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Revision as of 01:02, 25 May 2006 editPudgenet (talk | contribs)497 edits →[]: What parts of "non-NPOV" and "unencyclopedic" do you not understand? The quote, as has been determined elsewhere by several other editors, adds no substance to the article. Stop it.← Previous edit		Latest revision as of 16:28, 1 January 2025 edit undoDalamajama (talk | contribs)108 edits Changed Wolfram Language's "Object-oriented" cell to "no"—the Wolfram Language has few if any object-oriented features.Tag: 2017 wikitext editor
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			{{short description|none}}
	{{TOC float left}}] are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a ]). Like ] programming languages have ] and ] rules used to define meaning.
			{{ProgLangCompare}}
			]s are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a ]). Like ]s, programming languages follow rules for ] and ].
	There are thousands of programming languages and new ones are created every year. (see ]). Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but many professional ]s use dozens of different languages during their career.		There are ]<ref>As of May 2006 Diarmuid Pigott's {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220044217/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/ |date=2011-02-20}} hosted at ], ] lists 8512 computer languages.</ref> and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional ]s may use dozens of languages in a career.
	<br clear="all" />
			Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as ] or ] (despite the name). Notable standardized programming languages include ], ], ], JavaScript (under the name ]), ], ], ], ] (] standard), ], ], ], ], ], and ].
			__TOC__
			{{-}}
	==General comparison==		==General comparison==
	The following table compares general and technical information for a selection of ''']s'''. See the individual languages' articles for further information.<br>		The following table compares general and technical information for a selection of commonly used ]s. See the individual languages' articles for further information.
	{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; width: 100%"
	|- style="background: #ececec;"
	! Language
	! General model of execution
	! Influences
	! ](s)
	! ]
	! Introduced
	! ] rank<ref name = "webpop">The relevance of the TIOBE data is disputed for anything other than estimating how much Internet coverage there is of certain programming languages. Search engine results may not correspond to actual language popularity.
			<!-- Per ]: Wikilink terms on 1st instance only, remove later repeat links. -->
	The data comes from the first column of the May, 2006 . Languages are ranked sequentially from most to fewest search engine results using the method described on TIOBE's <i>Definition</i> page:
			{{sticky header}}
			{|class="wikitable sortable sticky-header" style="text-align:center;"
			|-
			! scope="col" | Language
			! scope="col" | Original purpose
			! scope="col" | ]
			! scope="col" | ]
			! scope="col" | ]
			! scope="col" | ]
			! scope="col" | ]
			! scope="col" | ]
			! scope="col" | Other ]
			! scope="col" | ]
			|-
	:The ratings are calculated by counting hits of the most popular search engines. The search query that is used is
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> ], ], business, ], ], ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], Prototype-based programming
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
	:+"<language> programming" -tv -channel
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, ], web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1999-2003, ],<!-- ECMA-262 --> ]<!-- ECMA-357 -->
			|-
	:The search query is executed for the regular Google, MSN, and Yahoo! web search and the Google newsgroups for the last 12 months. The web site Alexa.com has been used to determine the most popular search engines. The word "tv" and "channel" have been filtered out here to avoid any interference with TV programs. Otherwise languages such as ABC and Scheme would have been highly overrated.
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, ], ], ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}<ref>, </ref>
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}<ref>, </ref>
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}<ref>, </ref>
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			|<!-- Other paradigms -->],<ref>, </ref> ]<ref> </ref>
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1983, 2005, 2012, ANSI, ISO, ] 27831-88<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27831-88.pdf |title=Vak.ru |access-date=2008-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330020459/http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27831-88.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			|-
	:By applying the search engine query as defined above, a lot of hit counts are collected. Let's define "hits(PL#i,SE)" as the number of hits of programming language PL at position i of the TPC index for search engine SE. The counted hits are normalized for each search engine for the first 50 languages. More formally, the rating for PL#i becomes
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Highly ], ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
	:((hits(PL#i,SE1)/hits(PL#1) + ... + hits(PL#50)) + ... + (hits(PL#i,SEn)/hits(PL#1) + ... + hits(PL#50)))/n
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
	In determining search engine result count for a language, the language may include or exclude certain dialects or other languages. See what's included or excluded in the <i>Exceptions and inclusions</i> chart below.</ref>
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1960, ], ISO<ref></ref>
			|-
	! ] rank change (1 yr)<ref>From the <i>Delta in Position</i> column of the May, 2006 . This number indicates the language's change in <i>SERP rank</i> (see above footnote) over the last year. In determining the <i>SERP rank change</i> for a language, the language may include or exclude certain dialects or other languages. See what's included or excluded in the <i>Exceptions and inclusions</i> chart below.</ref>
			! scope="row" | ]
	<!--
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
	LAST UPDATED IN THIS ARTICLE: May, 2006
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1968, ], ],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27974-88.pdf |title=Vak.ru |access-date=2008-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324231641/http://vak.ru/lib/exe/fetch.php/book/gost/pdf/gost-27974-88.pdf |archive-date=2017-03-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			|-
	Update date in footnotes when updating chart.
			! scope="row" | ]
	-->
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Parallel application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, ]
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ] (Ada 95), ] (Ada 95)
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1983
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
	| 18
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
	| 0
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1989, ISO
	|-		|-
	! {{rh}} | ]		! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| static, ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
	| 1973
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 2
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| -1
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Any, syntax is usually highly specific, related to the target processor
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1985 IEEE 694-1985<ref></ref>
	|-		|-
	! {{rh}} | ]		! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> GUI automation (]), highly domain-specific
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}<br/><ref></ref>
	| ], ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| static, ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1980
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 3
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| +1
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
	!{{rh}} | ]		! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> GUI automation (macros), highly domain-specific
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
	| ]		| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 2000
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 7
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| 0
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	!{{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Integration, agile, ], general
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1959
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 15
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| -1
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent, transactional, statically and strongly typed, diagrammatic–visual
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}}<br/>standard via Ballerina Language Specification<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ballerina.io/res/Ballerina-Language-Specification-WD-2015-05-01.pdf |publisher=WSO2 |title=Ballerina Language Specification |date=2018-05-01 |access-date=2018-05-03 |archive-date=2018-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504090305/https://ballerina.io/res/Ballerina-Language-Specification-WD-2015-05-01.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	!{{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> ], ]
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
	| ], ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| dynamic (]), ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1995
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 16
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| +9
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|Optionally}}<br/>]<ref name="POSIX 1003">], Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.)</ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, education
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| dynamic
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1984
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 14
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| +1
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1983, ANSI, ISO, ECMA
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	!{{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, scripting
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ] , ], ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
	| 2000
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 19
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
	| +8
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}<br/>In progress, ]<ref></ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	!{{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> System
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| static, ], safe (but unsafe allowed), nominative
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1995
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 10
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| -1
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
	!{{rh}} | ]		! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, game
	| ]/]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| none
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1977
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 38
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
	| ?
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
	! {{rh}} | ]		! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, game scripting
	| ]/]/]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
	| ], ]
	| ]		| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| static, ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
	| 1996
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 1
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| +1
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, system,<ref></ref> general purpose, low-level operations
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
	| ], ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| dynamic
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1995
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 9
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| +2
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1989, ]<ref></ref>
	|-		|-
	! {{rh}} | ]		! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, system
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
	| dynamic, ] <!-- think so -->
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1986
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
	| >50
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| ?
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1998, ]<ref></ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, RAD, business, client-side, general, server-side, web, ]
	| ]/]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
	| ]		| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref></ref>
	| dynamic, ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1986
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
	| 49
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
	| ?
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Structured, concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>2000, ECMA, ISO<ref>ECMA-334; ISO/IEC 23270:2006</ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General, business, web
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref></ref>
	| static, ], ], type inference
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
	| 1980's?
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| ?
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| ?
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{unknown}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
	| ], ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
	| ], ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
	| dynamic
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
	| 1987
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
	| 6
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| -3
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
	! {{rh}} | ]		! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
	| dynamic, ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
	| 1995
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 4
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| +1
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
	! {{rh}} | ]		! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| dynamic (]), ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1991
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
	| 8
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| 0
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, business
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| dynamic (]), ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1995
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 20
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| +10
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1968 ANSI X3.23, 1974, 1985; ISO/IEC 1989:1985, 2002, 2014, 2023
	|-		|-
	! {{rh}} | ]		! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, business, general, web
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
	| dynamic
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
	| 1975
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
	| 14
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
	| +1
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ] (CFML)
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Web
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1971
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 35
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| ?
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
	| ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 1991
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
	| 5
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
	| +1
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Extensible syntax, , ], ], concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1994, ANSI
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ] 80
	! {{rh}} | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Education
	| ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	| ]
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
	| ], ]
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
	| static, ]
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
	| 2001
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
	| 17
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
	| +11
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
	|}
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
	<!-- Firefox compatible spacing -->
			! scope="row" | ]
	<div style = "margin-bottom: 10px;">
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General purpose
	</div>
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/crystal-lang/crystal#why|title=Crystal|website=]|date=2 November 2021}}</ref>
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crystal-lang.org/reference/1.12/syntax_and_semantics/generics.html|title=Crystal Generics|website=crystal-lang.org|date=13 April 2024}}</ref>
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->Concurrent<ref>{{Cite web |title=Concurrency - Crystal |url=https://crystal-lang.org/reference/1.11/guides/concurrency.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=crystal-lang.org}}</ref>
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
	<div style = "background-color: rgb(245,245,245);">
			! scope="row" | ]
	<references/>
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
	</div>
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], non-determinism
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} standard via Curry Language Report
			|-
	<!-- Firefox compatible spacing -->
			! scope="row" | ]
	<div style = "margin-top: 24px;">
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, ]
	</div>
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 85%; border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: left; width:500px"
	|- style="background: #ececec;"
	|+ <span style = "font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; font-family: verdana">Exceptions and inclusions</span><br>Exceptions and inclusions used in determining <i>SERP rank</i>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! Language
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, system
	! Exceptions/Inclusions
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Generative, concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Awk
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, web, server-side, mobile, ]
	| Included: awk, gawk, mawk, nawk
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Structured
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>ECMA-408 standard
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ], ]
	| C#
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General purpose
	| Included: C#, C-Sharp, C Sharp
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --><br/>?
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| ColdFusion
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
	| Included: ColdFusion, Cold Fusion, CFMX, CFML
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| D
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General, application, business, client-side, server-side, web (EWF)
	| Exception: "3-D Programming"
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref></ref><ref>]</ref>
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Distributed ,
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>2005, ECMA, ISO<ref>ECMA-367; ISO/IEC 25436:2006</ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Delphi/Kylix
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Education
	| Included: Delphi, Kylix
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| IDL
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, ]
	| Exception: "corba"
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent, distributed
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Lisp/Scheme
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, distributed
	| Included: Lisp, Scheme
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent, distributed
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Python
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
	| Included: Python, Jython, IronPython (Jan Persson)
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| T-SQL
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
	| Included: T-SQL, Transact-SQL
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Tcl/Tk
			| <!-- Original purpose -->
	| Included: Tcl/Tk, Tcl, Tk
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| VB.NET
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
	| Included: VB.NET, Visual Basic.NET, Visual Basic .NET, Visual Basic 2005, VB 2005
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Visual FoxPro
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
	| Included: FoxPro, Fox Pro, VFP
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	|}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Stack-oriented
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1994, ANSI
			|-
	<!-- Firefox compatible spacing -->
			! scope="row" | ]
	<div style = "margin-bottom: 30px;">
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, numerical computing
	</div>
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Array-based, vectorized, concurrent, native distributed/shared-memory parallelism
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1966, ANSI 66, ANSI 77, MIL-STD-1753, ISO 90, ISO 95, ISO 2003, ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (2008), ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2145 (2018)
			|-
	==Expressiveness==
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, numerical computing
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	<!-- Separate footnote sections aren't possible as of May, 2006, so ref tags not used for these -->
	{| class="wikitable" align = "left" style = "font-size: 10pt;"
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! Language !! Statements<br>ratio<sup>1</sup> !! Lines<br>ratio<sup>2</sup>
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	|+ style = "font-weight: bold;"|Expressiveness relative to C
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, game programming
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| C++ || 2.5 || 1
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, games
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Simple object-oriented
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Fortran || 2 || .8
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, web, server-side
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}<ref></ref>
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} standard via Go Language Specification
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Java || 2.5 || 1.5
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, scripting, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Perl || 6 || 6
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Logic
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Python || 6 || 6.5
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, scripting, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Meta-programming
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no|In progress}}, ]<ref></ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Smalltalk || 6 || .625
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, business, data processing, general, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| MS Visual Basic || 4.5 || ?
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
	|}
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Lazy evaluation
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>2010, Haskell 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haskell.org/onlinereport/haskell2010/ |title=The Haskell 2010 Language Report |access-date=2011-12-07}} Most Haskell implementations extend the Haskell 2010 standard.</ref>
			|-
	<div style = "margin-top: 40px;">
			! scope="row" | ]
	The literature on programming languages contains an abundance of informal claims about their relative expressive power, but there's no framework for formalizing such statements nor for deriving interesting consequences.<sup>3</sup> This chart provides two measures of expressiveness from two different sources. An additional measure of expressiveness, in GZip bytes, can be found with the <i>Compare to</i> tool on the page of .
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, web
	</div>
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
	<div style = "clear: all; background-color: rgb(245,245,245);">
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
	1. Data from ]. The <i>Statements ratio</i> column "shows typical ratios of source statements in several high-level languages to the equivalent code in C. A higher ratio means that each line of code in the language listed accomplishes more than does each line of code in C."
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
	2. The ratio of line count tests won by each language to the number won by C when using the <i>Compare to</i> feature at . Last updated May, 2006. C gcc was used for C, C++ g++ was used for C++, Fortran G95 was used for Fortran, Java JDK Server was used for Java, and Smalltalk GST was used for Smalltalk.
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, RAD, general
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Weakly typed
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{unknown}}
			|-
	3. From , Matthias Felleisen, ESOP '90 3rd European Symposium on Programming.
			! scope="row" | ]
	</div>
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, host-driven scripting
	<br clear="all" />
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
	==Benchmarks==
			! scope="row" | ]
	] are designed to mimic a particular type of workload on a component or system. The computer programs used for compiling some of the benchmark data in this section may not have been fully optimized, and the relevance of the data is disputed. The most accurate benchmarks are those that are customized to your particular situation. Other people's benchmark data may have some value to others, but proper interpretation brings many ]. See page about flawed benchmarks and comparisons.
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
	===]===
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
	The following data comes from benchmarks from from May 7, 2006 and benchmarks from May 10, 2006. The Debian and Gentoo tests used equivalent benchmarks, but on Gentoo, some benchmarks had a higher workload, most language implementations were built from source, and <i>Size</i> tests measured GZip bytes instead of lines of code.
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{unknown}}
	<div style = "font-size: 13pt; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 2px; margin-top: 20px;">
	Number of tests won (Debian : AMD™ Sempron™ / Gentoo : Intel® Pentium® 4)
	</div>
	<!-- Would be better if the group of tables below was centered. Don't know how. -->
	{| class="wikitable" align = "left" style = "font-size: 10pt; background-color: rgb(245,245,245); margin-top: 39px; font-weight: bold;"
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1997, 2007, ]
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Speed
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Array-oriented, ], tacit, concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Memory
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, distributed
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| Size
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, business, client-side, general, mobile development, server-side, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} standard via Java Language Specification
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	|}
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Client-side, server-side, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1997-2022, ]
	{| class="wikitable" align = "left" style = "font-size: 10pt;"
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! Perl !! C (gcc)
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Research
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Stack-oriented
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 1/1 || 12/15
			| <!-- Original purpose --> "awk for JSON"
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 0/1 || 13/15
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General, technical computing
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Multiple dispatch, meta, scalar and array-oriented, parallel, concurrent, distributed ("cloud")
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 11/14 || 2/2
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Data processing, business
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Array-oriented, tacit
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{unknown}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	|}
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, mobile development, server-side, client-side, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.jetbrains.com/kotlin/2014/07/m8-is-out/ |title=M8 is out! |date=2 July 2014 |quote=As a first peek into the future reflective capabilities of Kotlin, you can now access properties as first-class objects in Kotlin}}</ref>
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} standard via Kotlin Language Specification
	{| class="wikitable" align = "left" style = "font-size: 10pt;"
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! Perl !! C++ (g++)
			| <!-- Original purpose --> ], ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Several variants, custom programmable, dynamic loadable modules
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|Optionally}}<br/>]<ref name="POSIX 1003">], Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.)</ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ] (G)
	| 0/2 || 14/12
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, industrial instrumentation-automation
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 0/0 || 14/14
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{unknown}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 10/14 || 4/0
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, RAD, general
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Weakly typed
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	|}
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Artificial intelligence, application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Logic
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	{| class="wikitable" align = "left" style = "font-size: 10pt;"
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ] (LSL)
	! Perl !! Java JDK Server
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Virtual worlds content scripting and animation
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Scripts exist in in-world objects
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} reference is the ] implementation of ].<ref>Halcyon (Inworldz) and Open Sims propose compatible implementations with additional functions.</ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 3/3 || 13/13
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, embedded scripting
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}<ref>Lua does not have explicit "object" type (more general type of "table" is used for object definition), but does have explicit syntax for object method calling</ref>
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Aspect-oriented, prototype-based
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}<ref>Version releases are accompanied with a definitive Lua Reference Manual showing full syntax and semantics; a reference implementation, and a test suite. These are used to generate other Lua ] implementations and compilers such as Kahlua and LLVM-Lua.</ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 12/12 || 4/4
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Symbolic computation, numerical computing
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Distributed
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 13/16 || 2/0
			| <!-- Original purpose --> ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Logic, distributed
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	|}
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Highly domain-specific, numerical computing
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	{| class="wikitable" align = "left" style = "font-size: 10pt;"
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! Perl !! PHP
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, system
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1996, ISO<ref>ISO/IEC 10514-1:1996</ref>
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 9/8 || 4/6
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ] (M)
	| 10/10 || 3/5
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General, application, databases
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{planned|Approved for next Standard}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{some|Partially}} Thru Indirection and Xecute
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], ], ], ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1977 ANSI, 1995, ISO 2020
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 10/11 || 3/4
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, web, scripting, system
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Multiple dispatch, concurrent, ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	|}
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, system
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	{| class="wikitable" align = "left" style = "font-size: 10pt;"
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	! Perl !! Python
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, mobile app, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Structured
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 5/7 || 11/9
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 8/8 || 8/8
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
	| 6/3 || 9/13
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent, ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
	|-		|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Web applications
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Distributed
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> General, Embedded Lisp Engine
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|Optionally}}<br/> ]
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, distribution, education
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent, logic
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, education
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1983, ISO<ref>ISO 7185</ref>
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, scripting, text processing, Web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Server-side, web application, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}<ref>, ,</ref>
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}<ref>, </ref>
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} standard via language specification and Requests for Comments (RFCs)
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1969, ECMA-50 (1976)
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, system development
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Graphics, page description
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} standard via the PostScript Reference Manual<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf |title=PostScript Language Reference Manual |access-date=2017-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218093716/https://www.adobe.com/products/postscript/pdfs/PLRM.pdf |archive-date=2017-02-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Administration, application, general, scripting
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, artificial intelligence
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Logic, declarative
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1995, ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995, TC1 2007, TC2 2012, TC3 2017
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, web, scripting, artificial intelligence, scientific computing
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Aspect-oriented
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} standard via Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, statistics
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Education, general, scripting
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], logic, meta
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Scripting, text processing, glue
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Aspect-oriented, array, lazy evaluation, multiple dispatch, metaprogramming
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{unknown}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Distributed
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Scripting
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}} (] and ] dialects)
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1996 (ANSI X3.274-1996)
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, system
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> metaprogramming, declarative, ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, scripting, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Aspect-oriented
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>2011(JIS X 3017), 2012(ISO/IEC 30170)
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, server-side, system, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}<ref></ref>
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Klabnik |first1=Steve |last2=Nichols |first2=Carol |title=The Rust Programming Language |url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/title-page.html |chapter=Macros |chapter-url=https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html}}</ref>
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, statistics
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, numerical, scripting
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, parallel, distributed, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Data-oriented programming, metaprogramming
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}} standard via Scala Language Specification (SLS)
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Education, general
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> meta, extensible-syntax
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|De facto}}<br/>1975-2013, R<sup>0</sup>RS, R<sup>1</sup>RS, R<sup>2</sup>RS, R<sup>3</sup>RS, R<sup>4</sup>RS, R<sup>5</sup>RS, R<sup>6</sup>RS, R<sup>7</sup>RS Small Edition<ref></ref><ref></ref>
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, scripting, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Multi-paradigm, extensible, structured
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Education, general
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ], ] (quasi-parallel) program execution
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1968
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, education, games
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, business, artificial intelligence, education, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent, declarative
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1998, ANSI
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Text processing
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{unknown}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1997, SML '97<ref></ref>
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent, declarative, ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, scripting, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, system, game, web, server-side
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{maybe|Can be viewed as}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, RAD, education, business, general, (Includes VBA), office automation
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Component-oriented
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | {{nowrap|]}}
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, RAD, education, web, business, general
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Structured, concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Data-centric, logic
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Declarative, logic
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Symbolic language
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Logic, distributed
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose -->
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, RAD, general, web
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]/]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Databases, data processing, scripting
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> ]
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{yes}}<br/>1999 W3C XPath 1, 2010 W3C XQuery 1, 2014 W3C XPath/XQuery 3.0
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Domain-specific, application
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms -->
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> Application, general, system
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Concurrent
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{no}}
			|-
			! scope="row" | ]
			| <!-- Original purpose --> ], ]
			| <!-- Imperative --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Object-oriented --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Functional --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Procedural --> {{yes}}
			| <!-- Generic --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Reflective --> {{no}}
			| <!-- Other paradigms --> Loadable modules
			| <!-- Standardized? --> {{maybe|Optionally}}<br/>]<ref name="POSIX 1003">], Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.)</ref>
	|}		|}
			==Type systems==
	{| class="wikitable" align = "left" style = "font-size: 10pt;"
			{{main|Comparison of programming languages by type system}}
			==Failsafe I/O and system calls==
			Most programming languages will print an ] or throw an ] if an ] operation or other ] (e.g., ], ]) fails, unless the programmer has explicitly arranged for different handling of these events. Thus, these languages ] in this regard.
			Some (mostly older) languages require that programmers explicitly add checks for these kinds of errors. Psychologically, different ] (e.g., ]) may affect novices and experts alike and lead them to skip these checks. This can lead to ].
			'''Failsafe I/O''' is a feature of ], ] (exceptions), ] (exceptions or return value depending on function), ], ], ] ("conditions and restarts" system), ], ] (throwing on failure),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dlang.org/phobos/std_stdio.html|title=STD.stdio - D Programming Language}}</ref> ], ], ] (unless result explicitly ignored), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] (exceptions), ] (exceptions), ], ], ], ], ], ] (with optional '''signal on'''... trap handling), ], ], ] (unless result explicitly ignored), ],<ref>Scala runs on the Java Virtual Machine from which it inherits the runtime exception handling.</ref> ], ] {{citation needed|date=February 2011}}, ] (exceptions), ], ], ], ], ], ], ]/] (exceptions), and ].
			'''No Failsafe I/O''':
			] (global ErrorLevel must be explicitly checked), ],<ref name="VS">] can warn on unchecked ]. Newer versions of ] usually throw exceptions on failed I/O when using ].</ref> ], ] (it actually depends on the library and it is not defined by the language), ] (will generally cause program to crash), ], ] (some functions do not warn or throw exceptions), and ].<ref>Considerable error checking can be enabled optionally, but by default Perl is not failsafe.</ref>
			Some I/O checking is built in ] (] throw on failure but C APIs like ] or ] do not)<ref name="VS"/> and ], in ]<ref><code>set -e</code> enables termination if any unchecked ] is nonzero.</ref> it is optional.
			==Expressiveness==
			{|class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right;"
	|-		|-
			! scope="col" | Language
	! Perl !! Ruby
			! scope="col" | Statements ratio<ref>Data from {{cite book |last=McConnell |first=Steve |date=30 November 2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JfE7TGUwvgC&pg=PT100 |title=Code Complete |page=100 |publisher=Microsoft Press |isbn=9780735636972}} The ''Statements ratio'' column "shows typical ratios of source statements in several high-level languages to the equivalent code in C. A higher ratio means that each line of code in the language listed accomplishes more than does each line of code in C.</ref>
			! scope="col" | Lines ratio<ref>The ratio of line count tests won by each language to the number won by C when using the ''Compare to'' feature at {{cite web |url=https://blog.wolfram.com/2012/11/14/code-length-measured-in-14-languages/ |title=Code Length Measured in 14 Languages |last=McLoone |first=Jon |date=November 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119043607/https://blog.wolfram.com/2012/11/14/code-length-measured-in-14-languages/ |archive-date=2012-11-19}} C gcc was used for C, C++ g++ was used for C++, FORTRAN G95 was used for FORTRAN, Java JDK Server was used for Java, and Smalltalk GST was used for Smalltalk.</ref>
	|-		|-
	| 14/14 || 2/2		| C || 1 || 1
	|-		|-
	| 10/9 || 6/7		| C++ || 2.5 || 1
	|-		|-
	| 8/2 || 6/14		| Fortran || 2 || 0.8
	|-		|-
			| Java || 2.5 || 1.5
			|-
			| Perl || 6 || 6
			|-
			| Smalltalk || 6 || 6.25
			|-
			| Python || 6 || 6.5
	|}		|}
	<br clear="all" />
			The literature on programming languages contains an abundance of informal claims about their relative ], but there is no framework for formalizing such statements nor for deriving interesting consequences.<ref>{{cite conference |citeseerx=10.1.1.51.4656 |title=On the Expressive Power of Programming Languages |first=Matthias |last=Felleisen |conference=ESOP '90 3rd European Symposium on Programming}}</ref> This table provides two measures of expressiveness from two different sources. An additional measure of expressiveness, in GZip bytes, can be found on the Computer Language Benchmarks Game.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/how-programs-are-measured.html#source-code|title=How programs are measured |website=Computer Language Benchmarks Game|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref>
			{{-}}
			==Benchmarks==
			]
			] are designed to mimic a particular type of workload on a component or system. The computer programs used for compiling some of the benchmark data in this section may not have been fully optimized, and the relevance of the data is disputed. The most accurate benchmarks are those that are customized to your particular situation. Other people's benchmark data may have some value to others, but proper interpretation brings many ]. ] site warns against over-generalizing from benchmark data, but contains a large number of micro-benchmarks of reader-contributed code snippets, with an interface that generates various charts and tables comparing specific programming languages and types of tests.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://benchmarksgame-team.pages.debian.net/benchmarksgame/dont-jump-to-conclusions.html |title=The Ultimate Benchmark |website=The Computer Language Benchmarks Game |access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref>
			==Timeline of specific language comparisons==
			* 1974 – Comparative Notes on Algol 68 and PL/I<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valentine |first1=S. H. |date=November 1974 |title=Comparative Notes on Algol 68 and PL/I |journal=The Computer Journal |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=325–331 |doi=10.1093/comjnl/17.4.325 |doi-access=free}}</ref> – S. H. Valentine – November 1974
			* 1976 – Evaluation of ], ] J3B, ], ] 67, and ] Versus TINMAN – Requirements for a Common High Order Programming Language.<!-- -->
			* 1977 – A comparison of PASCAL and ALGOL 68<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream/1871/2609/1/11054.pdf|title=Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam}}</ref> – ] – June 1977.
			* 1993 – Five Little Languages and How They Grew – ], ], ], ] & ] – ] – April 1993.
			* 2009 – On Go – oh, go on – How well will Google's ] stand up against Brand X programming language? – David Given – November 2009
	==See also==		==See also==
			{{Category tree all|Lists of programming languages|mode=all|depth=2}}
	* ] &mdash; links to articles on general-purpose programming languages and to related categories.
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			* ]
			==References==
			{{Reflist|30em}}
	==External Links==		==Further reading==
			* {{cite book |last=Cezzar |first=Ruknet |year=1995 |title=A Guide to Programming Languages: Overview and Comparison |publisher=Artech House |isbn=978-0-89006-812-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/authenticationsy0000oppl}}
	* &mdash; A comparison of nine programming languages and related information.
	* &mdash; Comparison of benchmark results for dozens of languages.
	* &mdash; Multiple comparisons of 26 programming languages.
	* &mdash; 2003 study
	* &mdash; March 2000 refereed journal paper
	* &mdash; March 2000 technical report
	<!-- There's a chart on page 8 of 30 of the below document that might go well in this article, but it's very unclear. -->
	* &mdash; Research to fulfill Kristofer J. Carlson's master's degree requirements.
	* &mdash; As of May 2006, the encyclopedia lists 8512 computer languages with 17837 bibliographic records featuring 11064 extracts.
			{{Programming languages}}
	<!-- Firefox compatible spacing -->
	<div style = "margin-bottom: 30px;">
	</div>
			]
	{{compu-lang-stub}}
	]
	]
	]

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Latest revision as of 16:28, 1 January 2025

Comparison of programming languages
General comparison Assignment Basic syntax Basic instructions Comments Control flow Foreach loops While loops For loops Do-while Exception handling Enumerated types Algebraic data types Generators Anonymous functions Conditional expressions Functional instructions Arrays Associative arrays Scope String operations String functions Higher-order functions Filter Fold Map Type systems Dependent types List comprehension Object-oriented programming Object-oriented constructors Operators Ternary conditional operator Null coalescing operators Safe navigation operators Modulo operators
Evaluation strategy List of "Hello World" programs
Comparison of individual languages Comparison of Java and .NET platforms ALGOL 58's influence on ALGOL 60 ALGOL 60: Comparisons with other languages Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++ ALGOL 68: Comparisons with other languages Compatibility of C and C++ Comparison of Pascal and Borland Delphi Comparison of Object Pascal and C Comparison of Pascal and C Comparison of Java and C++ Comparison of C# and Java Comparison of C# and Visual Basic .NET Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET
v t e

Programming languages are used for controlling the behavior of a machine (often a computer). Like natural languages, programming languages follow rules for syntax and semantics.

There are thousands of programming languages and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional programmers may use dozens of languages in a career.

Most programming languages are not standardized by an international (or national) standard, even widely used ones, such as Perl or Standard ML (despite the name). Notable standardized programming languages include ALGOL, C, C++, JavaScript (under the name ECMAScript), Smalltalk, Prolog, Common Lisp, Scheme (IEEE standard), ISLISP, Ada, Fortran, COBOL, SQL, and XQuery.

General comparison

The following table compares general and technical information for a selection of commonly used programming languages. See the individual languages' articles for further information.

Language	Original purpose	Imperative	Object-oriented	Functional	Procedural	Generic	Reflective	Other paradigms	Standardized
1C:Enterprise programming language	Application, RAD, business, general, web, mobile	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Object-based, Prototype-based programming	No
ActionScript	Application, client-side, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	prototype-based	Yes 1999-2003, ActionScript 1.0 with ES3, ActionScript 2.0 with ES3 and partial ES4 draft, ActionScript 3.0 with ES4 draft, ActionScript 3.0 with E4X
Ada	Application, embedded, realtime, system	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Concurrent, distributed	Yes 1983, 2005, 2012, ANSI, ISO, GOST 27831-88
Aldor	Highly domain-specific, symbolic computing	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No		No
ALGOL 58	Application	Yes	No	No	No	No	No		No
ALGOL 60	Application	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	No		Yes 1960, IFIP WG 2.1, ISO
ALGOL 68	Application	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Concurrent	Yes 1968, IFIP WG 2.1, GOST 27974-88,
Ateji PX	Parallel application	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	pi calculus	No
APL	Application, data processing	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Array-oriented, tacit	Yes 1989, ISO
Assembly language	General	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Any, syntax is usually highly specific, related to the target processor	Yes 1985 IEEE 694-1985
AutoHotkey	GUI automation (macros), highly domain-specific	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No		No
AutoIt	GUI automation (macros), highly domain-specific	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		No
Ballerina	Integration, agile, server-side, general	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Concurrent, transactional, statically and strongly typed, diagrammatic–visual	De facto standard via Ballerina Language Specification
Bash	Shell, scripting	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		Optionally POSIX.2
BASIC	Application, education	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		Yes 1983, ANSI, ISO, ECMA
BeanShell	Application, scripting	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes		No In progress, JCP
BLISS	System	No	No	No	Yes	No	No		No
BlitzMax	Application, game	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes		No
Boo	Application, game scripting	No	Yes	No	No	No	No		No
C	Application, system, general purpose, low-level operations	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		Yes 1989, ANSI C89, ISO/IEC C90, ISO/IEC C95, ISO/IEC C99, ISO/IEC C11, ISO/IEC C17, ISO/IEC C2x
C++	Application, system	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No		Yes 1998, ISO/IEC C++98, ISO/IEC C++03, ISO/IEC C++11, ISO/IEC C++14, ISO/IEC C++17, ISO/IEC C++20, ISO/IEC C++23
C#	Application, RAD, business, client-side, general, server-side, web, game programming	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Structured, concurrent	Yes 2000, ECMA, ISO
Clarion	General, business, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No		Un­known
Clean	General	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No		No
Clojure	General	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Concurrent	No
CLU	General	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No		No
COBOL	Application, business	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No		Yes 1968 ANSI X3.23, 1974, 1985; ISO/IEC 1989:1985, 2002, 2014, 2023
Cobra	Application, business, general, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes		No
ColdFusion (CFML)	Web	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No		No
Common Lisp	General	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Extensible syntax, Array-oriented, syntactic macros, multiple dispatch, concurrent	Yes 1994, ANSI
COMAL 80	Education	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		No
Crystal	General purpose	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Concurrent	No
Curry	Application	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	lazy evaluation, non-determinism	De facto standard via Curry Language Report
Cython	Application, general, numerical computing	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Aspect-oriented	No
D	Application, system	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Generative, concurrent	No
Dart	Application, web, server-side, mobile, IoT	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Structured	Yes ECMA-408 standard
Delphi, Object Pascal	General purpose	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		?
Dylan	Application	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No		No
Eiffel	General, application, business, client-side, server-side, web (EWF)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes Erl-G	Distributed SCOOP, Void-safe	Yes 2005, ECMA, ISO
ELAN	Education	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Structured, stepwise refinement	No
Elixir	Application, distributed	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Concurrent, distributed	No
Erlang	Application, distributed	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Concurrent, distributed	No
Euphoria	Application	No	No	No	Yes	No	Yes		No
Factor	General	Yes	No	Can be viewed as	No	Yes	Yes	Stack-oriented	No
FP		No	No	Yes	No	No	No		No
F#	Application	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		No
Forth	General	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Stack-oriented	Yes 1994, ANSI
Fortran	Application, numerical computing	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Array-based, vectorized, concurrent, native distributed/shared-memory parallelism	Yes 1966, ANSI 66, ANSI 77, MIL-STD-1753, ISO 90, ISO 95, ISO 2003, ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (2008), ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5 N2145 (2018)
FreeBASIC	Application, numerical computing	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No		No
Gambas	Application	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No		No
Game Maker Language	Application, game programming	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No		No
GLBasic	Application, games	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Simple object-oriented	No
Go	Application, web, server-side	Yes	Can be viewed as	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Concurrent	De facto standard via Go Language Specification
Gosu	Application, general, scripting, web	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes		No
GraphTalk	Application	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	Logic	No
Groovy	Application, general, scripting, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Meta-programming	In progress, JCP
Harbour	Application, business, data processing, general, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Declarative	No
Haskell	Application	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Lazy evaluation	Yes 2010, Haskell 2010
Haxe	Application, general, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes		No
HyperTalk	Application, RAD, general	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	Weakly typed	Un­known
Io	Application, host-driven scripting	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No		No
IPL	General	No	No	Yes	No	No	No		Un­known
ISLISP	General	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No		Yes 1997, 2007, ISO
J	Application, data processing	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Array-oriented, function-level, tacit, concurrent	No
JADE	Application, distributed	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No		No
Java	Application, business, client-side, general, mobile development, server-side, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Concurrent	De facto standard via Java Language Specification
JavaScript	Client-side, server-side, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	prototype-based	Yes 1997-2022, ECMA-262
Joy	Research	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Stack-oriented	No
jq	"awk for JSON"	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Tacit, Backtracking, Streaming, PEG	No
Julia	General, technical computing	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Multiple dispatch, meta, scalar and array-oriented, parallel, concurrent, distributed ("cloud")	No
K	Data processing, business	No	No	No	No	No	No	Array-oriented, tacit	Un­known
Kotlin	Application, mobile development, server-side, client-side, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		De facto standard via Kotlin Language Specification
Ksh	Shell, scripting	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Several variants, custom programmable, dynamic loadable modules	Optionally POSIX.2
LabVIEW (G)	Application, industrial instrumentation-automation	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Dataflow, visual	No
Lisp	General	No	No	Yes	No	No	No		Un­known
LiveCode	Application, RAD, general	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Weakly typed	No
Logtalk	Artificial intelligence, application	No	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	Logic	No
Linden Scripting Language (LSL)	Virtual worlds content scripting and animation	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Scripts exist in in-world objects	De facto reference is the Second Life implementation of LSL.
Lua	Application, embedded scripting	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Aspect-oriented, prototype-based	No
Maple	Symbolic computation, numerical computing	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Distributed	No
Mathematica	Symbolic language	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Logic, distributed	No
MATLAB	Highly domain-specific, numerical computing	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No		No
Modula-2	Application, system	Yes	No	No	No	Yes	No		Yes 1996, ISO
Modula-3	Application	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No		No
MUMPS (M)	General, application, databases	Yes	Approved for next Standard	No	Yes	Partially Thru Indirection and Xecute	Yes	Concurrent, multi-user, NoSQL, transaction processing	Yes 1977 ANSI, 1995, ISO 2020
Nim	Application, general, web, scripting, system	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Multiple dispatch, concurrent, meta	No
Oberon	Application, system	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No		No
Object Pascal	Application, general, mobile app, web	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Structured	No
Objective-C	Application, general	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	Concurrent	No
OCaml	Application, general	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No		No
Occam	General	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Concurrent, process-oriented	No
Opa	Web applications	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	Distributed	No
OpenLisp	General, Embedded Lisp Engine	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No		Optionally ISLISP
Oxygene	Application	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	No		No
Oz-Mozart	Application, distribution, education	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Concurrent, logic	No
Pascal	Application, education	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		Yes 1983, ISO
Perl	Application, scripting, text processing, Web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes		No
PHP	Server-side, web application, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes		De facto standard via language specification and Requests for Comments (RFCs)
PL/I	Application	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No		Yes 1969, ECMA-50 (1976)
Plus	Application, system development	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		No
PostScript	Graphics, page description	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Concatenative, stack-oriented	De facto standard via the PostScript Reference Manual
PowerShell	Administration, application, general, scripting	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Pipeline	No
Prolog	Application, artificial intelligence	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Logic, declarative	Yes 1995, ISO/IEC 13211-1:1995, TC1 2007, TC2 2012, TC3 2017
PureBasic	Application	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		No
Python	Application, general, web, scripting, artificial intelligence, scientific computing	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Aspect-oriented	De facto standard via Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs)
R	Application, statistics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes		No
Racket	Education, general, scripting	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Modular, logic, meta	No
Raku	Scripting, text processing, glue	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Aspect-oriented, array, lazy evaluation, multiple dispatch, metaprogramming	No
REALbasic	Application	No	No	No	Yes	No	No		Un­known
Rebol	Distributed	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Dialected	No
REXX	Scripting	Yes	Yes (NetRexx and Object REXX dialects)	No	Yes	No	No		Yes 1996 (ANSI X3.274-1996)
RPG	Application, system	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		No
Ring	Application	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	metaprogramming, declarative, natural-language	No
Ruby	Application, scripting, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Aspect-oriented	Yes 2011(JIS X 3017), 2012(ISO/IEC 30170)
Rust	Application, server-side, system, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Concurrent	No
S	Application, statistics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No		No
S-Lang	Application, numerical, scripting	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No		No
Scala	Application, general, parallel, distributed, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Data-oriented programming, metaprogramming	De facto standard via Scala Language Specification (SLS)
Scheme	Education, general	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	meta, extensible-syntax	De facto 1975-2013, RRS, RRS, RRS, RRS, RRS, RRS, RRS, RRS Small Edition
Seed7	Application, general, scripting, web	Yes	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Multi-paradigm, extensible, structured	No
Simula	Education, general	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	discrete event simulation, multi-threaded (quasi-parallel) program execution	Yes 1968
Small Basic	Application, education, games	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	Component-oriented	No
Smalltalk	Application, general, business, artificial intelligence, education, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Concurrent, declarative	Yes 1998, ANSI
SNOBOL	Text processing	No	No	No	No	No	No		Un­known
Standard ML	Application	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No		Yes 1997, SML '97
Swift	Application, general	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Concurrent, declarative, protocol-oriented	No
Tcl	Application, scripting, web	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes		No
V (Vlang)	Application, general, system, game, web, server-side	Yes	Can be viewed as	Can be viewed as	Yes	Yes	Yes	Concurrent	No
Visual Basic	Application, RAD, education, business, general, (Includes VBA), office automation	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	Component-oriented	No
Visual Basic .NET	Application, RAD, education, web, business, general	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Structured, concurrent	No
Visual FoxPro	Application	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	Data-centric, logic	No
Visual Prolog	Application	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	Declarative, logic	No
Wolfram Language	Symbolic language	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Logic, distributed	No
XL		Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	concept programming	No
Xojo	Application, RAD, general, web	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes		No
XPath/XQuery	Databases, data processing, scripting	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	Tree-oriented	Yes 1999 W3C XPath 1, 2010 W3C XQuery 1, 2014 W3C XPath/XQuery 3.0
Zeek	Domain-specific, application	Yes	No	No	No	No	No		No
Zig	Application, general, system	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Concurrent	No
Zsh	Shell, scripting	Yes	No	No	Yes	No	No	Loadable modules	Optionally POSIX.2

Type systems

Main article: Comparison of programming languages by type system

Failsafe I/O and system calls

Most programming languages will print an error message or throw an exception if an input/output operation or other system call (e.g., chmod, kill) fails, unless the programmer has explicitly arranged for different handling of these events. Thus, these languages fail safely in this regard.

Some (mostly older) languages require that programmers explicitly add checks for these kinds of errors. Psychologically, different cognitive biases (e.g., optimism bias) may affect novices and experts alike and lead them to skip these checks. This can lead to erroneous behavior.

Failsafe I/O is a feature of 1C:Enterprise, Ada (exceptions), ALGOL (exceptions or return value depending on function), Ballerina, C#, Common Lisp ("conditions and restarts" system), Curry, D (throwing on failure), Erlang, Fortran, Go (unless result explicitly ignored), Gosu, Harbour, Haskell, ISLISP, Java, Julia, Kotlin, LabVIEW, Mathematica, Objective-C (exceptions), OCaml (exceptions), OpenLisp, PHP, Python, Raku, Rebol, Rexx (with optional signal on... trap handling), Ring, Ruby, Rust (unless result explicitly ignored), Scala, Smalltalk, Standard ML , Swift ≥ 2.0 (exceptions), Tcl, Visual Basic, Visual Basic .NET, Visual Prolog, Wolfram Language, Xojo, XPath/XQuery (exceptions), and Zeek.

No Failsafe I/O: AutoHotkey (global ErrorLevel must be explicitly checked), C, COBOL, Eiffel (it actually depends on the library and it is not defined by the language), GLBasic (will generally cause program to crash), RPG, Lua (some functions do not warn or throw exceptions), and Perl.

Some I/O checking is built in C++ (STL iostreams throw on failure but C APIs like stdio or POSIX do not) and Object Pascal, in Bash it is optional.

Expressiveness

Language	Statements ratio	Lines ratio
C	1	1
C++	2.5	1
Fortran	2	0.8
Java	2.5	1.5
Perl	6	6
Smalltalk	6	6.25
Python	6	6.5

The literature on programming languages contains an abundance of informal claims about their relative expressive power, but there is no framework for formalizing such statements nor for deriving interesting consequences. This table provides two measures of expressiveness from two different sources. An additional measure of expressiveness, in GZip bytes, can be found on the Computer Language Benchmarks Game.

Benchmarks

Benchmarks are designed to mimic a particular type of workload on a component or system. The computer programs used for compiling some of the benchmark data in this section may not have been fully optimized, and the relevance of the data is disputed. The most accurate benchmarks are those that are customized to your particular situation. Other people's benchmark data may have some value to others, but proper interpretation brings many challenges. The Computer Language Benchmarks Game site warns against over-generalizing from benchmark data, but contains a large number of micro-benchmarks of reader-contributed code snippets, with an interface that generates various charts and tables comparing specific programming languages and types of tests.

Timeline of specific language comparisons

• 1974 – Comparative Notes on Algol 68 and PL/I – S. H. Valentine – November 1974
• 1976 – Evaluation of ALGOL 68, JOVIAL J3B, Pascal, Simula 67, and TACPOL Versus TINMAN – Requirements for a Common High Order Programming Language.
• 1977 – A comparison of PASCAL and ALGOL 68 – Andrew S. Tanenbaum – June 1977.
• 1993 – Five Little Languages and How They Grew – BLISS, Pascal, ALGOL 68, BCPL & C – Dennis M. Ritchie – April 1993.
• 2009 – On Go – oh, go on – How well will Google's Go stand up against Brand X programming language? – David Given – November 2009

See also

To display all pages, subcategories and images click on the "►":

Lists of programming languages (18 P) List of programming languages List of programming languages by type Lists of programming languages List of programming languages for artificial intelligence List of audio programming languages List of BASIC dialects List of C-family programming languages List of CLI languages List of concurrent and parallel programming languages List of educational programming languages Generational list of programming languages List of JVM languages List of Lisp-family programming languages Non-English-based programming languages List of object-oriented programming languages List of reflective programming languages and platforms Timeline of programming languages Unisys MCP programming languages

• Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)
• Comparison of programming languages (syntax)
• Comparison of integrated development environments
• Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages
• TIOBE index

References

1. As of May 2006 Diarmuid Pigott's Encyclopedia of Computer Languages Archived 2011-02-20 at the Wayback Machine hosted at Murdoch University, Australia lists 8512 computer languages.
2. Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, 3.9 Tagged Types and Type Extensions
3. Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 6: Subprograms
4. Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 12: Generic Units
5. Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3, Section 9: Tasks and Synchronization
6. Ada Reference Manual, ISO/IEC 8652:2005(E) Ed. 3 Annex E: Distributed Systems
7. "Vak.ru" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-30. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
8. ISO 1538:1984
9. "Vak.ru" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2008-08-09.
10. IEEE 694-1985
11. Objects - Definition & Usage
12. "Ballerina Language Specification" (PDF). WSO2. 2018-05-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-05-04. Retrieved 2018-05-03.
13. ^ POSIX.2, Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.)
14. JSR 274
15. bell-labs.com
16. ANSI C89, ISO/IEC 9899:1990, 1999, 2011, 2018
17. ISO/IEC 14882:1998, 2003, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2020
18. Codeproject.com: Functional Programming in C# 3.0 using Lambda Expression
19. ECMA-334; ISO/IEC 23270:2006
20. Softvelocity.com
21. "Crystal". GitHub. 2 November 2021.
22. "Crystal Generics". crystal-lang.org. 13 April 2024.
23. "Concurrency - Crystal". crystal-lang.org. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
24. Basic Eiffel language mechanisms
25. Closure (computer programming)
26. ECMA-367; ISO/IEC 25436:2006
27. The Go Programming Language (FAQ)
28. JSR 241
29. "The Haskell 2010 Language Report". Retrieved 2011-12-07. Most Haskell implementations extend the Haskell 2010 standard.
30. "M8 is out!". 2 July 2014. As a first peek into the future reflective capabilities of Kotlin, you can now access properties as first-class objects in Kotlin
31. Halcyon (Inworldz) and Open Sims propose compatible implementations with additional functions.
32. Lua does not have explicit "object" type (more general type of "table" is used for object definition), but does have explicit syntax for object method calling
33. Version releases are accompanied with a definitive Lua Reference Manual showing full syntax and semantics; a reference implementation, and a test suite. These are used to generate other Lua VM implementations and compilers such as Kahlua and LLVM-Lua.
34. ISO/IEC 10514-1:1996
35. ISO 7185
36. PHP Manual, Chapter 19. Classes and Objects (PHP 5),
37. PHP Manual, Chapter 17. Functions
38. "PostScript Language Reference Manual" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-18. Retrieved 2017-02-18.
39. Is Rust an Object-Oriented Programming Language?
40. Klabnik, Steve; Nichols, Carol. "Macros". The Rust Programming Language.
41. RRS, RRS, RRS, RRS, RRS Small Edition
42. RRS, RRS, RRS
43. SMLNJ.org
44. "STD.stdio - D Programming Language".
45. Scala runs on the Java Virtual Machine from which it inherits the runtime exception handling.
46. ^ gcc can warn on unchecked errno. Newer versions of Visual Studio usually throw exceptions on failed I/O when using stdio.
47. Considerable error checking can be enabled optionally, but by default Perl is not failsafe.
48. set -e enables termination if any unchecked exit status is nonzero.
49. Data from McConnell, Steve (30 November 2009). Code Complete. Microsoft Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780735636972. The Statements ratio column "shows typical ratios of source statements in several high-level languages to the equivalent code in C. A higher ratio means that each line of code in the language listed accomplishes more than does each line of code in C.
50. The ratio of line count tests won by each language to the number won by C when using the Compare to feature at McLoone, Jon (November 14, 2012). "Code Length Measured in 14 Languages". Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. C gcc was used for C, C++ g++ was used for C++, FORTRAN G95 was used for FORTRAN, Java JDK Server was used for Java, and Smalltalk GST was used for Smalltalk.
51. Felleisen, Matthias. On the Expressive Power of Programming Languages. ESOP '90 3rd European Symposium on Programming. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.51.4656.
52. "How programs are measured". Computer Language Benchmarks Game. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
53. Mandelbrot, Benoit B. (1982). The fractal geometry of nature (Revised ed.). San Francisco. ISBN 0-7167-1186-9. OCLC 7876824.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
54. "Mandelbrot". Computer Language Benchmarks Game. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
55. "The Ultimate Benchmark". The Computer Language Benchmarks Game. Retrieved 2018-05-29.
56. Valentine, S. H. (November 1974). "Comparative Notes on Algol 68 and PL/I". The Computer Journal. 17 (4): 325–331. doi:10.1093/comjnl/17.4.325.
57. "Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam" (PDF).

Further reading

• Cezzar, Ruknet (1995). A Guide to Programming Languages: Overview and Comparison. Artech House. ISBN 978-0-89006-812-0.

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