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| ]'''AmaGqunukhwebe''' is a chiefdom of the ] that was created under the reign of ] (1670–1702) of ], who was a grandfather to ] and ]. It consisted mostly of the ] chiefdoms (], Hoengeniqua, Inqua and others) that had been displaced by colonists and became incorporated into the Xhosa nation. | |||
| {{unreferenced|date=December 2011}} | |||
| Ama '''Gqunukhwebe''' is a sub-group of the ] that was created under the reign of King Tshiwo (1670–1702) of ] who was a grandfather to ] and ]. This consisted mostly of the ] chiefdoms ('''Gonaqua''', '''Hoengeiqua''', '''Inqua''' and others) that were overran by western expedition pioneers among Xhosa people and incorporated into the Xhosa nation. | |||
| ], a counselor and warrior under King Tshiwo, was chosen to lead the new chiefdom. This marked the start of his ''Khwane'' dynasty'','' which would lead the chiefdom for decades. | |||
| This was the start of Khwane dynasty, the son of '''''Lungane ka-Depe'''''. He was succeeded by his descendants as follows : '''Bane ka-Khwane'''; '']''; '''''Chungwa ka-Tshaka''''' then '''''Phatho ka-Chungwa'''''. | |||
| The chiefdom spanned from the ] to ], but most of its territory was lost after the ] and was given to colony settlers (west of the ]) and the ] (between the Fish and ] rivers) by the colonial government.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Travels into the interior parts of Africa : by the way of the Cape of Good Hope in the years 1780, 81, 82, 83, 84, and 85 /|last=Le Vaillant|first=Franðcois|date=1790|publisher=Printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson ...|location=London|doi = 10.5962/bhl.title.101583}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beck|first=Roger B.|date=1993|title=Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People|journal=History: Reviews of New Books|volume=21|issue=4|pages=174–175|doi=10.1080/03612759.1993.9948789|issn=0361-2759}}</ref> | |||
| The chiefdom gradually grew more homogeneous, until a divide occurred when two members of the leading family, Pato and Kama, split and settled different areas of the region. In addition, Kama converted to Christianity, which further alienated himself from the royal family. Later, Kama was recognized by the Cape Colony as the true leader of the chiefdom, possibly due to his religious conversion. This further eroded the influence of Pato and the ruling family of Gqunukhwebe. | |||
| After many years of intermarriage, there were no physical differences in these people in terms of their Khoi and Xhosa origins origins. | |||
| However, the Gqunukhwebe chiefdom developed new subdivisions. This happened through Chungwa's sons '''''Phatho''''' (Pato) and '''''Kama''''' that he had with his senior wife, Malishe (daughter of Nqeno of amaMbali chiefdom). They respectively settled along the "coast" and "inland". According to the diary notes of a certain Mr. Hampton who was the Cape Colony surveyor at the time, the main contributor to this rift was the younger brother's (i.e Kama) conversion to Christianity. | |||
| Some writers consider him the one of the first people of royal blood line to convert to Christianity, which contradicted to his older bother wishes that he must take a second wife. ''Kama'' later moved away from this tribal pressure with some followers and eventually settled in the area that is today known as Middledrift | |||
| After the terrible "Cattle-killing" and many frontier wars with the colony, ''Phatho'' and his followers were weakened and the Cape Colony wrongfully recognised Kama as the Paramount Chief of all amaGqunukhwebe people, also probably due to Kama's religion conversion which made him house friends with the white missionaries. | |||
| Today the two amaGqunukhwebe chiefdoms are controlled from two centres, the coastal lineage with headquarters in Tsholomnqa i.e. (''Phatho'' house) and inland in Middledrift (''Kama'' house). | |||
| However the ordinary people of the tribe still understand that the senior house is from the Phato lineage. | |||
| A longtime councilor of ''Phatho'' royal family, the late '''Mr. ''Frank Mathanga''''' from the Tshawe-clan has done excellent work of documenting the successions in the Phatho house. | |||
| Chief Phatho married Noxina daughter of Toyise from the Gasela-clan as senior wife and had a son named Dilima. '''''Chief Dilima's''''' senior wife was the daughter of Ndileka (a Chief of imiDushane kaNdlambe tribe) and had a son called Namba. | |||
| After succeeding his father, Chief '''''Dilima ka-Phatho''''' picked-up his father's spear and took the battle to the colonists and he was later arrested and imprisoned in Robben Island. | |||
| Chief '''''Namba ka-Dilima''''' had four sons Khangelanzima; Sofutha; Mkhanya and Dyosini. Both Khangelanzima and Sofuthe unfortunately died as young men, before they could get married. | |||
| The next in line to the throne of amaGqunukhwebe was Mkhanya, he had a son called Silimela who was unfortunately taken away by his mother after she had a strong quarrel with Chief Mkhanya. She never returned their boy and the Chief never bothered to search for his son, and he(Silimela) also never bothered to return to his biological father when he came of age. | |||
| When Chief '''''Mkhanya ka-Namba''''' died, his younger brother and right-hand man '''''Dyosini ka-Namba''''' succeeded him. He had two sons, Rhamnwana and Nompempe through his wife Nontozimbi Rhatsha of Giqwa-clan. | |||
| Their elder son '''''Rhamncwana ka-Dyosini''''' was inaugurated as Chief of amaGqunukhwebe aseLwandle in 1975 under the Ciskei Bantu Tribal Authority led by L.L.W. Sebe. | |||
| During this time his first wife '''Nokhazi''' of amaBamba clan had passed-away but already had children together and their eldest son and heir to throne was '''''Ntlanganiso'''''. | |||
| Chief Rhamncwana re-married to Nondenze ('''Nongenile''') - daughter of Mbutiyakhe ka-Twani from the Qhinebe-clan and they had two sons Xolani and Gcobani. Nongenile is still acting regent. | |||
| The heir to the throne, '''''Ntlanganiso ka Rhamncwana Phatho''''' married Nondumiso (daughter of Petros Namba of the Tshawe clan from Twecu village in 1970, and they had son called ''Zolani'' is 1973. This marriage collapsed in 1976 and their son ''Zolani'' went to the initiation school at '''King Xolilizwe's''' (Gcaleka-Xhosa) great place place. and he returned to his ancestral home in 2008 from Cape Town. | |||
| He ('''Ntlanganiso''') then re-married in 1982 to Ntomboxolo (daughter of '''Mxolisi Sandile''' the King of Rharhabe-Xhosa) and they had two daughters, Nolwandle and Nomonde. | |||
| According to tradition '''''Zolani ka-Ntlanganiso Phatho''''' is expected to the next in line to ascend the throne when he's of age. | |||
| Today, the chiefdom is effectively two entities led from two different centres, with one led by the ''Pato house'' and one led by the ''Kama house''. Zolani ka-Ntlanganiso Phatho, a direct descendant of Pato, is currently next in line to be leader of the chiefdom. | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}}{{Ethnic groups in South Africa}} | |||
| {{Border - A Novel : by Anthony Delius}} | |||
| {{authority control}} | |||
| {{Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People}} | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| {{Africa-ethno-group-stub}} | |||
Latest revision as of 19:04, 23 June 2024
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AmaGqunukhwebe is a chiefdom of the Xhosa Nation that was created under the reign of King Tshiwo (1670–1702) of AmaXhosa, who was a grandfather to Gcaleka and Rharhabe. It consisted mostly of the Khoi chiefdoms (Gonaqua, Hoengeniqua, Inqua and others) that had been displaced by colonists and became incorporated into the Xhosa nation.
Khwane kaLungane, a counselor and warrior under King Tshiwo, was chosen to lead the new chiefdom. This marked the start of his Khwane dynasty, which would lead the chiefdom for decades.
The chiefdom spanned from the Buffalo River to Zwaartkops, but most of its territory was lost after the Xhosa Wars and was given to colony settlers (west of the Fish River) and the Fengu people (between the Fish and Keiskamma rivers) by the colonial government.
The chiefdom gradually grew more homogeneous, until a divide occurred when two members of the leading family, Pato and Kama, split and settled different areas of the region. In addition, Kama converted to Christianity, which further alienated himself from the royal family. Later, Kama was recognized by the Cape Colony as the true leader of the chiefdom, possibly due to his religious conversion. This further eroded the influence of Pato and the ruling family of Gqunukhwebe.
Today, the chiefdom is effectively two entities led from two different centres, with one led by the Pato house and one led by the Kama house. Zolani ka-Ntlanganiso Phatho, a direct descendant of Pato, is currently next in line to be leader of the chiefdom.
References
- "Kama, The Christian Kaffir Chief". The Wesleyan Juvenile Offering: A Miscellany of Missionary Information for Young Persons. X. Wesleyan Missionary Society: 72. July 1853. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
- Le Vaillant, Franðcois (1790). Travels into the interior parts of Africa : by the way of the Cape of Good Hope in the years 1780, 81, 82, 83, 84, and 85 /. London: Printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson ... doi:10.5962/bhl.title.101583.
- Beck, Roger B. (1993). "Frontiers: The Epic of South Africa's Creation and the Tragedy of the Xhosa People". History: Reviews of New Books. 21 (4): 174–175. doi:10.1080/03612759.1993.9948789. ISSN 0361-2759.
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