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{{short description|Argentine explorer}}
{{for multi|the bishop|Francisco Moreno (bishop)|the Spanish racing cyclist|Francisco Moreno Martínez|the Filipino actor and politician|Isko Moreno}}
{{Infobox person {{Infobox person
| name = | name =
| image = FranciscoMoreno.jpg | image = FranciscoMoreno.jpg
| alt = Francisco P. Moreno | alt = Francisco P. Moreno
| caption = Francisco P. Moreno | caption = Francisco P. Moreno
| birth_name = Francisco Pascasio Moreno | birth_name = Francisco Pascasio Moreno
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1852|05|31}} | birth_date = {{Birth date|1852|05|31}}
| birth_place = ] | birth_place = ], Argentina
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1919|11|22|1852|05|31}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|1919|11|22|1852|05|31}}
| death_place = ] | death_place = ], Argentina
⚫ | other_names =
| nationality = ]
⚫ | other_names =
| known_for = Exploration of the ] | known_for = Exploration of the ]
| awards = ] {{small|(1907)}}<br />] {{small|(1909)}}
| occupation = | occupation =
}} }}
'''Francisco Pascasio Moreno''' (May 31, 1852–November 22, 1919) was a prominent explorer and academic in ], where he is usually referred to as '''''Perito'' Moreno''' (''perito'' means "specialist, expert"). Perito Moreno has been credited as one of the most influential figures in the Argentine incorporation of large parts of Patagonia. '''Francisco Pascasio Moreno''' (May 31, 1852 – November 22, 1919) was a prominent explorer and academic in ], where he is usually referred to as '''''Perito'' Moreno''' (''perito'' means "specialist, expert"). Perito Moreno has been credited as one of the most influential figures in the Argentine incorporation of large parts of ] and its subsequent development.


==Life and work== ==Life and work==
Moreno was born to Francisco and Juana Thwaites Madero in ]. Raised in a traditional patrician family, he studied in local ]s. He shared his spare time with his father searching for artifacts and fossils, and at age 14, created a homemade museum of his extensive collections. Moreno was born to Francisco and Juana Thwaites Madero in ]. Raised in a traditional patrician family, he studied in local ]s. He shared his spare time with his father searching for artifacts and fossils and, at age 14, created a homemade museum of his extensive collections.


Following graduation in 1872, he participated in the establishment of the ]. He embarked on the first of the series of scientific expeditions that made him well known: a survey of ], largely uncharted territory which had recently been made accessible by the controversial ] campaign. In January 1876, he reached ] in the southern ], and on February 14, 1877, discovered ]. He also explored numerous rivers in ]. On March 2, he discovered and named ], after the commander of the expedition of the '']'' in the 1830s. The native people also called other mountains ''Chalten.' <ref>{{cite book|last=Moreno|first=Francisco|title=Viaje a la Patagonia Austral|year=1879|publisher=La Nacion (Elefante Blanco)|location=Buenos Aires|isbn=ISBN 987-96054-7-0|pages=434}}</ref> Following graduation in 1872, he participated in the founding of the Argentine Scientific Society. He embarked on the first of the series of scientific expeditions that made him well known: a survey of ], largely uncharted country. In January 1876, he reached ] in the southern ], and on February 15, 1877, he discovered and named ]. He also explored numerous rivers in ]. On March 2, he discovered and named ], after the commander of the expedition of {{HMS|Beagle}} in the 1830s. The native people also called it ''Chalten''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Moreno|first=Francisco|title=Viaje a la Patagonia Austral|year=1879|publisher=La Nacion (Elefante Blanco)|location=Buenos Aires|isbn=987-96054-7-0|pages=434}} (in Spanish).</ref>
] offices in ].]] ] offices in ].]]


In 1880, Moreno went to France, where he spoke at a meeting of the Anthropology Society of Paris, discussing two prehistoric skulls he had unearthed in Río Negro territory. He believed one was from the Quaternary period, and the other had ritual deformation in a manner similar to the skulls of the ] people of the Andes and ].
⚫ In 1880, he embarked on a second expedition, to the territory of ]. He was taken prisoner by a ] aboriginal tribe and condemned to death.<ref name=skulls/> He escaped on March 11, one day before the appointed execution. During this period he met the Tehuelche chief, ], who later led a resistance to the government.


⚫ After his return to Argentina, that year he embarked on his second major expedition to the territory of ]. He was taken prisoner by a ] aboriginal tribe and condemned to death.<ref name=skulls/> He escaped on March 11, one day before the appointed execution. During this period he met the Tehuelche chief, ], who was hospitable to him. Later Inacayal led a resistance to the government, not surrendering until 1884.
In 1882–1883 he explored the Andes from ] southward, and in 1884–1885 he made new explorations of the territory south of the ] and of Patagonia.


He was appointed as chief of the Argentine exploring commission of the southern territories, and member of numerous European scientific societies. For his contributions to science, Moreno received a doctorate '']'' from the ] in 1877. In 1882–1883 Moreno explored the Andes from ] southward, and in 1884–1885 he made new explorations of the territory south of the ] and of Patagonia. He was appointed as chief of the Argentine exploring commission of the southern territories, and member of numerous European scientific societies. For his contributions to science, Moreno received a doctorate '']'' from the ] in 1877.


He is also known for his role in defending Argentine interests. He made defining surveys that led to the ]. These surveys and others yielded Moreno a vast collection of archaeological and anthropological data and artifacts, for which he founded a museum in Buenos Aires in 1877.<ref name=skulls>{{cite web|last=Moreno|first=Francisco|title=Two Prehistoric Skulls Brought Back from the Rio Negro|url=http://archive.org/details/TwoPrehistoricSkullsBroughtBackFromTheRioNegro|publisher=Archive.org|accessdate=5 May 2012}}</ref> The institution was incorporated in 1888 into the ], the most important of its kind in South America. His collection of artifacts helped establish Argentine history, and the government's claim to its territory. Through these scientific and cultural collections, Moreno contributed to the national mythology.<ref>, ''e-mispherica'' 7.1, Hemispheric Institute, accessed 14 October 2013</ref> Moreno served as its first Director, until 1906. He is also known for his role in defending Argentine interests. He made defining surveys that led to the ]. In honor to this contribution, the Argentinian glacier ], was named after him. These surveys and others yielded Moreno a vast collection of archaeological and anthropological data and artifacts, for which he founded an anthropological museum in Buenos Aires in 1877.<ref name=skulls>{{cite web |last=Moreno |first=Francisco |title= Two Prehistoric Skulls Brought Back from the Rio Negro |date= 1880 |url= https://archive.org/details/TwoPrehistoricSkullsBroughtBackFromTheRioNegro |access-date= 5 May 2012}}</ref>


===Museum director and ''perito''===
⚫ In 1902 Moreno was appointed ''Perito'' (a technical specialist or expert, in which capacity he disproved Chilean claims to the ] in the Southern Cone. Moreno proved that many ]n lakes draining to the ] were part of the ] basin, but had been ] during the ] ]s, changing their outlets to the west.
In 1888, he founded the ], the most important of its kind in South America. The scholar Jens Andermann has studied how Moreno's collection of artifacts at these two museums helped establish Argentine history, and the government's claim to its territory.<ref name="review"/> Through these scientific and cultural collections, Moreno contributed to the ]ology.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214073611/http://www.hemisphericinstitute.org/hemi/en/e-misferica-71/mcnally-murphy |date=2018-12-14 }}, ''e-mispherica'' 7.1, Hemispheric Institute, accessed 14 October 2013</ref> He brought artifacts and materials in from remote regions to be examined, catalogued and studies at the museum in the capital. Andermann has written that such museums of natural history and anthropology "enabled and justified state control of both the natural resources and ] populations of Argentina."<ref name="review"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014045905/http://www.ahva.ubc.ca/WreckArticlePdfs/7_120208_121212.pdf |date=2015-10-14 }}, ''WRECK'', Volume 2, number 1 (2008), accessed 14 October 2013</ref> They also helped develop the national narratives being shaped. Moreno served as the first Director of Museo de la Plata, guiding it until 1906.


As director of La Plata Museum of Natural History, Moreno sacked ] in 1888, even denying him entry to the museum.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fernicola |first=Juan Carlos |date=2011 |title=''Implicancias del conflicto Ameghino-Moreno sobre la colección de mamíferos fósiles realizada por Carlos Ameghino en su primera exploración al río Santa Cruz, Argentina ''|url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1853-04002011000100005 |journal=Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales |volume=13 |issue=1 |access-date=16 January 2016}} (in Spanish).</ref>
⚫ In 1903, Moreno donated some of the land previously given to him for the creation of the ]. He was appointed Assistant Director of the National Education Council in 1911 and helped secure funding for the ], a landmark primary school built in Buenos Aires on land he sold to Swiss Argentine industrialist Félix Bernasconi. Its archaeological and natural history museums were created in part with his extensive collections of artifacts.


⚫ In 1902 Moreno was appointed ''Perito'' (a technical specialist or expert), in which capacity he disproved Chilean claims to the ] in the Southern Cone. Moreno proved that many ]n lakes draining to the ] were part of the ] basin. During the ] ]s, they had become ], which changed their outlets to drain to the west and Chilean territory.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}
⚫ He established the ], the ] in 1912, and joined former U.S. President ] in a tour of Patagonia. He continued to oversee the ] well after his official retirement.


⚫ In 1903, Moreno donated some of the land previously given to him in order to establish the ]. In a letter dated 3 November 1903 to the Minister of Agriculture Wenceslao Escalante, Moreno justified his donation, among other things, by comparing it with the establishment of national parks in the USA.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaltmeier |first1=Olaf |title=National Parks from North to South. An Entangled History of Conservation and Colonization in Argentina |date=2021 |publisher=WVT, UNO |location=Trier, New Orleans |page=14-17}}</ref> He was appointed assistant director of the National Education Council in 1911 and helped secure funding for the ], a landmark primary school built in Buenos Aires. It was constructed on land Moreno sold to Swiss Argentine industrialist Félix Bernasconi. Its archaeological and natural history museums were created in part with his extensive collections of artifacts.
⚫ In later years Moreno responded to political developments around World War I by joining the reactionary ] shortly before his death in 1919. Moreno was first interred in a ] crypt. In 1944 his remains were transferred and reinterred at Centinela Isle in ].


⚫ He established the ], the ] in 1912, and joined former U.S. President ] in a tour of Patagonia. He continued to oversee the ] well after his official retirement.
⚫ ==References==

{{reflist}}
⚫ In later years Moreno responded to political developments in South America at the time of ] by joining the reactionary ] shortly before his death in 1919. Moreno was first interred in a ] crypt. In 1944 his remains were transferred and reinterred at Centinela Isle in ].
<center>

{|
A species of Argentinian lizard, '']'', is named in his honor.<ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. ("Moreno, F. J. P.", p. 183).</ref>

==Tributes==

On 31 May 2012, Google celebrated Francisco Pascasio Moreno's 160th Birthday with a doodle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=OV Digital |date=2023-05-30 |title=31 May: Remembering Francisco Pascasio Moreno on Birthday |url=https://observervoice.com/31-may-remembering-francisco-pascasio-moreno-on-birthday-24261/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=Observer Voice |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Francisco Pascasio Moreno's 160th Birthday |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/francisco-pascasio-morenos-160th-birthday/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=www.google.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{| style="margin:1em auto;"
|- |-
|valign="top"| |valign="top"|
] ]
|valign="top"| |valign="top"|
] ]
|valign="top"| |valign="top"|
|} |}

</center>
⚫ ==References==
{{Reflist}}


==External links== ==External links==
{{commons category|Francisco Pascasio Moreno}}
⚫ * (Spanish)
* {{Gutenberg author | id=34336| name=Francisco Pascasio Moreno}}
⚫ * (Spanish)
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Francisco Pascasio Moreno}}
*
⚫ * (in Spanish)
⚫ *]] Digitised ''Viaje á la Patagonia austral emprendido bajo los auspicios del gobierno nacional'' 1876-1877
⚫ * (in Spanish)
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204070628/http://gosouthamerica.about.com/library/blArgMoreno.htm |date=2012-02-04 }}
⚫ * Zoologica ] Digitised ''Viaje á la Patagonia austral emprendido bajo los auspicios del gobierno nacional'' 1876-1877

{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
| NAME = Moreno, Francisco
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Explorer
| DATE OF BIRTH = May 31, 1852
| PLACE OF BIRTH = ], Argentina
| DATE OF DEATH = November 22, 1919
| PLACE OF DEATH = ], Argentina
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moreno, Francisco}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moreno, Francisco}}
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 16:23, 26 November 2024

Argentine explorer For the bishop, see Francisco Moreno (bishop). For the Spanish racing cyclist, see Francisco Moreno Martínez. For the Filipino actor and politician, see Isko Moreno.
Francisco Moreno
Francisco P. MorenoFrancisco P. Moreno
BornFrancisco Pascasio Moreno
(1852-05-31)May 31, 1852
Buenos Aires, Argentina
DiedNovember 22, 1919(1919-11-22) (aged 67)
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Known forExploration of the Patagonia
AwardsFounder's Medal (1907)
Cullum Geographical Medal (1909)

Francisco Pascasio Moreno (May 31, 1852 – November 22, 1919) was a prominent explorer and academic in Argentina, where he is usually referred to as Perito Moreno (perito means "specialist, expert"). Perito Moreno has been credited as one of the most influential figures in the Argentine incorporation of large parts of Patagonia and its subsequent development.

Life and work

Moreno was born to Francisco and Juana Thwaites Madero in Buenos Aires. Raised in a traditional patrician family, he studied in local parochial schools. He shared his spare time with his father searching for artifacts and fossils and, at age 14, created a homemade museum of his extensive collections.

Following graduation in 1872, he participated in the founding of the Argentine Scientific Society. He embarked on the first of the series of scientific expeditions that made him well known: a survey of Río Negro Territory, largely uncharted country. In January 1876, he reached Lake Nahuel-Huapi in the southern Andes, and on February 15, 1877, he discovered and named Lake Argentino. He also explored numerous rivers in Patagonia. On March 2, he discovered and named Mount Fitz Roy, after the commander of the expedition of HMS Beagle in the 1830s. The native people also called it Chalten.

Bust of Francisco Moreno, in front of the Los Glaciares National Park offices in El Calafate.

In 1880, Moreno went to France, where he spoke at a meeting of the Anthropology Society of Paris, discussing two prehistoric skulls he had unearthed in Río Negro territory. He believed one was from the Quaternary period, and the other had ritual deformation in a manner similar to the skulls of the Aymara people of the Andes and Altiplano.

After his return to Argentina, that year he embarked on his second major expedition to the territory of Patagonia. He was taken prisoner by a Tehuelche aboriginal tribe and condemned to death. He escaped on March 11, one day before the appointed execution. During this period he met the Tehuelche chief, Inacayal, who was hospitable to him. Later Inacayal led a resistance to the government, not surrendering until 1884.

In 1882–1883 Moreno explored the Andes from Bolivia southward, and in 1884–1885 he made new explorations of the territory south of the Río Negro and of Patagonia. He was appointed as chief of the Argentine exploring commission of the southern territories, and member of numerous European scientific societies. For his contributions to science, Moreno received a doctorate Honoris causa from the National University of Córdoba in 1877.

He is also known for his role in defending Argentine interests. He made defining surveys that led to the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina. In honor to this contribution, the Argentinian glacier Perito Moreno, was named after him. These surveys and others yielded Moreno a vast collection of archaeological and anthropological data and artifacts, for which he founded an anthropological museum in Buenos Aires in 1877.

Museum director and perito

In 1888, he founded the La Plata Museum of Natural History, the most important of its kind in South America. The scholar Jens Andermann has studied how Moreno's collection of artifacts at these two museums helped establish Argentine history, and the government's claim to its territory. Through these scientific and cultural collections, Moreno contributed to the national mythology. He brought artifacts and materials in from remote regions to be examined, catalogued and studies at the museum in the capital. Andermann has written that such museums of natural history and anthropology "enabled and justified state control of both the natural resources and indigenous populations of Argentina." They also helped develop the national narratives being shaped. Moreno served as the first Director of Museo de la Plata, guiding it until 1906.

As director of La Plata Museum of Natural History, Moreno sacked Florentino Ameghino in 1888, even denying him entry to the museum.

In 1902 Moreno was appointed Perito (a technical specialist or expert), in which capacity he disproved Chilean claims to the continental divide in the Southern Cone. Moreno proved that many Patagonian lakes draining to the Pacific Ocean were part of the Atlantic Ocean basin. During the quaternary glaciations, they had become dammed by moraines, which changed their outlets to drain to the west and Chilean territory.

In 1903, Moreno donated some of the land previously given to him in order to establish the Nahuel Huapi National Park. In a letter dated 3 November 1903 to the Minister of Agriculture Wenceslao Escalante, Moreno justified his donation, among other things, by comparing it with the establishment of national parks in the USA. He was appointed assistant director of the National Education Council in 1911 and helped secure funding for the Bernasconi Institute, a landmark primary school built in Buenos Aires. It was constructed on land Moreno sold to Swiss Argentine industrialist Félix Bernasconi. Its archaeological and natural history museums were created in part with his extensive collections of artifacts.

He established the Scouting and Guiding in Argentina, the Argentine Boy Scouts Association in 1912, and joined former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in a tour of Patagonia. He continued to oversee the La Plata Museum well after his official retirement.

In later years Moreno responded to political developments in South America at the time of World War I by joining the reactionary Argentine Patriotic League shortly before his death in 1919. Moreno was first interred in a La Recoleta Cemetery crypt. In 1944 his remains were transferred and reinterred at Centinela Isle in Lake Nahuel Huapi.

A species of Argentinian lizard, Liolaemus morenoi, is named in his honor.

Tributes

On 31 May 2012, Google celebrated Francisco Pascasio Moreno's 160th Birthday with a doodle.

Gallery

Moreno's office at the La Plata Museum, his last post
Moreno's resting place on Centinela Isle

References

  1. Moreno, Francisco (1879). Viaje a la Patagonia Austral. Buenos Aires: La Nacion (Elefante Blanco). p. 434. ISBN 987-96054-7-0. (in Spanish).
  2. ^ Moreno, Francisco (1880). "Two Prehistoric Skulls Brought Back from the Rio Negro". Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  3. ^ Adrienne Fast, Review: The Optic of the State: Visuality and Power in Argentina and Brazil by Jens Andermann" Archived 2015-10-14 at the Wayback Machine, WRECK, Volume 2, number 1 (2008), accessed 14 October 2013
  4. Kaitlin McNally-Murphy, "Review: The Optic of the State: Visuality and Power in Argentina and Brazil by Jens Andermann" Archived 2018-12-14 at the Wayback Machine, e-mispherica 7.1, Hemispheric Institute, accessed 14 October 2013
  5. Fernicola, Juan Carlos (2011). "Implicancias del conflicto Ameghino-Moreno sobre la colección de mamíferos fósiles realizada por Carlos Ameghino en su primera exploración al río Santa Cruz, Argentina ". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. 13 (1). Retrieved 16 January 2016. (in Spanish).
  6. Kaltmeier, Olaf (2021). National Parks from North to South. An Entangled History of Conservation and Colonization in Argentina. Trier, New Orleans: WVT, UNO. p. 14-17.
  7. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Moreno, F. J. P.", p. 183).
  8. Desk, OV Digital (2023-05-30). "31 May: Remembering Francisco Pascasio Moreno on Birthday". Observer Voice. Retrieved 2023-05-30. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  9. "Francisco Pascasio Moreno's 160th Birthday". www.google.com. Retrieved 2023-05-30.

External links

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