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{{Short description|1419 Joseon invasion of Tsushima}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2023}}
{{infobox military conflict {{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Ōei Invasion | conflict = Ōei Invasion
| partof = | partof =
| image = | image =
| caption = | caption =
| date = June 20, 1419 - July 3, 1419 | date = June 20, 1419 July 3, 1419<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=20|year1=1419|month2=07|day2=03|year2=1419}})
| place = ], ] | place = ], Japan
| result = Inconclusive
| result=Korean withdrawal<ref>] August 16, 1419 "Made to take the responsibility of this defeat, 박실(朴實) was dismissed."</ref>
| combatant1 =
| combatant1=]], ]
] pirates<br/> ] ]
| combatant2=]]
| combatant2 = ] ]
| commander1=]
| commander1 = ]{{ill|Sō Sadamori|ja|宗貞盛}}{{Citation needed |date=April 2024}}
| commander2=]<br/>]
| commander2 = {{ill|Yu Jeong-hyeon|ko|유정현}}<br/>]<br/>Park Sil<br/>Yi Sun-mong<br/>Kim Hyo-sung
| strength1=600
| strength1 = 600{{Citation needed |date=July 2019}}
| strength2=17,885
| strength2 = 17,285<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Daemado expedition"> {{in lang|ko}}</ref>
| casualties1=20<ref name="sejong5"> "今戰死者, 倭 人二十餘名, 朝鮮 人百餘名也。"</ref>
200 ships
| casualties2=180 dead<ref name="SejongJuly10">"朝鮮世宗實錄4卷1年7月10日" ] Vol.4 July 10 "柳廷顯更啓: “對馬島戰亡者, 百八十人。”"</ref>
| casualties1 = '''Korean records:'''<ref name=":0" /><ref></ref><ref></ref><br/>
|}}
129 ships<br/>
{{Infobox East Asian
1,939 destroyed homes
|title=Korean campaign against Tsushima
114 dead (executed)<br/>
|hangul=기해동정
21 captured<br/>
|hanja=己亥東征
'''Japanese records:'''
|rr=Gihae Dongjeong
123 dead<ref name = "ennippon"/><br/>
|mr=Kihae Tongjŏng
| casualties2 = '''Korean records:'''<br/>
|koreantext={{Lang-en|Gihae Eastern Expedition}}
Over a hundred<ref name=":0" /><ref name="records2906"/><br/>
|hangul2=대마도 정벌
180 dead<ref name="records1007"/><br/>
|hanja2=對馬島征伐
'''Japanese records:'''
|rr2=Daemado Jeongbeol
2,500–3,700 dead<ref name = "ennippon"/><ref name = "rekihaku"/>
|mr2=Taemato Chŏngbŏl
|kanji=応永の外寇
|hepburn=Ōei no gaikō
}} }}
The {{nihongo|'''Ōei Invasion'''|応永の外寇|Ōei no gaikō}}, known as the '''Gihae Eastern Expedition''' (기해 동정) in Korea, was the 1419 military expedition from ] against ] bases on ], which is located in the middle of the ] between the ] and ].<ref name="nussbaum735">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Ōei no Gaikō''" in n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' .</ref>


{{Infobox Chinese
The Japanese identifying phrase derives from the '']'' era (1394&ndash;1428), which is the ] ('']'') of the calendar system then in use in Japan.<ref> .</ref> The corollary Korean identifying title derives from ''Gihae'' in the Chinese ] of the calendar system then in use in Joseon. In both, the terms are explicit equivalents for the Gregorian calendar year of 1419.
| title = Korean campaign against Tsushima
| kanji = 応永の外寇
| revhep = Ōei no gaikō
| hangul = 제3차 대마도 정벌
| hanja = 第三次對馬島征伐
| rr = Jesamcha Daemado Jeongbeol
| hangul2 = 기해동정
| hanja2 = 己亥東征
| rr2 = Gihae Dongjeong
| ibox-order = ja, ko1, ko4, ko3}}
The {{nihongo|'''Ōei Invasion'''|応永の外寇|Ōei no gaikō}}, also known as the '''Gihae Expedition''' ({{Korean|hangul=기해동정|hanja=己亥東征|rr=Gihae dongjeong}}),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tan |first=Isaac C.K. |date=2021-02-28 |title=Beyond Frontiers and Borderlands: A Reexamination of Tsushima's/Taema-Do's Geopolitical Position in Fifteenth Century East Asia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22372/ijkh.2021.26.1.67 |journal=International Journal of Korean History |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=67–116 |doi=10.22372/ijkh.2021.26.1.67 |s2cid=233841742 |issn=1598-2041|doi-access=free }}</ref> was a 1419 Joseon invasion of ], which is located in the middle of the ] between the ] and ].<ref name="nussbaum735">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "''Ōei no Gaikō''" in ; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, ''see'' {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120524174828/http://dispatch.opac.ddb.de/DB=4.1/PPN?PPN=128842709 |date=2012-05-24 }}</ref>


The third and largest suppression of Tsushima (對馬島 征伐) took place in 1419 (first year of the reign of Sejong), named after the zodiac of that year. It was preceded by the first suppression that took place in February 1389 and the second from December 1396. Both ended with the goal of eradicating pirate activity in the area. It is named after the hexagenerian zodiac of that year.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=대마도 정벌 (對馬島 征伐) |work=한국민족문화대백과사전 |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0014343 |access-date=2024-04-18 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko}}</ref>
==Background==


The Japanese identifying phrase derives from the ] era (1394&ndash;1428), which is the ] of the calendar system in use in Japan.<ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100122092545/http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/geschichte-japans/index.htm |date=2010-01-22 }} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014735/http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/geschichte-japans/nengo_calc.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref>
From the end of the ] through the early ], the coastal regions of ], their populations, and their resources were often the objective of ] raids.


==Background==
In 1389, General ] (박위, 朴威) of Goryeo cleared the island of Wokou pirates, he burnt 300 ships and rescued more than 100 Korean captives. The Joseon Dynasty ordered a strengthening of Korean naval defenses, a strategic response to the constant threat posed by the pirates. In 1396, Korean official ] (김사형, 金士衡) led a campaign into the Tsushima.
The immediate cause of the conquest was the incident on May 5, 1419, when 39 Japanese warships captured Cape Dodu (都豆音串) in Biin County (庇仁縣) on their way to the Ming dynasty. In this battle, the Joseon side lost 7 military ships and suffered heavy losses, including most of its crew.<ref name=":0" />


In the 13th century, ] established themselves in the ] area, conducting raids on the Korean mainland. The conflict between the court in Nara and Kyoto caused the central authority to be unable to limit pirate activity, while indirectly exacerbating it due to the accompanying political chaos.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=James B |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YIbNlliRswC&q=why+did+Silla+allow+Tsushima+to+become+Japanese&pg=PA25 |title=Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan |date=2003-09-11 |isbn=9780203987322 |access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> Tsushimas economy was heavily reliant on trade with Korea.<ref name="books.google.com" /> It was used as a "frontier territory" and a diplomatic meeting place between Joseon and the Ashikaga/Tokugawa Shogunates.
Joseon subsequently asked the ] and its deputy in ] to suppress the activity of the pirates, favoring legitimate traders. In exchange for certain privileges, it gave authority to ] (the de facto ruler of ]) over ships sailing from Japan to Korea. Sō Sadashige died in 1418, but power was seized from Sadashige's infant son ] (Tsutsukumaru) by Soda Saemontaro, a powerful pirate leader. Suffering from famine, pirates on Tsushima invaded ] China in 1419. On the way to China, they invaded Korea's ] and ] country after their requests for food were dismissed.


The intensity of pirate activity was especially high from 1350 (reign of ]) In particular the reign of ] (1374–1388) oversaw a total of 378 raids, an average of 27 times a year, threatening not only the coast of the South Sea but also the capital city of ] and entering deep into the interior.<ref name=":0" />
After receiving reports of these incidents, the Korean court approved an expedition of Tsushima. ], who had abdicated his throne in 1418 but was still a military adviser of ], favored a more offensive approach. On June 9, 1419, Taejong declared a war against Tsushima, citing that it belonged to Joseon, and ] was chosen to conduct the expedition.


The first proposal to occupy Tsushima was made in 1387 by a military official called Jeongji (鄭地), but was not adopted.<ref name=":0" />
==Process==
The Koreans waited until a large Japanese fleet had left the island for a raid.<ref>Pirate of the Far East: 811-1639 (Author:Stephen Turnbull)</ref> Yi Jong-mu's fleet of 227 ships and 17,285 soldiers set off from ] toward Tsushima on June 19, 1419.<ref name="nussbaum735"/> The following day the fleet landed in ] (浅茅湾).


The Goryeo military was busy with an expedition into the Liaodong in 1388, which caused the defenses in the south to be neglected and the Wokou to use this opportunity to raid the island of Yanggwang (楊廣道).<ref name=":0" />
General Yi Jong-mu first sent captured Japanese pirates as emissaries to ask for surrender. When he received no reply, he sent out expeditionary forces, and the soldiers proceeded to raid the islanders and pirates and plunder pirate settlements. He found and rescued 131 Chinese captives of the pirates and 21 slaves on the island, burned 129 ships and 1,939 houses, and killed or captured 135 pirates.<ref name="SejongJune20">"朝鮮世宗實錄4卷1年6月20日" ] Vol.4 June 20 </ref>


In response, the first suppression of Tsushima numbering around 100 ships was carried out led by the general ] ({{Korean|hangul=박위|hanja=朴威}}), the provincial commander of Jeolla province Kim Jong-yeon (金宗衍), the provincial commander of Gyeonggi province Choe Chil-seok (崔七夕) and the local commander Park Ja-an (朴子安) and the Goryeo army cleared the island of Wokou, burned down 300 ships and rescued more than 100 Korean prisoners. There is no mention of any engagement with the Wokou.<ref name=":0" />
On the 26th day, the Korean army was ambushed on land by a Japanese army in an ambush at ], and suffered 150 casualties. The ambush was known to the locals as the Battle of Nukadake (糠岳の戦い).


Following the 1389 campaign, the Wokou momentum waned, but did not completely disappear after the transition from Goryeo to Joseon. From 1393 (Taejo 2) to 1397 (Taejo 6), a total of 53 incursions occurred. One event in particular, in August 1396 120 warships invaded Gyeongsang province and attacked Dongnae (東萊). ] (김사형, 金士衡) Namjae (南在) and Yi Mu (李茂) were tasked with the suppression of Tsushima and Iki island and returned to Seoul in January 1397.<ref name=":0" />
In the weeks that followed, a truce was negotiated with the Sō clan on the island. The Korean expeditionary force withdrew and sailed back to the Korean Peninsula on July 3, 1419.<ref>"朝鮮世宗實錄4卷1年7月3日" ] Vol.4 July 3 </ref> and Korea gave up occupation of Tsushima.<ref>"朝鮮世宗實錄4卷1年7月9日" ] Vol.4 July 9 </ref> In subsequent diplomatic exchanges, Tsushima would be granted trading priveldges with Joseon, in exchange for maintaining control and order of pirate threats originating from the island.


Following January 1398 Joha (朝賀) (On the occasion of the winter solstice where vassals and courtiers would pay their respects to the king) envoys from Tsushima came to Joseon court almost every year and would bring offerings and receive rice and beans in return. These envoys were sent by the Doju (島主, "island chief") Jeong Jeong-mu (宗貞茂, Sadashige Sō) and his sons, as well as by the aristocracy of the island. The concurring number of merchants visiting Korea increased rapidly, which led to various troubles. The Joseon government subsequently announced that traders are allowed entry to Busanpo (釜山浦) and Naeipo only on ships with a certificate of passage. Afterwards, there were many Wa (倭, ethnonym for Japanese) living in this area which according to the government officials caused unrest, while also attempting to sabotage the state authorities. In response in March 1418 Taejong he set up Japanese enclaves in Yeompo (鹽浦) and Gabae-ryang (加背梁) in Gyeongsang province.<ref name=":0" />
==Aftermath==
A treaty was negotiated between Joseon and the ] on September 29, 1419.{{citation needed|date=May 2012}} The Joseon government agreed to grant the Sō clan limited trading privileges and access to three coastal Korean ports, under the condition that the Sō clan control and stop any coastal pirate raids. On the 6th day of the 7th month in 1422, an emissary from the Sō clan requested freedom for Japanese prisoners of war captured by the Korean forces. He offered tributes of ] and ] in return. On the 20th day 12th month in 1422, all Japanese prisoners of war were released.<ref name="monthly.chosun"></ref>


Joseon subsequently asked the ] and its deputy in ] to suppress pirate activity, favoring legitimate traders. In exchange for certain privileges, it gave authority to ], the ''de facto'' ruler of ], over ships sailing from Japan to Korea. When Sō Sadashige died in 1418, power was seized from Sadashige's infant son ] (Tsutsukumaru) by Sōda Saemontarō, a powerful wokou leader. Suffering from famine, wokou on Tsushima invaded ] in 1419. On the way to China, they invaded Korea's ] and ] counties after their demands for food were rejected.<ref name=":0" />
In 1443, the Daimyo of Tsushima, ] proposed a ]. The number of trade ships from Tsushima to Korea was decided by this treaty, and the Sō clan monopolized the trade with Korea.<ref>Tsushima tourist Association WEB site "1443 嘉吉条約(発亥約定)- 李氏朝鮮と通交条約である嘉吉条約を結び、歳遣船の定数を定める。これにより、宗家が朝鮮貿易の独占的な地位を占めるようになる。"</ref>


After receiving reports of these incidents, the Korean court approved an expedition of Tsushima. ], who had abdicated his throne in 1418 but was still a military adviser of ], favored a more offensive approach. On June 9, 1419, Taejong declared a war against Tsushima, citing that it belonged to Joseon, and ] was chosen to conduct the expedition.<ref name=":0" />
In 1510, Japanese traders initiated an uprising against Joseon's stricter policies on Japanese traders from Tsushima and Iki coming to ], ] and ] to trade. The So Clan supported the uprising, but it was eventually suppressed by local authorities. The uprising was later came to be known as the "Japanese riots in three-ports" (삼포왜란, 三浦倭亂).


==Invasion==
A more restrictive treaty was re-imposed under the direction of ] in 1512, but this ] was enacted only under strictly limited terms, and only twenty-five ships were allowed to visit Joseon annually until "Japanese riots in Saryangjin" (사량진왜변, 蛇梁鎭倭變) in 1544.<ref name="dictionary"></ref>
The Koreans waited until a large Japanese fleet had left the island for a raid.<ref>Pirate of the Far East: 811-1639 (Author:Stephen Turnbull)</ref> Yi Jong-mu's fleet of 227 ships and 17,285 soldiers set off from ] toward Tsushima on June 19, 1419.<ref name="nussbaum735"/> The following day the fleet landed in ] (浅茅湾).


Yi Jong-mu first sent captured Japanese pirates as emissaries to ask for surrender. When he received no reply, he sent out expeditionary forces, and the soldiers proceeded to raid the islanders and pirates and plunder pirate settlements. According to ''],'' in the battle of June 20, the Korean army captured 129 wokou ships, burned 1,939 houses, killed 114 people, captured 21 people, and rescued 131 Chinese who were captured by the wokou.<ref name="records2006">{{cite web|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10106020_004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105084830/http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10106020_004|script-title=ko:대마도에 도착하여 성과를 올리다. 이에 앞서 상왕이 행군이 늦음을 문책한 교지|language=ko|publisher=].|archive-date=5 November 2019|access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref> On June 29, the Joseon expeditionary forces "set fire to 68 houses belonging to the pirates, burned 15 vessels belonging to the pirates, beheaded 9 pirates, and obtained 15 Chinese men and women and 8 Joseon people who had been held in captivity.<ref name="records2906">{{cite web|url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10106029_003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107125449/https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10106029_003|script-title=ko:이로군의 접전에서 박실이 많은 군사를 잃었으나 마침내 적이 물러나 수호를 빌다|language=ko|publisher=].|archive-date=7 January 2022|access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref> In the record of July 10, the number of soldiers killed by wokou was 180.<ref name="records1007">{{cite web|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10107010_004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108233754/http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10107010_004|script-title=ko:대마도에서 180명이 전사하다|language=ko|publisher=].|archive-date=8 January 2022|access-date=16 January 2023}}</ref> On the other hand, according to {{nihongo3||]|Kanmon Nikki}}, a diary written by Prince Fushiminomiya Sadafusa (]) on August 13, citing a report sent by Shoni Mitsusada (]), the Tsushima side entered the battle with a cavalry force of about 700 cavalrymen and fought especially hard all day on June 26, killing over 3,700 Koreans by July 2.<ref name = "rekihaku">{{cite web|url=https://khirin-ld.rekihaku.ac.jp/rdf/nmjh_kaken_medInterNationalExcange/E5412|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616160536/https://khirin-ld.rekihaku.ac.jp/rdf/nmjh_kaken_medInterNationalExcange/E5412|script-title=ja:看聞日記|language=ja|publisher=]|archive-date=16 June 2023|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> According to the Taishuu Chronenryaku, which was a Japanese source compiled later, the death toll of the Korean army was 2,500.<ref name = "ennippon">{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BF%9C%E6%B0%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%96%E5%AF%87-38548|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415173814/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E5%BF%9C%E6%B0%B8%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%96%E5%AF%87-38548|script-title=ja:応永の外寇|language=ja|publisher=Kotobank/]|archive-date=15 April 2023|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
The Korean export included rice, ], ], and ]. In exchange, the Sō clan provided copper, ], sulfur, medicinal herbs, and spices from both Tsushima island and Japan.<ref></ref> The Sō clan became a trading hub between Korea and Japan and benefited greatly from it.<ref name="monthly.chosun" />


On July 3, the Korean army withdrew to Geoje Island,<ref name="records0307">{{cite web|url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10107003_002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722182717/https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10107003_002|script-title=ko:이종무 등이 수군을 이끌고 돌아와 거제도에 머물다|language=ko|publisher=].|archive-date=22 July 2020|access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref> and according to the July 9 ''Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty'', one of the high-ranking officials advised the king that it was not a good idea to sail out again because the soldiers' morale was already low, the ship's equipment was damaged, and the wind was getting stronger.<ref name="records0907">{{cite web|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10107009_005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026104548/http://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10107009_005|script-title=ko:이원이 막 돌아온 수군을 돌려 다시 대마도 치는 것이 득책이 아님을 고하다|language=ko|publisher=].|archive-date=26 October 2018|access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref> According to the July 22 record, one of the high-ranking officials said that the Chinese had seen the defeat of the Korean army and could not let them return to China knowing the Korean's weakness.<ref name="records2207">{{cite web|url=https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10107022_006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615151733/https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kda_10107022_006|script-title=ko:박실이 대마도에서 패군할 때의 상황을 알고 있는 중국인을 보내는 데 대한 의논|language=ko|publisher=].|archive-date=15 June 2023|access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref> After that, the Korean army did not return to Tsushima.
The relationship between Korea and residents of Tsushima Island greatly improved thereafter; there were numerous records of hospitality towards shipwrecked Korean sailors who ended up on the island, and merchants from Tsushima Island enjoyed special privileges in Korean ports.<ref name="monthly.chosun" />


==Aftermath according to Japanese sources== ==Aftermath==
On July 17, the Joseon government sent a ''Segye'' (書契, official document used for diplomatic negotiations between Joseon and the Japanese Shogunate)<ref>{{Citation |last=손 |first=승철 |title=서계 (書契) |work=한국민족문화대백과사전 |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0027596 |access-date=2024-04-18 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko}}</ref> to Tsushima demanding its surrender. After a while of negotiations on the terms of surrender and post-war settlement, the two sides finally agreed as follows in January 1420 under the conditions that Tsushima will be placed under the jurisdiction of Gyeongsang province that the envoy from Tsushima will bring the Lord of Tsushima to the Joseon court. This was supposed to serve as a formality in order to establish Tsushima as an official peaceful intermediary between the two countries.<ref>{{Citation |title=대마도 정벌 (對馬島 征伐) |work=한국민족문화대백과사전 |url=https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0014343 |access-date=2024-04-13 |publisher=Academy of Korean Studies |language=ko}}</ref>
In ], rumors of the invasion spread around the end of the 6th month. The raid was associated with the ]. Between the 7th and 8th month, ], the overlord of the ], reported to the Ashikaga Shogunate that the ]'s deputy Sō Uemon had defeated Korean invaders. However, Korean captives were reported to have stated that forces from Ming China were planning to invade Japan. Since ] ] took a harder stance toward the Ming than his father ], the threat was taken seriously by the shogunate. Later, the shogun received a report from the ]. Since it was considerably different from the Shōni's version, the shogun felt the necessity of examining Korea's real intentions.


In 1443, 24 years after the invasion, the ] was signed between Joseon and the {{nihongo3|Japanese feudal lords||]}}, which stipulated that 50 Japanese trading ships could enter Joseon ports each year. As a result, wokou gradually declined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/wako|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207142909/https://www.britannica.com/topic/wako|title=wakō|publisher=
In a letter to Sō Sadamori issued on the 15th of the 7th month, the Joseon claimed that Tsushima belonged to ] Province and asked him to leave the island, either by coming to the Korean Peninsula or by retreating to mainland Japan. In the 9th month, a man who claimed to be an envoy of Sō Sadamori arrived in Korea. The conditions he presented seemed unsatisfactory to the Joseon. Taejong made similar demands of the envoy in the 10th month. According to the article on the 10th day of the first leap month of 1420 of ''Sejong Sillok'', the same self-claimed envoy verbally agreed to Korea's proposal to put Tsushima under the rule of ] Province. On the 23rd of that month, the Korean court approved of this agreement. However, in later negotiations it was revealed that the envoy was not actually a representative of Sō Sadamori.
]|archive-date=7 February 2023|access-date=16 June 2023}}</ref> The treaty allowed the ] to monopolize Japanese trade with Korea.<ref>Tsushima tourist Association WEB site {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917143518/https://www.tsushima-net.org/history/chronicle.php|date=2018-09-17}}"1443 嘉吉条約(発亥約定)- 李氏朝鮮と通交条約である嘉吉条約を結び、歳遣船の定数を定める。これにより、宗家が朝鮮貿易の独占的な地位を占めるようになる。"</ref> In 1510, Japanese traders revolted against Joseon's stricter policies on Japanese traders from Tsushima and ] coming to ], ] and ] to trade. The Sō clan supported the uprising, but it was eventually suppressed by local authorities. The uprising was later came to be known as the "]".


A more restrictive treaty was re-imposed under the direction of ] in 1512, but this ] was enacted only under strictly limited terms, and only 25 ships were allowed to visit Joseon annually until "Japanese riots in Saryangjin" (사량진왜변, 蛇梁鎭倭變) in 1544.<ref name="dictionary">{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/search.php?MT=%BB%B0%B1%BA&kind=jn&from=blogt|title=の検索結果 - 国語辞書 - goo辞書|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> Korean exports included rice, cotton, ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93|title=朝鮮貿易(ちょうせんぼうえき)とは - コトバンク|author=世界大百科事典内言及|work=コトバンク|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> In exchange, the Sō clan provided copper, tin, sulfur, medicinal herbs, and spices from both Tsushima island and Japan.<ref></ref> The Sō clan became a trading hub between Korea and Japan and benefited greatly from it. The relationship between Korea and residents of Tsushima Island greatly improved thereafter; there were numerous records of hospitality towards shipwrecked Korean sailors who ended up on the island, and merchants from Tsushima Island enjoyed special privileges in Korean ports.
In the 11th month of 1419, envoys of Ashikaga Yoshimochi visited Korea. In return, King Sejong sent ] to Japan.<ref>Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). </ref>


===According to Japanese sources===
The diplomatic mission left the Joseon capital on the 15th day of the first leap month of 1420. The envoy continued on brom Busan on the 15th day of the 2nd month. On the 21st, he met Soda Saemontaro on Tsushima as Sō Sadamori stayed with the Shōni clan in ]. He arrived in Kyoto in the 4th month. Having accomplished his mission, he left Kyoto in the 6th month, returning to Korea after completing negotiations with the Shōni and Sō clans in Kyūshū. He arrived in the capital in the 10th month, 1420.
In ], rumors of the invasion spread around the end of the June 1419. The raid was associated with the ]. By August, ], the overlord of the Sō clan, reported to the Ashikaga shogunate that the ]'s deputy Sō Uemon had defeated Korean invaders. However, Korean captives were reported to have stated that forces from ] were planning to invade Japan. Since shōgun ] took a harder stance toward the Ming than his father ], the threat was taken seriously by the shogunate. Later, the shōgun received a report from the ]. Since it was considerably different from the Shōni's version, the shōgun felt the necessity of examining Korea's real intentions.


In a letter to Sō Sadamori issued on 15 July, the Joseon claimed that Tsushima belonged to Gyeongsang Province and asked him to leave the island, either by coming to the Korean mainland and submitting himself or by retreating to Japan. In August, a man who claimed to be an envoy of Sō Sadamori arrived in Korea. The conditions he presented seemed unsatisfactory to the Joseon. Taejong made similar demands of the envoy in September. Sejong Sillok, the same self-claimed envoy, agreed to Korea's proposal to put Tsushima under the rule of Gyeongsang Province. The Korean court approved of this agreement. However, in later negotiations it was revealed that the envoy was not actually a representative of Sō Sadamori.
This trip corrected mutual misunderstandings between Japan and Korea. In Tsushima, Song received a protest from Soda Saemontaro over a Korean document that stated Tsushima's dependence on Korea. He warned of the Shōni clan's possible military action. Song realized that Sō Sadamori had not been involved in the previous negotiations, and also learned of the Sō clan's vassalage to the Shōni clan. These realizations overturned Korea's plans towards Tsushima. In Kyoto, Song clarified that the Joseon had no intention of invading Japan. On their way back, Korean envoys faced the Sō and Shōni's hard-line attitude toward the Joseon.


In November 1419, envoys of Ashikaga Yoshimochi visited Korea. In return, King Sejong sent ] to Japan.<ref>Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). </ref> The diplomatic mission left the Joseon capital in early 1420 and met with Soda Saemontaro on Tsushima as Sō Sadamori stayed with the Shōni clan in ]. Sō Sadamori arrived in Kyoto in April. Having accomplished his mission, he left Kyoto in June, returning to Korea after completing negotiations with the Shōni and Sō clans in Kyūshū. This trip corrected mutual misunderstandings between Japan and Korea. In Tsushima, Song received a protest from Soda Saemontaro over a Korean document that stated Tsushima's dependence on Korea. He warned of the Shōni clan's possible military action. Song realized that Sō Sadamori had not been involved in the previous negotiations, and also learned of the Sō clan's vassalage to the Shōni clan. These realizations overturned Korea's plans towards Tsushima. In Kyoto, Song clarified that the Joseon had no intention of invading Japan. On their way back, Korean envoys faced the Sō and Shōni's hard-line attitude toward the Joseon.
In the 4th month of 1421, a letter under the name of Sō Sadamori demanded the return of Japanese captives and pointed out Korea's claim over Tsushima. It is noted that the Japanese envoy took advantage of the shogunate's authority, which can frequently be found in the Sō clan's later diplomatic talks with Korea. By the order of Taejong, Korea took a tough stance against the Sō clan. Although Soda's messengers visited Korea several times, they did not reach a settlement until 1423. The death of the hard-line Taejong in the 5th month of 1422 softened Korea's policy toward Japan. Under Sejong, Joseon relinquished its claims to Tsushima and decided to grant trade privileges to the Sō clan in exchange for its duty to maintain trade order.


In April 1421, a letter from Sō Sadamori demanded the return of Japanese captives and pointed out Korea's claim over Tsushima. It is noted that the Japanese envoy took advantage of the shogunate's authority, which can frequently be found in the Sō clan's later diplomatic talks with Korea. By the order of ], Korea took a tough stance against the Sō clan. Although Soda's messengers visited Korea several times, they did not reach a settlement until 1423. The death of the hard-line Taejong in May 1422 softened Korea's policy toward Japan. Under Sejong, Joseon relinquished its claims to Tsushima and decided to grant trade privileges to the Sō clan in exchange for its duty to maintain trade order.
==Aftermath according to Korean sources==
In 1419, ], under the advice of his father and former king ], decided to attack the enemy at Tsushima while the pirates were engaged in conflict with China. In the May 1419, notice of this plan was sent as an ultimatum to the Tsushima province authorities. In the war declaration against Tsushima government, the King claimed Tsushima, known as ] in Korean, had degraded due to the lack of interference on pirate activities by the local authority. Korea repeated necessary involvement in the island's operations, by aiding in the recent famine and general trade route policing led the ruler to declare the land would be reclaimed by force in order to protect the integrity of the region.


===According to Korean sources===
During the conflicts, 180 Korean soldiers were killed.<ref name="sejong4"></ref> Another source recorded that about 100 Korean soldiers were killed and about 20 Japanese soldiers were killed.<ref name="sejong5"></ref> The Korean forces discovered Chinese captives there, at which point, an official by the name of Pak Sil claimed that "we cannot return them to China.".<ref></ref> The Korean armies were able to send 146 Chinese and 8 Korean hostages back to their homelands after releasing them from pirate captivity.
In 1419, King Sejong, under the advice of his father and former king Taejong, decided to attack the wokou at Tsushima while the pirates were engaged in raids against China. In May 1419 notice of this plan was sent as an ultimatum to the Tsushima province authorities. In the war declaration against Tsushima government, the king claimed Tsushima, known as Daemado in Korean, had degraded because of the lack of interference on pirate activities by the local authority. Korea repeated necessary involvement in the island's operations, by aiding in the recent famine and general trade route policing led the ruler to declare the land would be reclaimed by force in order to protect the integrity of the region.


In the July 1419, King Taejo sent a letter to Tsushima's Sō Sadamori laying claim to the historical repossession of Daemado (Tsushima) due to the Korean victory in war. Once again the land was Korean territory as it had been under the Kingdom of ].<ref>South Korea's current claims of sovereignty over Tsushima Islands is based on notes in the "Silla Bongi" (新羅本紀), in the ''Samguk Sagi'' (三國史記, completed in Korea in 1145), and the ''Sejong Sillok'' (世宗實錄, 1431.</ref> An arrangement was proposed for Tsushima to enter into a tributary relationship. In the 9th month of 1419 Sadamori sent an emissary to surrender the territory and to present a variety of tribute to the Korean court. In the January of 1420, a Japanese envoy visiting Seoul requested to have a copy of ], a comprehensive ] script held in great regard as a Korean national treasure. King Sejong granted the request as sign of friendship between two countries. In the 1st leap month of 1420 Sadamori requested that the island officially become a state of Korea under the name of ], also promising to personally become a subject and to manage the ] situation as an independent act of the state. King Sejong granted this request as well as allowing Sadamori to report to ] province rather than ].<ref>"朝鮮世宗實錄7卷閏1月10日" ] Vol.7 1st leap month 10 </ref> During the conflicts, 180 Korean soldiers were killed.<ref name="sejong4">{{cite web|url=http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=wda_10107010_004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926141001/http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/insp_king.jsp?id=wda_10107010_004|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 26, 2013|title=조선왕조실록의 홈페이지에 오신 것을 환영합니다.|access-date=11 December 2014}}</ref> In the July 1419, Taejong sent a letter to Tsushima's Sō Sadamori laying claim to the historical repossession of Tsushima with the Korean victory in war. Once again the land was Korean territory as it had been under the Kingdom of ].<ref>South Korea's current claims of sovereignty over Tsushima Islands is based on notes in the "Silla Bongi" (新羅本紀), in the ''Samguk Sagi'' (三國史記, completed in Korea in 1145), and the ''Sejong Sillok'' (世宗實錄, 1431.</ref> An arrangement was proposed for Tsushima to enter into a tributary relationship. In the September 1419 Sadamori sent an emissary to surrender the territory and to present a variety of tribute to the Korean court. In January 1420, a Japanese envoy visiting Seoul requested to have a copy of ], a comprehensive ] script held in great regard as a Korean national treasure. Sejong granted the request as sign of friendship between two countries. Sadamori requested that the island officially become a state of Korea under the name of Daemado, also promising to personally become a subject and to manage the wokou situation as an independent act of the state. Sejong granted this request as well as allowing Sadamori to report to ] rather than ].

==Notes==
* Dates given here are of the traditional lunisolar calendar.


==See also== ==See also==
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==Notes== ==References==
{{reflist|1}} {{reflist|1}}

==References==
* Kang, Etsuko Hae-jin. (1997). ''Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century.'' Basingstoke, Hampshire; Macmillan. 10-ISBN 0-312-17370-9/13-ISBN 978-0-312-17370-8;
* Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge: ]. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5;


==External links== ==External links==
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Latest revision as of 15:58, 19 December 2024

1419 Joseon invasion of Tsushima
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Ōei Invasion
DateJune 20, 1419 – July 3, 1419
(1 week and 6 days)
LocationTsushima Island, Japan
Result Inconclusive
Belligerents
Wokou pirates
So clan mon Sō clan
Joseon dynasty
Commanders and leaders
So clan monSō Sadamori [ja] Yu Jeong-hyeon [ko]
Yi Jongmu
Park Sil
Yi Sun-mong
Kim Hyo-sung
Strength
600

17,285

200 ships
Casualties and losses

Korean records:
129 ships
1,939 destroyed homes 114 dead (executed)
21 captured
Japanese records:

123 dead

Korean records:
Over a hundred
180 dead
Japanese records:

2,500–3,700 dead
Korean campaign against Tsushima
Japanese name
Kanji応永の外寇
Transcriptions
Revised HepburnŌei no gaikō
Korean name
Hangul제3차 대마도 정벌
Hanja第三次對馬島征伐
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationJesamcha Daemado Jeongbeol
Alternative Korean name
Hangul기해동정
Hanja己亥東征
Transcriptions
Revised RomanizationGihae Dongjeong

The Ōei Invasion (応永の外寇, Ōei no gaikō), also known as the Gihae Expedition (Korean: 기해동정; Hanja: 己亥東征; RRGihae dongjeong), was a 1419 Joseon invasion of Tsushima Island, which is located in the middle of the Tsushima Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyushu.

The third and largest suppression of Tsushima (對馬島 征伐) took place in 1419 (first year of the reign of Sejong), named after the zodiac of that year. It was preceded by the first suppression that took place in February 1389 and the second from December 1396. Both ended with the goal of eradicating pirate activity in the area. It is named after the hexagenerian zodiac of that year.

The Japanese identifying phrase derives from the Ōei era (1394–1428), which is the Japanese era name of the calendar system in use in Japan.

Background

The immediate cause of the conquest was the incident on May 5, 1419, when 39 Japanese warships captured Cape Dodu (都豆音串) in Biin County (庇仁縣) on their way to the Ming dynasty. In this battle, the Joseon side lost 7 military ships and suffered heavy losses, including most of its crew.

In the 13th century, Wokou established themselves in the Tsushima Island area, conducting raids on the Korean mainland. The conflict between the court in Nara and Kyoto caused the central authority to be unable to limit pirate activity, while indirectly exacerbating it due to the accompanying political chaos. Tsushimas economy was heavily reliant on trade with Korea. It was used as a "frontier territory" and a diplomatic meeting place between Joseon and the Ashikaga/Tokugawa Shogunates.

The intensity of pirate activity was especially high from 1350 (reign of Chungjeong) In particular the reign of U (1374–1388) oversaw a total of 378 raids, an average of 27 times a year, threatening not only the coast of the South Sea but also the capital city of Gaegyeong and entering deep into the interior.

The first proposal to occupy Tsushima was made in 1387 by a military official called Jeongji (鄭地), but was not adopted.

The Goryeo military was busy with an expedition into the Liaodong in 1388, which caused the defenses in the south to be neglected and the Wokou to use this opportunity to raid the island of Yanggwang (楊廣道).

In response, the first suppression of Tsushima numbering around 100 ships was carried out led by the general Pak Wi (Korean: 박위; Hanja: 朴威), the provincial commander of Jeolla province Kim Jong-yeon (金宗衍), the provincial commander of Gyeonggi province Choe Chil-seok (崔七夕) and the local commander Park Ja-an (朴子安) and the Goryeo army cleared the island of Wokou, burned down 300 ships and rescued more than 100 Korean prisoners. There is no mention of any engagement with the Wokou.

Following the 1389 campaign, the Wokou momentum waned, but did not completely disappear after the transition from Goryeo to Joseon. From 1393 (Taejo 2) to 1397 (Taejo 6), a total of 53 incursions occurred. One event in particular, in August 1396 120 warships invaded Gyeongsang province and attacked Dongnae (東萊). Kim Sa-hyeong (김사형, 金士衡) Namjae (南在) and Yi Mu (李茂) were tasked with the suppression of Tsushima and Iki island and returned to Seoul in January 1397.

Following January 1398 Joha (朝賀) (On the occasion of the winter solstice where vassals and courtiers would pay their respects to the king) envoys from Tsushima came to Joseon court almost every year and would bring offerings and receive rice and beans in return. These envoys were sent by the Doju (島主, "island chief") Jeong Jeong-mu (宗貞茂, Sadashige Sō) and his sons, as well as by the aristocracy of the island. The concurring number of merchants visiting Korea increased rapidly, which led to various troubles. The Joseon government subsequently announced that traders are allowed entry to Busanpo (釜山浦) and Naeipo only on ships with a certificate of passage. Afterwards, there were many Wa (倭, ethnonym for Japanese) living in this area which according to the government officials caused unrest, while also attempting to sabotage the state authorities. In response in March 1418 Taejong he set up Japanese enclaves in Yeompo (鹽浦) and Gabae-ryang (加背梁) in Gyeongsang province.

Joseon subsequently asked the Ashikaga shogunate and its deputy in Kyūshū to suppress pirate activity, favoring legitimate traders. In exchange for certain privileges, it gave authority to Sō Sadashige, the de facto ruler of Tsushima Province, over ships sailing from Japan to Korea. When Sō Sadashige died in 1418, power was seized from Sadashige's infant son Sadamori (Tsutsukumaru) by Sōda Saemontarō, a powerful wokou leader. Suffering from famine, wokou on Tsushima invaded Ming China in 1419. On the way to China, they invaded Korea's Bi-in and Haeju counties after their demands for food were rejected.

After receiving reports of these incidents, the Korean court approved an expedition of Tsushima. King Taejong, who had abdicated his throne in 1418 but was still a military adviser of Sejong the Great, favored a more offensive approach. On June 9, 1419, Taejong declared a war against Tsushima, citing that it belonged to Joseon, and Yi Jongmu was chosen to conduct the expedition.

Invasion

The Koreans waited until a large Japanese fleet had left the island for a raid. Yi Jong-mu's fleet of 227 ships and 17,285 soldiers set off from Geoje Island toward Tsushima on June 19, 1419. The following day the fleet landed in Asō Bay (浅茅湾).

Yi Jong-mu first sent captured Japanese pirates as emissaries to ask for surrender. When he received no reply, he sent out expeditionary forces, and the soldiers proceeded to raid the islanders and pirates and plunder pirate settlements. According to Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty, in the battle of June 20, the Korean army captured 129 wokou ships, burned 1,939 houses, killed 114 people, captured 21 people, and rescued 131 Chinese who were captured by the wokou. On June 29, the Joseon expeditionary forces "set fire to 68 houses belonging to the pirates, burned 15 vessels belonging to the pirates, beheaded 9 pirates, and obtained 15 Chinese men and women and 8 Joseon people who had been held in captivity. In the record of July 10, the number of soldiers killed by wokou was 180. On the other hand, according to Kanmon Nikki (看聞日記), a diary written by Prince Fushiminomiya Sadafusa (ja) on August 13, citing a report sent by Shoni Mitsusada (ja), the Tsushima side entered the battle with a cavalry force of about 700 cavalrymen and fought especially hard all day on June 26, killing over 3,700 Koreans by July 2. According to the Taishuu Chronenryaku, which was a Japanese source compiled later, the death toll of the Korean army was 2,500.

On July 3, the Korean army withdrew to Geoje Island, and according to the July 9 Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty, one of the high-ranking officials advised the king that it was not a good idea to sail out again because the soldiers' morale was already low, the ship's equipment was damaged, and the wind was getting stronger. According to the July 22 record, one of the high-ranking officials said that the Chinese had seen the defeat of the Korean army and could not let them return to China knowing the Korean's weakness. After that, the Korean army did not return to Tsushima.

Aftermath

On July 17, the Joseon government sent a Segye (書契, official document used for diplomatic negotiations between Joseon and the Japanese Shogunate) to Tsushima demanding its surrender. After a while of negotiations on the terms of surrender and post-war settlement, the two sides finally agreed as follows in January 1420 under the conditions that Tsushima will be placed under the jurisdiction of Gyeongsang province that the envoy from Tsushima will bring the Lord of Tsushima to the Joseon court. This was supposed to serve as a formality in order to establish Tsushima as an official peaceful intermediary between the two countries.

In 1443, 24 years after the invasion, the Treaty of Gyehae was signed between Joseon and the daimyo (Japanese feudal lords), which stipulated that 50 Japanese trading ships could enter Joseon ports each year. As a result, wokou gradually declined. The treaty allowed the Sō clan to monopolize Japanese trade with Korea. In 1510, Japanese traders revolted against Joseon's stricter policies on Japanese traders from Tsushima and Iki coming to Busan, Ulsan and Jinhae to trade. The Sō clan supported the uprising, but it was eventually suppressed by local authorities. The uprising was later came to be known as the "Disturbance of the Three Ports".

A more restrictive treaty was re-imposed under the direction of King Jungjong in 1512, but this Treaty of Imsin was enacted only under strictly limited terms, and only 25 ships were allowed to visit Joseon annually until "Japanese riots in Saryangjin" (사량진왜변, 蛇梁鎭倭變) in 1544. Korean exports included rice, cotton, ginseng, and Sutra texts. In exchange, the Sō clan provided copper, tin, sulfur, medicinal herbs, and spices from both Tsushima island and Japan. The Sō clan became a trading hub between Korea and Japan and benefited greatly from it. The relationship between Korea and residents of Tsushima Island greatly improved thereafter; there were numerous records of hospitality towards shipwrecked Korean sailors who ended up on the island, and merchants from Tsushima Island enjoyed special privileges in Korean ports.

According to Japanese sources

In Kyoto, rumors of the invasion spread around the end of the June 1419. The raid was associated with the Mongol invasions of Japan. By August, Shōni Mitsusada, the overlord of the Sō clan, reported to the Ashikaga shogunate that the Shōni's deputy Sō Uemon had defeated Korean invaders. However, Korean captives were reported to have stated that forces from Ming China were planning to invade Japan. Since shōgun Ashikaga Yoshimochi took a harder stance toward the Ming than his father Yoshimitsu, the threat was taken seriously by the shogunate. Later, the shōgun received a report from the Kyūshū Deputy. Since it was considerably different from the Shōni's version, the shōgun felt the necessity of examining Korea's real intentions.

In a letter to Sō Sadamori issued on 15 July, the Joseon claimed that Tsushima belonged to Gyeongsang Province and asked him to leave the island, either by coming to the Korean mainland and submitting himself or by retreating to Japan. In August, a man who claimed to be an envoy of Sō Sadamori arrived in Korea. The conditions he presented seemed unsatisfactory to the Joseon. Taejong made similar demands of the envoy in September. Sejong Sillok, the same self-claimed envoy, agreed to Korea's proposal to put Tsushima under the rule of Gyeongsang Province. The Korean court approved of this agreement. However, in later negotiations it was revealed that the envoy was not actually a representative of Sō Sadamori.

In November 1419, envoys of Ashikaga Yoshimochi visited Korea. In return, King Sejong sent Song Hui-gyeong to Japan. The diplomatic mission left the Joseon capital in early 1420 and met with Soda Saemontaro on Tsushima as Sō Sadamori stayed with the Shōni clan in Hizen Province. Sō Sadamori arrived in Kyoto in April. Having accomplished his mission, he left Kyoto in June, returning to Korea after completing negotiations with the Shōni and Sō clans in Kyūshū. This trip corrected mutual misunderstandings between Japan and Korea. In Tsushima, Song received a protest from Soda Saemontaro over a Korean document that stated Tsushima's dependence on Korea. He warned of the Shōni clan's possible military action. Song realized that Sō Sadamori had not been involved in the previous negotiations, and also learned of the Sō clan's vassalage to the Shōni clan. These realizations overturned Korea's plans towards Tsushima. In Kyoto, Song clarified that the Joseon had no intention of invading Japan. On their way back, Korean envoys faced the Sō and Shōni's hard-line attitude toward the Joseon.

In April 1421, a letter from Sō Sadamori demanded the return of Japanese captives and pointed out Korea's claim over Tsushima. It is noted that the Japanese envoy took advantage of the shogunate's authority, which can frequently be found in the Sō clan's later diplomatic talks with Korea. By the order of Taejong, Korea took a tough stance against the Sō clan. Although Soda's messengers visited Korea several times, they did not reach a settlement until 1423. The death of the hard-line Taejong in May 1422 softened Korea's policy toward Japan. Under Sejong, Joseon relinquished its claims to Tsushima and decided to grant trade privileges to the Sō clan in exchange for its duty to maintain trade order.

According to Korean sources

In 1419, King Sejong, under the advice of his father and former king Taejong, decided to attack the wokou at Tsushima while the pirates were engaged in raids against China. In May 1419 notice of this plan was sent as an ultimatum to the Tsushima province authorities. In the war declaration against Tsushima government, the king claimed Tsushima, known as Daemado in Korean, had degraded because of the lack of interference on pirate activities by the local authority. Korea repeated necessary involvement in the island's operations, by aiding in the recent famine and general trade route policing led the ruler to declare the land would be reclaimed by force in order to protect the integrity of the region.

During the conflicts, 180 Korean soldiers were killed. In the July 1419, Taejong sent a letter to Tsushima's Sō Sadamori laying claim to the historical repossession of Tsushima with the Korean victory in war. Once again the land was Korean territory as it had been under the Kingdom of Silla. An arrangement was proposed for Tsushima to enter into a tributary relationship. In the September 1419 Sadamori sent an emissary to surrender the territory and to present a variety of tribute to the Korean court. In January 1420, a Japanese envoy visiting Seoul requested to have a copy of Tripitaka Koreana, a comprehensive Buddhist script held in great regard as a Korean national treasure. Sejong granted the request as sign of friendship between two countries. Sadamori requested that the island officially become a state of Korea under the name of Daemado, also promising to personally become a subject and to manage the wokou situation as an independent act of the state. Sejong granted this request as well as allowing Sadamori to report to Gyeongsang Province rather than Seoul.

See also

References

  1. ^ "대마도 정벌 (對馬島 征伐)", 한국민족문화대백과사전 (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-04-18
  2. 대마도정벌-한국민족문화대백과 Tsushima expedition-Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean)
  3. Annals of King Sejong Vol.4 June 20. National Institute of Korean History.
  4. Annals of King Sejong Vol.4 June 29. National Institute of Korean History.
  5. ^ 応永の外寇 (in Japanese). Kotobank/Encyclopedia Nipponica. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  6. ^ 이로군의 접전에서 박실이 많은 군사를 잃었으나 마침내 적이 물러나 수호를 빌다 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 7 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  7. ^ 대마도에서 180명이 전사하다 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 8 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  8. ^ 看聞日記 (in Japanese). National Museum of Japanese History. Archived from the original on 16 June 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  9. Tan, Isaac C.K. (2021-02-28). "Beyond Frontiers and Borderlands: A Reexamination of Tsushima's/Taema-Do's Geopolitical Position in Fifteenth Century East Asia". International Journal of Korean History. 26 (1): 67–116. doi:10.22372/ijkh.2021.26.1.67. ISSN 1598-2041. S2CID 233841742.
  10. ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Ōei no Gaikō" in Japan encyclopedia, p. 735; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, see Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File Archived 2012-05-24 at archive.today
  11. Seminar für Japanologie der Universität Tübingen (in German) Archived 2010-01-22 at the Wayback Machine Nengo Calc (in English) Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Lewis, James B (2003-09-11). Frontier Contact Between Choson Korea and Tokugawa Japan. ISBN 9780203987322. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  13. Pirate of the Far East: 811-1639 (Author:Stephen Turnbull)
  14. 대마도에 도착하여 성과를 올리다. 이에 앞서 상왕이 행군이 늦음을 문책한 교지 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  15. 이종무 등이 수군을 이끌고 돌아와 거제도에 머물다 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  16. 이원이 막 돌아온 수군을 돌려 다시 대마도 치는 것이 득책이 아님을 고하다 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  17. 박실이 대마도에서 패군할 때의 상황을 알고 있는 중국인을 보내는 데 대한 의논 (in Korean). National Institute of Korean History. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  18. 손, 승철, "서계 (書契)", 한국민족문화대백과사전 (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-04-18
  19. "대마도 정벌 (對馬島 征伐)", 한국민족문화대백과사전 (in Korean), Academy of Korean Studies, retrieved 2024-04-13
  20. "wakō". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  21. Tsushima tourist Association WEB site Archived 2018-09-17 at the Wayback Machine"1443 嘉吉条約(発亥約定)- 李氏朝鮮と通交条約である嘉吉条約を結び、歳遣船の定数を定める。これにより、宗家が朝鮮貿易の独占的な地位を占めるようになる。"
  22. "の検索結果 - 国語辞書 - goo辞書". Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  23. 世界大百科事典内言及. "朝鮮貿易(ちょうせんぼうえき)とは - コトバンク". コトバンク. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  24. Korea, 1400–1600 A.D. | Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  25. Kang, Etsuko H. (1997). Diplomacy and Ideology in Japanese-Korean Relations: from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century, p. 275.
  26. "조선왕조실록의 홈페이지에 오신 것을 환영합니다". Archived from the original on September 26, 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  27. South Korea's current claims of sovereignty over Tsushima Islands is based on notes in the "Silla Bongi" (新羅本紀), in the Samguk Sagi (三國史記, completed in Korea in 1145), and the Sejong Sillok (世宗實錄, 1431.

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