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{{Infobox settlement
{{Geobox|Settlement
| name = Štúrovo
<!-- *** Heading *** -->
| native_name =
| name = Štúrovo
| other_name = Párkány
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| other_name = Párkány
<!-- images, nickname, motto -->
| category = Town
| image_skyline = MariaValeriaBridge.jpg
<!-- *** Names **** -->
| image_caption = Landscape view with Mária Valéria Bridge over the Danube as seen from the ]
| etymology =
| image_flag =
| official_name =
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Štúrovo.svg
| motto =
| motto =
| nickname =
| nickname =
<!-- *** Image *** -->
| etymology = {{langx|sk|]}} (Slovak writer, politician), {{langx|gmh|Parkan}} ("fortified outpost")
| image = MariaValeriaBridge.jpg
<!-- location -->
| image_caption = Landscape of the town with Mária Valéria Bridge over the Danube as seen from the ]
| subdivision_type = ]
<!-- *** Symbols *** -->
| subdivision_name = {{SVK}}
| flag =
| subdivision_type1 =
| symbol = Coat of arms of Štúrovo.png
| subdivision_name1 =
| symbol_type =
| subdivision_type2 = ]
<!-- *** Country *** -->
| subdivision_name2 = {{flag|Nitra Region}}
| country = Slovakia
| subdivision_type3 = ]
| country_flag = true
| subdivision_name3 = ]
| state =
| subdivision_type4 =
| region = ]
| subdivision_name4 =
| district = ]
<!-- maps and coordinates -->
| municipality =
| image_map =
<!-- *** Family *** -->
| map_caption =
| landmark =
| pushpin_map = Slovakia Nitra Region#Slovakia
| river = Danube
| pushpin_relief = 1
| river1 = Hron
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Štúrovo in Slovakia
<!-- *** Locations *** -->
| pushpin_label_position = left
| location =
| coordinates = {{coord|47|47|57|N|18|43|05|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = 111
| coordinates_footnotes =
| prominence =
<!-- government type, leaders -->
| lat_d =47 | lat_m =47 | lat_s =57 | lat_NS =N
| long_d =18 | long_m =43 | long_s =05 | long_EW =E | leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Jenő Szabó
| highest =
<!-- established -->
| highest_location = | highest_region = | highest_state =
| established_title = First mentioned
| highest_elevation =
| established_date = 1075
| highest_lat_d = | highest_lat_m = | highest_lat_s = | highest_lat_NS =
| established_title2 = Market town
| highest_long_d = | highest_long_m = | highest_long_s = | highest_long_EW =
| established_date2 = 1724
| lowest =
<!-- area -->
| lowest_location = | lowest_region = | lowest_state =
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7014rr/v_om7014rr_00_00_00_sk |title=Hustota obyvateľstva - obce |author=Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk) |date= |website=www.statistics.sk |publisher= |access-date=2024-02-08}}</ref>
| lowest_elevation =
| area_total_km2 = 13.44
| lowest_lat_d = | lowest_lat_m = | lowest_lat_s = | lowest_lat_NS =
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| area_land_sq_mi =
<!-- *** Dimensions *** -->
| area_water_sq_mi =
| length = | length_orientation =
<!-- elevation -->
| width = | width_orientation =
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="base_info">{{Cite web |url=http://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_SK_WIN/om5001rr/v_om5001rr_00_00_00_sk |title=Základná charakteristika |language=sk |date=2015-04-17 |website=www.statistics.sk |publisher= Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|access-date=2022-03-31}}</ref>
| area = 13.13
| elevation_m = 109
| area_land =
| population_as_of = {{Tooltip|2022|2022-12-31}}
| area_water =
| population_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |url=https://datacube.statistics.sk/#!/view/sk/VBD_DEM/om7101rr/v_om7101rr_00_00_00_sk |title=Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne) |author=Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk) |date= |website=www.statistics.sk |publisher= |access-date=2024-02-08}}</ref>
| area_urban =
| population_total = 9440
| area_metro =
| population_density_km2 = auto
<!-- *** Population *** -->
| population_density_sq_mi=
| population =11172 | population_date = 2005-12-31
| population_demonym =
| population_urban =
<!-- time zone(s) -->
| population_metro =
| timezone1 = ]
| population_density = auto
| utc_offset1 = +1
| population_density_urban =
| timezone1_DST = ]
| population_density_metro =
| utc_offset1_DST = +2
<!-- *** History & management *** -->
<!-- postal codes, area code -->
| established =1075
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| established_type = First mentioned
| postal_code = 943 01<ref name="base_info"/>
| date =
| area_code_type =
| government =
| area_code = +421 36<ref name="base_info"/>
| government_location = | government_region = | government_state =
| geocode =
| government_elevation =
| iso_code =
| government_lat_d = | government_lat_m = | government_lat_s = | government_lat_NS =
| blank_name = ]
| government_long_d = | government_long_m = | government_long_s = | government_long_EW =
| blank_info = NZ
| mayor =
<!-- website, footnotes -->
| leader =
| website =
<!-- *** Codes *** -->
| footnotes =
| timezone =] | utc_offset =+1
|area_note= ({{Tooltip|2022|2022-06-31/2022-07-01}})
| timezone_DST =] | utc_offset_DST =+2
| postal_code = 943 01
| area_code = 421-36
| area_code_type = Phone prefix
| code = NZ | code_type = ]
<!-- *** UNESCO etc. *** -->
| whs_name =
| whs_year =
| whs_number =
| whs_region =
| whs_criteria =
| iucn_category =
<!-- *** Free fields *** -->
| free = | free_type =
<!-- *** Maps *** -->
| map =Slovakia - outline map.svg
| map_caption = Location of Štúrovo in Slovakia
| map_background = Slovakia - background map.png
| map_locator = Slovakia
| map1 = Nitra Region - outline map.svg
| map1_caption = Location of Štúrovo in the Nitra Region
| map1_background = Nitra Region - background map.png
| map1_locator = Nitra Region
<!-- *** Website *** -->
| website = http://www.sturovo.sk
<!-- *** Wikimedia Commons *** -->
| commons = Štúrovo
<!-- *** Footnotes *** -->
| footnotes =Source:<ref name="statistics">http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html Municipal Statistics from the Statistical Office of the Slovak republic</ref>
}} }}


'''Štúrovo''' ({{lang-hu|Párkány}}, {{lang-de|Gockern}}, {{lang-tr|Ciğerdelen}}) is a town in ], situated on the ]. Its population in 2005 was 11,172. '''Štúrovo''' ({{langx|hu|Párkány}}) is the southernmost town of ], situated on the river ] not far from the mouth of the ] (Garam). It is situated opposite the city of ] in ]. Connected by the ] the two cities form a cross-border urban area. In 2021 Štúrovo had a population of 9,591, two-thirds of them belonged to the Hungarian minority.


Štúrovo / Párkány is a popular summer holiday destination with the Vadas Thermal Resort, the biggest aquapark in Slovakia. It is also an industrial and commercial center of local importance with lively cross-border traffic, an industrial park, railway junction, hotels, casinos and supermarkets. The Fair of Saints Simon and Jude is the biggest in the Danube region.
The town is situated opposite the Hungarian city of ]. The ] connects the settlements. The bridge was destroyed in 1944 during World War II, but reconstructed in 2001.


==Names and etymology==
==Name==
The oldest name of the settlement was ''Kokot'', the common Slavic word for ] (the word still exists in Slovak but as a vulgarism). It was mentioned as ''Kokot'' in 1075, ''Cokot'' in 1157, ''Chokot'' in 1209, ''Kokat'' in 1215 and ''Kakath'' 1276.<ref>{{cite book |last=Stanislav |first=Ján |title=Slovenský juh v stredoveku II.| page=235| publisher=Slovenské literárne centrum |year=2004 |ISBN=80-88878-89-6}}</ref> The word entered Hungarian as "kakas" and is still in use.
For centuries, until 1920 when northern Hungary was annexed to a newly formed ] following the ] which cost Hungary two thirds of its territory and created a large ethnic ] and in the new countries that border present-day ], the town was named Párkány. Later, until 1948, the town was known as ''Parkan'' in Slovak. It was given its current name after ] and is named after the 19th century Slovak national leader, ]. Despite the ] and other anti-Hungarian programs, the town remains majority Hungarian and there was an attempt to return the old name in a 1991 referendum; however, the government refused to rename the town.<ref name="dochistory">http://www.sturovo.sk/main.php?id_menu=17329&id_menu_obsah_m34873=10106&firmy_slovenska_flag=0&caption1=0 Štúrovo - History (contains a link to .doc file, in Slovak)</ref>


''Parkan'' originally meant a "fortified outpost" in ], and entered Hungarian as "párkány" (although its meaning later changed to "ledge"). In 1546 a ] was built by the Ottomans and called ''Ciğerdelen Parkan'' meaning "liver-stabbing fort" or ''Çekerden''. In the early modern period Párkány and Kakath/Kakad remained in parallel use but over time Párkány became the dominant name (Kakad was last attested in 1732).<ref>Kálmán Haiczl: Kakath Dsigerdelen-Csekerdén Párkány, Érsekújvár, Winter Ny., , p. 5., 68.</ref> A German name was also recorded in 1595 as ''Gockern''.
==History==
]
]
The town was inhabited in the prehistoric ages, thanks to its favourable location. At one time, it was an important river crossing, and part of the ] system named as Avanum during ]. The first written record of the town is from 1075 under the name ''Kakath''. In the 16th century, after the Turks conquered ] in 1541, the town, along with Esztergom, came under the ]. Many attempts to retake the town from the Turks followed, but they were unsuccessful except 1595–1605 period, until 1683, when the Turks lost a ] which became referred to as Ciğerdelen ("Liver driller" in Turkish) during the Ottoman rule.


''Párkány'' was the official name of the town when it was part of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 18th-20th centuries. It is still in use as Hungarian remains a recognized minority language in the municipality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.narodnostnemensiny.gov.sk/8451/oznacenia-v-jazyku-mensiny/ |title=Označenia v jazyku menšiny |publisher=Úrad splnomocnenca vlády SR pre národnostné menšiny |access-date=27 December 2016}}</ref>
During the reign of ], the town regained its rights and became a district town.


The original Slovak name was also ''Parkan''. It was in official use from 1920 to 1938, and between 1945 and 1948. The town was renamed in 1948 after ], a prominent figure of the Slovak national revival. There was an attempt to return to the old official name in a local referendum in 1991; however the government refused to accept the decision.<ref name="dochistory">http://www.sturovo.sk/main.php?id_menu=17329&id_menu_obsah_m34873=10106&firmy_slovenska_flag=0&caption1=0 Štúrovo - History (contains a link to .doc file, in Slovak)</ref>
In 1850, Párkány became a station on the railway track from as Pozsony ( Pressburg, now:])to ]. In 1895, the Mária Valéria bridge to Esztergom was opened.


==Symbols==
After ], the town became a border town of Czechoslovakia. In 1938, as a result of the ], Párkány and parts of Southern Slovakia were returned to Hungary. It was occupied in the years 1944/1945 by Soviet troops. The Mária Valéria bridge was destroyed for a second time (first time in 1920) by retreating German forces.
The main symbols of the town are the coat of arms and the flag.


The coat of arms of the town was created by a local historian, Péter Püspöki Nagy, and adopted by the municipal council in 1971. The main charge refers to the medieval name of the town, Kakath ("kakas" meaning rooster in Hungarian), the chaussé evokes the triangular Ottoman fortress of ] in the early modern period, the azure field refers to the Danube and Hron (Garam) rivers.
After ], the town was again ceded Czechoslovakia. It was renamed to ''Štúrovo'' in 1948. The formerly independent villages of ] and ] were annexed to Štúrovo (in 1960 and 1972, respectively). Štúrovo ceased to be a district in 1960 and merged into ].


'''The blazon of the arms:'''
After WWII it began to industrialize. The biggest factory called ''Juhoslovenské celulózky a papierne'' (South Slovakian pulpwood and paper works) was opened in 1968, employing some 4,000 people. A new thermal swimming resort ''Vadaš'' was built in 1978. The local railway station became the second biggest in Slovakia (1975).<ref name="dochistory"/>


<blockquote>''Azure, chaussé Or displayed a cock's head facing sinister erased Gules.''</blockquote>
After the ], Nána (1990) and Obid (1998) became separate villages again and the Mária Valéria bridge was opened for the third time in 2001, boosting the local economy.


The flag of the town is a ] with a red side and seven blue and gold stripes.
==Border crossing==
]
]


==History==
Until 21 December 2007 when both Slovakia and Hungary became part of the ], Štúrovo was a major border crossing between Slovakia and Hungary, with ] located on the Hungarian side of the River Danube. The two cities are linked by the ]. The road bridge is some 500 metres in length and is named after ], (1868–1924), the fourth child of ] ], and ].
] in 1595]]Thanks to a natural river crossing on the Danube, the area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It was probably part of the ] during the ]. A settlement named Anavum in ]'s ] (in Greek ἄναυό) can be located hypothetically near the mouth of the Hron by using Ptolemy's coordinates.<ref>The Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, published in English translation by Dover Publications, 1991, Book II, Chapter 10: Greater Germany (Fourth Map of Europe) see </ref> Sor far no Roman remains have been found in this area.


From the 10th century Gran / Strigonium (]) became the royal and ecclesiastical capital of the ]. A village developed on the opposite bank of the river that was first mentioned in the charter of the Monastery of Saint Benedict (now ]) in 1075 ("in Kokot a possession of 10 fishermen's houses in the upper parts and 3 plowgate of land"). The settlement was regularly mentioned in medieval documents, most often in the form of Kakath from the 13th century onwards. It owed its significance to the proximity of the royal city and the Danube ferry. The ferry was part of an important trade route that connected the center of the Hungarian kingdom with its northern territories and the ]. In 1215 the ferry toll was granted to the Chapter of Strigonium by King ]. In February 1274 King ] was staying in Kakath (referred to as ''villa Kokat'') when the chapter asked for his help in a property dispute.
The bridge was originally opened on 28 September 1895 but was destroyed twice. On 22 July 1919 the bridge was destroyed by a detonation at its first pier on its western side but the bridge was renovated in 1922 and completely reconstructed in 1926. During ], retreating German troops blew up the bridge on 26 December 1944 along with other bridges near Esztergom.


In the Middle Ages Kakath was owned by the ] except the small tract of the Benedictine monastery. However, this was seized by the archdiocese in 1276 and never returned, although the monks continued to litigate over it until the 16th century. During the struggle for the Hungarian crown in the first decade of the 14th century, King ] led a campaign in 1304 to Hungary to strengthen the position of his son, King ]. He set up his camp at the port of Kokoth in July, then crossing the Danube he attacked Strigonium because Archbishop Michael was a prominent supporter of his son's rival, King ].<ref>Knauz, Ferdinandus: Monumenta Ecclesiae Strigoniensis, Tomus Secundus, Strigonii, 1882, p. XXXII, p. 544 </ref>
Decades of intransigence between the Communist governments of Hungary and ] meant that the bridge was not rebuilt until the new millennium, finally reopening on 11 October 2001. Half the costs of the project were covered by a 10 million ] grant from the ], as part of the EU ] project to assist applicant countries in their preparations to join the EU.


From the 1520s onwards, Kakath was severely affected by the ]. The tax register of the archbishopric in 1531 recorded only 11 houses and 10 ferrymen, a significant decrease from the previous years. The town was probably ravaged during ]. Strigonium itself was ] and captured by the Ottomans in 1543. By that time, the medieval market town had been destroyed by the devastating conflict: according to the tax register of that year, Kakath was completely abandoned.
Štúrovo was also a major railway border crossing between Slovakia and Hungary as it is on the main Bratislava-Budapest railway line. The main station across the border in Hungary is ] which is located to the east on the same side of the River Danube.


]During Ottoman rule a ] was built as part of the defense system of Esztergom, and named ''Ciğerdelen Parkan'' meaning "liver-stabbing fort" or Çekerden. Many attempts to retake the fortress from the Turks followed, but they were unsuccessful except 1595–1605 period, until 1683, when the Turks lost a ].
==Demographics==
] street)]]
According to the 2001 census, there were 11,708 people living in the town with 68.7% of the inhabitants being ethnic ], as opposed to 28.1% ethnic ].
The religious make-up was as follows: Roman Catholic 77.18%, without denomination or not specified 16.45%, Evangelic 1.36%.


During the reign of ], the town regained its rights and became a district town.
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In 1850, Párkány became a station on the railway between Pressburg ({{langx|hu|Pozsony}}, now ]) and ]. In 1895, the Mária Valéria bridge to Esztergom was opened.
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After ], the town became a border town of Czechoslovakia. In 1938, as a result of the ], Párkány and parts of Southern Slovakia were occupied by Hungary. It was liberated in the years 1944/1945 by Soviet troops. The Mária Valéria bridge was destroyed for a second time (first time in 1920) by retreating German forces.
BarData=


After ], with the annulment of the Vienna Awards, the town became a part of Czechoslovakia again. It was renamed to ''Štúrovo'' in 1948. The formerly independent villages of ] and ] were merged with the town in 1960 and 1972 respectively. Štúrovo ceased to be the seat of a separate district in 1960 and was merged into the new larger ].
bar:1989 text:1989
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]The postwar industrialisation period saw a major pulp and paper processing plant opened - the ''Juhoslovenské celulózky a papierne'' (South Slovakian Pulpwood and Paper Works) in 1968, employing some 4,000 people. A new thermal swimming resort ''Vadaš'' was built in 1978. The local railway station became the second largest in Slovakia (1975).<ref name="dochistory"/>
PlotData=
color:barra width:20 align:left


After the ], Nána (1990) and Obid (1998) became separate villages again. The Mária Valéria bridge to Hungary was rebuilt for the third time and opened in 2001, boosting the local economy.
bar:1989 from:0 till: 14270
bar:1990 from:0 till: 14381
bar:1991 from:0 till: 13391
bar:1992 from:0 till: 13561
bar:1993 from:0 till: 13585
bar:1994 from:0 till: 13581
bar:1995 from:0 till: 13491
bar:1996 from:0 till: 13486
bar:1997 from:0 till: 13440
bar:1998 from:0 till: 13333
bar:1999 from:0 till: 12090
bar:2000 from:0 till: 12015
bar:2001 from:0 till: 11704
bar:2002 from:0 till: 11607
bar:2003 from:0 till: 11487
bar:2004 from:0 till: 11353
bar:2005 from:0 till: 11198
bar:2006 from:0 till: 11066
bar:2007 from:0 till: 10979
bar:2008 from:0 till: 10875
bar:2009 from:0 till: 10837
bar:2010 from:0 till: 10763
bar:2011 from:0 till: 10901
bar:2012 from:0 till: 10755


==Border crossing==
PlotData=
]
]


Until 21 December 2007 when both Slovakia and Hungary became part of the ], Štúrovo was a major border crossing between Slovakia and Hungary, with ] located on the Hungarian side of the River Danube. The two cities are linked by the ]. The road bridge is some {{convert|500|m|abbr=off}} in length and is named after ], (1868–1924), the fourth child of ] ], and ].
bar:1989 at: 14270 fontsize:S text: 14270 shift:(-10,5)

bar:1990 at: 14381 fontsize:S text: 14381 shift:(-10,5)
The bridge was originally opened on 28 September 1895 but was destroyed twice. On 22 July 1919 the bridge was destroyed by a detonation at its first pier on its western side but the bridge was renovated in 1922 and completely reconstructed in 1926. During ], retreating German troops blew up the bridge on 26 December 1944 along with other bridges near Esztergom.
bar:1991 at: 13391 fontsize:S text: 13391 shift:(-10,5)

bar:1992 at: 13561 fontsize:S text: 13561 shift:(-10,5)
Decades of intransigence between the Communist governments of Hungary and ] meant that the bridge was not rebuilt until the new millennium, finally reopening on 11 October 2001. Half the costs of the project were covered by a 10 million ] grant from the ], as part of the EU ] project to assist applicant countries in their preparations to join the EU.
bar:1993 at: 13585 fontsize:S text: 13585 shift:(-10,5)

bar:1994 at: 13581 fontsize:S text: 13581 shift:(-10,5)
Štúrovo was also a major railway border crossing between Slovakia and Hungary as it is on the main Bratislava-Budapest railway line. The main station across the border in Hungary is ] which is located to the east on the same side of the River Danube.
bar:1995 at: 13491 fontsize:S text: 13491 shift:(-10,5)
{{clear|left}}
bar:1996 at: 13486 fontsize:S text: 13486 shift:(-10,5)

bar:1997 at: 13440 fontsize:S text: 13440 shift:(-10,5)
==Demographics==
bar:1998 at: 13333 fontsize:S text: 13333 shift:(-10,5)
] Street)]]
bar:1999 at: 12090 fontsize:S text: 12090 shift:(-10,5)
{{historical population|1970|7051|1980|10690|1991|12146|2001|11708|2011|10919|2021|9777|align=right|cols=1|source=Censuses<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical lexikon of municipalities 1970-2011|url=https://slovak.statistics.sk/wps/wcm/connect/cd33d897-7314-41d0-a12b-a95e537d7a39/Statisticky_lexikon_obci_Slovenskej_republiky_2011.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy&CVID=kRHTpsy|language=sk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Census 2021 - Population - Basic results|url=https://www.scitanie.sk/obyvatelia/zakladne-vysledky/pocet-obyvatelov/|publisher=Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic|date=2021-01-01}}</ref>}}According to the 2001 census, 11,708 people were living in the town with 68.7% identifying themselves as ethnic ], 28.1% as ] and 3.2% as other nationalities.
bar:2000 at: 12015 fontsize:S text: 12015 shift:(-10,5)
The religious make-up was: Roman Catholic 77.18%, without denomination or not specified 16.45%, Lutheran 1.36%.
bar:2001 at: 11704 fontsize:S text: 11704 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2002 at: 11607 fontsize:S text: 11607 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2003 at: 11487 fontsize:S text: 11487 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2004 at: 11353 fontsize:S text: 11353 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2005 at: 11198 fontsize:S text: 11198 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2006 at: 11066 fontsize:S text: 11066 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2007 at: 10979 fontsize:S text: 10979 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2008 at: 10875 fontsize:S text: 10875 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2009 at: 10837 fontsize:S text: 10837 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2010 at: 10763 fontsize:S text: 10763 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2011 at: 10901 fontsize:S text: 10901 shift:(-10,5)
bar:2012 at: 10755 fontsize:S text: 10755 shift:(-10,5)
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==Twin towns — sister cities==
</timeline>
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia}}


Štúrovo is ] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerské mestá|url=https://www.sturovo.sk/partnerske-mesta.phtml?id3=82187|website=sturovo.sk|publisher=Štúrovo|language=sk|accessdate=2019-09-04}}</ref>
==Partner towns==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*{{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary *{{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary
*{{flagicon|CZE}} ], Czech Republic *{{flagicon|CZE}} ], Czech Republic
Line 255: Line 151:
*{{flagicon|SRB}} ], Serbia *{{flagicon|SRB}} ], Serbia
*{{flagicon|POL}} ], Poland *{{flagicon|POL}} ], Poland
*{{flagicon|HUN}} ], Hungary
{{div col end}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


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Latest revision as of 20:46, 2 November 2024

Town in Slovakia
Štúrovo Párkány
Town
Landscape view with Mária Valéria Bridge over the Danube as seen from the Esztergom BasilicaLandscape view with Mária Valéria Bridge over the Danube as seen from the Esztergom Basilica
Coat of arms of ŠtúrovoCoat of arms
Etymology: Slovak: Ľudovít Štúr (Slovak writer, politician), Middle High German: Parkan ("fortified outpost")
Štúrovo is located in Nitra RegionŠtúrovoŠtúrovoLocation of Štúrovo in SlovakiaShow map of Nitra RegionŠtúrovo is located in SlovakiaŠtúrovoŠtúrovoŠtúrovo (Slovakia)Show map of Slovakia
Coordinates: 47°47′57″N 18°43′05″E / 47.79917°N 18.71806°E / 47.79917; 18.71806
Country Slovakia
Region Nitra Region
DistrictNové Zámky
First mentioned1075
Market town1724
Government
 • MayorJenő Szabó
Area
 • Total13.44 km (5.19 sq mi)
 (2022)
Elevation109 m (358 ft)
Population
 • Total9,440
 • Density700/km (1,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code943 01
Area code+421 36
Car plateNZ
Websitewww.sturovo.sk

Štúrovo (Hungarian: Párkány) is the southernmost town of Slovakia, situated on the river Danube not far from the mouth of the Hron (Garam). It is situated opposite the city of Esztergom in Hungary. Connected by the Mária Valéria Bridge the two cities form a cross-border urban area. In 2021 Štúrovo had a population of 9,591, two-thirds of them belonged to the Hungarian minority.

Štúrovo / Párkány is a popular summer holiday destination with the Vadas Thermal Resort, the biggest aquapark in Slovakia. It is also an industrial and commercial center of local importance with lively cross-border traffic, an industrial park, railway junction, hotels, casinos and supermarkets. The Fair of Saints Simon and Jude is the biggest in the Danube region.

Names and etymology

The oldest name of the settlement was Kokot, the common Slavic word for rooster (the word still exists in Slovak but as a vulgarism). It was mentioned as Kokot in 1075, Cokot in 1157, Chokot in 1209, Kokat in 1215 and Kakath 1276. The word entered Hungarian as "kakas" and is still in use.

Parkan originally meant a "fortified outpost" in Middle High German, and entered Hungarian as "párkány" (although its meaning later changed to "ledge"). In 1546 a small fort was built by the Ottomans and called Ciğerdelen Parkan meaning "liver-stabbing fort" or Çekerden. In the early modern period Párkány and Kakath/Kakad remained in parallel use but over time Párkány became the dominant name (Kakad was last attested in 1732). A German name was also recorded in 1595 as Gockern.

Párkány was the official name of the town when it was part of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 18th-20th centuries. It is still in use as Hungarian remains a recognized minority language in the municipality.

The original Slovak name was also Parkan. It was in official use from 1920 to 1938, and between 1945 and 1948. The town was renamed in 1948 after Ľudovít Štúr, a prominent figure of the Slovak national revival. There was an attempt to return to the old official name in a local referendum in 1991; however the government refused to accept the decision.

Symbols

The main symbols of the town are the coat of arms and the flag.

The coat of arms of the town was created by a local historian, Péter Püspöki Nagy, and adopted by the municipal council in 1971. The main charge refers to the medieval name of the town, Kakath ("kakas" meaning rooster in Hungarian), the chaussé evokes the triangular Ottoman fortress of Parkan in the early modern period, the azure field refers to the Danube and Hron (Garam) rivers.

The blazon of the arms:

Azure, chaussé Or displayed a cock's head facing sinister erased Gules.

The flag of the town is a swallowtail with a red side and seven blue and gold stripes.

History

View of the ruins of Kakath with Esztergom in the background by Joris Hoefnagel in 1595

Thanks to a natural river crossing on the Danube, the area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It was probably part of the Pannonian Limes during the Roman era. A settlement named Anavum in Ptolemy's Geography (in Greek ἄναυό) can be located hypothetically near the mouth of the Hron by using Ptolemy's coordinates. Sor far no Roman remains have been found in this area.

From the 10th century Gran / Strigonium (Esztergom) became the royal and ecclesiastical capital of the Kingdom of Hungary. A village developed on the opposite bank of the river that was first mentioned in the charter of the Monastery of Saint Benedict (now Hronský Beňadik) in 1075 ("in Kokot a possession of 10 fishermen's houses in the upper parts and 3 plowgate of land"). The settlement was regularly mentioned in medieval documents, most often in the form of Kakath from the 13th century onwards. It owed its significance to the proximity of the royal city and the Danube ferry. The ferry was part of an important trade route that connected the center of the Hungarian kingdom with its northern territories and the Kingdom of Bohemia. In 1215 the ferry toll was granted to the Chapter of Strigonium by King Andrew II of Hungary. In February 1274 King Ladislaus IV of Hungary was staying in Kakath (referred to as villa Kokat) when the chapter asked for his help in a property dispute.

In the Middle Ages Kakath was owned by the Archbishopric of Esztergom except the small tract of the Benedictine monastery. However, this was seized by the archdiocese in 1276 and never returned, although the monks continued to litigate over it until the 16th century. During the struggle for the Hungarian crown in the first decade of the 14th century, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia led a campaign in 1304 to Hungary to strengthen the position of his son, King Wenceslaus. He set up his camp at the port of Kokoth in July, then crossing the Danube he attacked Strigonium because Archbishop Michael was a prominent supporter of his son's rival, King Charles I.

From the 1520s onwards, Kakath was severely affected by the Hungarian–Ottoman Wars. The tax register of the archbishopric in 1531 recorded only 11 houses and 10 ferrymen, a significant decrease from the previous years. The town was probably ravaged during Suleiman I's campaign of 1529. Strigonium itself was besieged and captured by the Ottomans in 1543. By that time, the medieval market town had been destroyed by the devastating conflict: according to the tax register of that year, Kakath was completely abandoned.

Párkány and Esztergom in 1664

During Ottoman rule a fortified outpost was built as part of the defense system of Esztergom, and named Ciğerdelen Parkan meaning "liver-stabbing fort" or Çekerden. Many attempts to retake the fortress from the Turks followed, but they were unsuccessful except 1595–1605 period, until 1683, when the Turks lost a battle near Párkány.

During the reign of Maria Theresa, the town regained its rights and became a district town.

In 1850, Párkány became a station on the railway between Pressburg (Hungarian: Pozsony, now Bratislava) and Budapest. In 1895, the Mária Valéria bridge to Esztergom was opened.

After World War I, the town became a border town of Czechoslovakia. In 1938, as a result of the First Vienna Award, Párkány and parts of Southern Slovakia were occupied by Hungary. It was liberated in the years 1944/1945 by Soviet troops. The Mária Valéria bridge was destroyed for a second time (first time in 1920) by retreating German forces.

After World War II, with the annulment of the Vienna Awards, the town became a part of Czechoslovakia again. It was renamed to Štúrovo in 1948. The formerly independent villages of Nána and Obid were merged with the town in 1960 and 1972 respectively. Štúrovo ceased to be the seat of a separate district in 1960 and was merged into the new larger Nové Zámky District.

Pedestrian zone in Štúrovo

The postwar industrialisation period saw a major pulp and paper processing plant opened - the Juhoslovenské celulózky a papierne (South Slovakian Pulpwood and Paper Works) in 1968, employing some 4,000 people. A new thermal swimming resort Vadaš was built in 1978. The local railway station became the second largest in Slovakia (1975).

After the Velvet Revolution, Nána (1990) and Obid (1998) became separate villages again. The Mária Valéria bridge to Hungary was rebuilt for the third time and opened in 2001, boosting the local economy.

Border crossing

Czechoslovak passport stamp from Štúrovo (1980).
Pre-Schengen passport stamp from Štúrovo.

Until 21 December 2007 when both Slovakia and Hungary became part of the Schengen Area, Štúrovo was a major border crossing between Slovakia and Hungary, with Esztergom located on the Hungarian side of the River Danube. The two cities are linked by the Mária Valéria Bridge. The road bridge is some 500 metres (1,600 feet) in length and is named after Archduchess Marie Valerie of Austria, (1868–1924), the fourth child of Emperor Franz Josef, and Elisabeth.

The bridge was originally opened on 28 September 1895 but was destroyed twice. On 22 July 1919 the bridge was destroyed by a detonation at its first pier on its western side but the bridge was renovated in 1922 and completely reconstructed in 1926. During World War II, retreating German troops blew up the bridge on 26 December 1944 along with other bridges near Esztergom.

Decades of intransigence between the Communist governments of Hungary and Czechoslovakia meant that the bridge was not rebuilt until the new millennium, finally reopening on 11 October 2001. Half the costs of the project were covered by a 10 million Euro grant from the European Union, as part of the EU PHARE project to assist applicant countries in their preparations to join the EU.

Štúrovo was also a major railway border crossing between Slovakia and Hungary as it is on the main Bratislava-Budapest railway line. The main station across the border in Hungary is Szob which is located to the east on the same side of the River Danube.

Demographics

Bilingual (Slovak/Hungarian) street sign (Saint Stephen Street)
Historical population
YearPop.±%
19707,051—    
198010,690+51.6%
199112,146+13.6%
200111,708−3.6%
201110,919−6.7%
20219,777−10.5%
Source: Censuses

According to the 2001 census, 11,708 people were living in the town with 68.7% identifying themselves as ethnic Hungarian, 28.1% as Slovak and 3.2% as other nationalities.

The religious make-up was: Roman Catholic 77.18%, without denomination or not specified 16.45%, Lutheran 1.36%.

Twin towns — sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia

Štúrovo is twinned with:

References

  1. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Hustota obyvateľstva - obce". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  2. ^ "Základná charakteristika". www.statistics.sk (in Slovak). Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2015-04-17. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  3. Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic (www.statistics.sk). "Počet obyvateľov podľa pohlavia - obce (ročne)". www.statistics.sk. Retrieved 2024-02-08.
  4. Stanislav, Ján (2004). Slovenský juh v stredoveku II. Slovenské literárne centrum. p. 235. ISBN 80-88878-89-6.
  5. Kálmán Haiczl: Kakath Dsigerdelen-Csekerdén Párkány, Érsekújvár, Winter Ny., , p. 5., 68.
  6. "Označenia v jazyku menšiny". Úrad splnomocnenca vlády SR pre národnostné menšiny. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  7. ^ http://www.sturovo.sk/main.php?id_menu=17329&id_menu_obsah_m34873=10106&firmy_slovenska_flag=0&caption1=0 Štúrovo - History (contains a link to .doc file, in Slovak)
  8. The Geography of Claudius Ptolemy, published in English translation by Dover Publications, 1991, Book II, Chapter 10: Greater Germany (Fourth Map of Europe) see
  9. Knauz, Ferdinandus: Monumenta Ecclesiae Strigoniensis, Tomus Secundus, Strigonii, 1882, p. XXXII, p. 544
  10. "Statistical lexikon of municipalities 1970-2011" (PDF) (in Slovak).
  11. "Census 2021 - Population - Basic results". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. 2021-01-01.
  12. "Partnerské mestá". sturovo.sk (in Slovak). Štúrovo. Retrieved 2019-09-04.

External links

Municipalities of Nové Zámky District
Slovakia
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