| Revision as of 12:51, 6 May 2014 editMonkbot (talk | contribs)Bots3,695,952 editsm Task 2: Fix CS1 deprecated coauthor parameter errors← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 04:34, 1 December 2024 edit undoDahn (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers148,103 editsNo edit summaryTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit | ||
| (84 intermediate revisions by 29 users not shown) | |||
| Line 2: | Line 2: | ||
| |name = Bolhrad High School | |name = Bolhrad High School | ||
| |native_name = | |native_name = | ||
| |image = |
|image = Bulgarian high school 02.jpg | ||
| |imagesize = 240px | |imagesize = 240px | ||
| |caption = The |
|caption = The building of the Bolhrad High School | ||
| |location = | |location = | ||
| |streetaddress = | |streetaddress = | ||
| |region = | |region = | ||
| |city = ] | |city = ] | ||
| |province = ] | |province = ] | ||
| |county = | |county = | ||
| |postcode = | |postcode = | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
| |country = ] | |country = ] | ||
| |country1 = | |country1 = | ||
| |coordinates = {{coord|45.6756|N|28.6157|E|type:edu_region:UA_source:wikidata|display=inline,title}} | |||
| |coordinates = | |||
| |schoolnumber = | |schoolnumber = | ||
| |schoolboard = | |schoolboard = | ||
| Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
| |SAT = | |SAT = | ||
| |ACT = | |ACT = | ||
| |graduates = |
|graduates = | ||
| |year = | |||
| |gender = | |gender = | ||
| |lower_age = | |lower_age = | ||
| Line 80: | Line 79: | ||
| |campus size = | |campus size = | ||
| |campus type = | |campus type = | ||
| | |
|hours_in_day = | ||
| |athletics = | |athletics = | ||
| |conference = | |conference = | ||
| Line 118: | Line 117: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Georgi Sava Rakovski Bolhrad High School''' ({{ |
The '''Georgi Sava Rakovski Bolhrad High School''' ({{langx|uk|Болградська гімназія імені Г.С. Раковського}}, ''Bolhrads′ka himnaziya im. H.S. Rakovs′koho''; {{langx|bg|Болградска гимназия „Георги Сава Раковски“}}, ''Bolgradska gimnazia „Georgi Sava Rakovski“'') is a ] (]) in ], ], southwestern ]. Founded in 1858 at the request of Bolhrad's ] population, the Bolhrad Gymnasium is regarded as the oldest high school of the ].<ref name="aba">{{cite web|url=http://www.aba.government.bg/BOLGRAD/index.htm |title=150 години Болградска гимназия |last1=Manolova |first1=Nadya |last2=Tabakova |first2=Krasimira |year=2008 |publisher=Държавна агенция за българите в чужбина |language=Bulgarian |accessdate=2009-10-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411112711/http://aba.government.bg/BOLGRAD/index.htm |archivedate=April 11, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="bgenc">{{cite book |last=Golovinski |first=Evgeni V. |title=Българска енциклопедия А-Я |publisher=BAN |year=2002 |chapter=Болградска гимназия „Свети свети Кирил и Методий“ |isbn=954-8104-08-3 |oclc=163361648 }}</ref> | ||
| ] in ], ] is named after the Bulgarian High School of Bolhrad. | ] in ], ] is named after the Bulgarian High School of Bolhrad. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ===In Moldavia and Russia=== | |||
| The ] of the late 18th and early 19th century prompted many ] to leave the ] and settle in the southern domains of the ] and specifically in the ]. These ], together with ] founded 43 villages in Bessarabia, as well as the cities of Bolhrad and ]. As early as 1832, Ukrainian Slavist ] had suggested that Bolhrad become a centre of Bulgarian culture and education in the Russian Empire; however, the idea was not put into practice at the time.<ref name="aba"/> | The ] of the late 18th and early 19th century prompted many ] to leave the ] and settle in the southern domains of the ] and specifically in the ]. These ], together with ] founded 43 villages in Bessarabia, as well as the cities of Bolhrad and ]. As early as 1832, Ukrainian Slavist ] had suggested that Bolhrad become a centre of Bulgarian culture and education in the Russian Empire; however, the idea was not put into practice at the time.<ref name="aba"/> | ||
| ] in the garden near the school]] | |||
| After the ] (1853–1856), southern Bessarabia (including Bolhrad) |
After the ] (1853–1856), ] (including Bolhrad) was returned to the ], an ] of the ]. In 1857, ], a Moldavian statesman of Bulgarian origin, became '']'' (Ottoman-appointed regent) of Moldavia. Bulgarian revolutionary ], the school's modern patron, personally lobbied in front of Vogoride for the high school's opening. On 10 June 1858 in ], the ''Caimacam'' granted trust committee members Nikola Parushev and Panayot Grekov a charter permitting the establishment of the high school. The charter outlined the goals which the school's establishment set, as well as some basic rules. The high school was open to all colonists, so long as they were of ] confession. Graduating from the Bolhrad High School would require a total of seven years of education, the first three of which were regarded as ''progymnasium'', or junior high school. ], ], ]<ref name="gymnasium">{{cite web|url=http://bghome.hut2.ru/gymnasium.php|script-title=ru:Болградская гимназия|last=Ilychenko |first=Alena|publisher=Болградская гимназия|language=Russian|accessdate=2009-10-19|archive-date=2011-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812101010/http://bghome.hut2.ru/gymnasium.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> and ] were part of the curriculum.<ref name="aba"/> | ||
| In the 1860s, Bolhrad and Moldavia had been absorbed by the larger ]. Konown to the new authorities as a "Bulgarian school" ({{Langx|ro|Scóla bulgară de la Bolgrad}}, modernized: ''Școala bulgară de la Bolgrad''), in 1863 it began ordering supplies from abroad. As the newspapers reported in December of that year, there was a miscommunication: the board ordered "instruments", and expected to receive ], but was sent instead musical instruments.<ref>{{cite book|author-first=Bogdan Petriceicu|author-last=Hasdeu|editor-first=I.|editor-last=Oprișan|authorlink=Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu|title=Aghiuță. Foaie umoristică, satirică și critică|location=Bucharest|publisher=Editura Vestala|year=2009|isbn=978-973-120-054-5|page=46}}</ref> The school's own edifice was completed in 1873; the gymnasium remained financially independent from state and church, as it relied on income from rents.<ref name="gymnasium"/> It had been transferred full ownership of several lakes with fishing grounds—], ], ], ], ]—and also owned one half of ] and one tenth of ].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lacurile și limanurile basarabene|first=D. G.|last=Dinulescu|journal=]|volume=X|issue=8|page=88|year=1941}}</ref> The school's first director was Sava Radulov of ]. Between 1858 and 1879, 685 people enrolled at the gymnasium and 214 graduated; of these 214, 203 were ethnic Bulgarians. Notable students included ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name="aba"/><ref name="bgenc"/> | |||
| In 1879, after southern Bessarabia reverted once again to the |
In 1879, after southern Bessarabia reverted once again to the Russian monarchy, the school gradually lost its entirely Bulgarian character. A significant part of the students, however, remained Bulgarians, and the Bulgarian language, history and geography have been part of the gymnasium's curriculum for most of its later existence,<ref name="aba"/> including today.<ref name="gymnasium"/> For much of the 1910s, Gavril Bezvikonny, supported by the Bulgarian and ] colonists, was the regional navigation inspector. His attempt to link the southern Bessarabian lakes with the ] through a series of canals was vetoed by the high school, which stood to lose its fishing income.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Navigația Basarabeană|first=Gheorghe G.|last=Bezviconi|journal=]|volume=II|issue=1|page=50–52|year=1933}}</ref> In 1914, the Russian authorities assigned a Bessarabian Romanian, ], to a teaching position at the gymnasium. After the ], he involved himself in the struggle for Bessarabian autonomy, which resulted in the establishment of a ] on Governorate territory; at an early stage in this process, Ciobanu also represented the local '']'' at the Bessarabian Teachers' Congress, where he advocated for a Romanian-centered curriculum.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Academicianul Ștefan Ciobanu la 60 ani|first=Gheorghe G. |last=Bezviconi |journal=]|volume=LXXVII |issue=3 |page=272–273 |year=1944 }}</ref> | ||
| ===In Greater Romania=== | |||
| As a result of the ] Bessarabia was included in the ] (or "]"). Among those who rejected this new arrangement was Bolhrad alumnus ], who swam across the ] into the ], served in the ] and the ] during the ], and emerged as a founding figure of the rump ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Tradiții și procese etnice, 2. 30 martie 2021|chapter=Фольклорист Павел Киор: страницы биографии|first=Oleg|last=Galushenko|pages=105–106|publisher=Fox Trading SRL|year=2021|isbn=978-9975-3337-8-8}}</ref> In the 1920s, the gymnasium, known as the "Bolgrad Boys' Lyceum" (''Liceul de băieți din Bolgrad''), was touched by controversy, with allegations that its headmasters were cultivating ] and actively pushing out Romanian teachers, in connivance with the students.<ref>{{cite news|title=Invățământul în sudul Basarabiei. Pe mâna cui e lăsată uneori pregătirea viitorilor cetățeni. — Un caz caracteristic: liceul din Bolgrad|newspaper=]|issue=210|date=September 15, 1924|page=1}}</ref> According to an anonymous report published by '']'' in July 1931, the institution was purposefully ignoring the law on ethnic proportionality, giving preference to staff who had graduated from the ], and recruiting some 80% of its scholarship students from among the ethnic minorities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Coresp.|title=Școalele necesare județului Ismail|newspaper=]|issue=181|date=July 10, 1931|page=4}}</ref> | |||
| During this second Romanian interval, ], a poet and Romanian loyalist of mixed Bulgarian and Gagauz heritage,<ref>{{cite book|title=Găgăuzii|first=Anatol|last=Măcriș|publisher=Editura Paco|pages=104, 128–129|year=2008}}</ref> was both an alumnus (1928) and professor (1933–1940).<ref name="albfaust">{{cite journal|title=Istoria literaturii. Vladimir Cavarnali: poezia faustică|first=Alexandru|last=Burlacu|authorlink=Alexandru Burlacu|journal=Metaliteratură|volume=X|issue=1–4|page=126–127|year=2010}}</ref> Around 1930, when Romanian Bessarabia was dominated by the ], the trustees included H. Hristoforov and Boris Kamburov, who were themselves members of that political group.<ref name="alegerile">{{cite news|title=Alegerile dela epitropia liceului din Bolgrad. Au fost alegeri agitate și un protest al necoloniștilor|newspaper=]|issue=15|date=January 16, 1935|page=2}}</ref> The school had continued as a financially self-sufficient center of learning: in 1932, it still had a budget of 1.8 million ], with only some 500,000 being used to house and feed its 450 boarding-house interns. In these circumstances, the Bulgarian trustees decided to donate profits toward the upkeep of primary schools in places such as ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite news|title=In ajutorul școlilor primare din județul Ismail. Decizia epitropiei din Bolgrad |newspaper=]|issue=2643|date=August 31, 1932|page=7}}</ref> In 1935, S. Botușanu, who took over as the main trustee, reported that the Hristoforov–Kamburov administration had reduced the available funds down to 32,900 lei, accumulating debts of 2 million. He also claimed that National Peasantist regime had allowed them to make illegal use of the fishing grounds.<ref name="alegerile"/> The ] was by then persuaded that the lyceum was earning too much money from its rents, and opted to sue over the issue. Botușanu endorsed this move from within the trustees' council, which resulted in tensions surrounding his reelection in January 1935; that event also witnessed additional tensions between the Bulgarians and other communities, with representatives of the latter issuing a public letter of protest.<ref name="alegerile"/> | |||
| Bolhrad remained Romanian-ruled until the ]. In early 1937, during the final stages of Greater Romania, the lyceum was officially renamed after the ], ] (''Liceul de băieți Carol al II-lea''). The local students, assisted by teacher Gheorghe Bujoreanu, were putting out a Romanian-language magazine called ''Familia Noastră'' ("Our Family");<ref>{{cite news|title=Ce se petrece în Basarabia. Bolgradul cultural|newspaper=Gazeta Basarabiei|issue=368|date=February 5, 1937|page=3}}</ref> it was later edited by Cavarnali.<ref name="albfaust"/> In 1938–1940, Carol suspended democracy in favor of a single-party regime, centered on the ]—whose youth movement was called '']''. The lyceum was integrated within this trend: in August 1939, ''Straja'' organized a regional training camp at ]. Fifteen teachers who were advanced to mid-level executive positions in the regional ''Straja''; most of them were Bolhrad lyceum cadres, sent in by the trustees.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tabără străjerească la Volcioc-Ismail|newspaper=România|issue=427|date=August 8, 1939|page=3}}</ref> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 135: | Line 143: | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * {{ |
* {{in lang|ru}} (archived version, 2018-07-30) | ||
| {{coord missing|Ukraine}} | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 142: | Line 149: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 04:34, 1 December 2024
School in Bolhrad, Odesa Oblast, Ukraine| Bolhrad High School | |
|---|---|
 The building of the Bolhrad High School | |
| Location | |
| Bolhrad, Odesa Oblast Ukraine | |
| Coordinates | 45°40′32″N 28°36′57″E / 45.6756°N 28.6157°E / 45.6756; 28.6157 |
| Information | |
| Founded | 1858 |
The Georgi Sava Rakovski Bolhrad High School (Ukrainian: Болградська гімназія імені Г.С. Раковського, Bolhrads′ka himnaziya im. H.S. Rakovs′koho; Bulgarian: Болградска гимназия „Георги Сава Раковски“, Bolgradska gimnazia „Georgi Sava Rakovski“) is a gymnasium (high school) in Bolhrad, Odesa Oblast, southwestern Ukraine. Founded in 1858 at the request of Bolhrad's Bessarabian Bulgarian population, the Bolhrad Gymnasium is regarded as the oldest high school of the Bulgarian National Revival.
Bolgrad Glacier in Sentinel Range, Antarctica is named after the Bulgarian High School of Bolhrad.
History
In Moldavia and Russia
The Russo-Turkish Wars of the late 18th and early 19th century prompted many Bulgarians to leave the Ottoman Empire and settle in the southern domains of the Russian Empire and specifically in the Governorate of Bessarabia. These Bessarabian Bulgarians, together with Gagauz people founded 43 villages in Bessarabia, as well as the cities of Bolhrad and Comrat. As early as 1832, Ukrainian Slavist Yuriy Venelin had suggested that Bolhrad become a centre of Bulgarian culture and education in the Russian Empire; however, the idea was not put into practice at the time.
After the Crimean War (1853–1856), southern Bessarabia (including Bolhrad) was returned to the Principality of Moldavia, an autonomous component of the Ottoman Empire. In 1857, Nicolae Vogoride, a Moldavian statesman of Bulgarian origin, became Caimacam (Ottoman-appointed regent) of Moldavia. Bulgarian revolutionary Georgi Sava Rakovski, the school's modern patron, personally lobbied in front of Vogoride for the high school's opening. On 10 June 1858 in Iași, the Caimacam granted trust committee members Nikola Parushev and Panayot Grekov a charter permitting the establishment of the high school. The charter outlined the goals which the school's establishment set, as well as some basic rules. The high school was open to all colonists, so long as they were of Eastern Orthodox confession. Graduating from the Bolhrad High School would require a total of seven years of education, the first three of which were regarded as progymnasium, or junior high school. Latin, Bulgarian, Romanian and Church Slavonic were part of the curriculum.
In the 1860s, Bolhrad and Moldavia had been absorbed by the larger Principality of Romania. Konown to the new authorities as a "Bulgarian school" (Romanian: Scóla bulgară de la Bolgrad, modernized: Școala bulgară de la Bolgrad), in 1863 it began ordering supplies from abroad. As the newspapers reported in December of that year, there was a miscommunication: the board ordered "instruments", and expected to receive scientific tools, but was sent instead musical instruments. The school's own edifice was completed in 1873; the gymnasium remained financially independent from state and church, as it relied on income from rents. It had been transferred full ownership of several lakes with fishing grounds—Beleu, Cahul, Cartal, Cugurlui, Ialpug—and also owned one half of Catlabuga and one tenth of Chitai. The school's first director was Sava Radulov of Panagyurishte. Between 1858 and 1879, 685 people enrolled at the gymnasium and 214 graduated; of these 214, 203 were ethnic Bulgarians. Notable students included Aleksandar Malinov, Angel Kanchev, Danail Nikolaev, Dimitar Agura, Dimitar Grekov, Ivan Kolev and Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan.
In 1879, after southern Bessarabia reverted once again to the Russian monarchy, the school gradually lost its entirely Bulgarian character. A significant part of the students, however, remained Bulgarians, and the Bulgarian language, history and geography have been part of the gymnasium's curriculum for most of its later existence, including today. For much of the 1910s, Gavril Bezvikonny, supported by the Bulgarian and German colonists, was the regional navigation inspector. His attempt to link the southern Bessarabian lakes with the Danube Delta through a series of canals was vetoed by the high school, which stood to lose its fishing income. In 1914, the Russian authorities assigned a Bessarabian Romanian, Ștefan Ciobanu, to a teaching position at the gymnasium. After the Russian Revolution of February 1917, he involved himself in the struggle for Bessarabian autonomy, which resulted in the establishment of a Moldavian Democratic Republic on Governorate territory; at an early stage in this process, Ciobanu also represented the local Zemstvo at the Bessarabian Teachers' Congress, where he advocated for a Romanian-centered curriculum.
In Greater Romania
As a result of the 1918 union process Bessarabia was included in the Kingdom of Romania (or "Greater Romania"). Among those who rejected this new arrangement was Bolhrad alumnus Pavel Chioru, who swam across the Dniester into the Soviet Union, served in the Red Army and the Cheka during the Russian Civil War, and emerged as a founding figure of the rump Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the 1920s, the gymnasium, known as the "Bolgrad Boys' Lyceum" (Liceul de băieți din Bolgrad), was touched by controversy, with allegations that its headmasters were cultivating Bulgarian nationalism and actively pushing out Romanian teachers, in connivance with the students. According to an anonymous report published by Universul in July 1931, the institution was purposefully ignoring the law on ethnic proportionality, giving preference to staff who had graduated from the Sofia University, and recruiting some 80% of its scholarship students from among the ethnic minorities.
During this second Romanian interval, Vladimir Cavarnali, a poet and Romanian loyalist of mixed Bulgarian and Gagauz heritage, was both an alumnus (1928) and professor (1933–1940). Around 1930, when Romanian Bessarabia was dominated by the National Peasants' Party, the trustees included H. Hristoforov and Boris Kamburov, who were themselves members of that political group. The school had continued as a financially self-sufficient center of learning: in 1932, it still had a budget of 1.8 million lei, with only some 500,000 being used to house and feed its 450 boarding-house interns. In these circumstances, the Bulgarian trustees decided to donate profits toward the upkeep of primary schools in places such as Cartal, Etulia, Frecăței, Împuțita, and Vulcănești. In 1935, S. Botușanu, who took over as the main trustee, reported that the Hristoforov–Kamburov administration had reduced the available funds down to 32,900 lei, accumulating debts of 2 million. He also claimed that National Peasantist regime had allowed them to make illegal use of the fishing grounds. The Romanian Ministry of Education was by then persuaded that the lyceum was earning too much money from its rents, and opted to sue over the issue. Botușanu endorsed this move from within the trustees' council, which resulted in tensions surrounding his reelection in January 1935; that event also witnessed additional tensions between the Bulgarians and other communities, with representatives of the latter issuing a public letter of protest.
Bolhrad remained Romanian-ruled until the Soviet invasion in June 1940. In early 1937, during the final stages of Greater Romania, the lyceum was officially renamed after the Romanian King, Carol II (Liceul de băieți Carol al II-lea). The local students, assisted by teacher Gheorghe Bujoreanu, were putting out a Romanian-language magazine called Familia Noastră ("Our Family"); it was later edited by Cavarnali. In 1938–1940, Carol suspended democracy in favor of a single-party regime, centered on the National Renaissance Front—whose youth movement was called Straja Țării. The lyceum was integrated within this trend: in August 1939, Straja organized a regional training camp at Volcioc. Fifteen teachers who were advanced to mid-level executive positions in the regional Straja; most of them were Bolhrad lyceum cadres, sent in by the trustees.
References
- ^ Manolova, Nadya; Tabakova, Krasimira (2008). "150 години Болградска гимназия" (in Bulgarian). Държавна агенция за българите в чужбина. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- ^ Golovinski, Evgeni V. (2002). "Болградска гимназия „Свети свети Кирил и Методий"". Българска енциклопедия А-Я. BAN. ISBN 954-8104-08-3. OCLC 163361648.
- ^ Ilychenko, Alena. Болградская гимназия (in Russian). Болградская гимназия. Archived from the original on 2011-08-12. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
- Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu (2009). Oprișan, I. (ed.). Aghiuță. Foaie umoristică, satirică și critică. Bucharest: Editura Vestala. p. 46. ISBN 978-973-120-054-5.
- Dinulescu, D. G. (1941). "Lacurile și limanurile basarabene". Viața Basarabiei. X (8): 88.
- Bezviconi, Gheorghe G. (1933). "Navigația Basarabeană". Viața Basarabiei. II (1): 50–52.
- Bezviconi, Gheorghe G. (1944). "Academicianul Ștefan Ciobanu la 60 ani". Convorbiri Literare. LXXVII (3): 272–273.
- Galushenko, Oleg (2021). "Фольклорист Павел Киор: страницы биографии". Tradiții și procese etnice, 2. 30 martie 2021. Fox Trading SRL. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-9975-3337-8-8.
- "Invățământul în sudul Basarabiei. Pe mâna cui e lăsată uneori pregătirea viitorilor cetățeni. — Un caz caracteristic: liceul din Bolgrad". Universul. No. 210. September 15, 1924. p. 1.
- Coresp. (July 10, 1931). "Școalele necesare județului Ismail". Universul. No. 181. p. 4.
- Măcriș, Anatol (2008). Găgăuzii. Editura Paco. pp. 104, 128–129.
- ^ Burlacu, Alexandru (2010). "Istoria literaturii. Vladimir Cavarnali: poezia faustică". Metaliteratură. X (1–4): 126–127.
- ^ "Alegerile dela epitropia liceului din Bolgrad. Au fost alegeri agitate și un protest al necoloniștilor". Universul. No. 15. January 16, 1935. p. 2.
- "In ajutorul școlilor primare din județul Ismail. Decizia epitropiei din Bolgrad". Cuvântul. No. 2643. August 31, 1932. p. 7.
- "Ce se petrece în Basarabia. Bolgradul cultural". Gazeta Basarabiei. No. 368. February 5, 1937. p. 3.
- "Tabără străjerească la Volcioc-Ismail". România. No. 427. August 8, 1939. p. 3.
External links
- Bolhrad High School website (in Russian) (archived version, 2018-07-30)
See also
Categories:- Educational institutions established in 1858
- School buildings completed in 1873
- Buildings and structures in Odesa Oblast
- Schools in Ukraine
- Bessarabian Bulgarians
- History of Moldavia (1822–1859)
- Kingdom of Romania
- Bessarabia Governorate
- 1858 establishments in the Russian Empire
- Secondary schools in Ukraine
- Bolhrad
- History of Bolhrad Raion