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{{Short description|Former Armenian monastery in Iran}}
{{about|an Armenian monastery in Iran|the church in Armenia|St. Thaddeus Church, Ddmashen}} {{about|an Armenian monastery in Iran|the church in Armenia|St. Thaddeus Church, Ddmashen}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| WHS = The Armenian Monastic Ensemble in Iran | WHS = Monastery of Saint Thaddeus<br>{{nobold|Սուրբ Թադեոս վանք}}
| Image = ] | image = Northwestthaddes.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| State Party = ] ]
| Type = Cultural | caption =
| official_name = <!-- leave empty unless the official WHS name is different from the title of the infobox -->
| Criteria = ii, iii, vi
| location = ], ], ]
| ID = 1262
| Region = ] | part_of = ]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii), (vi)}}(ii), (iii), (vi)
| Year = 2008
| Session = 32rd | ID = 1262
| coordinates = {{coord|39|5|32|N|44|32|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1262
| year = 2008
| area = {{convert|40|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone = {{convert|311|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| locmapin = Iran
| map_caption =
}} }}


The '''Saint Thaddeus Monastery''' ({{Lang-hy|Սուրբ Թադէոսի վանք }} - ''Sourb Tadeos Vank''; ] and {{lang-fa|قره‌ کلیسا}} or ''Kara Kilise'', literally "The Black Church") is an ancient ] monastery located in the mountainous area of ]'s ], about 20 kilometers from the town of Maku.<ref></ref><ref>Jude: A Pilgrimage to the Saint of Last Resort By Liz Trotta</ref> The '''Monastery of Saint Thaddeus''' ({{Langx|hy|Սուրբ Թադէոսի վանք}}, ''Surb Tadeosi vank''; {{langx|fa|کلیسای تادئوس مقدس}}, ''Kelisā-ye Tādeus moghadas'') The "Holy Tadeosi Cathedral " is an ancient ] monastery in the mountainous area of ], in Iranian West Azerbaijan. It is believed to be ].


Also known as '''Kare Kilisa''' (the "Stone made Church")<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuNpj2UcuFMC&q=Ghara+Kelisa&pg=PA157|title=The Many Faces of Iran|isbn=9782867701535|last1=Korbendau|first1=Yves|last2=Parker|first2=Claire|last3=McElhearn|first3=Kirk|date=2008 |publisher=ACR Editions |location=Paris}}</ref> (Kare in Armenian translates to "stone," and Kelisa is the Persian word for "church"), this historic site is located approximately 20 kilometers from the town of ] in Iran, in the region historically referred to as Ancient Armenia in the East.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/iaa_architecture/thaddeus.htm |title=St Thaddeus Monastery |website=Index of Armenian Art: Armenian Architecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610193536/http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/iaa_architecture/thaddeus.htm |archive-date=2010-06-10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Jude: A Pilgrimage to the Saint of Last Resort |first=Liz |last=Trotta |isbn=9780060682743 |date=1998 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=San Francisco}}</ref> The monastery and its distinctive Armenian ]s are visible from long distances.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armenica.org/cgi-bin/armenica.cgi?552636107118755=2=ba=1====baz0010===|title=Thadeus Monastery|website=Armenica.org}}</ref>
The monastery is visible from a distance because of the massiveness of the church, strongly characterized by the polygonal drums and conical roofs of its two domes. There are several chapels nearby: three on the hills east of the stream, one approximately 3km south of the monastery on the road to Bastam, and another that serves as the church for the village of Ghara-Kilise.<ref></ref>


The Monastery is site of the Pilgrimage of St. Thaddeus which in 2020 was added by ] to its list of ].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/pilgrimage-to-the-st-thaddeus-apostle-monastery-01571|title = UNESCO - Pilgrimage to the St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery}}</ref>
==History and architecture==
One of the 12 ], ], also known as Saint Jude, (not to be confused with ]), was martyred while spreading the Gospel. He is revered as an apostle of the ]. Legend has it that a church dedicated to him was first built on the present site in AD 68. {{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}


== History and architecture ==
Not much appears to remain of the original church, which was extensively rebuilt in 1329 after an earthquake damaged the structure in 1319. Nevertheless, some of the parts surrounding the altar ] date from the 10th century.
]
According to the tradition of the ], ], also known as Saint Jude, evangelized the region of Armenia and Persia.<ref name="McB">{{cite book |last=McBirnie |first=William Steuart |title=The Search For the Twelve Apostles |publisher=Tyndale Momentum |location=Wheaton Ill. |date=1973 |pages=154–157 |isbn=9780842358392 }}</ref> According to Moses of Khorenatsi, an Armenian historian writing in the 5th century, Thaddeus suffered martyrdom in Armenia under King ],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Executive Summary: The Armenian Monastic Ensembles in Iranian Azarbayjan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1262.pdf |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=UNESCO}}</ref> and is revered as an ] of the Armenian Church.<ref name="McB"/> Legend has it that a church dedicated to him was first built on the present site, also the site of his tomb, in AD 66,<ref name="UNESCO1262">, ], 2007</ref> with another source placing the foundation in AD 239 by ]<ref name=":0" /> Another tradition states that Thaddeus built a monastery at the site for his followers, who buried him there upon his death. The exact date of construction is unknown.<ref name=":0" />


The monastery was damaged in 1231, during the ] invasion of Armenia, and the Persian Empire, and again in 1242.<ref name=":0" />
Most of the present structure dates from the early 19th century when ] prince ] helped in renovations and repairs. The 19th century additions are from carved sandstone. The earliest parts are of black and white stone, hence its Turkic name ''Kara Kilise'', the ''Black Church''.


Little remains of the monastery's original structure, as it was extensively rebuilt after an earthquake damaged it in 1319, during which 75 monks died.<ref name=":0" /> Nevertheless, some of the parts surrounding the altar ] date from the 7th century.
A fortified wall surrounds the church and its now-abandoned monastery buildings.


Much of the present structure dates from 1811,<ref name="Don"/> when the ] prince ] aided renovations and repairs. Simeon, Father Superior of the monastery, added a large narthex-like real Armenian architecture, west extension to the church.
In July 2008, the St. Thaddeus monastery was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List, along with two other Armenian monuments located in the same province: ] and the chapel of Dzordzor.


The west extension duplicates the design of ], the mother church of the ].<ref name="Don">{{cite book |author1=] |author2= ] |title=Armenian Art |location=New York |publisher=Harry N Abrams |date=1989 |page=308 |isbn=978-0810906259}}</ref> The 19th century additions were constructed from ashlar Ashlar masonry stone. The earliest sections are black and white stone.
==Gallery==
<center>
<gallery align="center">
Image:Map of Qara Kelisa.gif|Regional map showing the location of the monastery
Image:Qareh kelissa.jpg|A closeup view of the compound
Image:Detail croix qara kelisa iran.jpg|Details of craftsmanship
Image:Armenian_Monastery_of_Saint_Thaddeus__-_closeup.jpg|Another detail view
Image:Qara kelisa iran.jpg|View of masonry
Image:Interieur qara kelisa iran.jpg|Interior view
File:Saint Thaddeus Monastery By Amir.jpg
</gallery>
</center>


In July 2008, the Monastery of Saint Thaddeus was added to ]'s World Heritage List, along with two other Armenian monuments in the same province: the ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1262/ |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>
]
]


==Notable details== == Notable details ==
===Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew=== === Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew ===
According to Armenian Church tradition, the Apostles ] and ] traveled through Armenia in AD 45 to preach the word of God; many people were converted and numerous secret Christian communities were established there. According to Armenian Church tradition, the Apostles ] and ] traveled through Armenia in AD 45 to preach the word of God, where many people were converted and numerous secret Christian communities were established.


The ancient Christian historian ] tell the following story, considered a legend by most modern historiography.<ref name="Wilmshurst2011">{{cite book|author=David Wilmshurst|title=The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ|accessdate=12 June 2012|year=2011|publisher=East & West Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-907318-04-7|pages=7–9}}</ref> Thaddeus converted King ] of Edessa. After his death, the Armenian kingdom was split into two parts. His son Ananun crowned himself in ], while his nephew ] ruled in ]. About AD 66, Ananun gave the order to kill St. Thaddeus in Edessa. The king's daughter Sandokht, who had converted to Christianity, was martyred with Thaddeus. Her tomb is said to be located near the ''Ghara Kelisa''. The ancient Christian historian ] told the following story, considered a legend by most modern historiographers.<ref name="Wilmshurst2011">{{cite book|first=David |last=Wilmshurst|title=The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfxNtwAACAAJ|year=2011|publisher=East & West Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-907318-04-7|pages=7–9}}</ref>
Thaddeus converted King ] of Edessa. After his death, the Armenian kingdom was split into two parts. His son Ananun crowned himself in ], while his nephew ] ruled in ]. About AD 66, Ananun gave the order to kill Saint Thaddeus in Edessa. The king's daughter Sandokht, who had converted to Christianity, was martyred with Thaddeus. Her tomb is said to be located near the monastery.


==Services== === Events ===
The annual ceremony and pilgrimage in the St. Thaddeus Monastery was held 14–16 July 2016. It was held by the ]. In December 2020, ] added the pilgrimage to its list of ].<ref name="auto"/>
It only has one service a year, on the Day of St. Thaddeus (near July first), which is attended by Armenian pilgrims from all over Iran and other countries.


== References == == Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
{{reflist}}
Qareh kelissa.jpg|The compound
Ghara kilisa(2).jpg
Armenian Monastery of Saint Thaddeus - closeup.jpg|The monastery
Qara kelisa iran.jpg|Another view of the monastery
Eastern facade detail of the opening.jpg
Closer view of the domes.jpg
Facade detail 22.jpg
Gara Kelisa 17.jpg
Gara Kelisa 18.jpg
Bell tower and northern facade.jpg
Bell tower and western facade.jpg
Bell tower from north.jpg
Detail of northern apse.jpg
Gara Kelisa 8.jpg
Detail of the south east column of the bell tower.jpg
Detail of the south west column of bell tower.jpg
Detail st michel qara kelisa iran.jpg
Facade detail 07.jpg
Facade detail 11.jpg
Monastery of Saint Thaddeus 13.jpg
Facade detail 19.jpg
Detail croix qara kelisa iran.jpg|Details of craftsmanship
25005251 196656597558717 9211796447157026816 n 05.jpg
Gara Kelisa 10.jpg
Gara Kelisa 13.jpg
Gara Kelisa 12.jpg
Gara Kelisa 11.jpg
9080339-HDR.jpg
Interieur qara kelisa iran.jpg|Interior view
9080314-HDR-2.jpg

File:Armenian Monastery of Saint Thaddeus - panorama.jpg|Panoramic view from the outside
</gallery>


== See also == == See also ==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]
* ]


== References ==
=== Nearby medieval Armenian monasteries in Vaspurakan ===
{{reflist}}
*], a 13th century Armenian monastery (about 110 km south-southwest in Turkey) that was built at the site of the martyrdom of Saint Bartholomew, another Armenian patron saint
*], an Armenian monastery about 82 km west in the ] valley


==External links== == External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{commons}}
* *
* *
* * {{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* *
* Hamid-Rezā Hosseini, ''Sound of the Ancient Bell'' (''Avā-ye Nāghus-e Kohan'' - آواى ناقوس کهن), in Persian, Jadid Online, October 31, 2008, .<br /> A shorter English version: ''Iran's World Heritage Monastery'', Jadid Online, December 25, 2008: .<br />Slide show (with English subtitles): (5 min 41 sec). * Hamid-Rezā Hosseini, ''Sound of the Ancient Bell'', in Persian, Jadid Online, October 31, 2008, <br /> A shorter English version: ''Iran's World Heritage Monastery'', Jadid Online, December 25, 2008: <br />Slide show (with English subtitles): (5 min 41 sec)
{{Coord|39|05|32|N|44|32|40|E|display=title|source:nlwiki}}


{{Armenian Churches}} {{Armenian Churches}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Iran}} {{World Heritage Sites in Iran}}
{{West Azarbaijan Province}} {{West Azarbaijan Province}}
{{Portalbar|Iran}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 10:55, 20 December 2024

Former Armenian monastery in Iran This article is about an Armenian monastery in Iran. For the church in Armenia, see St. Thaddeus Church, Ddmashen.
Monastery of Saint Thaddeus
Սուրբ Թադեոս վանք
UNESCO World Heritage Site
LocationQareh Kelisa, Chaldoran County, Iran
Part ofArmenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran
CriteriaCultural: (ii), (iii), (vi)
Reference1262
Inscription2008 (32nd Session)
Area40 ha (0.15 sq mi)
Buffer zone311 ha (1.20 sq mi)
Coordinates39°5′32″N 44°32′40″E / 39.09222°N 44.54444°E / 39.09222; 44.54444
Monastery of Saint Thaddeus is located in IranMonastery of Saint ThaddeusLocation of Monastery of Saint Thaddeus in Iran

The Monastery of Saint Thaddeus (Armenian: Սուրբ Թադէոսի վանք, Surb Tadeosi vank; Persian: کلیسای تادئوس مقدس, Kelisā-ye Tādeus moghadas) The "Holy Tadeosi Cathedral " is an ancient Armenian monastery in the mountainous area of West Iran, in Iranian West Azerbaijan. It is believed to be one of the oldest church buildings in the world.

Also known as Kare Kilisa (the "Stone made Church") (Kare in Armenian translates to "stone," and Kelisa is the Persian word for "church"), this historic site is located approximately 20 kilometers from the town of Chaldiran in Iran, in the region historically referred to as Ancient Armenia in the East. The monastery and its distinctive Armenian conical roofs are visible from long distances.

The Monastery is site of the Pilgrimage of St. Thaddeus which in 2020 was added by UNESCO to its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

History and architecture

Regional map showing the location of the Monastery of Saint Thaddeus

According to the tradition of the Armenian Apostolic Church, Saint Thaddeus, also known as Saint Jude, evangelized the region of Armenia and Persia. According to Moses of Khorenatsi, an Armenian historian writing in the 5th century, Thaddeus suffered martyrdom in Armenia under King Sanatruk, and is revered as an apostle of the Armenian Church. Legend has it that a church dedicated to him was first built on the present site, also the site of his tomb, in AD 66, with another source placing the foundation in AD 239 by St. Gregory the Illuminator. Another tradition states that Thaddeus built a monastery at the site for his followers, who buried him there upon his death. The exact date of construction is unknown.

The monastery was damaged in 1231, during the Mongol invasion of Armenia, and the Persian Empire, and again in 1242.

Little remains of the monastery's original structure, as it was extensively rebuilt after an earthquake damaged it in 1319, during which 75 monks died. Nevertheless, some of the parts surrounding the altar apse date from the 7th century.

Much of the present structure dates from 1811, when the Qajar prince Abbas Mirza aided renovations and repairs. Simeon, Father Superior of the monastery, added a large narthex-like real Armenian architecture, west extension to the church.

The west extension duplicates the design of Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the mother church of the Armenian Apostolic Church. The 19th century additions were constructed from ashlar Ashlar masonry stone. The earliest sections are black and white stone.

In July 2008, the Monastery of Saint Thaddeus was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List, along with two other Armenian monuments in the same province: the Monastery of Saint Stepanos and the Chapel of Dzordzor.

Chapel of Zachary, close to the monastery

Notable details

Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew

According to Armenian Church tradition, the Apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew traveled through Armenia in AD 45 to preach the word of God, where many people were converted and numerous secret Christian communities were established.

The ancient Christian historian Moses of Khorene told the following story, considered a legend by most modern historiographers. Thaddeus converted King Abgar V of Edessa. After his death, the Armenian kingdom was split into two parts. His son Ananun crowned himself in Edessa, while his nephew Sanatruk ruled in Armenia. About AD 66, Ananun gave the order to kill Saint Thaddeus in Edessa. The king's daughter Sandokht, who had converted to Christianity, was martyred with Thaddeus. Her tomb is said to be located near the monastery.

Events

The annual ceremony and pilgrimage in the St. Thaddeus Monastery was held 14–16 July 2016. It was held by the Armenian Diocese of Atrpatakan. In December 2020, UNESCO added the pilgrimage to its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.

Gallery

  • The compound The compound
  • The monastery The monastery
  • Another view of the monastery Another view of the monastery
  • Details of craftsmanship Details of craftsmanship
  • Interior view Interior view
  • Panoramic view from the outside Panoramic view from the outside

See also

References

  1. Korbendau, Yves; Parker, Claire; McElhearn, Kirk (2008). The Many Faces of Iran. Paris: ACR Editions. ISBN 9782867701535.
  2. "St Thaddeus Monastery". Index of Armenian Art: Armenian Architecture. Archived from the original on 2010-06-10.
  3. Trotta, Liz (1998). Jude: A Pilgrimage to the Saint of Last Resort. San Francisco: Harper Collins. ISBN 9780060682743.
  4. "Thadeus Monastery". Armenica.org.
  5. ^ "UNESCO - Pilgrimage to the St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery".
  6. ^ McBirnie, William Steuart (1973). The Search For the Twelve Apostles. Wheaton Ill.: Tyndale Momentum. pp. 154–157. ISBN 9780842358392.
  7. ^ "Executive Summary: The Armenian Monastic Ensembles in Iranian Azarbayjan" (PDF). UNESCO. 2007. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  8. The Armenian Monastic Ensembles in Iranian Azarbayjan, UNESCO, 2007
  9. ^ Patrick Donabédian; Jean-Michel Thierry (1989). Armenian Art. New York: Harry N Abrams. p. 308. ISBN 978-0810906259.
  10. Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  11. Wilmshurst, David (2011). The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East. East & West Publishing Limited. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-1-907318-04-7.

External links

Media related to Saint Thaddeus Monastery at Wikimedia Commons

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