}}
			{{Africa in topic\|Demographics of}}
			{{Human rights in Somalia}}

	]		]
	]
	]
	]

Latest revision as of 20:38, 8 January 2025

Demographics of Somalia
Population pyramid of Somalia in 2020
Population	18,100,000 (2023 est.)
Growth rate	2.42% (2022 est.)
Birth rate	37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate	11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy	55.72 years
• male	53.39 years
• female	58.12 years
Fertility rate	6.90 children born/woman (2020)
Infant mortality rate	86.53 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years	42.38%
65 and over	2.27%
Nationality
Nationality	Somali
Major ethnic	Somali (98%)

Somali clans

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Darod Marehan Absame Ogaden Jidwaq Abaskuul Harti Dhulbahante Majerten Omar Mohamoud Osman Mohamoud Dishiishe Warsangali Lailkase Awrtable
Isaaq Arap Ayub Habr Awal Sa'ad Musa Issa Musa Garhajis Habr Yunis Eidagale Habr Je'lo Mohamed Abokor Musa Abokor Sanbuur Cimraan Tol Je'lo
Dir Akisho Bursuuk Gurgura Gurre Jaarso Gadabuursi Issa Surre Qubeys Bimaal Gaadsen Garre Quranyow
Hawiye Karanle Murusade Sabti Degoodi Gaalje'el Badi Ade Hiraab Habar Gidir Abgaal Duduble Wa'daan Sheikhaal Udejeen Hawadle Ajuran Muhammed Murule Silcis
Rahanweyn Digil Geledi Tunni Garre Mirifle
Somalia portal
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Demographic features of Somalia's inhabitants include ethnicity, language, population density, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Somalia is believed to be one of the most homogeneous countries in Africa.

2020 survey

Child marriages, known to deprive women of opportunities to reach their full potential, have among women aged 20–24, 36 percent of total population.

The April 2020 SHDS report further unveils that fertility rates remain very high, the total fertility rate for Somalia is 6.9 children per woman, the highest in the world, which would impact planning for the next years. In addition, 99 percent of women have still been genitally circumcised.

Ethnic groups

Somalis

Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 98% of the nation's inhabitants. They are organized into clan groupings, which are important social units; clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are typically divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. Through the xeer system (customary law), the advanced clan structure has served governmental roles in many rural Somali communities.

According to The Economist, at independence Somalia was "arguably in ethnic terms the most homogeneous country in Africa" however, the publication also notes:

"..its ethnic homogeneity is misleading. Despite also sharing a single language and religion, it is divided into more than 500 clans and sub-clans."

Somali Clans

Main article: Somali clans

Somali clans (Somali: Qabaa'ilka Soomaalida; Arabic: القبائل الصومالية, romanized: al-Qabā'il al-Sūmāliyya) are patrilineal kinship groups based on agnatic descent of the Somali people. Tradition and folklore connects the origin of the Somali population by language and way of life, and societal organisations, by customs, and by a feeling of belonging to a broader family among individuals from the Arabian Peninsula.

The Somali people are mainly divided among five patrilineal clans, the Hawiye, Darod, Rahanweyn, Dir, and Isaaq. The average person is able to trace his/her ancestry generations back. Somali clans in contemporary times have an established official structure in the country's political system, acknowledged by a mathematical formula for equitably distributing seats between the clans in the Federal Parliament of Somalia.

The clan represents the highest degree of familial affiliation. It holds territorial properties and is typically overseen by a Sultan. Clans possess ancestral lands, which are associated with the migratory patterns of the Somali populace throughout their historical narrative. Each clan is administered by its designated leader and supported by its council of elders, with land being communally owned and overseen. Various Somali clans utilise distinct titles for their leaders, including Sultan, Emir, Imam, Ugaas, and Garaad. Clan leadership may be hereditary, or leaders may be elected by the council of elders composed of representatives from diverse clan lineages. The leaders of these clans fulfill both religious and political responsibilities.

Other ethnic groups

Non-Somali ethnic minority groups make up about 5% of the nation's population. They include Arabs, Bantus & Bajunis.

Culture of Somalia

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People
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Religion
Islam Christianity Traditional faiths
Language
Arabic Somali (Maay Maay) Soqotri Italian English
Politics
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Languages

Main article: Languages of Somalia

Speech sample in Standard Somali.

Somali is the official language of Somalia. It is the mother tongue of Somalis, the nation's most populous ethnic group. The language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family.

In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afroasiatic tongue, is another official language in Somalia. Many speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.

English is widely used and taught. Other minority languages include Bravanese, a variant of the Bantu Swahili language that is spoken along the southern coast by the Bravanese people, as well as Bajuni, another Swahili dialect that is the mother tongue of the Bajuni ethnic minority group.

Population

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects, the total population was 17,065,581 in 2021, compared to 2,264,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 44.9%, 52.3% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% was 65 years or older.

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events in Somalia is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates:

Year	Population	Live births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR*	CDR*	NC*	TFR*	IMR*	Life expectancy (years)
1950	2 213 000	112 000	50 000	62 000	50.5	22.4	28.1	7.25	152.1	41.40
1951	2 276 000	114 000	51 000	62 000	49.9	22.6	27.3	7.25	151.4	41.52
1952	2 339 000	116 000	53 000	63 000	49.4	22.5	26.8	7.25	150.1	41.74
1953	2 402 000	117 000	54 000	64 000	48.9	22.4	26.5	7.25	148.8	41.97
1954	2 466 000	119 000	55 000	65 000	48.5	22.3	26.2	7.25	147.6	42.19
1955	2 530 000	122 000	56 000	66 000	48.0	22.1	26.0	7.25	146.3	42.40
1956	2 595 000	124 000	57 000	67 000	47.7	21.9	25.8	7.25	145.1	42.62
1957	2 662 000	126 000	58 000	68 000	47.4	21.7	25.7	7.25	143.9	42.83
1958	2 729 000	129 000	59 000	70 000	47.1	21.5	25.6	7.25	142.7	43.04
1959	2 798 000	131 000	60 000	71 000	46.8	21.3	25.5	7.25	141.6	43.25
1960	2 871 000	134 000	61 000	73 000	46.6	21.1	25.5	7.25	140.4	43.45
1961	2 946 000	137 000	62 000	75 000	46.4	21.0	25.3	7.25	139.8	43.56
1962	3 023 000	140 000	63 000	77 000	46.2	20.7	25.4	7.26	138.1	43.88
1963	3 102 000	143 000	64 000	79 000	46.0	20.5	25.4	7.26	137.0	44.10
1964	3 184 000	146 000	65 000	81 000	45.8	20.4	25.4	7.26	135.9	44.30
1965	3 268 000	149 000	66 000	83 000	45.7	20.2	25.5	7.26	134.6	44.54
1966	3 354 000	153 000	67 000	86 000	45.5	20.0	25.6	7.26	133.5	44.76
1967	3 442 000	156 000	68 000	88 000	45.4	19.8	25.6	7.25	132.4	44.97
1968	3 532 000	160 000	69 000	91 000	45.3	19.6	25.7	7.23	131.4	45.17
1969	3 625 000	164 000	71 000	93 000	45.2	19.5	25.8	7.21	130.4	45.37
1970	3 721 000	168 000	72 000	96 000	45.2	19.3	25.9	7.18	129.4	45.56
1971	3 818 000	173 000	73 000	99 000	45.2	19.2	26.0	7.15	128.4	45.75
1972	3 918 000	177 000	75 000	103 000	45.2	19.0	26.2	7.12	127.5	45.94
1973	4 022 000	182 000	76 000	106 000	45.2	18.9	26.3	7.09	126.5	46.13
1974	4 126 000	187 000	86 000	101 000	45.3	20.7	24.6	7.06	137.8	43.82
1975	4 228 000	192 000	86 000	106 000	45.5	20.4	25.1	7.03	135.9	44.18
1976	4 334 000	198 000	87 000	111 000	45.7	20.1	25.5	7.02	134.0	44.57
1977	4 450 000	204 000	82 000	122 000	45.8	18.3	27.5	7.00	122.6	46.92
1978	4 778 000	214 000	84 000	130 000	46.8	18.4	28.4	7.13	121.7	46.95
1979	5 409 000	241 000	93 000	148 000	47.1	18.2	28.8	7.16	120.7	47.31
1980	5 892 000	277 000	106 000	171 000	47.3	18.1	29.2	7.18	119.8	47.49
1981	5 935 000	291 000	110 000	181 000	47.7	18.1	29.7	7.23	119.0	47.67
1982	5 952 000	286 000	107 000	179 000	48.0	18.0	30.0	7.25	118.2	47.83
1983	6 143 000	296 000	109 000	187 000	48.3	17.8	30.5	7.28	116.6	48.17
1984	6 369 000	307 000	112 000	196 000	48.5	17.6	30.9	7.30	115.2	48.46
1985	6 631 000	322 000	117 000	205 000	48.7	17.7	31.0	7.33	114.8	48.28
1986	6 909 000	336 000	121 000	215 000	48.9	17.6	31.2	7.35	114.1	48.37
1987	7 158 000	351 000	124 000	227 000	49.0	17.3	31.7	7.37	113.1	48.90
1988	7 160 000	362 000	151 000	211 000	49.1	20.5	28.6	7.40	115.8	43.84
1989	7 035 000	352 000	131 000	221 000	49.2	18.3	30.8	7.42	110.1	46.72
1990	6 999 000	349 000	128 000	221 000	49.0	18.0	31.0	7.44	108.3	47.11
1991	6 733 000	346 000	284 000	63 000	49.4	40.5	8.9	7.47	237.4	26.57
1992	6 428 000	327 000	251 000	76 000	50.2	38.6	11.7	7.50	236.3	27.31
1993	6 621 000	328 000	101 000	227 000	50.4	15.5	34.9	7.53	104.6	50.65
1994	6 960 000	351 000	111 000	240 000	50.3	15.9	34.4	7.54	105.1	50.33
1995	7 211 000	360 000	113 000	247 000	50.1	15.8	34.4	7.58	104.5	50.60
1996	7 472 000	376 000	119 000	257 000	50.1	15.9	34.2	7.62	104.8	50.45
1997	7 734 000	388 000	124 000	264 000	50.3	16.1	34.2	7.66	106.8	50.20
1998	8 057 000	403 000	127 000	276 000	50.2	15.8	34.4	7.65	104.6	50.66
1999	8 384 000	419 000	133 000	286 000	50.1	15.9	34.2	7.63	104.7	50.53
2000	8 721 000	434 000	137 000	297 000	49.9	15.8	34.1	7.61	104.6	50.66
2001	9 071 000	450 000	142 000	308 000	49.7	15.7	34.0	7.58	104.4	50.74
2002	9 411 000	467 000	148 000	320 000	49.7	15.7	34.0	7.58	104.4	50.73
2003	9 758 000	482 000	153 000	329 000	49.4	15.7	33.7	7.55	104.5	50.61
2004	10 117 000	498 000	159 000	339 000	49.2	15.7	33.5	7.52	104.6	50.54
2005	10 467 000	513 000	163 000	350 000	49.0	15.6	33.4	7.48	104.4	50.66
2006	10 785 000	527 000	168 000	359 000	48.7	15.6	33.2	7.46	104.1	50.60
2007	11 118 000	539 000	173 000	366 000	48.5	15.5	32.9	7.42	103.5	50.52
2008	11 445 000	555 000	174 000	381 000	48.2	15.1	33.1	7.39	101.3	51.12
2009	11 730 000	565 000	172 000	393 000	47.9	14.6	33.4	7.34	98.7	51.85
2010	12 027 000	576 000	185 000	390 000	47.7	15.4	32.3	7.30	102.5	50.56
2011	12 217 000	589 000	184 000	405 000	47.5	14.9	32.7	7.26	100.0	51.30
2012	12 440 000	590 000	169 000	420 000	47.3	13.6	33.7	7.20	91.4	53.16
2013	12 852 000	604 000	169 000	435 000	47.0	13.1	33.9	7.13	88.7	53.84
2014	13 309 000	622 000	170 000	452 000	46.7	12.8	33.9	7.06	86.1	54.28
2015	13 764 000	640 000	171 000	469 000	46.5	12.4	34.0	6.98	83.9	54.86
2016	14 293 000	657 000	175 000	482 000	46.2	12.3	33.9	6.89	82.0	55.04
2017	14 864 000	675 000	177 000	498 000	45.5	11.9	33.6	6.74	79.8	55.65
2018	15 411 000	693 000	176 000	516 000	45.0	11.4	33.5	6.63	77.2	56.38
2019	15 981 000	711 000	176 000	535 000	44.6	11.0	33.5	6.53	75.0	57.08
2020	16 537 000	728 000	188 000	540 000	44.0	11.4	32.6	6.42	72.9	55.97
2021	17 271 000	762 000	195 000	566 000	44.1	11.3	32.8	6.35	70.0	57.2
2022	17 802 000	780 000	228 000	551 000	43.8	12.8	31.0	6.26	86.7	53.9
2023	18 356 000	789 000	181 000	608 000	43.0	9.8	33.1	6.13	66.3	58.8
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.

One birth every 46 seconds
One death every 3 minutes
One net migrant every 16 minutes
Net gain of one person every 1 minutes

The following demographic are from the CIA World Factbook unless otherwise indicated.

Population

18,100,000 (2023 est.)

11,259,029 (July 2018 est.)

10,428,043 (2014 est.)

Religions

Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)

Age structure

0-14 years: 42.38% (male 2,488,604/female 2,493,527)

15-24 years: 19.81% (male 1,167,807/female 1,161,040)

25-54 years: 30.93% (male 1,881,094/female 1,755,166)

55-64 years: 4.61% (male 278,132/female 264,325)

65 years and over: 2.27% (2020 est.) (male 106,187/female 161,242)

0-14 years: 42.87% (male 2,410,215 /female 2,416,629)

15-24 years: 19.35% (male 1,097,358 /female 1,081,762)

25-54 years: 31.23% (male 1,821,823 /female 1,694,873)

55-64 years: 4.35% (male 245,744 /female 243,893)

65 years and over: 2.19% (male 95,845 /female 150,887) (2018 est.)

Birth rate

37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th

39.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th

40.87 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Death rate

11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th

12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate

5.22 children born/woman (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th

5.31 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th

5.7 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 6th

Population growth rate

2.42% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 27th

2.08% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 45th

1.75% (2014 est.)

Median age

total: 18.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 210th

male: 18.7 years

female: 18.3 years (2020 est.)

Total: 18.2 years. Country comparison to the world: 211th

Male: 18.4 years

Female: 18 years (2018 est.)

Net migration rate

-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 171st

-5.6 migrants/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 199th

-9.51 migrants/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

6.9% (2018/19)

Dependency ratios

Total dependency ratio: 97.4 (2015 est.)

Youth dependency ratio: 92.1 (2015 est.)

Elderly dependency ratio: 5.3 (2015 est.)

Potential support ratio: 18.8 (2015 est.)

Urbanization

Main article: List of cities in Somalia by population

urban population: 47.3% of total population (2022)

rate of urbanization: 4.2% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)

Urban population: 45% of total population (2018)

Rate of urbanization: 4.23% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Urban population: 37.7% of total population (2011)

Rate of urbanization: 3.79 annual rate of change (2010–15 est.)

Sex ratio

At birth: 1.03 males/female
Under 15 years: 1 male/female
15–64 years: 1.07 males/female

65 years and over: 0.66 males/female

Total population: 1.01 males/female (2015 est. )

Infant mortality rate

Total: 93 deaths/1,000 live births

Male: 101.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Female: 84.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 55.72 years. Country comparison to the world: 225th male: 53.39 years female: 58.12 years (2022 est.)

Total population: 53.2 years

Male: 51 years

Female: 55.4 years (2018 est.)

Total population: 51.58 years

Male: 49.58 years

Female: 53.65 years (2014 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever

water contact diseases: schistosomiasis

animal contact diseases: rabies

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Somalia is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS

11,000 (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS – deaths

<1000 (2017 est.)

Major infectious diseases

Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vector-borne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
Water contact disease: schistosomiasis
Animal contact disease: rabies (2013)

Nationality

Noun: Somali (singular) or Somali (plural)
Adjective: Somali

Ethnic groups

Somali 90%
Bantu and other non-Somali 10%.

Languages

Somali (official)
Arabic (official)

Literacy

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: N/A

Notes

This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

^ "World Population Dashboard Somalia". unfpa.org. United Nations Population Fund. 2023-01-01. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
^ Govt. Somalia, UNFPA (30 April 2020). "The Somali Health and Demographic Survey 2020". reliefweb.int.
Olanrewaju, Ilemobola Peter (2014), Asuelime, Lucky; Francis, Suzanne (eds.), "Fractionality in Homogeneity? Value Differences and Cross-Cultural Conflict in Somalia", Selected Themes in African Political Studies: Political Conflict and Stability, Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 9–23, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06001-9_2, ISBN 978-3-319-06001-9
Popescu, Alba Iulia Catrinel (2021). "SOMALIA – CASE STUDY ON THE FRAGMENTATION OF AN ETHNICALLY AND CIVILIZATIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS STATE". Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University. 10 (3): 164–176. doi:10.53477/2284-9378-21-37. ISSN 2284-936X.
^ "Somalia". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2009-05-14. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). Culture and Customs of Somalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 142. ISBN 0313313334.
"The centre holds, but only just". The Economist. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Lewis, Ioan (2004). "Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox". Africa. 74 (4): 489–515. doi:10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489. ISSN 1750-0184.
Lewis & Samatar 1999, p. 11. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewisSamatar1999 (help)
Marian Aguiar (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
Touval, Saadia (1963). Somali Nationalism: International Politics and the Drive for Unity in the Horn of Africa. Harvard University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-674-59435-7.
Abdi, Farhia (2024-01-01). "Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Leadership Leadership". The Journal of Social Encounters. doi:10.69755/2995-2212.1248.
Hamilton, David (1967). "Imperialism Ancient and Modern: A Study of British Attitudes to the Claims to Sovereignty to the Northern Somali Coastline" (PDF). Journal of Ethiopian Studies: 11–12.
"Somali networks - structures of clan and society (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 949)". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
"The role of 4.5 in democratization and governance in Somalia: Implications and considerations for the way forward (May 2023) - Somalia | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
Ahmed, Nasteha (2019-02-01). "Somalia's struggle to integrate traditional and modern governance: The 4.5 formula and 2012 provisional constitution". Theses and Dissertations.
Osman, Abdulahi A. (2007-07-31). Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives inReconstituting a Failed State. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1-909112-87-2.
^ Ssero, Florence. Global Review of Ethnopolitics. Vol. 2. pp. 25–40.
^ Lewis & Samatar 1999, pp. 203–204. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewisSamatar1999 (help)
Mohamed Haji Muktar, Historical Dictionary of Somalia, (Scarecrow Press: 2003), p.35
Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad.
Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
I. M. Lewis, Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somalis, Afar and Saho, (Red Sea Press: 1998), p. 11.
^ Helena Dubnov, A grammatical sketch of Somali, (Kِppe: 2003), pp. 70–71.
Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor, The Somalis: their history and culture, (Center for Applied Linguistics: 1993), p. 15.: "Somalis speak Somali. Many people also speak Arabic, and educated Somalis usually speak either English or Italian as well. Swahili may also be spoken in coastal areas near Kenya."
Fiona MacDonald et al., Peoples of Africa, Volume 10, (Marshall Cavendish: 2000), p. 178.
"World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
"World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision" (PDF) (Press release). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2011-05-03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-06.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division. 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 2741:2812, cols M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. Archived from the original on 2022-08-09.
"Somalia Population 2022", World Population Review
"The World FactBook – Somalia", The World Factbook, 2022 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ "Africa – SOMALIA". CIA The World Factbook. 24 January 2023.
"The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2012. The official language of the Federal Republic of Somalia is Somali (Maay and Maxaa-tiri), and Arabic is the second language.
No reliable data on nationwide literacy rate. 2013 FSNAU survey indicates considerable differences per region, with the autonomous northeastern Puntland region having the highest registered literacy rate (72%).

References

Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, Worldbank, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts
Victims and Vulnerable Groups in Southern Somalia, Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001
Somali Clan Structure, Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001

External links

"The Somali Ethnic Group and Clan System", from "Reunification of the Somali People", Jack L. Davies

v t e Ethnic and national groups in Somalia
Traditional	Isaaq Dir Darod Hawiye Rahanweyn Bravanese Benadiris Bajunis
Immigrant	Arabs Al-Akhdam Bantus Ethiopians (various) Italians Mehris South Asians Swahili Turks Ugandans

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v t e Demographics of Africa
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Dependencies and other territories	Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) Western Sahara

v t e Human rights in Somalia
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See also	Demographics

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Demographics of Somalia

Latest revision as of 20:38, 8 January 2025

2020 survey

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