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#REDIRECT ] |
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{{mergeto|COBOL|discuss=Talk:COBOL#Proposed merger of Picture clause|date=August 2014}} |
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{{unreferenced|date=August 2014}} |
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{{Redirect category shell|1= |
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A '''picture clause''' is an element in ] that is used to describe a ], by using sample characters that indicate the item characteristics and size. |
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{{R from merge}} |
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{{R to section}} |
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}} |
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] |
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== History == |
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The picture clause was first used in the ] (Commercial Translator) language developed by ] of ] in 1957. In 1959, it was incorporated into the original definition of ]. Since then, many other programming languages have copied this feature. |
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== Formatting == |
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A picture clause is made up of various format characters, each of which represents a certain portion of the data item. Each format character can be repeated or followed by a repeat number, which specifies the number of times the format item occurs in the data item. Some examples (from COBOL) are: |
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{| class="wikitable" width="80%" |
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|- bgcolor="#F0F0F0" |
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! Character |
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! Description |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''A''' |
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|Alphabetic character (<code>A-Z</code>, <code>a-z</code>, or blank) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''B''' |
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|Blank (space) character |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''CR''' |
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|Sign indicator (<code>'CR'</code> if negative, blanks if positive) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''DB''' |
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|Sign indicator (<code>'DB'</code> if negative, blanks if positive) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''E''' |
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|Floating-point exponent<ref name="extension">Non-standard extension provided by ] and others</ref> |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''G''' |
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|Double-byte (]) graphic/alphanumeric character<ref name="extension"/> |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''N''' |
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|Double-byte (DBCS) character<ref name="extension"/> |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''P''' |
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|Implied scaling digit (not displayed) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''S''' |
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|Implied sign (not displayed) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''V''' |
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|Implied decimal point (not displayed) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''X''' |
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|Any character, alphabetic, numeric, or other symbol |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''Z''' |
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|Numeric digit, but leading-zero-suppressed (replaced by a blank when equal to zero) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''0''' |
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|Inserted <code>'0'</code> digit |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''9''' |
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|Numeric digit (<code>0-9</code>) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''/''' |
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|Inserted <code>'/'</code> character |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| ''',''' |
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|Inserted digit group separator<ref name="comma">The comma and decimal point can be switched for European use</ref> |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''.''' |
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|Inserted decimal point<ref name="comma"/> |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''+''' |
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|Sign (<code>'-'</code> if negative, <code>'+'</code> if positive) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''-''' |
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|Sign (<code>'-'</code> if negative, blank if positive) |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''$''' |
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|Floating currency sign (blank for leading zeroes, <code>'$'</code> to the left of the most significant digit, otherwise digit <code>0-9</code>) |
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|- |
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|bgcolor="#E0FFFF" align="center"| '''*''' |
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|Floating digit fill (<code>'*'</code> for leading zeroes, otherwise digit <code>0-9</code>) |
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|} |
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== Examples == |
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Examples from COBOL. |
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{| class="wikitable" border="1" |
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|- bgcolor="honeydew" |
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! Picture clause!! Data type!! Sample values |
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||<code>PIC 999</code> ||3-digit number || 123, 005, 087, any number from 000 through 999 |
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|- |
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||<code>PIC S999</code> ||3-digit internally signed number || +123, −005, +087, any number from −999 through +999, sign is not displayed |
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|- |
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||<code>PIC +999</code> ||3-digit output signed number || +123, −005, +087, any number from −999 through +999, with sign displayed |
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||<code>PIC ZZ9</code> ||3-digit number, leading zeros suppressed || 123, 5, 87, any number from 000 through 999 |
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||<code>PIC A(8)</code> ||8-character alphabetic string || <code>"Fredrick"</code>, <code>"Fred "</code>, <code>"Fred Jr "</code>, any string of 8 alphabetic letters (may include spaces) |
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||<code>PIC X(8)</code> ||8-character string || <code>"Smithson"</code>, <code>"O'Riley "</code>, <code>"Bon-Jovi"</code>, <code>"23Skidoo"</code>, any string of 8 characters (may include any valid character) |
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|} |
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== Footnotes == |
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<references/> |
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{{prog-lang-stub}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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