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{{Short description|Iranian royal dynasty (1925–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{About|the Iranian royal dynasty|the country under its rule|Pahlavi Iran}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{pp-move}}
|conventional_long_name = {{nowrap|Imperial State of Persia<br/><small>(1925–1935)</small><hr/>Imperial State of Iran<br/><small>(1935–1979)</small>}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
|native_name = {{lower|0.2em|کشور شاهنشاهی ایران}}<br/>''Kešvare Šâhanšâhiye Irân''
{{Infobox family
|common_name = Iran
| name = Pahlavi
|continent = Asia
| type = ]
|region = Middle East
| coat_of_arms = Imperial Coat of Arms of Iran.svg
|country = Iran
| coat_of_arms_size = 200px
|status = Empire
| alt =
|year_start = 1925
| coat_of_arms_caption = ] of the ]s, and therefore ], of ] from 1932. The emblem of the dynasty is the mountain and sun in the blue circle in the middle.
|year_end = 1935
| image =
|p1 = Qajar dynasty
| image_size =
|flag_p1 = Flag of Persia (1910).svg
| alt2 =
|s1 = Interim Government of Iran (1979)
| image_caption =
|flag_s1 = Flag of Iran (1964).svg
| parent_family = <!-- Family (or house, clan) from which the family in subject is descended -->
|image_flag = State Flag of Iran (1964).svg
| country = ]
|flag = Flag of Iran
| region = <!-- Main current location - please note, countries that are merely associated with titles should be indicated in "titles" -->
|image_coat = Imperial Coat of Arms of Iran.svg
| early_forms =
|flag_type = Flag
| etymology = <!-- Etymology; name origin and/or meaning -->
|national_motto = <big>مرا داد فرمود و خود داور است</big><br/>"Marâ dâd farmoudo xod dâvar ast"<br/><small>"Justice He bids me do, as He will judge me"</small><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fotw.net/flags/ir_imp-i.html |title=Iranian Empire (Pahlavi dynasty): Imperial standards |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref>
| origin = ]
|national_anthem = <big>سرود شاهنشاهی ایران</big><br/>]<br/><small>Imperial Salute of Iran</small><center>]</center>
| founded = {{Start date|1925|12|15|df=y}}
|image_map = Iran (orthographic projection).svg
| founder = ]
|capital = Tehran
| current_head = ]
|common_languages = ]
| final_ruler = ]
|government_type = {{nowrap|] </small>}}
| final_head = <!-- I.e. last person with family name or else subject to end of continuous consistency -->
|title_leader = ]
| titles = <!-- If multiple ones, please consider using {{tlx|Template:Collapsible list}} -->
|leader1 = ]
| styles = <!-- Styles (manners of address) -->
|year_leader1 = 1925–1941
| members =
|leader2 = ]
| connected_members = <!-- Notable members in selection, only if relevant in infobox and readability-wise applicable -->
|year_leader2 = 1941–1979
| other_families = ]
|title_deputy = ]
| distinctions = <!-- Primarily associated distinctions such as orders, prizes, awards, etc. -->
|deputy1 = Mohammad-Ali Foroughi
| traditions = <!-- Philosophy, movement, adherence, allegiance, etc. -->
|year_deputy2 = 1979 <small>(last)</small>
| motto = {{lang|fa|مرا داد فرمود و خود داور است}}<br />{{transliteration|fa|Marā dād farmud o Khod dāvar ast}}
|deputy2 = Shapour Bakhtiar
| motto_lang =
|year_deputy1 = 1925–1926 <small>(first)</small>
| motto_trans = He ordered me to be just and he himself is the judge
|legislature = Assembly
| heirlooms = <!-- Inheritances; antiques, mementos, jewelry, etc. -->
|house1 = ]
| estate = <!-- Residence, seat, etc. -->
|house2 = ]
| properties =
|era = 20th century
| dissolution = <!-- {{End date|YYYY}}, removal of public status applicable primarily to royal and aristocratic houses -->
|year_start = 1925
| deposition = {{End date|1979|02|11|df=y}} (])
|date_start = 15 December
| cadet_branches = <!-- Branches families - if multiple ones, please consider using {{tlx|Template:Collapsible list}} -->
|event1 = ]
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}}, website of the family association/foundation/memorial, etc. -->
|date_event1 = {{nowrap|25 August – 17 September 1941}}
| footnotes =
|event2 = ]
|date_event2 = 19 August 1953
|event3 = ]
|date_event3 = 26 January 1963
|event_end = {{nowrap|]}}
|year_end = 1979
|date_end = 11 February
|currency = ]
}} }}
The '''Pahlavi dynasty''' ({{langx|fa|دودمان پهلوی}}) was the last ] ] that ruled for roughly 53 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by ], a non-aristocratic ] soldier<ref>{{Cite book|last=Aghaie|first=Kamran Scot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egGgUM_YdL8C&dq=Reza+shah+is+Mazanderani&pg=PA49|title=The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran|date=1 December 2011|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-80078-3|language=en}}</ref> in modern times, who took on the name of the ] spoken in the pre-Islamic ] to strengthen his nationalist credentials.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=کوروش |first1=نوروز مرادی |last2=نوری |first2=مصطفی |title=سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه |journal=پیام بهارستان |date=1388 |volume=د۲،س ۱،ش۴ |url=http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20101205103251-0%20(51).pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=معتضد |first1=خسرو |title=تاج های زنانه |date=1387 |publisher=نشر البرز |location=تهران |isbn=9789644425974 |pages=46 47 48 49 50 51 جلد اول |edition=چاپ اول}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=نیازمند |first1=رضا |title=رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت |date=1387 |publisher=حکایت قلم نوین |location=تهران |isbn=9645925460 |pages=15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 40 43 44 45 |edition=چاپ ششم}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=زیباکلام |first1=صادق |title=رضاشاه |date=1398 |publisher=روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس |location=تهران |isbn=9781780837628 |pages=61, 62 |edition=اول}}</ref>
{{contains Perso-Arabic text}}
The '''Pahlavi dynasty''' ({{lang-fa|دودمان پهلوی}}), officially the '''Imperial State of Iran''',<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9475&Itemid=437 |title=
Son of Iran's Last Shah: ‘I Am My Own Man’ |author=Michael Coleman |publisher=The Washington Diplomat |date=30 July 2013 |accessdate=21 September 2013}}</ref> was the reigning ] of ] from 1925 until 1979, when the monarchy was overthrown and abolished as a result of the ]. The Imperial State was founded by ] in 1925, whose reign lasted until 1941 when he was forced to abdication by the ] after the ]. He was succeeded by his son, ], the last ] of Iran.


The dynasty replaced the ] in 1925 after the ], beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier ] was promoted by British General ] to lead the British-run ].<ref name="GhaniGhanī2001">{{cite book|author1=Cyrus Ghani|author2=Sīrūs Ghanī|title=Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VGZItY9kL0AC&pg=PA147|date=6 January 2001|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-629-4|pages=147–}}</ref> About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran in what became known as the ].<ref name=Zirinsky/><ref>Brysac, Shareen Blair. "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne." ''World Policy Journal'' 24, no. 2 (2007): 90–103. Accessed 8 August 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210096</ref> The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 the ] agreed to depose and formally exile ]. The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as the new Shah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajoudani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=27|title=Mashallah Ajudani|work=Ajoudani|access-date=17 January 2013|archive-date=22 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022170922/http://ajoudani.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=62&Itemid=27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary ] had done in ], but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Curtis|first1=Glenn E.|last2=Hooglund|first2=Eric|author-link2=Eric Hooglund|title=Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPf_f7skJUYC&pg=PA27|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-8444-1187-3|page=27}}</ref>
The Pahlavis came to power after ], the last ruler of the ], proved unable to stop British and Soviet encroachment on Iranian sovereignty, and was consequently overthrown in a military coup, abdicated and ultimately exiled to France. The National Assembly, known as the '']'', convening as a ] on 12 December 1925, deposed the young Ahmad Shah Qajar, and declared Reza Shah the new monarch of the Imperial State of Persia. In 1935, Reza Shah instructed foreign embassies to call Persia by its ancient name, ].


The dynasty ruled Iran for 28 years as a form of ] from 1925 until 1953, and following ], for a further 26 years as a more autocratic monarchy until the dynasty was ].
Faced with growing public discontent and popular ] throughout 1978, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi went into exile with his family in January 1979, sparking a series of events that quickly led to the dissolution of the Imperial State on 11 February 1979, officially ending the 2,500-year-old tradition of monarchy in Iran.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.presstv.com/detail/2013/04/01/295997/iran-marks-islamic-republic-day/ |title=Iran marks Islamic Republic Day |publisher=Press TV |date=1 April 2013 |accessdate=21 September 2013}}</ref>


==Family background==
==Establishment==
{{See also|Pahlavi family tree}}
{{further|Reza Shah}}
In 1878, Reza Khan was born at the village of ] in ], Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou.<ref name="Afkhami2008">{{cite book|author=Gholam Reza Afkhami|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTVSPmyvtkAC&pg=PP2|access-date=2 November 2012|date=27 October 2008|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25328-5|page=4}}</ref><ref name=Zirinsky>{{cite journal|last=Zirinsky|first=Michael P.|title=Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|year=1992|volume=24|issue=4|pages=639–663|url=http://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=history_facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fstart%3D20%26q%3Dlife%2Bof%2Bshah%2Bmohammed%2Breza%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5#search=%22life%20shah%20mohammed%20reza%22|access-date=2 November 2012|doi=10.1017/s0020743800022388|s2cid=159878744 }}</ref> His mother was a Muslim immigrant from ] (then part of the ]),<ref>{{cite book |quote="(..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...)."|title=The Life and Times of the Shah|first1= Gholam Reza |last1=Afkhami |publisher= University of California Press | date = 2009 |page=4 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |quote="(...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...)."|title=The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam |author= GholamAli Haddad Adel |publisher= EWI Press | date = 2012 |page=3 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> whose family had emigrated to mainland ] after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the ] following the ] several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth.<ref>Homa Katouzian. I.B.Tauris, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1845112721}} p 269</ref> His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th ] Regiment, and served in the ] in 1856.
In 1921, Reza Khan, an officer in Iran's ], used his troops to support a successful ] against the government of the ]. Within four years he had established himself as the most powerful person in the country by suppressing rebellions, establishing order, and driving out the Soviets. In 1925, a specially convened assembly deposed ], the last ruler of the Qajar dynasty, and named Reza Khan, who earlier had adopted the surname Pahlavi, as the new shah.
]
Reza Shah had ambitious plans for modernizing Iran. These plans included developing large-scale industries, implementing major infrastructure projects, building a cross-country railway system, establishing a national public education system, reforming the judiciary, and improving health care. He believed a strong, ] managed by educated personnel could carry out his plans.


==Heads of House of Pahlavi==
He sent hundreds of Iranians, including his son, to Europe for training. During 16 years from 1925 to 1941, Reza Shah's numerous development projects transformed Iran into an urbanized country. Public education progressed rapidly, and new social classes developed. A professional middle class and an industrial working class had emerged.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=2| Name !! Portrait !! Family relations !! Lifespan !! Entered office !! Left office
|-
! colspan=7 align=center|'']''
|-
! | 1
| ] || ] || Son of Abbas Ali || 1878–1944 || 15 December 1925 || 16 September 1941<br>('']'')
|-
! | 2
| ] || ]|| Son of Reza Shah || 1919–1980 || 16 September 1941 || 27 July 1980<br>(''Death'')
|-
! | 3
| ] || ] || Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi || 1960–current|| 27 July 1980 || ''Incumbent''
|}


== Consorts ==
By the mid-1930s, Reza Shah's strong secular rule caused dissatisfaction among some groups, particularly the clergy, who opposed his reforms, but the Middle and Upper-Middle class of Iran liked what Reza Shah did. In 1935 ] issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence, in accordance with the fact that "]" was a term used by Western peoples for the country called "Iran" in Persian. After some scholars protested, his successor, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, announced in 1959 that both Persia and Iran were acceptable and could be used interchangeably.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
]]]
! Picture
Reza Shah tried to avoid involvement with Britain and the ]. Though many of his development projects required foreign technical expertise, he avoided awarding contracts to British and Soviet companies. Although Britain, through its ownership of the ], controlled all of Iran's oil resources, Reza Shah preferred to obtain technical assistance from Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries. This created problems for Iran after 1939, when Germany and Britain became enemies in ]. Reza Shah proclaimed Iran as a ], but Britain insisted that German engineers and technicians in Iran were spies with missions to ] British oil facilities in southwestern Iran. Britain demanded that Iran expel all German citizens, but Reza Shah refused, claiming this would adversely impact his development projects.
! Name
! Father
! Birth
! Marriage
! Became Consort
! Ceased to be Consort
! Death
! ]
|-
| ]
| ]
| ]
| 1896
| 1916
| 15 December 1925
| rowspan=2|16 September 1941<br />''husband's abdication''
| 1982
| rowspan=3|]
|-
| ]
| ]
| Gholam Ali Mirza Dowlatshahi
| 1905
| 1923
| 15 December 1925
| 1995
|-
| ]
| ]
| Prince Isa Khan Majd es-Saltaneh Amirsoleimani
| 1905
| 1922
| 15 December 1925
| 1923
| 1994
|-
|]
|]
|]
|1921
|1939
|16 September 1941
|17 November 1948<br />''divorced''
|2013
|rowspan=3|]
|-
|]
|]
|]
|1932
|colspan=2|12 February 1951
|15 March 1958<br />''divorced''
|2001
|-
|]
|]
|Sohrab Diba
|1938
|colspan=2|21 December 1959
|11 February 1979<br />''husband's deposition''
|''Alive''
|}


==World War II== == Heirs ==
], the heir presumptive until his death in 1954]]
{{History of Iran}}
The ] specifically provided that only a male who was not descended from ] could become the ].<ref name="Dareini">{{cite book |last1=Dareini |first1=Ali Akbar |title=The rise and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty |year=1999 |isbn=81-208-1642-0 |page=446 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |quote=2. The Shah gives another account for his separation with Fawzia. "For reasons still obscure to medical science, Queen Fawzia bore only one child; thus unfortunately no male heir issued from our marriage. Under the Persian Constitution the crown must pass by direct line of descent to a male heir. This rules out not only my daughter but also my three sisters. The Constitution further stipulates that no one descended from the previous Qajar dynasty is eligible to become king. Since two of my father’s wives were of Qajar blood, my half-brothers who are their sons are ineligible. In fact I had only one brother not related to the Qajar line, and to my sorrow he was to die in an aeroplane crash in 1954. With these limitations it is no wonder that my advisors felt it important for my wife to bear a son. It is true that the Constitution might have been amended, but the dimate of opinion seemed opposed to tampering with the provisions relating to the royal succession. Besides, I was young and, quite apart from the constitutional factor, I wanted more children. When Queen Fawzia went to Egypt on an extended stay, we decided on a divorce." Please see Mission for My Country His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahiavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1961–1968; pp. 219–220}}</ref> This made all half-brothers of ] ineligible to become heirs to the throne.<ref name="Dareini"/> Until his death in 1954, the Shah's only full brother ] was his ].<ref name="Dareini"/>
{{main|Invasion of Iran (1941)}}
Following ] in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Britain and the USSR saw the newly opened ] as an attractive route to transport supplies from the ] to the Soviet Union. In August 1941, because Reza Shah refused to expel the German nationals, ], arrested the Shah and sent him into exile, taking control of Iran's communications and railroad. In 1942, the United States, an ally of Britain and the USSR during the war, sent a military force to Iran to help maintain and operate sections of the railroad. Over the next few months, the three nations took control of Iran's oil resources and secured a supply corridor for themselves. Reza Shah's regime collapsed, and the American, British and Soviet authorities limited the powers of the rump government that remained. They permitted Reza Shah's son, ] to accede to the throne.


The constitution also required the Shah to be of ] descent, meaning that his father and mother are Iranian.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hoyt|first1=Edwin Palmer |title=The Shah: The Glittering Story of Iran and Its People|publisher=P. S. Eriksson|year=1976 |isbn=9780839777533|page=49}}</ref>
In January 1942, they signed an agreement with Iran to respect Iran's independence and to withdraw their troops within six months of the war's end. In 1943 at the ], the United States reaffirmed this commitment, and on 13 September, the ] reassured the Iranians that all foreign troops would leave by 2 March 1946.<ref name=Jessup>{{cite book |last1=Jessup |first1=John E. |title=A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985 |year=1989 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=New York |isbn=0-313-24308-5 |page= |pages=}}</ref> In 1945, the USSR refused to announce a timetable to leave Iran's northwestern provinces of East Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan, where Soviet-supported autonomy movements had developed. At the time, the ], a ] that was already influential and had parliamentary representation, was becoming increasingly militant, especially in the North. This promoted actions from the side of the government, including attempts of the Iranian armed forces to restore order in the Northern provinces. While the Tudeh headquarters in ] were occupied and the ] branch crushed, the Soviet troops present in the Northern parts of the country prevented the Iranian forces from entering. Thus, by November 1945 ] had become an autonomous state helped by the ].<ref name="Jessup"/><ref>''The Iranian Crisis of 1945–1946 and the Spiral Model of International Conflict'', by Fred H. Lawson in ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'' p.9</ref> This puppet government of the Soviet Union only lasted until November 1946.


=== Line of succession in February 1979 ===
The USSR withdrew its troops in May 1946, but tensions continued for several months. This episode was one of the precipitating events of the emerging ], the postwar rivalry between the United States and its allies, and the USSR and its allies.
{{Tree list}}
* ] ''] (1878–1944)''
**{{Tree list/final branch}}] ''']''' (1919–1980)
***'''(1)''' ] (b. 1960)
***{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(2)''' ] (1966)
**{{Tree list/final branch}} ''] (1922–1954)''
***{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(3)''' ] (b. 1947)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(4)''' Prince Davoud Pahlavi (b. 1972)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(5)''' Prince Houd Pahlavi (b. 1973)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(6)''' Prince Mohammad Pahlavi (b. 1976)
{{Tree list/end}}


=== Current Line of Succession ===
Iran's political system became increasingly open and more political parties were formed . In 1944, the election for the ''Majlis'' was the first genuinely competitive election in more than twenty years. Foreign influence remained a very sensitive issue for all parties. The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), which was owned by the British government, continued to produce and market Iranian oil. At the beginning of the 1930s, some Iranians began to advocate nationalization of the country's oil fields. After 1946, this became an increasingly popular political movement.
{{Tree list}}
* ] ''] (1878–1944)''
**{{Tree list/final branch}}] ''']''' (1919–1980)
***'''(1)''' ] (b. 1960)
***{{Tree list/final branch}} ''] (1966–2011)''
**{{Tree list/final branch}} ''] (1922–1954)''
***{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(2)''' ] (b. 1947)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(3)''' Prince Davoud Pahlavi (b. 1972)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(4)''' Prince Houd Pahlavi (b. 1973)
*****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(5)''' Prince Rafaël Pahlavi (b. 2006)
****{{Tree list/final branch}} '''(6)''' Prince Mohammad Pahlavi (b. 1976)
{{Tree list/end}}


=== List of crown princes ===
==Cold War==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{{further|Mohammad Reza Pahlavi}}
!colspan=2| Name !! Portrait !! Relationship to monarch !! Became heir !! Ceased to be heir; reason
] upon his proclamation as the ] of Iran.]]
] replaced his father on the throne on 16 September 1941. He wanted to continue the reform policies of his father, but a contest for control of the government soon erupted between him and an older professional politician, the nationalistic ].

Despite his vow to act as a constitutional monarch who would defer to the power of the parliamentary government, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi increasingly involved himself in governmental affairs. He concentrated on reviving the army and ensuring that it would remain under royal control as the monarchy's main power base. In 1949 an assassination attempt on the Shah, attributed to the pro-Soviet Tudeh Party, resulted in the banning of that party and the expansion of the Shah's constitutional powers.

In 1951, the ''Majlis'' (the ]) named ] as new prime minister by a vote of 79–12, who shortly after nationalized the British-owned oil industry (see ]). Mossadegh was opposed by the Shah who feared a resulting oil embargo imposed by the West would leave Iran in economic ruin. The Shah fled Iran but returned when the United Kingdom and United States staged a coup against Mossadegh in August 1953 (see ]). Mossadegh was then arrested by pro-Shah army forces.

In the context of regional turmoil and the Cold War, the Shah established himself as an indispensable ally of the West. Domestically, he advocated reform policies, culminating in the 1963 program known as the ], which included land reform, extension of voting rights to women, and the elimination of illiteracy. Major plans to build Iran's infrastructure were undertaken, a new middle class began flourishing and in less than two decades Iran became the indisputable major economic and military power of the Middle East.

However, these measures and the increasing arbitrariness of Mohammad Reza's rule provoked religious leaders who feared losing their traditional authority, and intellectuals seeking democratic reforms. These opponents criticized the Shah for his reforms or for violation of the constitution, which placed limits on royal power and provided for a representative government.

Mohammad Reza saw himself as heir to the kings of ancient Iran, and in 1971 he held a ]. In 1976, he replaced the calendar (year 1355) with an "Imperial" calendar (year 2535) which began with the foundation of the Persian Empire over twenty-five centuries earlier. These actions were viewed as un-Islamic and resulted in more religious opposition by the clergy.

==Collapse of the dynasty==
{{main|Iranian Revolution}}
]
]

The Shah's government suppressed its opponents with the help of Iran's security and intelligence secret police, ]. Such opponents included members of the Communist Tudeh party.

By the mid-1970s, relying on increased oil revenues, Mohammad Reza began a series of even more ambitious and bolder plans for the progress of his country and the march toward the "White Revolution". But his socioeconomic advances increasingly irritated the clergy. Islamic leaders, particularly the exiled cleric ] ], were able to focus this discontent with an ideology tied to Islamic principles that called for the overthrow of the Shah and the return to Islamic traditions, called the ]. The Pahlavi regime collapsed following widespread uprisings in 1978 and 1979. The Islamic Revolution dissolved the SAVAK and replaced it with the ]. It was run after the revolution, according to U.S. sources and Iranian exile sources in the US and in Paris, by Gen. Hossein Fardoust, who was deputy chief of SAVAK under Mohammad Reza's reign, and a friend from boyhood of the deposed monarch.

Mohammad Reza fled the country, seeking medical treatment in ], Mexico, the United States, and ], and finally resettled with his family in Egypt as a guest of ]. Upon his death his son Crown Prince ] succeeded him '']'' as heir apparent to the Pahlavi dynasty. Reza Pahlavi and his wife live in the United States in ] with three daughters.

==Legacy==
Under the ] the Persian character of Iran was not very explicit. Although the country was referred to as Persia by westerners, and the dominant language in court and administration was ]<!--Leave this redirect for now, as it may be more correct to refer to ]-->, yet the dichotomy between pure Persian and ] elements had remained obvious until 1925. The ] rule was instrumental in Iran's nationalisation in line with Persian culture and language which, amongst other ways, was achieved through the official ban on the use of the ] language. Its use in schools and newspapers was not tolerated. The succeeding regime&nbsp;– ]&nbsp;– has adopted a more inclusive approach in relation to the use of Azerbaijani language, however the issues as to Iran's largest ethnic minority remain and pose considerable challenges for the unity and territorial integrity of ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Tohidi|first=Nayereh|title=Iran: regionalism, ethnicity and democracy|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/democracy-irandemocracy/regionalism_3695.jsp}}</ref>

==Heads of the Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–present)==

===Imperial Heads of Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979)===
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Name !! Portrait !! Family relations !! Lifespan !! Entered office !! Left office
|- |-
|colspan="7" align=center|'''''Imperial Heads of Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979)''''' |colspan=6|''Office vacant from 15 December 1925 to 24 April 1926''
|- |-
! | 1
!style="background:white;"| 1
| ] || ] || Eldest son || 25 April 1926<ref name="LOC">{{Cite book |last1 = Curtis |first1 = Glenn |url = https://archive.org/details/irancountrystudy00curt_2/page/195 |last2 = Hooglund |first2 = Eric |title = Iran, a country study |place = Washington, D.C., US |publisher = Library of Congress |date = April 2008 |page =186 |isbn = 978-0-8444-1187-3 }}</ref> || 16 September 1941<br>
| ] || ] || Son of Abbas Ali || 1878–1944 || 15 December 1925 || 16 September 1941
(''Became king'')
|- |-
|colspan=6|''Office vacant from 16 September 1941 to 26 October 1967''
!style="background:white;"| 2
| ] || ] || Son of Reza Pahlavi I || 1919–1980 || 16 September 1941 || 11 February 1979
|- |-
! | 2
|colspan="7" align=center|'''''Post-Imperial Heads of Pahlavi Dynasty (1979–present)'''''
| ] || ] || Eldest son || 1 November 1960 (''Proclaimed'')<ref name="LOC"/>
|-
----
!style="background:white;"| 1
26 October 1967 (''Designated'')<ref name="LOC"/>
| Mohammad Reza Pahlavi || ] || Son of Reza Pahlavi I || 1919–1980 || 11 February 1979 || 27 July 1980
|| 11 February 1979<br>
|-
(''Father deposed'')
!style="background:white;"| 2
| ] || ] || Wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi || 1938–present || 27 July 1980 || 27 July 1981
|-
!style="background:white;"| 3
| ] || ] || Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi || 1960–present || Exile || In Washington D.C.
|} |}


==Use of titles== ==Royal jewels==
{{Main|Pahlavi Crown|Empress Crown|Iranian Crown Jewels}}
*Shah: Regal name, followed by Shahanshah of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Majesty''
*Shabanou: Shahbanou or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style ''Her Imperial Majesty''
*Eldest son: Crown Prince of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Highness''
*Younger sons: Prince (Shahpur, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''His Imperial Highness''.
*Daughters: Princess (Shahdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''Her Imperial Highness''.
*Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vala Gohar) or Princess (Vala Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles ''His Highness'' or ''Her Highness''. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.


==Human rights== ==Monuments==
{{Main|Mausoleum of Reza Shah|Shahyad Tower}}
{{main|Human rights in the Imperial State of Iran}}

==Use of titles==
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
*]: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Majesty''
*]: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style ''Her Imperial Majesty''
*Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with style ''His Imperial Highness''
*Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''His Imperial Highness''.
*Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style ''Her Imperial Highness''.
*Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles ''His Highness'' or ''Her Highness''. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Iran}} {{Portal|Iran|Monarchy|Modern history}}
*]
*Crown Prince ]
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==References==
*]
{{reflist}}
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*]
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== External links ==
==References and notes==
* {{Commons category-inline|Pahlavi dynasty}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==External links==
{{Commons category|Pahlavi}}
{{Wikiquote|Imperial State of Iran}}
*
*, Payvand News, 10 March 2006.
{{s-start}} {{s-start}}
{{s-royalhouse|House of Pahlavī||1925|1979|}} {{s-royalhouse|House of Pahlavī||1925|1979|}}
{{s-bef|before=]}} {{s-bef|before=]}}
{{s-ttl|title=] of ]|years=15 December 1925 – 11 February 1979}} {{s-ttl|title=] of ]|years=15 December 1925 – 11 February 1979}}
{{s-vac|reason=]<br>''']'''}} {{s-vac|reason=]<br />''']'''}}
{{S-end}} {{s-end}}
{{Empires}}
{{Iran topics}} {{Iran topics}}
{{People executed by the Islamic Republic of Iran}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pahlavi Dynasty}}
{{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 15:50, 27 December 2024

Iranian royal dynasty (1925–1979) This article is about the Iranian royal dynasty. For the country under its rule, see Pahlavi Iran.

Pahlavi
Royal house
Arms of dominion of the Shahs, and therefore coat of arms, of Pahlavi Iran from 1932. The emblem of the dynasty is the mountain and sun in the blue circle in the middle.
CountryImperial State of Iran
Place of originMazandaran
Founded15 December 1925 (1925-12-15)
FounderReza Shah
Current headReza Pahlavi
Final rulerMohammad Reza Pahlavi
Connected familiesAmirsoleimani Family
Mottoمرا داد فرمود و خود داور است
Marā dād farmud o Khod dāvar ast
(He ordered me to be just and he himself is the judge)
Deposition11 February 1979 (1979-02-11) (Iranian revolution)

The Pahlavi dynasty (Persian: دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty that ruled for roughly 53 years between 1925 and 1979. The dynasty was founded by Reza Shah Pahlavi, a non-aristocratic Mazanderani soldier in modern times, who took on the name of the Pahlavi language spoken in the pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire to strengthen his nationalist credentials.

The dynasty replaced the Qajar dynasty in 1925 after the 1921 coup d'état, beginning on 14 January 1921 when 42-year-old soldier Reza Khan was promoted by British General Edmund Ironside to lead the British-run Persian Cossack Brigade. About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000–4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran in what became known as the 1921 Persian coup d'état. The rest of the country was taken by 1923, and by October 1925 the Majlis agreed to depose and formally exile Ahmad Shah Qajar. The Majlis declared Reza Pahlavi as the new Shah of Iran on 12 December 1925, pursuant to the Persian Constitution of 1906. Initially, Pahlavi had planned to declare the country a republic, as his contemporary Atatürk had done in Turkey, but abandoned the idea in the face of British and clerical opposition.

The dynasty ruled Iran for 28 years as a form of constitutional monarchy from 1925 until 1953, and following the overthrow of the elected prime minister, for a further 26 years as a more autocratic monarchy until the dynasty was itself overthrown in 1979.

Family background

See also: Pahlavi family tree

In 1878, Reza Khan was born at the village of Alasht in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province. His parents were Abbas Ali Khan and Noushafarin Ayromlou. His mother was a Muslim immigrant from Georgia (then part of the Russian Empire), whose family had emigrated to mainland Qajar Iran after Iran was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth. His father was a Mazandarani, commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Anglo-Persian War in 1856.

Heads of House of Pahlavi

Name Portrait Family relations Lifespan Entered office Left office
Shahs of Iran
1 Reza Shah Pahlavi Reza Shah Son of Abbas Ali 1878–1944 15 December 1925 16 September 1941
(Abdication)
2 Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Shah Son of Reza Shah 1919–1980 16 September 1941 27 July 1980
(Death)
3 Reza Pahlavi Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Son of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1960–current 27 July 1980 Incumbent

Consorts

Picture Name Father Birth Marriage Became Consort Ceased to be Consort Death Spouse
Tadj ol-Molouk Teymūr Khan Ayromlou 1896 1916 15 December 1925 16 September 1941
husband's abdication 		1982 Reza Shah
Esmat Dowlatshahi Gholam Ali Mirza Dowlatshahi 1905 1923 15 December 1925 1995
Turan Amirsoleimani Prince Isa Khan Majd es-Saltaneh Amirsoleimani 1905 1922 15 December 1925 1923 1994
Princess Fawzia of Egypt Fuad I of Egypt 1921 1939 16 September 1941 17 November 1948
divorced 		2013 Mohammad Reza Shah
Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary Khalil Esfandiary-Bakhtiary 1932 12 February 1951 15 March 1958
divorced 		2001
Farah Diba Sohrab Diba 1938 21 December 1959 11 February 1979
husband's deposition 		Alive

Heirs

Prince Ali-Reza Pahlavi, the heir presumptive until his death in 1954

The former constitution of Iran specifically provided that only a male who was not descended from Qajar dynasty could become the heir apparent. This made all half-brothers of Mohammad Reza ineligible to become heirs to the throne. Until his death in 1954, the Shah's only full brother Ali Reza was his heir presumptive.

The constitution also required the Shah to be of Iranian descent, meaning that his father and mother are Iranian.

Line of succession in February 1979

Current Line of Succession

List of crown princes

Name Portrait Relationship to monarch Became heir Ceased to be heir; reason
Office vacant from 15 December 1925 to 24 April 1926
1 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Mohammad Reza Shah Eldest son 25 April 1926 16 September 1941

(Became king)

Office vacant from 16 September 1941 to 26 October 1967
2 Reza Pahlavi II Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Eldest son 1 November 1960 (Proclaimed)

26 October 1967 (Designated)

11 February 1979

(Father deposed)

Royal jewels

Main articles: Pahlavi Crown, Empress Crown, and Iranian Crown Jewels

Monuments

Main articles: Mausoleum of Reza Shah and Shahyad Tower

Use of titles

This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
  • Shâh: Emperor, followed by Shâhanshâh of Iran, with style His Imperial Majesty
  • Shahbânu: Shahbânu or Empress, followed by first name, followed by "of Iran", with style Her Imperial Majesty
  • Valiahd: Crown Prince of Iran, with style His Imperial Highness
  • Younger sons: Prince (Shâhpūr, or King's Son), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style His Imperial Highness.
  • Daughters: Princess (Shâhdokht, or King's Daughter), followed by first name and surname (Pahlavi), and style Her Imperial Highness.
  • Children of the monarch's daughter/s use another version of Prince (Vâlâ Gohar, "of superior essence") or Princess (Vâlâ Gohari), which indicate descent in the second generation through the female line, and use the styles His Highness or Her Highness. This is then followed by first name and father's surname, whether he was royal or a commoner. However, the children by the last Shah's sister Fatemeh, who married an American businessman as her first husband, are surnamed Pahlavi Hillyer and do not use any titles.

See also

References

  1. Aghaie, Kamran Scot (1 December 2011). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-80078-3.
  2. کوروش, نوروز مرادی; نوری, مصطفی (1388). "سندی نویافته از نیای رضاشاه" (PDF). پیام بهارستان. د۲،س ۱،ش۴.
  3. معتضد, خسرو (1387). تاج های زنانه (چاپ اول ed.). تهران: نشر البرز. pp. 46 47 48 49 50 51 جلد اول. ISBN 9789644425974.
  4. نیازمند, رضا (1387). رضاشاه از تولد تا سلطنت (چاپ ششم ed.). تهران: حکایت قلم نوین. pp. 15 16 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 39 40 43 44 45. ISBN 9645925460.
  5. زیباکلام, صادق (1398). رضاشاه (اول ed.). تهران: روزنه،لندن:اچ انداس. pp. 61, 62. ISBN 9781780837628.
  6. Cyrus Ghani; Sīrūs Ghanī (6 January 2001). Iran and the Rise of the Reza Shah: From Qajar Collapse to Pahlavi Power. I.B.Tauris. pp. 147–. ISBN 978-1-86064-629-4.
  7. ^ Zirinsky, Michael P. (1992). "Imperial power and dictatorship: Britain and the rise of Reza Shah, 1921-1926". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 24 (4): 639–663. doi:10.1017/s0020743800022388. S2CID 159878744. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  8. Brysac, Shareen Blair. "A Very British Coup: How Reza Shah Won and Lost His Throne." World Policy Journal 24, no. 2 (2007): 90–103. Accessed 8 August 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40210096
  9. "Mashallah Ajudani". Ajoudani. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  10. Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric. Iran: A Country Study: A Country Study. Government Printing Office. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3.
  11. Gholam Reza Afkhami (27 October 2008). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-520-25328-5. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
  12. Afkhami, Gholam Reza (2009). The Life and Times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 4. (..) His mother, who was of Georgian origin, died not long after, leaving Reza in her brother's care in Tehran. (...).
  13. GholamAli Haddad Adel; et al. (2012). The Pahlavi Dynasty: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam. EWI Press. p. 3. (...) His mother, Nush Afarin, was a Georgian Muslim immigrant (...).
  14. Homa Katouzian. "State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis" I.B.Tauris, 2006. ISBN 978-1845112721 p 269
  15. ^ Dareini, Ali Akbar (1999). The rise and fall of the Pahlavi dynasty. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 446. ISBN 81-208-1642-0. 2. The Shah gives another account for his separation with Fawzia. "For reasons still obscure to medical science, Queen Fawzia bore only one child; thus unfortunately no male heir issued from our marriage. Under the Persian Constitution the crown must pass by direct line of descent to a male heir. This rules out not only my daughter but also my three sisters. The Constitution further stipulates that no one descended from the previous Qajar dynasty is eligible to become king. Since two of my father's wives were of Qajar blood, my half-brothers who are their sons are ineligible. In fact I had only one brother not related to the Qajar line, and to my sorrow he was to die in an aeroplane crash in 1954. With these limitations it is no wonder that my advisors felt it important for my wife to bear a son. It is true that the Constitution might have been amended, but the dimate of opinion seemed opposed to tampering with the provisions relating to the royal succession. Besides, I was young and, quite apart from the constitutional factor, I wanted more children. When Queen Fawzia went to Egypt on an extended stay, we decided on a divorce." Please see Mission for My Country His Imperial Majesty Mohammad Reza Shah Pahiavi, Hutchinson and Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London, 1961–1968; pp. 219–220
  16. Hoyt, Edwin Palmer (1976). The Shah: The Glittering Story of Iran and Its People. P. S. Eriksson. p. 49. ISBN 9780839777533.
  17. ^ Curtis, Glenn; Hooglund, Eric (April 2008). Iran, a country study. Washington, D.C., US: Library of Congress. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3.

External links

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Preceded byHouse of Qâjâr Ruling house of Iran
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