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{{Short description|Turkic tribe in Iran}}
{{Merge from|Khereid|discuss=Talk:Khereid|date=December 2013}}
{{About|the Turkic tribe|the modern political term|White Turks|the groups in Eastern Europe|Karaite (disambiguation){{!}}Karaite}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=April 2010}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2010}}
}}


The '''Karai''', '''Qarai''', or '''Qara ("Black") Tartars''' are a ] tribe found in ], ], ], and ].
The '''Qaraei''', '''Kerey''', or '''Kara Tatar''' (Qarai, Qaray, Karai,Garai, Gharaei, Ghara Tatar, Qara Tatar, {{lang-kz|Керей}}, {{lang-tt|къарай}}, {{lang-mn|Кэрэйд}}, {{lang-he|כרי}}, {{lang-zh|克烈}}. {{lang-ar|قارئ}}, {{lang-fa|قرایی}}, {{lang-fa|قرائی}}, {{lang-fa|قرا تاتار}}, {{lang-tr|كرايلر}}, {{lang-tr|Kara Tatar}}, {{lang-tr|Küyin Tatar}}) are an ethnic group who live between the ] and the ], in ], the ], ] and ]. They are the greatest tribe in the ] of the Kazakh nation.


==Etymology==
They are known as Qaraei,Gharaei,Gharaee,Garai in ], ], ], ], ] and ], as ''Qara Tatar'' in ], ] and former ] and also as Garayeli and Garayelu in ].
According to ], the Qara'i or Qara Tatars are "a Turkic-speaking tribe of Azerbaijan, Khorasan, Kermān, and Fārs." According to ], the name ''Karāʾi'' may have been rooted in the ], a ], while according to ], the tribe's name might have originated from other ethnic groups in ].{{sfn|Oberling|2002}}


Since ''qara'' "black" is a designation for "north" in ] it was a frequently used tribal identifier among the early ], and there are numerous ] known by this adjective. The earliest mention of these, not necessarily related, are the "Black Tatars" ({{zh|c=黑韃靼}}), a subdivision of the ] in ] sources.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Meanwhile, at the western end of the steppe, more "black Tatars" were troops serving the ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vásáry|first=István|title=Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJWyg97IggC&pg=PA112|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-44408-8}}, p. 112</ref>
==Origins==

===Etymology===
The name of the Qaraei people derives from the ] word '''Kara''', which means ]. The term originally was used to refer to the '''Kara Tatar''' ], various clans and tribes such as ], ], and ] who resided in ] and ]. They arrived in the ] as part of the ] when their chief ] was the Mongol Commander who invaded ], ] and parts of ]. In ] they mixed with the native population of ], ] who were ], while ] who had invaded the ] moved some 40,000 of them to (] and ] in ] and also his capital ]). In ] they mixed with the native population and thus adopted ] customs and language. As part of the ] under their chiefs ] and ] they settled in (], ]) and conquered ].


==History== ==History==
The Qara Tatars were recorded as a Mongol tribe of 30–40,000 nomad families dwelling near ] and ] in ] at the time of ]'s ]. Upon a suggestion by the ] Sultan ]{{sfn|Barthold|1936|p=701}} and to refill the depopulated extremities of his empire,{{sfn|Sümer|p=175}} Timur deported these tribes back to ], specifically ] and an island in ] that later ceased to exist.{{sfn|Barthold|1936|p=701}} Many of the tribesmen tried to escape from the forced migration, and although many were captured, some tribesmen remained in ].{{sfn|Sümer|pp=175–176}} A portion of the tribe that was previously deported managed to escape to the ], and some additionally returned to Anatolia following Timur's demise. In 1419, groups from the tribe were deported by the Ottomans to the ], settling near ] in modern-day ].{{sfn|Barthold|1936|p=701}}


At the start of the ], Qarai Turks were also scattered beyond southern Khorasan through the desert zone of ].<ref>Richard Tapper, Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan, Routledge, 2012, p.19</ref> Malcolm (1829) thought the Qarai of Persia arrived from "Tartary" as a result of ]'s campaigns.<ref>J. Malcolm, ''The History of Persia'', 2 vols., London, 1829.</ref> Under Afsharid ] (r. 1736–1747), they were settled in ]. Before that time, the Karai seem also to have been found in ]. ], who traveled in Azerbaijan in 1638, mentions ''Karai'' as one of the tribes of ].
===Emergence of the Kara Tatar===
Qara Tatar legend trace their ancestry back to Nimrod whom they make into a descendant of Salm son of ], an idea which may have been introduced through ecclesiastical conversion made among proto-Turkic tribes before ] and their subsequent adoption of Islam. Today the Qara Tatars and Qaraei, Garai, Gharaei are scattered across the three continents of ], ] and ]. They primarily live in ], ] and ], though in the past they lived in ], ], ], ] and the ].

It is believed that the so-called Qara Tatars (meaning '''Black Tatars''') were descendants of the ] clans (meaning '''Nine Tatar''') who in 740 A.D. united with the Oghuz Turkic tribes and rebelled against their overlords the ] (meaning '''Blue Turks''') during the reign of the Gok Turk Khaghan, ], whose military commander Mojilian Shad (later known as ] was the one who crushed the rebels at the ]. As a result of this defeat, the ] and Toquz Tatars moved to the eastern lands. They settled along the lower end of the ] river and west of ], close to the Mongolian-Chinese border. Red (Kyzyl, i.e. Southern) and also white (Xwar i.e. Western) hordes were known among the proto-Turkic tribes which included the Blue (Gok, i.e. Eastern) and Black (Kara i.e. Northern) hordes.

Their name Qara Tatar (Black Tatar) was first given to them by the ], which was '''Heitata''', due to their dark features and black hair color. This name was used to distinguish them from the other Tatars who had fair skin and red hair color. YAP signature Haplogroups found among men in their populations indicate an Arabian origin.

The Qara Tatars were not a major power in Central Asia and the Mongolian steppes until the 12th century. From the time of their settlement in ], they were ruled by the ], ], ] and the Chinese. However, in the 12th century they became a powerful tribal group who posed a threat to the ] ], and other ] clans such as the ], ] and ].

Their most famous leader was ] who in the autumn of 1167 was captured by ]’s father ]. Thus Yesükhei named his newborn son (i.e. Genghis Khan) Temujin after the name of the captive chieftain. In 1196 Genghis Khan, together with his ally ], the chieftain of the ], began to launch attacks on the Tatar clans of the ] and ] and the ]. ], who was the Khagan of the Qara Tatars and son of Temujin Uge, was defeated and killed at the ]. The ] massacred every teenage and adult male Tatar, keeping only women and children alive.

However, Genghis Khan adopted a four-year-old Tatar prince who had golden ear rings. The boy, ], became a fearless commander in Genghis Khan’s army and played a major role in the wars against the ] of ] and the Chinese ] Empire. By 1202 all the Tatar tribes had come under the Mongol realm.

===13th to 15th century===
In the years between 1230 and 1243, Qara Tatars as members of the Mongol army swept through Afghanistan and Persia, and after the defeat of the ] at the ] in 1243, settled in ] to supervise the Seljuqs who were now Mongol vessals. Their most famous leaders were ] Noyan, chief commander of Mongol army in ] and ] (1241–1246), and his son ], who was the Governor-general of Anatolia (c.1265-1274, 1277–1284) for the ] Mongol ruler of Persia, ]. ] Samaghar's son was the first Muslim Qara Tatar; he was Governor of ] (c.1284-1300s) for the Ilkhanid ruler Sultan Mahmud ].

After the Ilkhanid period, the Qara Tatars in Anatolia came under the ] in Kayseri and subsequently under ] state in ]. ] (c.1370s-1398), chieftain of the Qara Tatars in Sivas, was a close friend of ] and fought against his own son-in-law ] of the ] Horde who had their capital in ].

In 1394, Qara Tatar territories came under ] rule. However, Sultan ] could not hold these territories long as a new threat came from the east. In the year 1402, when ] defeated the Ottoman army at the ] and captured the Ottoman Sultan ''Yildirim'' ], the Qara Tatars who were in the service of the Ottomans and had played a major role in ]’s victory by siding with him, were now rewarded as some of them remained in ] as powerful tribes while others were moved to ] in today’s Iran and ], Tamerlane’s capital in modern Uzbekistan, and given territories to live in.

===16th to 20th century===
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Qara Tatars started to call themselves Qaraei and served in the ] Persian Army. Throughout this period they were scattered across Iran and Afghanistan by the Safavid Shahs who feared their power.

However, when Nader Shah became the Emperor of Persia in 1735, he gathered some of the Qara Tatars from across Persia, approximately 4,000 families and settled them in Khorasan in ] and ] townships and made ] as their chief. From this time their power grew which then from (1802–1816) under and subsequently under his son ] (1823–1829) had formed an independent Khanate in Khorasan who posed a threat to the ruling ] Dynasty of ].

By 1925 when ] came to power, the tribal lifestyle of the Qaraei changed. The Qaraei were no longer a tribal people and had become city dwellers.

==Rulers List==

===Anatolia===

====Kara Tatar Noyans and Beys====
*], Chief of Besud Clan (d.1260?), ], ] & ]: ] (c.1241-1246); ](c.1258-1260)
*], (d.1284?) Rum: ] (c.1264-1274, 1277-1284).
{{lang-tr|Samagar : İsim olarak da kullanılır. Küyin (Kara) Tatar boyundan Samagar Noyan’ın adıdır. (A. Erol)}},<ref></ref> '''see also:''' ]
*Qutu Noyan, c.1277, grandson of ].
*Arap Noyan, Governor of ], ] (c.1295), son of Samagar Noyan.
*Ishbugha Noyan, Governor of ]
*Teberruk Bey
*Mulay Noyan, Governor of ] (d.1312)

====Ottoman Military Chiefs and Sancaks====
*Muruvvet Bey(d.1398?), Governor of ] (c.1398)
{{lang-tr|Anadolu'da Kara Tatar denilen Mogollarin reisi Mürüvvet Bey de Kirsehir'i zapt edip Sivas emiri Kadi Burhaneddin'e teslim etti.}} <ref></ref>
*Minnet Bey, Governor of ] (c.1400); ]; ](c.1418?)
*Mehmet Minnetovic, ] of ]: ](c.1463-1464)

===Persia===

====Ilkhans of Qara Tatar & Qaraei Tribe====

=====Khurasan=====
{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! class="unsortable" | Image !! Title !! Start term !! class="unsortable" | End term !! Seat !! class="unsortable" | Note
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|Kazem Beg Qara Tatar <br/>({{lang-fa|کاظم بیک قراتاتار}})|| ||ilkhan of Qara Tatar tribe||||1728||]||He was murdered in battle against ] in 1728.<ref>http://www.cgie.org.ir/shavad.asp?id=123&avaid=5641</ref>
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|Sarukhan Qara Tatar<br/>({{lang-fa|ساروخان قراتاتار}})|| ||ilkhan of Qara Tatar tribe||1728||||]||Appointed by ] as Chieftain of the tribe after death of Kazem Beg.
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! class="unsortable" | Image !! Title !! Start term !! class="unsortable" | End term !! Seat !! class="unsortable" | Note
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|Ali Qoli Khan Qaraei<br/>({{lang-fa|علی قلی خان قرایی}})|| ||ilkhan of Qaraei tribe||||||]|| Chieftain of the tribe, he was succeeded as ilkhan by his son Mozaffar Khan.
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|Mozaffar Khan Qaraei<br/>({{lang-fa|مظفر خان قرایی}})|| ||ilkhan of Qaraei tribe||||||]|| Chieftain of the tribe during reign of ].
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|Haji Mohammad Beg Qaraei<br/>({{lang-fa|حاجی محمد بیک قرایی}})|| ||ilkhan of Qaraei tribe||||||]|| a Qaraei Chieftain in ] army (d.1745). He was set up by ], sent to a battle where he would eventually die.
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|Najaf Qoli Khan Qara Tatar<br/>({{lang-fa|نجفقلی خان قراتاتار}})|| ||ilkhan of Qaraei tribe||||||]|| He was murdered by his own kinsmen.
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|]<br/>({{lang-fa|اسحاق خان قرایی}})|| ||ilkhan of Qaraei tribe|||||1816||]|| son-in-law of Najaf Qoli Khan. Governor ] (c.?-1816); ] (c.1813). Commander-in-Chief of Khurasan, Vizier of Khurasan, father-in-law of Khurasan governor Mohammad Vali Mirza Qajar. He was executed by the order of ].<ref>http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/unicode/v8f6/v8f626.html</ref>
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|]<br/>({{lang-fa|محمد خان قرایی}})|| ||ilkhan of Qaraei tribe||1816|||1833||Dowlatabad, Khorasan|| son of Eshaq Khan, He was also Governor of ] (1813-1816);](1829). Imprisoned in ].
|}

*'''Minor Khans'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! class="unsortable" | Image !! Title !! Start term !! class="unsortable" | End term !! Seat !! class="unsortable" | Note
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Mohammad Ali Khan Qaraei<br/>({{lang-fa|محمد علی خان قرایی}})|| ||||||||]|| a Qaraei Chieftain in ] army, c.1729
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Baqer Khan Qaraei<br/>({{lang-fa|باقر خان قرایی}})|| ||||||||]|| a Qaraei Chieftain in ] army, c.1729
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Amir Khan Qaraei<br/>({{lang-fa|امیر خان قرایی}})|| ||||||||Dowlatabad, Khorasan|| also appointed Governor of ] (c.1749) by Noor Mohammad Afghan on behalf ].
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Hassan Khan Qaraei|| |||||||1775||Dowlatabad, Khorasan|| brother of Amir Khan. He was murdered by a Prince Nasrollah Afshar, great-grandson of ].
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|Hassan Ali Khan Qaraei-Torbati|| ||||1815|||1816||]|| eldest son and heir to ], also Governor of Soltanabad, Khorasan(1816). He was executed by the order of ].
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Yousef Ali Beg Qaraei-Torbati|| |||||1803||1813||]|| nephew of Eshaq Khan.
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Hossein Ali Khan Qaraei-Torbati|| ||||1816|||1818||]|| fourth son of ].
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Lutf Ali Beg Qaraei-Torbati|| ||||1818|||1821||Mahmoudabad, Khorasan|| eldest son Hasan Ali Khan.
|- style="background:#AACC99"
|Navab Khanoom Qara Tatar|| ||||||||Jafarabad, Khorasan|| daughter of Najaf Qoli Khan and wife of Eshaq Khan.
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Amin Khan Beg Qara Tatar|| ||||||||]|| son of Najaf Qoli Khan.
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Yaqoub Khan Qaraei-Torbati|| ||||||||Abdullahabad, Khorasan|| son of Mohammad Khan.
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Hossein Ali Khan Qaraei-Torbati|| ||||||||Abdullahabad, Khorasan|| son of Yaqoub Khan. Governor of Abdullahabad (c.1874)
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Allah Qoli Khan Qaraei-Torbati|| ||||||||]|| a son of Mohammad Khan's Arab wife
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Soltan Ali Khan Qaraei aka Haji Khan Yavar|| ||||||||]||a major in Persian Army.
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Zolfaqar Khan Qaraei|| ||||||||]||a descendant of Eshaq Khan's son Ahmad Khan. He was one of the Khans in Roshtkhar region from the early 1900s til the 1930s. He was known as Emad-ul-Mamalik.
|- style="background:#E6E6AA"
|Abolfazl Khan Qaraei|| ||||||||]||a descendant of Eshaq Khan's son Ahmad Khan. He was one of the Khans in Roshtkhar region from circa early 1900s. He was a cousin of Zolfaqar Khan.
|}

*'''Princely Families'''
{| class="wikitable"
! Name !! class="unsortable" | Image !! Father !! Mother !! |Note
|- style="background:#f2e0ce"
|Jafar Qoli Mirza Qajar<br/>({{lang-fa|جعفر قلی میرزا قاجار}})|| ||Mohammad Vali Mirza Qajar|| daughter of ]||a commander in Persian Army during the war with the Turkmens. Battle of ] 1860. Governor of the tribes of Baharlu, Nafar and Inalu 1859.
|- style="background:#f2e0ce"
|Mohammad Hasan Mirza Qajar<br/>({{lang-fa|محمد حسن میرزا منتصرالملک}})|| ||Jafar Qoli Mirza Qajar|| ||Commander of ] and Police at ] 1894-1895, Governor of ] 1895 and 1902-1908, President Mashhad Municipality 1908.
|- style="background:#f2e0ce"
|Qahreman Mirza Qajar<br/>({{lang-fa|قهرمان میرزا قاجار}})|| ||Hasan Ali Mirza Qajar|| daughter of ]||his father was Shoja os Saltaneh. He is ancestor of Qahreman, Qahremani and Shojania families of Khorasan. He was Governor of ].
|}

=====Azerbaijan=====

=====Kerman=====

==Geographic distribution==

===Original Homeland===
Towns and cities of their habitat is unknown, roughly along the lower ] river along the Mongolian-Chinese border. Also see ].

===Former Persia===

====Iran====
The Qaraei in Iran are scattered. They live in the provinces of ], ], ], ] and ].

According to a recent census, current nomadic tribal Qaraei population in Iran is 1,740 household or a total of 7,780 people, mostly reside in ] and ].<ref>http://www.amar.org.ir/Upload/Modules/Contents/asset22/keshvarikoli.pdf</ref>

In ], they lived as tribal people in ] and its districts (Dowlatabad; ]; ]), ], ], ] in ], ] in ]. They had their own Qaraei Khanate with each district or town ruled by a khan while the main khan resided in ].

In ] province, they lived as tribal people in ], ] and ]. They had their own Qaraei Khanate ruled by two khans, one in Tabas and the other in Tun. They are descendants of Allah Qoli Khan, son of Mohammad Khan. His mother was the daughter of ], the powerful chieftain of the Zangooyi clan of the Arab Sheybani tribe of Tabas. The Qavami are one of the Qaraei clans of Tun.

In ] province, they lived as nomadic tribal people who switched their place of living accordingly to Summer or winter seasons. Their summer quarter stretched from the Kana Sorkhòi mountain pass, on the Kerman-Saidabad (]) road, down to the neighborhood of Balvard. Their winter quarters were in the Ayn-al-Bagal region, across the salt lake from Saidabad.
According to Encyclopædia Iranica, in 1957 they comprised some 420 households and their tiras (clans) were: Tela Begi, Kurki, Abbasi, Beglari, Haydari and Yar-Ahámadi. The village of Tangu was their headquarters.

In ] province, the Qaraei lived as clans within the nomadic ] tribal confederation that comprised ], ] and ] clans. There are clans by the name Qaraei in the Amala tribe, Eynalli (Inanlu) and Arab Jabbara tribes of the Khamseh tribal confederacy, and in the Bakesh tribe of the Mamasani tribal confederacy. Some Qaraei lived in the dehestan of Sar Ahan, near Bavanat, and in the dehestan of Abada Tashk, near ]. It is believed that the Qaraei of Kerman and Fars were moved there from Khorasan during the Safavid period.

In ] province, the Qaraei lived as clans within the ] tribal confederations, near modern ].

<ref name=autogenerated1></ref>

====Azerbaijan====
Some Qaraei tribes lived as clans within the Shahsevan tribal confederation in Mughan throughout the 17th century. When Nader Shah in 1740s recovered the lost Persian territories of the ], after he signed the treaty of Gyandzha with the Russians, two Qaraei Khans with the names of Islam Khan and Fath Khan who were commanders in the Persian army took governorship of ].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> They might have been Khorasani Qaraeis. Today there is nothing known about the Qaraei in Azerbaijan.

====Afghanistan====
Under Eshaq Khan, the chief of the Qaraei tribe in Khorasan, the city of ] came under Qaraei Khanate territory. Eshaq Khan made his nephew Yusef Ali Khan the chief in Ghurian.

====Uzbekistan====
Some Qara Tatars in 1402 were moved to ] by ].

===Former Ottoman===

====Turkey====
In Turkey they are known as Kara Tatar, Küyin Tatar and ] ]. They are believed to be the descendants of Samagar Noyan, a Mongol commander under Abaqa Ilkhan who held the position of Governor-general of Anatolia from 1271-1276. They lived in cities and townships of ](Sebastea), ] (Caesarea), ], ], ] and ]. After the collapse of the Ilkhanid Sultanate in 1337, the Kara Tatars lived as tribes under a chief with a title of bey. Their beys were vassals of Eretnids, ] Ahmed State, ] Horde and ] Sultans.

====Bulgaria====
The Kara Tatars of ] were a result of force settlements by the Ottoman sultans. The first of these was the forced population settlement of the Crimean Tatars under their chief Aktav in 1393. The second was the forced population settlement of Tatars from Saruhan under their chief Pasayigitbey (]) in 1400, in ] (modern ]), both during the reign of Bayezid I (1380–1402). The third was the forced population settlement of Kara Tatars from Iskilip under their chief Minnet Bey to Konit Hisari (near ]) in 1418 during the reign of Mehmet I (1413–1421).

====Bosnia====
] ] was the Sancakbey of ].

====Crimea====
*The Kara Tatars ruled as a dynasty in ] and ] under the name of Giray Dynasty. The dynasty ruled in Crimea from their capital ] from the 1440s until June 1792, when they were conquered by the Russians and also ruled in ] (]) roughly between 1524 to 1551.

===Former USSR===
Kara Tatar are listed as an ethnic group of ]. "The Kara Tatar call themselves the Qara Tatar and have also been known as the ]. They are a small group of ] who dwell on the Cheptsa River" <ref>REFERENCE: Ronald Wixman, The People of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook, 1984.</ref>

==Culture==


They became influential there in the 18th century, after their leader, Amir Khan, was made governor of ] under ] in 1749. Their political power peaked in the early 19th century under the leadership of ]. Eshaq Khan had submitted to ] in 1795, but under ] he achieved de facto autonomy from the central Qajar government, seizing control of Mashad in 1813. But soon later, in 1816, Eshaq Khan's tribal alliance fell apart and he was killed in Mashad.
===Music===
Qaraei is one of the music sub-style(gusheh) of Afshari(dastgah) of ].<ref></ref>


Esḥaq Khan was succeeded by his son ], who managed to retain "a sort of semi-independent existence"<ref>C. E. Yate, Khurasan and Sistan, London, 1900, p. 53.</ref> But in the second half of the 19th century, the Karai chiefs lost most of their wealth and influence. George N. Curzon, who visited the area in 1889, described the region as "terribly decimated both by Turkmen ravages and by the great famine".<ref>G. N. Curzon, ''Persia and the Persian Question'', 1892, vol. I, p. 203.</ref>
===Carpet weaving===
Qaraei are well known for their carpet weaving, specially Qaraei of ].
*


==Language== ==Demographics==
A small Qarai population is found in ], comprising some 420 households as of 1957, centered on the village of Tangu.<ref>Oberling (1960), 100&ndash;105.</ref> and in ], where clans using the name ''Qarai'' are found within the ], Khamsa and Mamasāni tribal confederacies.
Oberling (1960:101) cites ''Iranian Army Files'' of 1956 according to which the Qarai of Kerman and Fars were moved there from Khorasan during the ].


==See also==
The Qaraei have adopted the language of the country they settled in. Thus they speak ] and ] in ], ] in ], ] in ], ] and ] in ],
*]
] and ] in ], ] in ], ] in ] and ] in ].
*]
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
{{Reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==Bibliography==
==Further references==
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=Tatar |encyclopedia=E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam |year=1936 |last=Barthold |first=Wilhelm |author-link=Vasily Bartold |publisher=Brill |location= |id= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMC&pg=PA701 |access-date=6 October 2023 }}
*
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Oberling |first1=Pierre |title=Karāʾi |year=2002 |encyclopedia=] |volume=XV, Fasc. 5 |pages= 536–537 |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/karai}}
*
*P. Oberling, ''The Turkic Peoples of Southern Iran'', Cleveland, 1960.
*
* {{cite book |last1=Sümer |first1=Faruk |title=İlhanlı Hükümdarları |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1844893 |access-date=7 October 2023 |language=tr}}
*
*
*
*http://www.4dw.net/royalark/Persia/qajar6.htm
*
*http://rbedrosian.com/tm4.htm rbedrosian
*
*http://www.ozturkler.com/data/0003/0003_03_02.htm ozturkler
*
*http://www.enfal.de/otarih23.htm
*http://hattusa.sitemynet.com/b_kale.htm
*
*
*http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/MONGOLS.htm


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Latest revision as of 20:29, 4 January 2025

Turkic tribe in Iran This article is about the Turkic tribe. For the modern political term, see White Turks. For the groups in Eastern Europe, see Karaite.

The Karai, Qarai, or Qara ("Black") Tartars are a Turkic tribe found in Khorasan, Azerbaijan, Kerman, and Fars.

Etymology

According to Encyclopedia Iranica, the Qara'i or Qara Tatars are "a Turkic-speaking tribe of Azerbaijan, Khorasan, Kermān, and Fārs." According to Vladimir Minorsky, the name Karāʾi may have been rooted in the Keraites, a Mongol people, while according to Gyula Németh, the tribe's name might have originated from other ethnic groups in Central Asia.

Since qara "black" is a designation for "north" in Turkic languages it was a frequently used tribal identifier among the early Turkic peoples, and there are numerous Kipchak groups known by this adjective. The earliest mention of these, not necessarily related, are the "Black Tatars" (Chinese: 黑韃靼), a subdivision of the Rouran Khaganate in Tang sources. Meanwhile, at the western end of the steppe, more "black Tatars" were troops serving the First Bulgarian Empire.

History

The Qara Tatars were recorded as a Mongol tribe of 30–40,000 nomad families dwelling near Amasya and Kayseri in Anatolia at the time of Timur's conquests. Upon a suggestion by the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I and to refill the depopulated extremities of his empire, Timur deported these tribes back to Central Asia, specifically Khwarazm and an island in Issyk-Kul that later ceased to exist. Many of the tribesmen tried to escape from the forced migration, and although many were captured, some tribesmen remained in Anatolia. A portion of the tribe that was previously deported managed to escape to the Golden Horde, and some additionally returned to Anatolia following Timur's demise. In 1419, groups from the tribe were deported by the Ottomans to the Balkans, settling near Pazardzhik in modern-day Bulgaria.

At the start of the Qajar dynasty, Qarai Turks were also scattered beyond southern Khorasan through the desert zone of Sistan. Malcolm (1829) thought the Qarai of Persia arrived from "Tartary" as a result of Timur's campaigns. Under Afsharid Nader Shah (r. 1736–1747), they were settled in Khorasan. Before that time, the Karai seem also to have been found in Azerbaijan. Adam Olearius, who traveled in Azerbaijan in 1638, mentions Karai as one of the tribes of Mogan.

They became influential there in the 18th century, after their leader, Amir Khan, was made governor of Mashhad under Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1749. Their political power peaked in the early 19th century under the leadership of Eshaq Khan Qaraei-Torbati. Eshaq Khan had submitted to Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar in 1795, but under Fath-Ali Shah Qajar he achieved de facto autonomy from the central Qajar government, seizing control of Mashad in 1813. But soon later, in 1816, Eshaq Khan's tribal alliance fell apart and he was killed in Mashad.

Esḥaq Khan was succeeded by his son Mohammad Khan Qaraei-Torbati, who managed to retain "a sort of semi-independent existence" But in the second half of the 19th century, the Karai chiefs lost most of their wealth and influence. George N. Curzon, who visited the area in 1889, described the region as "terribly decimated both by Turkmen ravages and by the great famine".

Demographics

A small Qarai population is found in Kerman Province, comprising some 420 households as of 1957, centered on the village of Tangu. and in Fars Province, where clans using the name Qarai are found within the Qashqai, Khamsa and Mamasāni tribal confederacies. Oberling (1960:101) cites Iranian Army Files of 1956 according to which the Qarai of Kerman and Fars were moved there from Khorasan during the Safavid dynasty.

See also

References

  1. Oberling 2002.
  2. Vásáry, István (2005). Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185–1365. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44408-8., p. 112
  3. ^ Barthold 1936, p. 701.
  4. Sümer, p. 175.
  5. Sümer, pp. 175–176.
  6. Richard Tapper, Tribe and State in Iran and Afghanistan, Routledge, 2012, p.19
  7. J. Malcolm, The History of Persia, 2 vols., London, 1829.
  8. C. E. Yate, Khurasan and Sistan, London, 1900, p. 53.
  9. G. N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, 1892, vol. I, p. 203.
  10. Oberling (1960), 100–105.

Bibliography

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