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{{short description|Cold dairy beverage}}
{{Infobox prepared food
{{About|the beverage|the British preschool block on Channel 5|Milkshake!||Milkshake (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Milkshake | name = Milkshake
| image = ] | image = File:Strawberry milk shake (cropped).jpg
| caption = A strawberry milkshake topped with whipped cream and strawberry syrup | caption = A strawberry milkshake topped with a strawberry
| alternate_name = Thickshake, thick milkshake, frappe | alternate_name = Thick shake, frappe, cabinet
| country = United States | country = United States
| region = | region =
| creator = | creator =
| course = | course =
| type = ] | type = Beverage
| served = | served =
| main_ingredient = ], ] or ], flavorings or sweeteners | main_ingredient = Milk, ice cream, and flavorings or sweeteners
| variations = | variations =
| calories = | calories =
| other = | other =
}} }}
{{Other uses}}


A '''milkshake''' is a sweet, cold ] which is usually made from ], ] or ], and flavorings or sweeteners such as ] or ]. Outside the United States, the drink is sometimes called a '''thickshake''' or a '''thick milkshake''' or in New England, a '''frappe''', to differentiate it from other less-] forms of ]. A '''milkshake''' (sometimes simply called a '''shake''') is a sweet beverage made by blending milk, ], and flavorings or sweeteners such as ], ] sauce, ], or ] into a thick, sweet, cold mixture. It may also be made using a base made from non-dairy products, including ]s such as ], ], or ]. Dry ingredients such as whole fruit, ], ], ], or ] may be incorporated.


Milkshakes originated in the United States around the turn of the 20th century, and grew in popularity following the introduction of ] in the subsequent two decades. They became a common part of youth popular culture, as ice cream shops were a culturally acceptable meeting place for youth, and milkshakes became symbolic of the innocence of youth.
Full-service restaurants, ]s, and diners usually prepare and mix the shake "by hand" from scoops of ice cream and milk in a ] or drink mixer using a ] cup. Many fast food outlets do not make shakes by hand with ice cream. Instead, they make shakes in automatic milkshake machines which freeze and serve a premade milkshake mixture consisting of milk, a sweetened flavoring agent, and a thickening agent. However, some fast food outlets still follow the traditional method, and some serve milkshakes which are prepared by blending ] ice cream (or ]) with flavoring or syrups. A milkshake can also be made by adding powder into fresh milk, and stirring the powder into the milk. Milkshakes made in this way can come in a variety of flavors, including ], ] and ].


==Info== ==Preparation==
Full-service restaurants, ]s, ]s, and ]s usually prepare the shake in a ]. At home, a blender is more commonly used. Milkshakes can also be mixed by hand using a spoon. Milkshakes may be made from any flavor of ice cream; additional flavorings, such as ], ], or ] powder, are often added prior to mixing.
They bring the boys to the yard.
lactose and tolerant people LOVE milkshakes.
i like milkshakes.
==Types==
===Hand-blended===
]er throws a scoop of ice cream into a steel mixing cup while making a milkshake, on the counter behind him another mixing cup, shake mixers, and a pot of "] Malted Milk" powder are visible]]
Hand-blended milkshakes can be made from any flavor of ice cream, and additional flavorings, such as ] and/or ] or ], can be added prior to mixing. This allows a greater variety than is available in machine-made shakes. Some unusual milkshake recipes exclude ice cream.<ref>"A milk shake might be milk, shaken up, with or without flavorings. (p.668-669) - ''How to Cook Everything''. Mark Bittman. Wiley Publishing Inc. 1998 ISBN 978-0-471-78918-5</ref>


Many fast food outlets do not make shakes from the individual ingredients; rather, they use automatic milkshake machines which freeze and serve a pre-made milkshake mixture consisting of milk, a sweetened flavoring agent, and a thickening agent. These are similar to ] ice cream machines, but they keep the shake at a drinkable consistency.
Milkshake-like recipes which use ], crushed ice, and fresh fruit and which are made without ice cream are usually called ]s. When ] is added, a milkshake is called a '''malted milkshake''', a '''malt shake''' (or '''maltshake'''), a '''malted''', or simply a '''malt'''. Milkshakes are also called ''thick milkshakes'' in the ], a ''frappe'' (pronounced "frap") in parts of ] and ].<ref>{{Dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref> In Rhode Island and Southeastern Massachusetts, coffee syrup or coffee-flavored ice cream is used to make the local "coffee frappe" shake. Milkshakes with added fruit called ''batido'' are popular in Latin America and in Miami's Cuban expatriate community.<!--<ref></ref>--> In Nicaragua, milkshakes are called leche malteada.<ref></ref>


==Terminology==
Some U.S. restaurants serve milkshakes with crumbled ], ] pieces, or ]. The grasshopper milkshake, for example, includes crumbled chocolate cookies, ] ], and chocolate mint ice cream.
Terminology around the distinction between a milkshake that uses ice cream and other forms of ] varies regionally. An ice cream-based milkshake may be called a ''thick shake'' to distinguish it. In parts of ] and eastern Canada, the name ''frappe'' ({{IPAc-en|f|r|æ|p}} {{respell|FRAP}}) is used.<ref>. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |title=The Difference between a Milkshake and a Frappe – Yankee Magazine |access-date=June 2, 2016 |archive-date=June 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611180108/http://www.yankeemagazine.com/article/new-england-101/milk-shakes-frappes-cabinets |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rhode Island residents sometimes refer to milkshakes as "cabinets".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cabinet|url=https://dare.wisc.edu/words/quarterly-updates/quarterly-update-12/cabinet/|access-date=February 7, 2021|website=Dictionary of American Regional English|language=en-US}}</ref> A milkshake containing malted milk powder is sometimes called a ''malt''. The term ''concrete'' is used for particularly thick milkshakes that do not spill when turned upside down, such as those offered by the restaurant chain ].<ref>American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVET
Text accompanying illustration on a poster advertising Hood's Ice Cream (observed in Hancock Pharmacy, State and Hancock Sts., Springfield, Mass., September 30, 1952).</ref>


In some jurisdictions there are legal requirements about what can be called a "milkshake", such as requirements for the percentage presence of ] and non-fat ]. Because of this, it is common for restaurants to avoid using the term "milkshake" to refer to their products, such as simply calling them "shakes" rather than "milkshakes". ] restaurants that do not refer to their similar products as "milkshakes" include ] (which calls their product a "]"), ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailymeal.com/1388708/order-milkshake-at-mcdonalds/ |work=Daily Meal |date=September 9, 2023 |title=Why You're Technically Not Able To Order A Milkshake At McDonald's}}</ref>
===Fast-food===
Fast-food shakes are made using one of two methods: automatic milkshake machines and soft serve ice cream mixed with flavored syrups.
Also they use the hand made or blended.


==History==
====Milkshake machines====
], ], and a ]]]
Restaurants with the highest volume of traffic, such as McDonald's, often opt to use pre-made milkshake mixtures that are prepared in automatic milkshake machines. These machines are stainless steel cylinders with beaters that use refrigeration coils to freeze pre-made milkshake mixtures into a drinkable texture. The number of different flavors that restaurants with automatic milkshake machines can serve is limited by the number of different tanks in their milkshake machines, and fast food restaurants usually offer fewer flavors of milkshakes.


===1880s–1930s===
The smallest automatic milkshake machines are counter-mounted appliances that can make a single milkshake flavor using a five liter stainless steel tank. Large restaurants that wish to offer multiple flavors can either use floor-mounted multi-flavor machines with multiple five liter stainless steel barrels or use carbon dioxide-based machines that mix the flavors during dispensing. Some fast-food restaurants use "thick milkshake" machines, which are single-flavor machines with a (12 liter) stainless steel tank.
When the term ''milkshake'' was first used in print in 1885,<ref>{{cite web |title=A Complete History of Milkshakes |url=https://icebergdriveinn.com/blogs/news/a-complete-history-of-milkshakes |website=Iceberg Drive Inn |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref> a milkshake was an alcoholic ] drink that has been described as a "sturdy, healthful ] type of drink, with eggs, whiskey, etc., served as a tonic as well as a treat".<ref name="stuart">Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) ''Listening to America'', Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, {{ISBN|0671248952}}</ref> However, by 1900, the term referred to "wholesome drinks made with chocolate, ], or ] ]s". By the "early 1900s people were asking for the new treat, often with ice cream". By the 1930s, milkshakes were a popular drink at malt shops, which were the "typical ] of the period ... used by students as a meeting place or hangout".<ref name="stuart"/>


The history of the electric blender, malted milk drinks, and milkshakes are interconnected. Before the widespread availability of electric blenders, milkshake-type drinks were more like eggnog, or they were a hand-shaken mixture of crushed ice and milk, sugar, and flavorings.<ref>Vanilla Milk Shake Recipe from the "Second Edition of The Neighborhood Cookbook" published by the Council of Jewish Women, Portland, in 1914. Fill a glass two-thirds full of milk, sweeten to taste with any fruit syrup or with sugar, and then flavor with vanilla. Fill glass up with cracked ice and shake well together until thoroughly mixed. http://www.homemade-dessert-recipes.com/milk-shake-recipes.html</ref> ] introduced its Cyclone Drink Mixer in 1910, and it was widely used in soda fountains.<ref>Frederick J. Osius, "Agitator implement", , filed September 20, 1910, issued October 10, 1911.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hamiltonbeachbrands.com/about-our-company/our-history/default.aspx|title=Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company: Our History|work=hamiltonbeachbrands.com}}</ref><ref name="ox">Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., ''The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets'', 2015, {{isbn|0199313628}}, ''s.v.''</ref>
====Soft serve mixed with syrup====
Some fast-food restaurants such as ] serve milkshakes which are prepared by blending ] (or ]) with sweetened, flavored syrups such as chocolate syrup and fruit-flavored syrup and milk.


The Hamilton Beach design, with the motor on top, remains the most common kind of milkshake machine.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=July 2022}} In 1922, Steven Poplawski invented the bottom-motor ], which is sometimes used for making milkshakes.<ref>Poplawski, Stephen J. , Issued February 18, 1922</ref> With the invention of the blender, milkshakes began to take their modern, whipped, aerated, and frothy form.
{{nutritionalvalue | name=Milkshake (typical American/fast food)
| kJ=580
| protein=3.5 g
| fat = 3–9 g
| satfat=2–5 g
| monofat=1–3 g
| polyfat=0–1 g
| carbs = 18–27 g
| sugars = 18–27 g
| calcium_mg=130
| pantothenic_mg=0.5
| source_usda=1 | right=1
| note=100 g corresponds to 95 ml.}}


The use of ] powder in milkshakes was popularized in the US by the Chicago drugstore chain ]. Malted milk powder&nbsp;– a mixture of ], malted ], and ]&nbsp;– was invented by ] in 1897 for use as an easily digested restorative health drink for disabled people and children, and as an ]'s food.<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of Malted Milk Powder |url=http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011192130/http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=October 11, 2011 |work=Kitchen Lore |date=July 22, 2011 |access-date=October 10, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Wisconsin Historical">{{cite web|url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/horlicks|title=Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story – Online Exhibits – Wisconsin Historical Society|website=www.wisconsinhistory.org|access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> However, healthy people soon began drinking beverages made with malted milk simply for the taste,<ref name="Wisconsin Historical"/> and malted milk beverages containing milk, chocolate syrup, and malt powder became a standard offering at ]s. In 1922, Walgreens employee Ivar "Pop" Coulson made a milkshake by adding two scoops of vanilla ice cream to the standard malted milk drink recipe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |title=Walgreen's history |publisher=Walgreens.com |access-date=October 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archive-date=May 1, 2008 }}</ref> This item, under the name "Horlick's Malted Milk", was featured by the Walgreen drugstore chain as part of a chocolate milkshake, which itself became known as a "malted" or "malt" and became one of the most popular soda-fountain drinks.<ref>, John F. Mariani 1999 (p. 196–197)</ref>
===Pre-made products===
Pre-made milkshakes are sold in grocery stores in North America and the UK. These drinks are made from milk mixed with sweetened flavored powder, artificial syrup or concentrate, which would otherwise be called "]", thickened with ] or other products. Bottled milkshakes are usually sold in 330ml, 500ml or 1 liter bottles.


The automation of milkshakes developed in the 1930s, after the invention of ]-cooled refrigerators provided a safe, reliable way of automatically making and dispensing ice cream. In 1936, inventor Earl Prince used the basic concept behind the Freon-cooled automated ice cream machine to develop the Multimixer, a "five-spindled mixer that could produce five milkshakes at once, all automatically, and dispense them at the pull of a lever into awaiting paper cups".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Demirdjian|first=Z.S.|date=March 10, 2006|title=Inexpensive Research in Marketing: Empowering the Technologically Challenged Entrepreneurs|url=https://www.businessperspectives.org/images/pdf/applications/publishing/templates/article/assets/1684/im_en_2006_01_Demirdjian.pdf|journal=Innovative Marketing|volume=2}}</ref>
==History==
], ], and a ] each.]]


Newspaper articles from the late 1930s suggest the term 'frosted' was sometimes used to refer to milkshakes, particularly those made with ice cream. In 1937, the ''Denton Journal'' in Maryland stated that "For a 'frosted' shake, add a dash of your favorite ice cream." In 1939, the ''Mansfield News'' in Ohio stated that "A frosted beverage, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream has been added. Example par excellence is frosted coffee&nbsp;–that hot, tasty beverage made chilly with ice and frosty with ice cream."<ref>American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVET</ref>
===1880s–1930s===
When the term "milkshake" was first used in print in 1885, milkshakes were an alcoholic ] drink that has been described as a "sturdy, healthful ] type of drink, with eggs, whiskey, etc., served as a tonic as well as a treat".<ref name="stuart">Listening to America, Stuart Berg Flexner 1982 (p. 178)</ref> However, by 1900, the term referred to "wholesome drinks made with ], ], or ] ]s." By the "early 1900s people were asking for the new treat, often with ice cream." By the 1930s, milkshakes were a popular drink at ]s, which were the "typical ] of the period... used by students as a meeting place or hangout."<ref name="stuart"/>


===1940s–1950s===
The history of the electric blender, malted milk drinks and milkshakes are interconnected. Before the widespread availability of electric blenders, milkshake-type drinks were more like eggnog, or they were a hand-shaken mixture of crushed ice and milk, sugar, and flavorings.<ref>Vanilla Milk Shake Recipe from the "Second Edition of The Neighborhood Cookbook" published by the Council of Jewish Women, Portland, in 1914. Fill a glass two-thirds full of milk, sweeten to taste with any fruit syrup or with sugar, and then flavor with vanilla. Fill glass up with cracked ice and shake well together until thoroughly mixed. http://www.homemade-dessert-recipes.com/milk-shake-recipes.html</ref> Hamilton Beach's drink mixers began being used at soda fountains in 1911 and the electric ] or drink mixer was invented by Steven Poplawski in 1922.<ref>http://www.google.com/patents/US1480914</ref> With the invention of the blender, milkshakes began to take their modern, whipped, aerated, and frothy form. Malted milk drinks are made with malted milk powder, which contains dried milk, malted ] and ]. ] powder was invented in 1897 by ] as an easily digested restorative health drink for disabled people and children, and as an ]'s food.<ref>http://www.kitchenlore.com/2011/07/history-of-malted-milk-powder.html</ref>
By the 1950s, popular places to drink milkshakes were ] "5 & 10" ]s, diners, burger joints, and ] ]s. These establishments often prominently displayed a shining chrome or stainless steel milkshake mixing machine.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622134708/http://www.artsparx.com/dinerstyle.asp |date=June 22, 2013 }}. Artsparx.com. Retrieved on October 10, 2013.</ref>


These establishments made milkshakes in Hamilton Beach or similar styles of drink mixers, which had spindles and agitators that folded air into the drinks for "smooth, fluffy results" and served them in {{convert|12+1/2|USoz|ml|adj=on}} tall glasses with bulbous top. Soda fountain staff had their own jargon, such as "Burn One All the Way" (chocolate malted with chocolate ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (chocolate malted with an egg), "Shake One in the Hay" (a strawberry shake), and a "White Cow" (a vanilla milkshake).<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316131554/http://www.newyorkfirst.com/gifts/1038.html |date=March 16, 2010 }} New York First</ref> In the 1950s, a milkshake machine salesman named ] bought exclusive rights to the 1930s-era Multimixer milkshake maker from inventor Earl Prince, and went on to use automated milkshake machines to speed up production at ] restaurants.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004042247/http://www.jyi.org/volumes/volume7/issue1/features/cull.html |date=October 4, 2003 }}. Jyi.org. Retrieved on October 10, 2013.</ref>
The use of malted milk powder in milkshakes was popularized in the USA by the Chicago drugstore chain ]. In 1922, Walgreens' employee Ivar "Pop" Coulson made a milkshake by adding two scoops of vanilla ice cream to the standard malted milk drink recipe (milk, chocolate syrup and malt powder).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |title=Walgreen's history |publisher=Walgreens.com |date= |accessdate=2009-10-01}}</ref> This item, under the name "Horlick's Malted Milk," was featured by the Walgreen drugstore chain as part of a chocolate milk shake, which itself became known as a "malted" or "malt" and became one of the most popular soda-fountain drinks.<ref>, John F. Mariani 1999 (p. 196–197)</ref>


Milkshakes had also become popular in other parts of the world, including the United Kingdom and Australia. In Australia, milk bars had grown popular and milkshakes were normally served lightly whipped and often in the aluminum or stainless steel cups in which they were prepared. In addition to more traditional flavors, spearmint and lime-flavored milkshakes became popular in Australia.
The automation of milkshakes developed in the 1930s, after the invention of ]-cooled refrigerators provided a safe, reliable way of automatically making and dispensing ice cream. In 1936, inventor Earl Prince used the basic concept behind the freon-cooled automated ice cream machine to develop the Multimixer, a "five-spindled mixer that could produce five milkshakes at once, all automatically, and dispense them at the pull of a lever into awaiting paper cups."


===2000s–present===
In the late 1930s, several newspaper articles show that the term "frosted" was used to refer to milkshakes made with ice cream. In 1937, the '']'' in Maryland stated that "For a 'frosted' shake, add a dash of your favorite ice cream." In 1939, the Mansfield News in Ohio stated that "A frosted beverage, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream has been added. Example par excellence is frosted coffee—that hot, tasty beverage made chilly with ice and frosty with ice cream."<ref>American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVET</ref>
]. Vapor can still be seen forming at the top.]]


In 2006, the U.S. ] developed reduced-sugar, low-fat milk shakes for lunch programs. The shakes have half the sugar and only 10% of the fat of commercial fast-food shakes. Schools need a milk shake machine or soft-serve ice cream machine to serve the milkshakes. The milkshakes also have added fiber and other nutrients and reduced levels of ], which makes the shakes suitable for some people with ].<ref>Konstance, Richard P. (May 2000) . ''Agricultural Research'' magazine.</ref>
===1940s-1950s===
]s]]
By the 1950s, popular places to drink milkshakes were ] "5 & 10" ]s, ]s, burger joints, and ] ]s. These establishments often prominently displayed a shining chrome or stainless steel milkshake mixing machine.<ref></ref>


U.S. sales of milkshakes, malts, and floats rose 11% in 2006, according to the industry research firm NPD Group. Christopher Muller, the director of the Center for Multi-Unit Restaurant Management at Orlando's University of Central Florida said that "milkshakes remind us of summer, youth&nbsp;– and indulgence", and "they're evocative of a time gone by".<ref name="usa"> By Bruce Horovitz, ''USA TODAY''</ref>
These establishments made milkshakes in Hamilton Beach or similar styles of drink mixers, which had spindles and agitators that folded air into the drinks for "smooth, fluffy results" and served them in 12½-ounce tall, "y"-shaped glasses. Soda fountain staff had their own jargon, such as "Burn One All the Way" (chocolate malted with chocolate ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (chocolate malted with an egg) "Shake One in the Hay" (a strawberry shake) and a "White Cow" (a vanilla milkshake).<ref> New York First</ref>
Muller stated that milkshakes are an "enormously profitable" item for restaurants, since the drinks contain so much air. The market research firm Technomic states that about 75% of the average-priced $3.38 restaurant shake in 2006 was profit. An executive from ], a U.S. chain of 1950s-style diner restaurants, calls shakes "one of our highest-volume, revenue-producing areas".<ref name="usa"/>
In the 1950s, a milkshake machine salesman named ] bought exclusive rights to the 1930s-era Multimixer milkshake maker from inventor Earl Prince, and went on to use automated milkshake machines<ref></ref> to speed up production at McDonald's restaurants.


A 2016 article stated that chefs are trying out innovative ideas with milkshakes to keep customers interested in the drinks.<ref name="nrn.com">{{cite web|url=http://beta.nrn.com/beverage-trends/sweetening-bottom-line-milkshakes|title=Sweetening the bottom line with milkshakes|date=July 18, 2016|access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> The article noted that coffee-flavored shakes are popular "because it complements both sweet and savory" dishes. Another trend is using different types of milk, such as ], ], ], or ].<ref name="nrn.com"/>
===Nomenclature===
{{See also|Regional vocabularies of American English#Regionalisms}}
In the 1950s, milkshakes were called "frappes", "velvets," "frosted ", or "cabinets" in different parts of the U.S. A specialty style of milkshake, the "concrete," was "...a milk shake so thick that the server hands it out the order window upside down, demonstrating that not a drop will drip." In 1952, the Newport Daily News in Rhode Island contained a "Guide For Top Quality ICE CREAM SODAS CABINETS MILK SHAKES", which shows the use of the term "cabinet" in print. An article from 1953 in the Salisbury Times (in the state of Maryland) suggests that shakes can be made in a jar by shaking well. The article states that by adding four large tablespoons of ice cream, the drink becomes a "frosted shake."<ref>American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVET
Text accompanying illustration on a poster advertising Hood's Ice
Cream (observed in Hancock Pharmacy, State and Hancock Sts.,Springfield, Mass., September 30, 1952).</ref>


==Today== ==Use in protests==
{{Main|Milkshaking}}
]. Vapor can still be seen drifting from the top.]]
In May 2019, during the build-up to the ], the throwing of milkshakes emerged as a protest tactic, usually targeting right-wing politicians. The movement originated with the "]" of ], with a second thrown later that month.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-48156965/tommy-robinson-milkshake-thrown-over-mr-robinson|title=Milkshake thrown over Tommy Robinson|date=May 3, 2019|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/milkshake-throwing-nigel-farage-tommy-robinson-carl-benjamin-sargon-a8922111.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=All the people who have been milkshaked so far this year|date=May 20, 2019|website=The Independent}}</ref>


The UK police requested that an Edinburgh ] refrain from selling milkshakes on May 17 during a visit by ]. This prompted ] to tweet in response: "We're selling milkshakes all weekend. Have fun."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/food/shortcuts/2019/may/20/milkshakes-a-delicious-drink-or-the-new-symbol-of-the-resistance|title=Milkshakes: a delicious drink, or the new symbol of the resistance?|date=May 20, 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Burger King's tweet was later banned by the UK's ], because they felt that it "condoned the previous anti-social behaviour and encouraged further instances", and that it was therefore an "irresponsible" advertisement.<ref>{{cite news |title=Burger King milkshake tweet 'encouraged' anti-social conduct |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-49895800 |work=BBC News |access-date=October 16, 2019 |date=October 2, 2019}}</ref> At a separate visit in Newcastle on May 20, Farage had a ] milkshake thrown at him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2019/may/21/man-charged-assault-nigel-farage-milkshake-incident|title=Man charged with assault over Nigel Farage milkshake incident|date=May 21, 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> ] had a total of four milkshakes thrown at him that week.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220514/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/carl-benjamin-milkshake-salisbury-ukip-a8920846.html |archive-date=May 14, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Ukip's Carl Benjamin hit by milkshake in Salisbury in fourth attack this week|date=May 19, 2019|website=The Independent}}</ref> The act of milkshaking is similar to that of ] as a form of protest against political figures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2019/05/lactose-against-intolerance-how-milkshake-became-tool-protest|title="Lactose Against Intolerance!" How milkshake became a tool of protest|website=www.newstatesman.com|date=May 16, 2019}}</ref>
In 2005, the traditional home of the milkshake, the family restaurants and 24-hour diner-style restaurants that were the "staples of 1950s and 60s America such as ], ] and the ]" were supplanted "...in terms of revenue for the first time since the U.S. census started measuring this in the 1970s. The shift means the burger, fries and milkshake ideal evoked by the sitcom '']'' is losing its hold on the American appetite." Instead, U.S. consumers are going out to ].<ref>
http://economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2005/12/the_decline_of_.html</ref>


==In popular culture==
In 2006, the U.S. ] developed reduced-sugar, low-fat milk shakes for lunch programs. The shakes have half the sugar and only 10% of the fat of commercial fast-food shakes. Schools need a milk shake machine or soft-serve ice cream machine to serve the milkshakes. The milkshakes also have added fiber and other nutrients, and they have much less lactose, which makes the shakes appropriate for some lactose intolerant people.<ref>"Shaking Up the Future" was published in the May 2000 issue of Agricultural Research magazine. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/may00/shake0500.htm</ref>
{{in popular culture|section|date=April 2022}}
Filmmakers sometimes utilize milkshakes as a visual shorthand for themes of purity, innocence, and uncorrupted youth, representing them as embodiments of 'sweetness and goodness.<ref name="denofgeek.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/milkshake/22257/celebrating-milkshake-in-the-movies|title=Celebrating milkshake in the movies|date=August 21, 2012|access-date=June 1, 2017}}</ref> In '']'', by director ], ]'s character is unhappy to see a man she likes chatting up her young female assistant, so Davis's character orders an alcoholic ], and "then mockingly suggests Eve will have a milkshake", thereby "asserting womanhood over girlhood through milkshake's associations with virginity".<ref name="denofgeek.com"/> Similarly, the socially awkward character ] plays in '']'' is made fun of by a teenage girl because he orders a "virginal vanilla milkshake"; in '']'', by director ], the director draws attention to the difference in age between his 42-year-old character (he also acts in the lead role) and his teenage girlfriend by having her drink a milkshake. In the film '']'' in 1997, a teenage girl drinks a milkshake while she is with the middle-aged man (her mother's new boyfriend) who is attracted to her.<ref name="denofgeek.com"/>


The characters from ] are often depicted drinking milkshakes. The TV series '']'', inspired by the comics, depicts the characters in a 1950s-inspired local diner, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe; to promote the show, the cast shared a milkshake during an appearance on '']''.<ref name="swartz1">{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2018/04/fast-food-nostalgia/558686/ |title=American Nostalgia on a Bun|last=Swartz |first=Suzie |date=April 24, 2018|website=www.theatlantic.com |publisher=The Atlantic |access-date=May 10, 2018 }}</ref>
The U.S. sales of milkshakes, malts and floats rose 11% in 2006, according to the industry research firm NPD Group. Christopher Muller, the director of the Center for Multi-Unit Restaurant Management at Orlando's University of Central Florida states that "milkshakes remind us of summer, youth&nbsp;— and indulgence", and "they're evocative of a time gone by".<ref name="usa"> By Bruce Horovitz, USA TODAY</ref>
Muller states that milkshakes are an "enormously profitable" item for restaurants, since the fluffy drinks contain so much air. The market research firm Technomic claims that about 75% of the average-priced $3.38 restaurant shake in 2006 was profit. An executive from ], a U.S. chain of 1950s-style diner restaurants, calls shakes "...one of our highest-volume, revenue-producing areas".<ref name="usa"/>


], one of the main characters from the American ] '']'' (also known by various ]), is a life-sized ] milkshake.{{cn|date=April 2022}}
Part of the increase in milkshake sales reported in 2006 may be due to the increasing availability of innovative chef-designed milkshakes in high-end restaurants. In 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that chefs from "hipster hangouts and retro landmarks" are using "macerated farmers market strawberries, Valrhona chocolate and Madagascar Bourbon vanilla" to make new milkshake flavors.


The term '']'', coined on Twitter in 2017, refers to a person who initially becomes popular on social media, only to become disgraced as other users comb through their online presence and find offensive statements or an unpleasant history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2017/dec/18/what-is-a-milkshake-duck-and-why-isnt-it-the-word-of-the-year |title=What is a milkshake duck? And why isn't it the word of the year? |last= Hunt |first=Elle |date=December 18, 2017 |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=May 9, 2018 }}</ref>
Other novel ideas offered in LA-area restaurants include milkshakes made with toasted ], ]-] or ]-blossom ice cream, ], ] steeped in ], ] and ], and vanilla ] mixed with Russian Imperial ].<ref> June 14, 2006</ref>

==In popular culture==
"]" is the title of a 2003 ]–] song written and produced by ] for American singer ]' third studio album, '']''. It reached the top ten in the United Kingdom, Australia and the ], and became Kelis' biggest success to date on ] in the United States, peaking at number three. The song became an ] following the release of ]'s 2007 film '']'', in which scenes from the film (most notably from its famous "I drink your milkshake" scene) were edited to the song.<ref name="oil">{{cite web
|url=http://www.laweekly.com/film+tv/film/paul-thomas-anderson-blood-sweat-and-tears/18140/?page=2
|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080123075316/http://www.laweekly.com/film+tv/film/paul-thomas-anderson-blood-sweat-and-tears/18140/?page=2
|archivedate=2008-01-23
|title=LA Weekly&nbsp;— Film+TV&nbsp;— Paul Thomas Anderson: Blood, Sweat and Tears&nbsp;— Scott Foundas&nbsp;— The Essential Online Resource for Los Angeles|publisher=] |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref><ref name="oil2">{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2008-02-03-blood-milkshake_N.htm |title='Blood' fans drink up milkshake catchphrase |accessdate=2008-02-24|last=Bowles|first=Scott|date=February 3, 2008|work=]}}</ref> The line became something of a ] for the film and gained moderate recognition in ] following the film's release.<ref name="catchphrase">{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/305756 |title=It's bottoms up to our Oscars drinking game |accessdate=2008-02-24|last=Mudhar|first=Raju|date=February 23, 2008|work=]}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==
{{cookbook}} {{portal|Drink}}
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ] – an Indian milkshake brand
* ]
* ] – an American fast food restaurant chain emphasizing shakes
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]
{{div col end}}
* ] – the machine used to make ice cream and shakes at McDonald's
* ] – a liquid dessert or ice cream.


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons category|Milkshakes}}

{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{Cookbook}}
*{{Commonscatinline|Milkshakes}}

{{Ice cream}}
{{Milk navbox}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 04:21, 21 December 2024

Cold dairy beverage This article is about the beverage. For the British preschool block on Channel 5, see Milkshake! For other uses, see Milkshake (disambiguation).

Milkshake
A strawberry milkshake topped with a strawberry
Alternative namesThick shake, frappe, cabinet
TypeBeverage
Place of originUnited States
Main ingredientsMilk, ice cream, and flavorings or sweeteners

A milkshake (sometimes simply called a shake) is a sweet beverage made by blending milk, ice cream, and flavorings or sweeteners such as butterscotch, caramel sauce, chocolate syrup, or fruit syrup into a thick, sweet, cold mixture. It may also be made using a base made from non-dairy products, including plant milks such as almond milk, coconut milk, or soy milk. Dry ingredients such as whole fruit, nuts, seeds, candy, or cookies may be incorporated.

Milkshakes originated in the United States around the turn of the 20th century, and grew in popularity following the introduction of electric blenders in the subsequent two decades. They became a common part of youth popular culture, as ice cream shops were a culturally acceptable meeting place for youth, and milkshakes became symbolic of the innocence of youth.

Preparation

Full-service restaurants, ice cream shops, soda fountains, and diners usually prepare the shake in a milkshake machine. At home, a blender is more commonly used. Milkshakes can also be mixed by hand using a spoon. Milkshakes may be made from any flavor of ice cream; additional flavorings, such as chocolate syrup, malt syrup, or malted milk powder, are often added prior to mixing.

Many fast food outlets do not make shakes from the individual ingredients; rather, they use automatic milkshake machines which freeze and serve a pre-made milkshake mixture consisting of milk, a sweetened flavoring agent, and a thickening agent. These are similar to soft-serve ice cream machines, but they keep the shake at a drinkable consistency.

Terminology

Terminology around the distinction between a milkshake that uses ice cream and other forms of flavored milk varies regionally. An ice cream-based milkshake may be called a thick shake to distinguish it. In parts of New England and eastern Canada, the name frappe (/fræp/ FRAP) is used. Rhode Island residents sometimes refer to milkshakes as "cabinets". A milkshake containing malted milk powder is sometimes called a malt. The term concrete is used for particularly thick milkshakes that do not spill when turned upside down, such as those offered by the restaurant chain Culver's.

In some jurisdictions there are legal requirements about what can be called a "milkshake", such as requirements for the percentage presence of milk fat and non-fat milk solids. Because of this, it is common for restaurants to avoid using the term "milkshake" to refer to their products, such as simply calling them "shakes" rather than "milkshakes". Fast food restaurants that do not refer to their similar products as "milkshakes" include Wendy's (which calls their product a "Frosty"), Burger King, Dairy Queen, Del Taco, McDonald's, Shake Shack, and Sonic Drive-In.

History

A strawberry and a chocolate shake, each topped with whipped cream, sprinkles, and a maraschino cherry

1880s–1930s

When the term milkshake was first used in print in 1885, a milkshake was an alcoholic whiskey drink that has been described as a "sturdy, healthful eggnog type of drink, with eggs, whiskey, etc., served as a tonic as well as a treat". However, by 1900, the term referred to "wholesome drinks made with chocolate, strawberry, or vanilla syrups". By the "early 1900s people were asking for the new treat, often with ice cream". By the 1930s, milkshakes were a popular drink at malt shops, which were the "typical soda fountain of the period ... used by students as a meeting place or hangout".

The history of the electric blender, malted milk drinks, and milkshakes are interconnected. Before the widespread availability of electric blenders, milkshake-type drinks were more like eggnog, or they were a hand-shaken mixture of crushed ice and milk, sugar, and flavorings. Hamilton Beach introduced its Cyclone Drink Mixer in 1910, and it was widely used in soda fountains.

The Hamilton Beach design, with the motor on top, remains the most common kind of milkshake machine. In 1922, Steven Poplawski invented the bottom-motor blender, which is sometimes used for making milkshakes. With the invention of the blender, milkshakes began to take their modern, whipped, aerated, and frothy form.

The use of malted milk powder in milkshakes was popularized in the US by the Chicago drugstore chain Walgreens. Malted milk powder – a mixture of evaporated milk, malted barley, and wheat flour – was invented by William Horlick in 1897 for use as an easily digested restorative health drink for disabled people and children, and as an infant's food. However, healthy people soon began drinking beverages made with malted milk simply for the taste, and malted milk beverages containing milk, chocolate syrup, and malt powder became a standard offering at soda fountains. In 1922, Walgreens employee Ivar "Pop" Coulson made a milkshake by adding two scoops of vanilla ice cream to the standard malted milk drink recipe. This item, under the name "Horlick's Malted Milk", was featured by the Walgreen drugstore chain as part of a chocolate milkshake, which itself became known as a "malted" or "malt" and became one of the most popular soda-fountain drinks.

The automation of milkshakes developed in the 1930s, after the invention of freon-cooled refrigerators provided a safe, reliable way of automatically making and dispensing ice cream. In 1936, inventor Earl Prince used the basic concept behind the Freon-cooled automated ice cream machine to develop the Multimixer, a "five-spindled mixer that could produce five milkshakes at once, all automatically, and dispense them at the pull of a lever into awaiting paper cups".

Newspaper articles from the late 1930s suggest the term 'frosted' was sometimes used to refer to milkshakes, particularly those made with ice cream. In 1937, the Denton Journal in Maryland stated that "For a 'frosted' shake, add a dash of your favorite ice cream." In 1939, the Mansfield News in Ohio stated that "A frosted beverage, in the vernacular, is something good to which ice cream has been added. Example par excellence is frosted coffee –that hot, tasty beverage made chilly with ice and frosty with ice cream."

1940s–1950s

By the 1950s, popular places to drink milkshakes were Woolworth's "5 & 10" lunch counters, diners, burger joints, and drugstore soda fountains. These establishments often prominently displayed a shining chrome or stainless steel milkshake mixing machine.

These establishments made milkshakes in Hamilton Beach or similar styles of drink mixers, which had spindles and agitators that folded air into the drinks for "smooth, fluffy results" and served them in 12+1⁄2-US-fluid-ounce (370 ml) tall glasses with bulbous top. Soda fountain staff had their own jargon, such as "Burn One All the Way" (chocolate malted with chocolate ice cream), "Twist It, Choke It, and Make It Cackle" (chocolate malted with an egg), "Shake One in the Hay" (a strawberry shake), and a "White Cow" (a vanilla milkshake). In the 1950s, a milkshake machine salesman named Ray Kroc bought exclusive rights to the 1930s-era Multimixer milkshake maker from inventor Earl Prince, and went on to use automated milkshake machines to speed up production at McDonald's restaurants.

Milkshakes had also become popular in other parts of the world, including the United Kingdom and Australia. In Australia, milk bars had grown popular and milkshakes were normally served lightly whipped and often in the aluminum or stainless steel cups in which they were prepared. In addition to more traditional flavors, spearmint and lime-flavored milkshakes became popular in Australia.

2000s–present

This milkshake was made using liquid nitrogen. Vapor can still be seen forming at the top.

In 2006, the U.S. Agricultural Research Service developed reduced-sugar, low-fat milk shakes for lunch programs. The shakes have half the sugar and only 10% of the fat of commercial fast-food shakes. Schools need a milk shake machine or soft-serve ice cream machine to serve the milkshakes. The milkshakes also have added fiber and other nutrients and reduced levels of lactose, which makes the shakes suitable for some people with Lactose intolerance.

U.S. sales of milkshakes, malts, and floats rose 11% in 2006, according to the industry research firm NPD Group. Christopher Muller, the director of the Center for Multi-Unit Restaurant Management at Orlando's University of Central Florida said that "milkshakes remind us of summer, youth – and indulgence", and "they're evocative of a time gone by". Muller stated that milkshakes are an "enormously profitable" item for restaurants, since the drinks contain so much air. The market research firm Technomic states that about 75% of the average-priced $3.38 restaurant shake in 2006 was profit. An executive from Sonic Drive-In, a U.S. chain of 1950s-style diner restaurants, calls shakes "one of our highest-volume, revenue-producing areas".

A 2016 article stated that chefs are trying out innovative ideas with milkshakes to keep customers interested in the drinks. The article noted that coffee-flavored shakes are popular "because it complements both sweet and savory" dishes. Another trend is using different types of milk, such as almond milk, coconut milk, soy milk, or hemp milk.

Use in protests

Main article: Milkshaking

In May 2019, during the build-up to the EU parliament elections in the United Kingdom, the throwing of milkshakes emerged as a protest tactic, usually targeting right-wing politicians. The movement originated with the "milkshaking" of Tommy Robinson, with a second thrown later that month.

The UK police requested that an Edinburgh McDonald's refrain from selling milkshakes on May 17 during a visit by Nigel Farage. This prompted Burger King to tweet in response: "We're selling milkshakes all weekend. Have fun." Burger King's tweet was later banned by the UK's Advertising Standards Authority, because they felt that it "condoned the previous anti-social behaviour and encouraged further instances", and that it was therefore an "irresponsible" advertisement. At a separate visit in Newcastle on May 20, Farage had a Five Guys milkshake thrown at him. Carl Benjamin had a total of four milkshakes thrown at him that week. The act of milkshaking is similar to that of egging as a form of protest against political figures.

In popular culture

This section may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please help Misplaced Pages to improve this section by removing the content or adding citations to reliable and independent sources. (April 2022)

Filmmakers sometimes utilize milkshakes as a visual shorthand for themes of purity, innocence, and uncorrupted youth, representing them as embodiments of 'sweetness and goodness. In All About Eve, by director Joseph L. Mankiewicz, Bette Davis's character is unhappy to see a man she likes chatting up her young female assistant, so Davis's character orders an alcoholic Martini, and "then mockingly suggests Eve will have a milkshake", thereby "asserting womanhood over girlhood through milkshake's associations with virginity". Similarly, the socially awkward character Steve Buscemi plays in Ghost World is made fun of by a teenage girl because he orders a "virginal vanilla milkshake"; in Manhattan, by director Woody Allen, the director draws attention to the difference in age between his 42-year-old character (he also acts in the lead role) and his teenage girlfriend by having her drink a milkshake. In the film Lolita in 1997, a teenage girl drinks a milkshake while she is with the middle-aged man (her mother's new boyfriend) who is attracted to her.

The characters from Archie Comics are often depicted drinking milkshakes. The TV series Riverdale, inspired by the comics, depicts the characters in a 1950s-inspired local diner, Pop's Chock'lit Shoppe; to promote the show, the cast shared a milkshake during an appearance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

Master Shake, one of the main characters from the American animated series Aqua Teen Hunger Force (also known by various alternative titles), is a life-sized anthropomorphic milkshake.

The term Milkshake Duck, coined on Twitter in 2017, refers to a person who initially becomes popular on social media, only to become disgraced as other users comb through their online presence and find offensive statements or an unpleasant history.

See also

References

  1. milk shake. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000
  2. "The Difference between a Milkshake and a Frappe – Yankee Magazine". Archived from the original on June 11, 2016. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
  3. "Cabinet". Dictionary of American Regional English. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
  4. American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVET Text accompanying illustration on a poster advertising Hood's Ice Cream (observed in Hancock Pharmacy, State and Hancock Sts., Springfield, Mass., September 30, 1952).
  5. "Why You're Technically Not Able To Order A Milkshake At McDonald's". Daily Meal. September 9, 2023.
  6. "A Complete History of Milkshakes". Iceberg Drive Inn. Retrieved June 30, 2024.
  7. ^ Flexner, Stuart Berg (1982) Listening to America, Simon & Schuster: New York, p. 178, ISBN 0671248952
  8. Vanilla Milk Shake Recipe from the "Second Edition of The Neighborhood Cookbook" published by the Council of Jewish Women, Portland, in 1914. Fill a glass two-thirds full of milk, sweeten to taste with any fruit syrup or with sugar, and then flavor with vanilla. Fill glass up with cracked ice and shake well together until thoroughly mixed. http://www.homemade-dessert-recipes.com/milk-shake-recipes.html
  9. Frederick J. Osius, "Agitator implement", U.S. Patent 1,005,653, filed September 20, 1910, issued October 10, 1911.
  10. "Hamilton Beach Brands Holding Company: Our History". hamiltonbeachbrands.com.
  11. Anne Cooper Funderburg, "Milkshake", in Darra Goldstein, ed., The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets, 2015, ISBN 0199313628, s.v.
  12. Poplawski, Stephen J. US Patent US1480914 – Beverage mixer, Issued February 18, 1922
  13. "The History of Malted Milk Powder". Kitchen Lore. July 22, 2011. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
  14. ^ "Wisconsin's Malted Milk Story – Online Exhibits – Wisconsin Historical Society". www.wisconsinhistory.org. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  15. "Walgreen's history". Walgreens.com. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved October 1, 2009.
  16. The Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, John F. Mariani 1999 (p. 196–197)
  17. Demirdjian, Z.S. (March 10, 2006). "Inexpensive Research in Marketing: Empowering the Technologically Challenged Entrepreneurs" (PDF). Innovative Marketing. 2.
  18. American Dialect Society CABINET, CONCRETE, FROSTED, VELVET
  19. Diner Style Archived June 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Artsparx.com. Retrieved on October 10, 2013.
  20. Shake One in the Hay. Archived March 16, 2010, at the Wayback Machine New York First
  21. Happy Meals in Kitty Hawk: How the Wright Brothers Spawned a Burger Nation Archived October 4, 2003, at the Wayback Machine. Jyi.org. Retrieved on October 10, 2013.
  22. Konstance, Richard P. (May 2000) "Shaking Up the Future". Agricultural Research magazine.
  23. ^ Fancier ways to get brain freeze. By Bruce Horovitz, USA TODAY
  24. ^ "Sweetening the bottom line with milkshakes". July 18, 2016. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  25. "Milkshake thrown over Tommy Robinson". BBC News. May 3, 2019.
  26. "All the people who have been milkshaked so far this year". The Independent. May 20, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022.
  27. "Milkshakes: a delicious drink, or the new symbol of the resistance?". The Guardian. May 20, 2019.
  28. "Burger King milkshake tweet 'encouraged' anti-social conduct". BBC News. October 2, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
  29. "Man charged with assault over Nigel Farage milkshake incident". The Guardian. May 21, 2019.
  30. "Ukip's Carl Benjamin hit by milkshake in Salisbury in fourth attack this week". The Independent. May 19, 2019. Archived from the original on May 14, 2022.
  31. ""Lactose Against Intolerance!" How milkshake became a tool of protest". www.newstatesman.com. May 16, 2019.
  32. ^ "Celebrating milkshake in the movies". August 21, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2017.
  33. Swartz, Suzie (April 24, 2018). "American Nostalgia on a Bun". www.theatlantic.com. The Atlantic. Retrieved May 10, 2018.
  34. Hunt, Elle (December 18, 2017). "What is a milkshake duck? And why isn't it the word of the year?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 9, 2018.

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