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{{Short description|Ancient people inhabiting Crimea in the 1st millennium BC}}
{{Other uses}} {{Other uses}}
⚫ ] (ruled 117–38 AD), showing the location of the Chersonnesos Taurike (]), the home of the Tauri ]]
⚫ The '''Tauri''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aʊr|i}}; {{lang|grc|Ταῦροι}} in ]), or '''Taurians''', also '''Scythotauri''', '''Tauri Scythae''', '''Tauroscythae''' (], ''H. N.'' 4.85) were an ancient people settled on the southern coast of the ] peninsula, inhabiting the ] in the 1st millennium BC and the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url= http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/previous.asp?bottomMenuDisplay=pages%5CT%5CA%5CTavriiaLearnedArchivalCommission.htm&KidNumer=16014 |title=Taurians |website=www.encyclopediaofukraine.com |access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref> According to the sources, the Tauri were the first inhabitants of the Crimean peninsula and never abandoned its borders.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url= http://www.chersonesos.org/?p=out_ant_taurus&l=eng |title=The Taurians - Ancient period - Outlying areas - About Chersonesos |website=www.chersonesos.org |access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref> They gave their name to the peninsula, which was known in ancient times as '']'', ''Taurida'' and ''Tauris''.
⚫ ] (ruled 117-38 AD), showing the location of the Tauri in the eponymous Chersonnesos Taurike (]) ]]
⚫ The '''Tauri''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|aʊr|i}}; {{lang|grc|Ταῦροι}} in ]), also '''Scythotauri''', '''Tauri Scythae''', '''Tauroscythae''' (], ''H. N.'' 4.85) were a people settled on the southern coast of the ] peninsula, inhabiting the ] and the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the ]. They gave their name to the peninsula, which was known in ancient times as '']'', ''Taurida'' and ''Tauris''.


== Assimilation ==
⚫ In his '']'', ] describes the Tauri as living "by plundering and war". They became famous for their worship of a virgin goddess, to whom they sacrificed shipwrecked travellers and waylaid Greeks.<ref>Hdt. 4.103 "the Tauri have the following customs: all ship-wrecked men, and any Greeks whom they capture in their sea-raids, they sacrifice to the Virgin goddess1 as I will describe: after the first rites of sacrifice, they strike the victim on the head with a club; according to some, they then place the head on a pole and throw the body off the cliff on which their temple stands; others agree as to the head, but say that the body is buried, not thrown off the cliff. The Tauri themselves say that this deity to whom they sacrifice is Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia. As for enemies whom they defeat, each cuts his enemy's head off and carries it away to his house, where he places it on a tall pole and stands it high above the dwelling, above the smoke-vent for the most part. These heads, they say, are set up to guard the whole house. The Tauri live by plundering and war. " (trans. Godley)</ref> He makes a point of them living in ] geographically without themselves being ].<ref>4.99 "Beyond this place , the country fronting the same sea is hilly and projects into the Pontus; it is inhabited by the Tauric nation as far as what is called the Rough Peninsula; and this ends in the eastern sea. For the sea to the south and the sea to the east are two of the four boundary lines of Scythia, just as seas are boundaries of Attica; and the Tauri inhabit a part of Scythia like Attica, as though some other people, not Attic, were to inhabit the heights of Sunium from Thoricus to the town of Anaphlystus, if Sunium jutted farther out into the sea. I mean, so to speak, to compare small things with great. Such a land is the Tauric country. But those who have not sailed along that part of Attica may understand from this other analogy: it is as though in Calabria some other people, not Calabrian, were to live on the promontory within a line drawn from the harbor of Brundisium to Tarentum. I am speaking of these two countries, but there are many others of a similar kind that Tauris resembles." (trans. A. D. Godley)</ref>
Taurians intermixed with the ] starting from the end of 3rd century BC, and were mentioned as Tauroscythians and Scythotaurians in the works of ancient Greek writers. The Taurians underwent the rule of the ] in the 2nd century BC. As a result of ] occupations, Taurians were romanized in the first century AD. Later the Taurians were subsumed by the ] and ], and existed till the 4th century.<ref name=":0" />
They are hence thought{{whom|date=April 2014}} to have been a remnant of the ], whom the ] expelled from their original homeland further north in the 7th century BC. Pritsak and Golb (1982) believe they were a ].<ref>] & ]: ''Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century'', Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press, 1982.</ref>


==History==
The Greeks ] the Tauric goddess with ] or with ], daughter of ]. The Tauric custom of ] inspired the Greek legends of ] and ], recounted in '']'' by the playwright ].
⚫ In his '']'', ] describes the Tauri as living "by plundering and war". They became famous for their worship of a virgin goddess, to whom they sacrificed shipwrecked travellers and waylaid Greeks.<ref>Hdt. 4.103 "the Tauri have the following customs: all ship-wrecked men, and any Greeks whom they capture in their sea-raids, they sacrifice to the Virgin goddess1 as I will describe: after the first rites of sacrifice, they strike the victim on the head with a club; according to some, they then place the head on a pole and throw the body off the cliff on which their temple stands; others agree as to the head, but say that the body is buried, not thrown off the cliff. The Tauri themselves say that this deity to whom they sacrifice is Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia. As for enemies whom they defeat, each cuts his enemy's head off and carries it away to his house, where he places it on a tall pole and stands it high above the dwelling, above the smoke-vent for the most part. These heads, they say, are set up to guard the whole house. The Tauri live by plundering and war." (trans. Godley)</ref> He makes a point of them living in ] geographically without themselves being ].<ref>4.99 "Beyond this place , the country fronting the same sea is hilly and projects into the Pontus; it is inhabited by the Tauric nation as far as what is called the Rough Peninsula; and this ends in the eastern sea. For the sea to the south and the sea to the east are two of the four boundary lines of Scythia, just as seas are boundaries of Attica; and the Tauri inhabit a part of Scythia like Attica, as though some other people, not Attic, were to inhabit the heights of Sunium from Thoricus to the town of Anaphlystus, if Sunium jutted farther out into the sea. I mean, so to speak, to compare small things with great. Such a land is the Tauric country. But those who have not sailed along that part of Attica may understand from this other analogy: it is as though in Calabria some other people, not Calabrian, were to live on the promontory within a line drawn from the harbor of Brundisium to Tarentum. I am speaking of these two countries, but there are many others of a similar kind that Tauris resembles." (trans. A. D. Godley)</ref> In ], ] refers to the Tauri as a Scythian tribe.<ref> "... generally speaking, the Tauri, a Scythian tribe...</ref>


The Greeks ] the Tauric goddess with ] or with ], daughter of ]. The Tauric custom of ] inspired the Greek legends of ] and ], recounted in '']'' by the playwright ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ridgeway |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQErAAAAIAAJ&dq=Tauric+custom+of+human+sacrifice+%22Iphigenia+in+Tauris%22&pg=PA157 |title=The Origin of Tragedy with Special Reference to the Greek Tragedians |date=1910 |publisher=University Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mangieri |first=Anthony F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uI2DwAAQBAJ&dq=human+sacrifice+%22Iphigeneia+and+Orestes%22+Euripides&pg=PT249 |title=Virgin Sacrifice in Classical Art: Women, Agency, and the Trojan War |date=2017-09-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-86321-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ewans |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj0rDwAAQBAJ&dq=human+sacrifice+%22Iphigeneia+and+Orestes%22+Euripides&pg=PA38 |title=Opera From the Greek: Studies in the Poetics of Appropriation |date=2017-07-05 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-55576-0 |language=en}}</ref> The original Greek title given by ] literally means ''Iphigeneia among the taurians''. Such a place as "Tauris" does not exist.
⚫ According to Herodotus, the manner of their sacrifice was to beat the head with a club and remove the head; then they either buried the body or threw it off a cliff, and lastly nailed the head to a cross. Prisoners of war likewise had their heads removed, and the head was then put onto a tall pole and placed at their house "in order that the whole house may be under their protection".


⚫ According to Herodotus, the manner of their sacrifice was to beat the head with a club and remove the head; then they either buried the body or threw it off a cliff, and lastly nailed the head to a cross. Prisoners of war likewise had their heads removed, and the head was then put onto a tall pole and placed at their house "in order that the whole house may be under their protection".
⚫ Although the Crimean coast eventually came to be dominated by Greek (and subsequently ]) colonies, notably the one at ], the Tauri remained a major threat to Greek power in the region. They engaged in piracy against ships on the Black Sea, mounting raids from their base at Symbolon (today's ]). By the 2nd century BC they had become subject-allies of the Scythian king ].


⚫ Although the Crimean coast eventually came to be dominated by Greek (and subsequently ]) colonies, notably the one at ], the Tauri remained a major threat to Greek power in the region. They engaged in piracy against ships on the Black Sea, mounting raids from their base at Symbolon (today's ]). By the 2nd century BC they had become subject-allies of the Scythian king ].
==Name==

The word Tauri probably means "mountaineers",<ref>, 1830, p. 339.</ref><ref>, 1853, p. 217</ref> which is supposed to be derived from an old root "''Tau''" meaning "a mountain".<ref>Charles Knight, '''', Bradbury et Evans, 1855, p. 803.</ref><ref>Charles Anthon, '''', Harper & brothers, 1855, p. 238.</ref> This word appears to have one common root in several languages and simply signifies a mountain.<ref>Charles ANTHON (LL.D.), '''', p. 1294.</ref> ''Toira'' in Assyrian means "a mountain" or "a chain of mountains", in Turkic languages ''tau'' signifies "a mountain", "a round or high building", "a rampart", the Celts called a "tower" or "rampart" ''tor'', ''tour''.<ref>John Buchan Telfer, '''', H.S. King & Company, 1876, p. 92.</ref><ref>Henry Dauby Seymour, '''', Murray, 1855, p. 171.</ref>
In the 4th century AD, the historian ], mentioned the names of the 3 tribes (Arichi, Sinchi, and Napaei) of the Taurians known for their "extraordinary severity".<ref name=":1" />

Taurians also played a major role in the development and settlement of the ] (KKC) in the 8th-4th century BC. Osmolovsky, who conducted a research in the Krasnaya (Red) Cave in 1921, pointed out that the arrowheads, ceramics and necklaces found in the Cave were owned by the Taurians. There are several indications that this culture belongs to the Tauris, such as:

* Firstly, in the written sources of the earlier times than the 2nd century BC, there is no mention of any other society living in the Crimean foothills and mountains apart from the Taurians.

* Secondly, many artifacts found in Taurians territory and cemeteries were also found in the Kizil-Koba sites.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=The Kizil-Koba Culture in the Western Crimea |first=The Kizil-Koba Culture in the Western Crimea |date=2011 |title=Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia |url=http://www.archeologia.rzeszow.pl/pl/analecta |journal=Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia |volume=6 |pages=361–365 |access-date=2019-02-06 |archive-date=2013-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313200516/http://www.archeologia.rzeszow.pl/pl/analecta |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Кизил-кобинська культура у Західному Криму |publisher=Інститут археології НАН України |year=2010 |isbn=978-966-02-5745-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.academia.edu/589584 |title=The Human Use of Caves |last=The Human Use of Caves |first=The Human Use of Caves |publisher=Archaeopress |year=1997 |isbn=0860548597 |location=Oxford |pages=128–130}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://worldwalk.info/en/catalog/913/ |title=Krasnaya (Red) Cave, Kizil-Koba Cave |website=worldwalk.info |access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Kizil-Koba+Culture |title=Kizil-Koba Culture |website=TheFreeDictionary.com |access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>

==See also==
*]
*]
*]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


{{Scythia}}
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] ]
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Latest revision as of 13:28, 5 October 2024

Ancient people inhabiting Crimea in the 1st millennium BC For other uses, see Tauri (disambiguation).
Map of the Roman empire under Hadrian (ruled 117–38 AD), showing the location of the Chersonnesos Taurike (Crimean peninsula), the home of the Tauri

The Tauri (/ˈtaʊəri/; Ταῦροι in Ancient Greek), or Taurians, also Scythotauri, Tauri Scythae, Tauroscythae (Pliny, H. N. 4.85) were an ancient people settled on the southern coast of the Crimea peninsula, inhabiting the Crimean Mountains in the 1st millennium BC and the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the Black Sea. According to the sources, the Tauri were the first inhabitants of the Crimean peninsula and never abandoned its borders. They gave their name to the peninsula, which was known in ancient times as Taurica, Taurida and Tauris.

Assimilation

Taurians intermixed with the Scythians starting from the end of 3rd century BC, and were mentioned as Tauroscythians and Scythotaurians in the works of ancient Greek writers. The Taurians underwent the rule of the Pontic Kingdom in the 2nd century BC. As a result of Roman occupations, Taurians were romanized in the first century AD. Later the Taurians were subsumed by the Alans and Goths, and existed till the 4th century.

History

In his Histories, Herodotus describes the Tauri as living "by plundering and war". They became famous for their worship of a virgin goddess, to whom they sacrificed shipwrecked travellers and waylaid Greeks. He makes a point of them living in Scythia geographically without themselves being Scythians. In Geographica, Strabo refers to the Tauri as a Scythian tribe.

The Greeks identified the Tauric goddess with Artemis Tauropolos or with Iphigeneia, daughter of Agamemnon. The Tauric custom of human sacrifice inspired the Greek legends of Iphigeneia and Orestes, recounted in Iphigeneia in Tauris by the playwright Euripides. The original Greek title given by Euripides literally means Iphigeneia among the taurians. Such a place as "Tauris" does not exist.

According to Herodotus, the manner of their sacrifice was to beat the head with a club and remove the head; then they either buried the body or threw it off a cliff, and lastly nailed the head to a cross. Prisoners of war likewise had their heads removed, and the head was then put onto a tall pole and placed at their house "in order that the whole house may be under their protection".

Although the Crimean coast eventually came to be dominated by Greek (and subsequently Roman) colonies, notably the one at Chersonesos, the Tauri remained a major threat to Greek power in the region. They engaged in piracy against ships on the Black Sea, mounting raids from their base at Symbolon (today's Balaklava). By the 2nd century BC they had become subject-allies of the Scythian king Scilurus.

In the 4th century AD, the historian Ammianus Marcellinus, mentioned the names of the 3 tribes (Arichi, Sinchi, and Napaei) of the Taurians known for their "extraordinary severity".

Taurians also played a major role in the development and settlement of the Kizil-Koban Culture (KKC) in the 8th-4th century BC. Osmolovsky, who conducted a research in the Krasnaya (Red) Cave in 1921, pointed out that the arrowheads, ceramics and necklaces found in the Cave were owned by the Taurians. There are several indications that this culture belongs to the Tauris, such as:

  • Firstly, in the written sources of the earlier times than the 2nd century BC, there is no mention of any other society living in the Crimean foothills and mountains apart from the Taurians.
  • Secondly, many artifacts found in Taurians territory and cemeteries were also found in the Kizil-Koba sites.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Taurians". www.encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  2. ^ "The Taurians - Ancient period - Outlying areas - About Chersonesos". www.chersonesos.org. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  3. Hdt. 4.103 "the Tauri have the following customs: all ship-wrecked men, and any Greeks whom they capture in their sea-raids, they sacrifice to the Virgin goddess1 as I will describe: after the first rites of sacrifice, they strike the victim on the head with a club; according to some, they then place the head on a pole and throw the body off the cliff on which their temple stands; others agree as to the head, but say that the body is buried, not thrown off the cliff. The Tauri themselves say that this deity to whom they sacrifice is Agamemnon's daughter Iphigenia. As for enemies whom they defeat, each cuts his enemy's head off and carries it away to his house, where he places it on a tall pole and stands it high above the dwelling, above the smoke-vent for the most part. These heads, they say, are set up to guard the whole house. The Tauri live by plundering and war." (trans. Godley)
  4. 4.99 "Beyond this place , the country fronting the same sea is hilly and projects into the Pontus; it is inhabited by the Tauric nation as far as what is called the Rough Peninsula; and this ends in the eastern sea. For the sea to the south and the sea to the east are two of the four boundary lines of Scythia, just as seas are boundaries of Attica; and the Tauri inhabit a part of Scythia like Attica, as though some other people, not Attic, were to inhabit the heights of Sunium from Thoricus to the town of Anaphlystus, if Sunium jutted farther out into the sea. I mean, so to speak, to compare small things with great. Such a land is the Tauric country. But those who have not sailed along that part of Attica may understand from this other analogy: it is as though in Calabria some other people, not Calabrian, were to live on the promontory within a line drawn from the harbor of Brundisium to Tarentum. I am speaking of these two countries, but there are many others of a similar kind that Tauris resembles." (trans. A. D. Godley)
  5. Strabo. Geographica. 7. 4. 2. "... generally speaking, the Tauri, a Scythian tribe...
  6. Ridgeway, William (1910). The Origin of Tragedy with Special Reference to the Greek Tragedians. University Press.
  7. Mangieri, Anthony F. (2017-09-22). Virgin Sacrifice in Classical Art: Women, Agency, and the Trojan War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-86321-6.
  8. Ewans, Michael (2017-07-05). Opera From the Greek: Studies in the Poetics of Appropriation. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-55576-0.
  9. The Kizil-Koba Culture in the Western Crimea, The Kizil-Koba Culture in the Western Crimea (2011). "Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia". Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia. 6: 361–365. Archived from the original on 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  10. Кизил-кобинська культура у Західному Криму. Інститут археології НАН України. 2010. ISBN 978-966-02-5745-0.
  11. The Human Use of Caves, The Human Use of Caves (1997). The Human Use of Caves. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 128–130. ISBN 0860548597.
  12. "Krasnaya (Red) Cave, Kizil-Koba Cave". worldwalk.info. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  13. "Kizil-Koba Culture". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
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