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{{Infobox Palestinian Authority municipality {{Short description|Palestinian city in the southern West Bank}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name=Dura
| name = Dura
|image=
| translit_lang1 = Arabic
|caption=
| translit_lang1_type = ]
|emblem=Dura_Logo.jpg
| translit_lang1_info = {{lang|ar|دورا}}
|emblem_type=Municipal Seal of Dura
| translit_lang1_type1 = ]
|arname=دورا
| translit_lang1_info1 = Durrah (official)
|meaning=Dura, (p.n)<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. </ref>
| type = ]
|latd=31|latm=30|lats=24.45|latNS=N
| image_skyline = File:Dura, Hnenh street.jpg
|longd=35 |longm=01|longs=39.78|longEW=E
| image_caption =
|founded=
| image_blank_emblem = Dura_Logo.jpg
|type=muna
| blank_emblem_type = Municipal Seal of Dura
|typefrom=1967
| pushpin_map = Palestine
|altOffSp=Durrah
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Dura within ]
|altUnoSp=
| image_map =
|governorate=hb
| map_caption =
|population=28,268
| coordinates = {{coord|31|30|25|N|35|01|40|E|region:PS|display=inline,title}}
|popyear=2007
| grid_name = ]
|area=
| grid_position = 152/101
|areakm=
| subdivision_type = State
|mayor=Saeed M. Awawdeh
| subdivision_name = {{flag|State of Palestine}}
| subdivision_type1 = ]
| subdivision_name1 = ]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date =
| government_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->
| government_type = ] (from 1967)
| leader_title = Head of Municipality
| leader_name = Mr. Ahmad Salhoub
| unit_pref = dunam
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_total_dunam =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="PrelimCensus2017">{{cite report |date=February 2018 |title=Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 |url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Downloads/book2364-1.pdf |department=] (PCBS) |publisher=] |pages=64–82 |access-date=2023-10-24}}</ref>
| population_total = 39336
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_note =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning
| blank_info_sec1 = Dura (]) from ] אֲדוֹרַים Adoraim<ref>Palmer, 1881, p. </ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}} }}
'''Dura''' ({{lang-ar|<big>دورا</big>}}) is a ] town located eleven kilometers southwest of ] in the ] in the southern ]. According to the ], the town had a population of over 28,268 in 2007.<ref> ]. p.119.</ref> The current mayor is Saeed M. Awawdeh. '''Dura''' ({{langx|ar|دورا}}) is a ] city located eleven kilometers southwest of ], in the southern ], in the ] of the ]. According to the ], the town had a population of 39,336 in 2017.<ref name="PrelimCensus2017" /> The current mayor is Ahmad Salhoub.


In 1517, Dura was incorporated into the ] with the rest of Syria. In the late Ottoman and early Mandatory periods, Dura was the only permanent settlement in the southeastern ridge of the central highlands. Starting as a village and evolving into a town, it sprawled across large territories, becoming a center for influential families, collectively referred to as Abu-Darham.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=D. |title=Expansion and Desertion: the Arab Village and its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=1994 |location=Jerusalem |pages=220–221 |language=he}}</ref>
Some believe ], the tenth of the pre-flood Patriarchs, as the story of ] is told in the ], is buried in Dura. The city was fortified by ] (974 BC – 913 BC), King of the ] and later the King of the ], who was a son of ] and a grandson of ], according to 2 Chron. 11.9. The city was called Macabees Adora (] 13.20).


In 1517, the village was incorporated into the ] with the rest of Palestine. After the British Mandate, in the wake of the ], Dura was occupied by ] and came under Jordanian rule. Dura was established as a ] on January 1, 1967, five months before it was occupied by Israel during the ]. After the ], in the wake of the ], Dura came under Jordanian rule. Dura was established as a ] on January 1, 1967, five months before it came under ] after the ]. Since 1995, it has been governed by the ], as part of ] and as part of the ] of the ].


==Etymology== ==Etymology==
The present-day name of ''Dura'' has been identified with ancient '']'' or the ''Adora'' of ]<ref>B. Bar-Kochva, ], 2002 p.285.</ref><ref>], BRILL, 2012 p.303,</ref><ref name="ROBINSON1841">Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. </ref><ref name=CRConder>{{cite journal |last1=Conder |first1=CR |date=1876 |title=Notes on the Language of the Native Peasantry in Palestine |url=http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/pefqs/1876-03_132.pdf |journal= Palestine Exploration Quarterly |issue= Taylor & Francis |access-date=Mar 25, 2018 }}</ref> The village was originally built on two hills: Dura al-‘Amaira and Dura al-Arjan possibly reflecting ] of ''Adoraim'' name, which could also be a double village during antiquity.<ref name="Sharon2013">Sharon, 2013, p. </ref>
According to the municipality, the name "Dura" is derived from a ]ite word meaning house and not the ] word for corn.

Its ancient Canaanite name is ''Adoraim.''


==History== ==History==
{{See also|Adoraim}}
==Biblical period==
Professor of Religion ] writes in ''Discovering the World of the Bible'' (1996) that "some believe ] ] is told in the ]] is buried ."<ref></ref>


===Archaeology===
The city was fortified by ] (974 BC – 913 BC), King of the ] and later the King of the ], who was a son of ] and a grandson of ], according to 2 ] 11.9.<ref></ref> The city was called Macabees Adora (] 13.20)<ref></ref>
Ancient ]s and fragments of ]s have been found at Dura.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 946</ref>


The settlement{{which|Under which name? How was it identified with this Dura? |date= February 2024}} was mentioned in the ] as early as 14th century BC.<ref name="Sharon2013"/><ref name="Maspero1896">{{cite book|author=Gaston Maspero|author-link=Gaston Maspero|title=History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VBCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA131|year=1896|publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge|page=131}}</ref> and in the ].<ref name="Brugsch1858">{{cite book|author=Heinrich Karl Brugsch|author-link=Heinrich Karl Brugsch|title=Geographische Inschriften altägyptischer Denkmäler|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1VFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49|year=1858|page=49}}</ref>
Dura is an ancient place, where old ]s and fragments of ]s have been found.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 946</ref>
The town was referred to as "]" during the classical period.{{which?|date=June 2014}} Between the years 57 and 47 BCE, the region of ] of Judea was divided into five districts, or ''synedria,'' with Adora likely serving as the capital of eastern Idumaea.<ref>Josephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'' 14.91; and M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Holy Land: A Historical Geography from the Persian to the Arab Conquest'' (Jerusalem: Carta, 2002), p. 84.</ref> After this, Idumaea became attached to the district of Judaea to the north, and the once heavily Hellenized city became predominantly Jewish.<ref>Avi-Yonah, p. 96.</ref> It seems to have remained so until the spread of Christianity in the area in the Byzantine period (beginning in the late fourth century CE).


A 1st century CE mansion, inhabited till the ] (66-73 CE), was partially excavated near Dura, at Khirbet Moraq. The house at the estate's center contained a bath and consisted of rooms surrounded by an open courtyard and fronted by colonnades. According to an inscription, the house belonged to a Jewish family. This distinctive "introverted" house plan design developed in the area during the ].<ref name="Applebaum1989">{{cite book |author= Shimon Applebaum |title= Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times: Historical and Archaeological Essays |date=1 January 1989 |publisher= Brill Archive |page= 127 |isbn= 90-04-08821-0 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ScwUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA127}}</ref> The city retained its Jewish character until at least the end of the ] (135 CE).<ref name="Roth1972">{{cite book |author=Cecil Roth |title= Encyclopaedia Judaica: A-Z |year=1972 |publisher= Encyclopaedia Judaica |page=303 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oeVtAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
], writing around 985 CE, noted that Dura was famous for its vineyards and a type of raisin called Duri.<ref>Mukaddasi, 1895, p. </ref>

===Early Muslim period===
], writing around 985 CE, noted that Palestine was famous for its vineyards and a type of raisin called ''Dūrī'', said to be from Dura.<ref name=Muk69>Mukaddasi, 1896, p. (note 3).</ref>


===Ottoman period=== ===Ottoman period===
In 1517, the village was incorporated into the ] with the rest of Palestine. In 1596 it appeared in the ] as being in the '']'' of ] of the '']'' of ]. It had a population of 49 Muslim households and paid taxes on wheat, barley, olives, vines or fruit trees, and goats or beehives.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 124</ref> In 1517, the village was incorporated into the ] with the rest of Palestine. In 1596 it appeared in the ] as being in the '']'' of ] of the '']'' of ]. It had a population of 49 ] households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including on wheat, barley, olives, vines or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 10,000 ].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 124</ref>


According to a study by ], ] overran Dura in the 17th century. As a result, new families became the dominant ones, replacing its previous population.<ref>Albright, W.F., '''The Israelite Conquest of Canaan in the Light of Archaeology.''' ''Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research'', 74, pp. 11-33</ref><ref>Grossman, D. "The expansion of the settlement frontier of Hebron's western and southern fringes". ], 5, 1982, pp. 57-73.</ref> Residents of several villages in the ] such as ], ], ], and ], trace their ancestry to Dura.<ref>Grossman (1982), p. 64.</ref>
In 1834, Dura's inhabitants participated in an ] against the Egyptian ], who took over the area between 1831–1840.

When ] visited in 1838, he described Dura as one of the largest villages in the area, and the residence of the ]s of Ibn Omar, who had formerly ruled the area.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, pp. -5</ref>
During the late Ottoman and early ], Dura stood as the sole permanent settlement in the southeastern ridge of the central highlands. Beginning as a village and evolving into a town, it expanded across extensive territories, becoming a battleground for influential families, collectively known as Abu-Darham, particularly the al-'Amr, Namura, Dudeen, and Hajji hamulas. These families, associated with the 'Amr and 'Arjan quarters, frequently quarreled for dominance. Some Abu-Darham families claimed non-native ancestry, having integrated into the village during the 18th century. Establishing alliances with Bedouin tribes proved advantageous. 'Abd al-Rahman al-'Amr, a prominent ruler, sought refuge among the Bedouin Tiaha tribe following his escape from a prison in Jerusalem after he revolted in the 1850s. This connection helped deter Bedouin incursions and facilitated peaceful territorial expansions for Dura.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=D. |title=Expansion and Desertion: the Arab Village and its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=1994 |location=Jerusalem |pages=220–221 |language=he}}</ref>

In 1834, Dura's inhabitants participated in an ] against the Egyptian ], who took over the area between 1831 and 1840.
When ] visited in 1838, he described Dura as one of the largest villages in the area, and the residence of the ]s of ], who had formerly ruled the area.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, pp. -5</ref>


In 1863 the French explorer ] visited the place, and noted that "Fragments of ancient ]s, and a good number of cut stones taken from old constructions In 1863 the French explorer ] visited the place, and noted that "Fragments of ancient ]s, and a good number of cut stones taken from old constructions
and built up in the Arab houses, show the antiquity of the place. Two barracks especially have been built in this way. Above the door of one, a block forming the ] was once ornamented with mouldings, now very much mutilated. Close to the town is a celebrated wely in which lies a colossal ], containing, it is said, the body of ]."<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. −355; as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. </ref> and built up in the Arab houses, show the antiquity of the place. Two barracks especially have been built in this way. Above the door of one, a block forming the ] was once ornamented with mouldings, now very much mutilated. Close to the town is a celebrated ] in which lies a colossal ], containing, it is said, the body of ]."<ref>Guérin, 1869, pp. −355; as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. </ref>


In 1877 Lieutenant ] had some boys publicly flogged in Dura following an incident when stones were thrown at a member of the ] survey party.<ref>Kitchener, 1878, p. </ref> An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Dura had a population of 420, in 144 houses, though the population count included men, only.<ref name=Socin153>Socin, 1879, p. </ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. , noted 249 houses</ref> In 1877 Lieutenant ] had some boys publicly flogged in Dura following an incident when stones were thrown at a member of the ] survey party.<ref>Kitchener, 1878, p. </ref>


In 1883, the ]'s ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described Dura as "A large and nourishing village on the flat slope of a hill, with open ground on the east for about a mile. This plain is cultivated with corn. To the north of Dura are a few olives, and others on the south. The houses are of stone. South of the village are two Mukams with white domes; and on the west, higher than the village, is the tomb of Neby Nuh. Near these there are rock-cut sepulchres. The place is well supplied from three springs on the east and one on the south."<ref name="SWPIII">Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. </ref> In 1883, the ]'s '']'' described Dura as "A large and nourishing village on the flat slope of a hill, with open ground on the east for about a mile. This plain is cultivated with corn. To the north of Dura are a few olives, and others on the south. The houses are of stone. South of the village are two ]s with white domes; and on the west, higher than the village, is the tomb of Neby Nuh (Prophet Noah). Near these there are rock-cut sepulchres. The place is well supplied from three springs on the east and one on the south."<ref name="SWPIII">Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. </ref>


===British Mandate era=== ===British Mandate===
In 1921, a violent conflict took place between Dura and the nearby town of ]. It was resolved through the imposition of a hefty fine of 20,000 Egyptian pounds on the "brigands" of Dura.<ref>Grossman (1982), p. 62-69.</ref>]
]
The report of the ] wrote that "the village in the Hebron sub-district commonly known as Dura is a congeries of neighbouring localities each of which has a distinctive name; and, while Dura is a remarkable example of neighbourly agglutination, the phenomenon is not infrequent in other villages". The total of 70 locations listed in the report had 1538 occupied houses and a population of 7255 Muslims.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, pp. </ref> In the ], conducted by the ], Dura was divided into Dura al-‘Amaira, with 2,565 inhabitants, and Dura al-Arjan, with 3,269 inhabitants; a total of 5,834, all Muslims.<ref name=Census1922>Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p. </ref> The report of the ] wrote that "the village in the Hebron sub-district commonly known as Dura is a congeries of neighbouring localities each of which has a distinctive name; and, while Dura is a remarkable example of neighbourly agglutination, the phenomenon is not infrequent in other villages". The total of 70 locations listed in the report had 1538 inhabited houses and a population of 7255 Muslims.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, pp. </ref>


In 1945 the population of Dura was 9,700, all Arabs, who owned 240,704 ]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in S. Hadawi, ''Village Statistics, 1945''. PLO Research Center, 1970, p. </ref> 3,917 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 90,637 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in S. Hadawi, ''Village Statistics, 1945''. PLO Research Center, 1970, p. </ref> while 226 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in S. Hadawi, ''Village Statistics, 1945''. PLO Research Center, 1970, p. </ref> In the ] the population of Dura was 9,700, all Muslims,<ref name=1945p23>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. </ref> who owned 240,704 ]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> 3,917 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 90,637 for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> while 226 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> Dura village lands covered in this period an estimated {{convert|240|km2|sqmi}}, which included 99 ruined settlement sites.<ref>Magen Broshi, ], No. 236 (Autumn, 1979), pp.1-10, p.6.</ref>
]


===1948–67=== ===Jordanian rule===
In the wake of the ], and after the ], Dura came under ]ian rule. In the wake of the ], and after the ], Dura came under ].


In 1961, the population of Dura was 3,852.<ref>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. </ref>
Dura was established as a ] on January 1, 1967, five months before it was occupied by Israel during the ].

===Post-1967===
Since the ] in 1967, Dura has been under ]. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 4,954.<ref name="67census">{{cite web |url=http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/1967_census/vol_1_tab_2.pdf |title=The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version |author=Perlmann, Joel |date=November 2011 – February 2012 |website=] |access-date=24 June 2016 }}</ref>

The ] of Dura was established on January 1, 1967, five months before it was occupied by Israel during the ].
]


===Post-1967 era===
After ] in 1967, Dura has been under ]i occupation.
After the ] was ] in 1995, a local committee was set up to prevent land confiscation from the town and the municipal council was expanded. Many Palestinian ministries and governmental institutions opened offices in Dura, enhancing its role in Palestinian politics. After the ] was ] in 1995, a local committee was set up to prevent land confiscation from the town and the municipal council was expanded. Many Palestinian ministries and governmental institutions opened offices in Dura, enhancing its role in Palestinian politics.


In 1999, Israeli PM ] proposed constructing a bridge linking ] and Dura, in order to connect the West Bank with the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shindler |first=Colin |date=2000 |title=Likud and the Christian Dispensationalists: A Symbiotic Relationship |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245533 |journal=Israel Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=153–182 |doi=10.2979/ISR.2000.5.1.153 |jstor=30245533 |s2cid=144060115 |issn=1084-9513}}</ref>
===Conflict victims ===


In 2011 the Dura International Stadium was renovated. It can hold up to 18,000 spectators and hosts national and international games.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maannews.net/Content.aspx?ID=940396|title=إطلاق إسم هواري بومدين على استاد دورا الدولي|website=وكالــة معــا الاخبارية|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>
]

In June 2014, during the search to find ], when 150 Israeli soldiers stormed Dura's Haninia neighbourhood in a dawn raid to detain a person, an Israeli soldier shot and killed 13<ref name="Ma'an20" > ], 20 June 2014.</ref>/15-year-old Mohammed Dudeen.<ref name="JoRu" >Jodi Rudoren, ], 20 June 2014:'“One of them crouched and opened fire on the boy,” said Bassam al-Awadeh, 42, who said he watched from about {{convert|150|yd|m}} away. “The boy was hit in his heart and his abdomen.”.'</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=706295 |title=14-year-old Palestinian shot dead by Israeli forces in Dura |publisher=Maannews.net |date= |accessdate=21 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=ii20140620>{{cite news|title=Palestinian killed in students hunt|url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/palestinian-killed-in-students-hunt-30370736.html|agency=AP|publisher=Irish Independent|date=20 June 2014}}</ref>
The Dura Municipal Rehabilitation Center assists Palestinian Authority residents with special needs and developmental disabilities. Occupational therapy, visual rehabilitation for the seeing impaired, and outreach program are some of the services offered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://duracity.ps/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=92&catid=14&Itemid=766|title=مركز بلدية دورا للتأهيل|last=rama|website=duracity.ps|language=ar-aa|access-date=2019-12-03}}</ref>

Dura has a public library, swimming pool, and a park which includes a children's theater.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}
]
In June 2014, during the search to find ], 150 Israeli soldiers stormed Dura's Haninia neighbourhood in a dawn raid to detain a person, and were met by young men and boys throwing rocks. An Israeli soldier shot and killed a teenager who was among the ], 13<ref name="Ma'an20"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112084317/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=706295 |date=2015-01-12 }} ], 20 June 2014.</ref> or 15-year-old Mohammed Dudeen.<ref name="JoRu">], '']'', 20 June 2014:'as he and other youths hurled rocks at about 150 soldiers.'"One of them crouched and opened fire on the boy," said Bassam al-Awadeh, 42, who said he watched from about {{convert|150|yd|m}} away. "The boy was hit in his heart and his abdomen.".'</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=706295 |title=14-year-old Palestinian shot dead by Israeli forces in Dura |publisher=Maannews.net |access-date=21 June 2014 |archive-date=12 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112084317/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=706295 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="ii20140620">{{cite news|title=Palestinian killed in students hunt |url=http://www.independent.ie/world-news/palestinian-killed-in-students-hunt-30370736.html|agency=AP|publisher=Irish Independent|date=20 June 2014}}</ref>

===Israeli settlement===
The Israeli settlement of ] is located 4 kilometers north of the town in the ]<ref name="Hoberman">{{cite book |last= Hoberman |first= Haggai |year= 2008 |title= Keneged Kol HaSikuim |edition= 1st |lang=he |trans-title= Against All Odds |publisher= Sifriat Netzaim}}</ref> and has {{Israel populations|Adora}} inhabitants.{{Israel populations|reference}} The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank ],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1682640.stm |title=The Geneva Convention |work=] |date=10 December 2009 |access-date=27 November 2010 }}</ref> but the Israeli government dispute this. The settlement community falls under the jurisdiction of Har Hebron Regional Council.<ref>https://www.hrhevron.co.il Har Hebron Regional Council Official Website</ref>

== Demography ==
Dura is home to several clan, such as Al Swaty, Al 'Amayra, Amro, Al Sharha, Al Darweash, Al Maslamea', Al Darbeai', and Al Awawda'.<ref>, ARIJ, 2009</ref> The Al 'Amayra (or 'Amr) clan, with families like Haji and Muhammad, has long-standing roots in Dura. They owned lands in the area and allowed migrant families to cultivate and utilized some lands as tenants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Grossman |first=D. |title=Expansion and Desertion: the Arab Village and its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine |publisher=Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi |year=1994 |location=Jerusalem |pages=220–222 |language=he}}</ref>

According to one account, the Maslamea' family came from ].<ref name=":0" />

Another important clan in Dura is the Rajoub clan, with well-known figures like ]. About 6,000 people make up this clan,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-13 |title=פעלתי כסייען של ישראל, אך לא בגדתי בעם הפלסטיני |url=https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ART2/877/533.html |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Makor Rishon}}</ref> and they also live in nearby offshoot villages of Dura, including ].<ref name=":0" /> Based on one family member's account, the Rajoub family's oral tradition links their roots to a ] who converted to Islam centuries ago.<ref name=":1" />


==Climate== ==Climate==
The climate of Dura is dry in the summers and experiences moderate precipitation during winter. Average annual precipitation depend on specific geographic locations within the town. The area of Dahr Alhadaba receives an annual average of 400–600&nbsp;mm of rain, southern slopes 300–400&nbsp;mm and the northern region of the Dura hills 250–300. The climate of Dura is dry in the summers and experiences moderate precipitation during winter. Average annual precipitation depend on specific geographic locations within the town. The area of Dahr Alhadaba receives an annual average of 400–600&nbsp;mm of rain, southern slopes 300–400&nbsp;mm and the northern region of the Dura hills 250–300.


==See also== ==Landmarks==
A local Palestinian legend has it that the patriarch ], in Islamic tradition called "]", was buried in Dura,<ref>Edward Platt, Pan Macmillan, 2012 p.54.</ref> and a shrine there commemorates this tradition.<ref>], 2nd ed. J Murray 1856 p,214</ref>
*]

*]
==Notable residents==

* ] (born 1947), politician


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|2}} {{Reflist|25em}}

===Bibliography===
==Bibliography==
{{Commons category}}
{{Refbegin}} {{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book | first =M.|last=Avi-Yonah |author-link= Michael Avi-Yonah | title =The Holy Land: a historical geography from the Persian to the Arab conquest (536 B.C. to A.D. 640) | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=v51tAAAAMAAJ |location =Grand Rapids | publisher = Baker Book House |year = 1977}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 | publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Claude Reignier|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=http://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|title=Discovering the World of the Bible|author=Berrett, L.M.C.|author-link= LaMar C. Berrett|date=1996|publisher=Grandin Book Company|isbn=9780910523523|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzWS9al8ZUEC|page=196|access-date=2 December 2014}}
*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = Claudine | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =French}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr06gugoog|volume=1: Judee, pt. 3|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language =fr|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}
*{{cite book |title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first1=Sami|last1=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal | last2=Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|ISBN= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}
*{{cite journal | author = Kitchener, H. H. |authorlink=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener |title = Lieut Kitchener`s reports | journal = Quarterly statement – Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 10 | pages = 10 –15 | url = http://www.archive.org/details/quarterlystateme09pale | year = 1878}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr06gugoog|volume=1: Judee, pt. 3|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=http://ia701204.us.archive.org/15/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book | author =Mukaddasi |authorlink= Mukaddasi | title = Description of Syria, including Palestine | url= http://archive.org/stream/libraryofpalesti03paleuoft#page/n188/mode/1up |others= translator: Guy le Strange| publisher = ] | year = 1895}} *{{cite book |title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth|first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Edward|authorlink1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=Eli|authorlink2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=http://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=3}}
*{{cite journal | author = Kitchener, H.H. |author-link=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener |title = Lieut Kitchener's reports | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 10 | pages = 10–15 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme09pale | year = 1878 | doi=10.1179/peq.1878.10.1.10}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book | author =Mukaddasi |author-link= Mukaddasi | title = Description of Syria, including Palestine | url= https://archive.org/stream/libraryofpalesti03paleuoft#page/n188/mode/1up |others= Translator: ]| publisher = ] | year = 1895}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|title=Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae, H-I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1uNAgAAQBAJ |first=M.|last=Sharon|author-link=Moshe Sharon |year=2013|volume =5| publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25097-0}}
*{{cite journal | last = Socin | first =A.| author-link = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
{{Refend}} {{Refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
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*
* *
* *, Welcome to Palestine
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 21: ,
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* *, ] (ARIJ)
* *, ARIJ
*, ARIJ
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* with detailed plans.


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Latest revision as of 03:24, 2 November 2024

Palestinian city in the southern West Bank Municipality type A in Hebron, State of Palestine
Dura
Municipality type A (City)
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicدورا
 • LatinDurrah (official)
Official logo of DuraMunicipal Seal of Dura
Dura is located in State of PalestineDuraDuraLocation of Dura within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°30′25″N 35°01′40″E / 31.50694°N 35.02778°E / 31.50694; 35.02778
Palestine grid152/101
State State of Palestine
GovernorateHebron
Government
 • TypeCity (from 1967)
 • Head of MunicipalityMr. Ahmad Salhoub
Population
 • Total39,336
Name meaningDura (proper noun) from Hebrew אֲדוֹרַים Adoraim

Dura (Arabic: دورا) is a Palestinian city located eleven kilometers southwest of Hebron, in the southern West Bank, in the Hebron Governorate of the State of Palestine. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the town had a population of 39,336 in 2017. The current mayor is Ahmad Salhoub.

In 1517, Dura was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Syria. In the late Ottoman and early Mandatory periods, Dura was the only permanent settlement in the southeastern ridge of the central highlands. Starting as a village and evolving into a town, it sprawled across large territories, becoming a center for influential families, collectively referred to as Abu-Darham.

After the British Mandate, in the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Dura came under Jordanian rule. Dura was established as a municipality on January 1, 1967, five months before it came under Israeli occupation after the Six-Day War. Since 1995, it has been governed by the Palestinian National Authority, as part of Area A of the West Bank and as part of the Hebron Governorate of the State of Palestine.

Etymology

The present-day name of Dura has been identified with ancient Adoraim or the Adora of 1 Macc.13.20 The village was originally built on two hills: Dura al-‘Amaira and Dura al-Arjan possibly reflecting dual grammatical number of Adoraim name, which could also be a double village during antiquity.

History

See also: Adoraim

Archaeology

Ancient cisterns and fragments of mosaics have been found at Dura.

The settlement was mentioned in the Amarna letters as early as 14th century BC. and in the Papyrus Anastasi I.

A 1st century CE mansion, inhabited till the First Jewish–Roman War (66-73 CE), was partially excavated near Dura, at Khirbet Moraq. The house at the estate's center contained a bath and consisted of rooms surrounded by an open courtyard and fronted by colonnades. According to an inscription, the house belonged to a Jewish family. This distinctive "introverted" house plan design developed in the area during the Hellenistic period. The city retained its Jewish character until at least the end of the Bar Kokhba revolt (135 CE).

Early Muslim period

Mukaddasi, writing around 985 CE, noted that Palestine was famous for its vineyards and a type of raisin called Dūrī, said to be from Dura.

Ottoman period

In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire with the rest of Palestine. In 1596 it appeared in the tax registers as being in the Nahiya of Khalil of the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 49 Muslim households. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, including on wheat, barley, olives, vines or fruit trees, and goats or beehives; a total of 10,000 akçe.

According to a study by William F. Albright, Bedouins overran Dura in the 17th century. As a result, new families became the dominant ones, replacing its previous population. Residents of several villages in the Ramallah Governorate such as At-Tira, Beit 'Anan, Beit Ur al-Fauqa, and Dura al-Qar', trace their ancestry to Dura.

During the late Ottoman and early Mandatory periods, Dura stood as the sole permanent settlement in the southeastern ridge of the central highlands. Beginning as a village and evolving into a town, it expanded across extensive territories, becoming a battleground for influential families, collectively known as Abu-Darham, particularly the al-'Amr, Namura, Dudeen, and Hajji hamulas. These families, associated with the 'Amr and 'Arjan quarters, frequently quarreled for dominance. Some Abu-Darham families claimed non-native ancestry, having integrated into the village during the 18th century. Establishing alliances with Bedouin tribes proved advantageous. 'Abd al-Rahman al-'Amr, a prominent ruler, sought refuge among the Bedouin Tiaha tribe following his escape from a prison in Jerusalem after he revolted in the 1850s. This connection helped deter Bedouin incursions and facilitated peaceful territorial expansions for Dura.

In 1834, Dura's inhabitants participated in an uprising against the Egyptian Ibrahim Pasha, who took over the area between 1831 and 1840. When Robinson visited in 1838, he described Dura as one of the largest villages in the area, and the residence of the Sheikhs of Ibn Omar, who had formerly ruled the area.

In 1863 the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the place, and noted that "Fragments of ancient columns, and a good number of cut stones taken from old constructions and built up in the Arab houses, show the antiquity of the place. Two barracks especially have been built in this way. Above the door of one, a block forming the lintel was once ornamented with mouldings, now very much mutilated. Close to the town is a celebrated wely in which lies a colossal sarcophagus, containing, it is said, the body of Noah."

An Ottoman village list from about 1870 found that Dura had a population of 420, in 144 houses, though the population count included men, only. In 1877 Lieutenant Kitchener had some boys publicly flogged in Dura following an incident when stones were thrown at a member of the Palestine Exploration Fund survey party.

In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described Dura as "A large and nourishing village on the flat slope of a hill, with open ground on the east for about a mile. This plain is cultivated with corn. To the north of Dura are a few olives, and others on the south. The houses are of stone. South of the village are two Mukams with white domes; and on the west, higher than the village, is the tomb of Neby Nuh (Prophet Noah). Near these there are rock-cut sepulchres. The place is well supplied from three springs on the east and one on the south."

British Mandate

In 1921, a violent conflict took place between Dura and the nearby town of Ad-Dhahiriya. It was resolved through the imposition of a hefty fine of 20,000 Egyptian pounds on the "brigands" of Dura.

Women weaving carpet on a ground loom in Dura, 1930s

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Dura was divided into Dura al-‘Amaira, with 2,565 inhabitants, and Dura al-Arjan, with 3,269 inhabitants; a total of 5,834, all Muslims. The report of the 1931 census wrote that "the village in the Hebron sub-district commonly known as Dura is a congeries of neighbouring localities each of which has a distinctive name; and, while Dura is a remarkable example of neighbourly agglutination, the phenomenon is not infrequent in other villages". The total of 70 locations listed in the report had 1538 inhabited houses and a population of 7255 Muslims.

In the 1945 statistics the population of Dura was 9,700, all Muslims, who owned 240,704 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 3,917 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 90,637 for cereals, while 226 dunams were built-up (urban) land. Dura village lands covered in this period an estimated 240 square kilometres (93 sq mi), which included 99 ruined settlement sites.

Dura 1945 1:250,000

Jordanian rule

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Dura came under Jordanian rule.

In 1961, the population of Dura was 3,852.

Post-1967

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Dura has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 4,954.

The municipality of Dura was established on January 1, 1967, five months before it was occupied by Israel during the Six-Day War.

Dura international stadium

After the Palestinian National Authority was ceded control of the town in 1995, a local committee was set up to prevent land confiscation from the town and the municipal council was expanded. Many Palestinian ministries and governmental institutions opened offices in Dura, enhancing its role in Palestinian politics.

In 1999, Israeli PM Ehud Barak proposed constructing a bridge linking Beit Hanoun and Dura, in order to connect the West Bank with the Gaza Strip.

In 2011 the Dura International Stadium was renovated. It can hold up to 18,000 spectators and hosts national and international games.

The Dura Municipal Rehabilitation Center assists Palestinian Authority residents with special needs and developmental disabilities. Occupational therapy, visual rehabilitation for the seeing impaired, and outreach program are some of the services offered.

Dura has a public library, swimming pool, and a park which includes a children's theater.

Mohammed Dudin funeral

In June 2014, during the search to find three kidnapped boys, 150 Israeli soldiers stormed Dura's Haninia neighbourhood in a dawn raid to detain a person, and were met by young men and boys throwing rocks. An Israeli soldier shot and killed a teenager who was among the rock throwers, 13 or 15-year-old Mohammed Dudeen.

Israeli settlement

The Israeli settlement of Adora, Har Hevron is located 4 kilometers north of the town in the Judaean Mountains and has 515 inhabitants. The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law, but the Israeli government dispute this. The settlement community falls under the jurisdiction of Har Hebron Regional Council.

Demography

Dura is home to several clan, such as Al Swaty, Al 'Amayra, Amro, Al Sharha, Al Darweash, Al Maslamea', Al Darbeai', and Al Awawda'. The Al 'Amayra (or 'Amr) clan, with families like Haji and Muhammad, has long-standing roots in Dura. They owned lands in the area and allowed migrant families to cultivate and utilized some lands as tenants.

According to one account, the Maslamea' family came from Beit Jala.

Another important clan in Dura is the Rajoub clan, with well-known figures like Jibril Rajoub. About 6,000 people make up this clan, and they also live in nearby offshoot villages of Dura, including al-Kum, Beit Maqdum, Humsa and Ikrisa. Based on one family member's account, the Rajoub family's oral tradition links their roots to a Yemenite Jew who converted to Islam centuries ago.

Climate

The climate of Dura is dry in the summers and experiences moderate precipitation during winter. Average annual precipitation depend on specific geographic locations within the town. The area of Dahr Alhadaba receives an annual average of 400–600 mm of rain, southern slopes 300–400 mm and the northern region of the Dura hills 250–300.

Landmarks

A local Palestinian legend has it that the patriarch Noah, in Islamic tradition called "(Nabi) Nūh", was buried in Dura, and a shrine there commemorates this tradition.

Notable residents

References

  1. ^ Preliminary Results of the Population, Housing and Establishments Census, 2017 (PDF). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (PCBS) (Report). State of Palestine. February 2018. pp. 64–82. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  2. Palmer, 1881, p. 393
  3. Grossman, D. (1994). Expansion and Desertion: the Arab Village and its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 220–221.
  4. B. Bar-Kochva, Judas Maccabaeus: The Jewish Struggle Against the Seleucids, Cambridge University Press, 2002 p.285.
  5. James L. Kugel, A Walk Through Jubilees: Studies in the Book of Jubilees and the World of Its Creation, BRILL, 2012 p.303,
  6. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, p. 4
  7. Conder, CR (1876). "Notes on the Language of the Native Peasantry in Palestine" (PDF). Palestine Exploration Quarterly (Taylor & Francis). Retrieved Mar 25, 2018.
  8. ^ Sharon, 2013, p. 86
  9. Dauphin, 1998, p. 946
  10. Gaston Maspero (1896). History of the Ancient Peoples of the Classic East. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. p. 131.
  11. Heinrich Karl Brugsch (1858). Geographische Inschriften altägyptischer Denkmäler. p. 49.
  12. Shimon Applebaum (1 January 1989). Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times: Historical and Archaeological Essays. Brill Archive. p. 127. ISBN 90-04-08821-0.
  13. Cecil Roth (1972). Encyclopaedia Judaica: A-Z. Encyclopaedia Judaica. p. 303.
  14. Mukaddasi, 1896, p. 69 (note 3).
  15. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 124
  16. Albright, W.F., The Israelite Conquest of Canaan in the Light of Archaeology. Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research, 74, pp. 11-33
  17. Grossman, D. "The expansion of the settlement frontier of Hebron's western and southern fringes". Geography Research Forum, 5, 1982, pp. 57-73.
  18. Grossman (1982), p. 64.
  19. Grossman, D. (1994). Expansion and Desertion: the Arab Village and its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 220–221.
  20. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, pp. 2-5
  21. Guérin, 1869, pp. 353 −355; as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 328
  22. Socin, 1879, p. 153
  23. Hartmann, 1883, p. 142, noted 249 houses
  24. Kitchener, 1878, p. 14
  25. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 304
  26. Grossman (1982), p. 62-69.
  27. Barron, 1923, Table V, Sub-district of Hebron, p. 10
  28. Mills, 1932, pp. Preface, 28–32
  29. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 23
  30. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 50
  31. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 93
  32. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 143
  33. Magen Broshi, 'The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period,' Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 236 (Autumn, 1979), pp.1-10, p.6.
  34. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 13
  35. Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  36. Shindler, Colin (2000). "Likud and the Christian Dispensationalists: A Symbiotic Relationship". Israel Studies. 5 (1): 153–182. doi:10.2979/ISR.2000.5.1.153. ISSN 1084-9513. JSTOR 30245533. S2CID 144060115.
  37. "إطلاق إسم هواري بومدين على استاد دورا الدولي". وكالــة معــا الاخبارية. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  38. rama. "مركز بلدية دورا للتأهيل". duracity.ps (in Arabic). Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  39. '13-year-old Palestinian shot dead by Israeli forces in Dura,' Archived 2015-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Ma'an News Agency, 20 June 2014.
  40. Jodi Rudoren, 'Israeli Troops Kill Palestinian Teenager Protesting West Bank Arrests,' The New York Times, 20 June 2014:'as he and other youths hurled rocks at about 150 soldiers.'"One of them crouched and opened fire on the boy," said Bassam al-Awadeh, 42, who said he watched from about 150 yards (140 m) away. "The boy was hit in his heart and his abdomen.".'
  41. "14-year-old Palestinian shot dead by Israeli forces in Dura". Maannews.net. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  42. "Palestinian killed in students hunt". Irish Independent. AP. 20 June 2014.
  43. Hoberman, Haggai (2008). Keneged Kol HaSikuim [Against All Odds] (in Hebrew) (1st ed.). Sifriat Netzaim.
  44. "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
  45. "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  46. https://www.hrhevron.co.il Har Hebron Regional Council Official Website
  47. Dura Town Profile, ARIJ, 2009
  48. ^ Grossman, D. (1994). Expansion and Desertion: the Arab Village and its Offshoots in Ottoman Palestine (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. pp. 220–222.
  49. ^ "פעלתי כסייען של ישראל, אך לא בגדתי בעם הפלסטיני". Makor Rishon. 2017-05-13. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  50. Edward Platt, City of Abraham: History, Myth and Memory: A Journey through Hebron, Pan Macmillan, 2012 p.54.
  51. Edward Robinson,Biblical researches in Palestine and the adjacent regions: a journal of travels in the years 1838 and 1852, 2nd ed. J Murray 1856 p,214

Bibliography

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