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			{{short description\|Tenth letter in the Greek Alphabet}}
	{{Other uses}}
			{{Other uses}}{{Distinguish}}{{About\|the Greek letter\|the archaic Greek letter with a similar name\|Koppa (letter)}}{{Distinguish\|text=the similar looking Cyrillic letter ]}}
	{{Unreferenced\|date=December 2009}}
			{{More citations needed\|date=August 2022}}
	{{Wiktionary\|Κ\|κ}}
	{{Greek Alphabet\|letter=kappa}}		{{Greek Alphabet\|letter=kappa}}
	]		]
	]		]
	'''Kappa''' (uppercase '''Κ''', lowercase '''κ''' or ~~'''~~{{~~Unicode~~\|ϰ}}'''; {{~~lang-~~el\|κάππα}}) is the ~~10th~~ letter of the ], ~~used~~ to ~~represent~~ ~~the~~ {{IPA ~~link~~\|k\|\|/}} sound in ] and ]. In the system of ] it has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter ] ]. Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman ] and Cyrillic ].		'''Kappa''' ({{IPAc-en\|'\|k\|æ\|p\|ə}};<ref>{{OED\|kappa}}</ref> uppercase '''Κ''', lowercase '''κ''' or ] {{not a typo\|'''ϰ'''}}; {{langx\|el\|κάππα}}, ''káppa'') is the tenth letter of the ], representing the ] {{IPA-el\|k\|IPA}} sound in ] and ]. In the system of ], {{lang\|el\|Kʹ}} has a value of 20. It was derived from the Phoenician letter ] <span style="background-color: white;">]</span>. Letters that arose from kappa include the Roman ] and Cyrillic ]. The uppercase form is identical to the Latin K.

	Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with "c" due to ~~their~~ transliteration into the ] by ~~ancient~~ ~~Romans~~. ~~However,~~ ~~transliterations~~ ~~of the~~ modern Greek ~~language invariably~~ use the letter "k".{{cn\|date=~~June~~ ~~2013~~}} ~~Compare {{lang\|el\|Κυνοσκεφαλαι}}, '']'' (ancient placename); {{lang\|el\|κυνος κεφαλαι, ''kunos kephalai''}} (phrase), meaning "]'s ]s".~~		Greek proper names and placenames containing kappa are often written in English with "c" due to the ]s' ]s into the ]: ], ], ]. ] of Greek now use the letter "k", however.{{citation needed\|date=February 2018}}

	In ], the ] is named after this letter; the ]s of this ] were first calculated by ] (17th century).
			{{anchor\|Cursive kappa\|{{not a typo\|ϰ}}}}<!--linked from ], ], ], etc.-->
			The ] form {{lang\|grc\|{{not a typo\|ϰ}}}} is generally a simple font variant of lower-case kappa, but it is encoded separately in ] for occasions where it is used as a separate symbol in math and science. In ], the ] is named after this letter; the ]s of this ] were first calculated by ] in the 17th century.

	==Symbol==		==Symbol==
			===Lowercase (κ)===
	* In ], the ] of a ] is given by κ.
			;Mathematics and statistics
	* In ], the ] of a curve is given by κ.
	* In ], the ] of an ] is given by κ ~~as well as ]~~.		* In ], the ] of a ] is given by ''κ''.
	* In ], the ] is ~~represented~~ by κ.		* In ], the ] of a curve is given by ''κ''.
			* In ], the ] of a matrix is given by ''κ''.
	* In ], κ is the ratio of the smaller factored moment to the larger factored moment and is used to calculate the critical ] of an unbraced steel member.
			* Kappa statistics such as ] and ] are methods for calculating ].
	* In ], κ is the multiplication factor, a function of the ''R/X'' ratio of the equivalent power system network, which is used in calculating the peak short-circuit current of a system fault. κ is also used to notate conductivity, the reciprocal of resistivity, ].

	* In ], the ] of a compound is given by κ.
			;Physics
	* In ] and ], kappa represents a measure of diagnostic reliability.
			* In ], the ] is denoted by ''κ''.
			* In ], the ] of an ] is given by ''κ''.
			* In physics, the coupling coefficient in magnetostatics is represented by ''κ''.
			* In physics, the dielectric coefficient is represented by ''κ''.
			* In ], the ] is represented by ''κ''.
			* In ], the ] of a compound is given by ''κ''.

			;Engineering
			* In ], ''κ'' is the ratio of the smaller factored moment to the larger factored moment and is used to calculate the critical ] of an unbraced steel member.
			* In ], ''κ'' is the multiplication factor, a function of the ''R''/''X'' ratio of the equivalent power system network, which is used in calculating the peak short-circuit current of a system fault. ''κ'' is also used to denote conductivity, the reciprocal of resistivity, ].

			;Biology and biomedical science
	* In ], kappa and kappa prime are important ] motifs for a tertiary interaction of ]s.		* In ], kappa and kappa prime are important ] motifs for a tertiary interaction of ]s.
	* In ], kappa designates a subtype of an ] component.		* In ], kappa designates a subtype of an ] component.
	* In ], kappa represents a type of ].		* In ], kappa represents a type of ].
	* Kappa statistics such as ] and ] are methods for calculating ].

			;Psychology and psychiatry
	Upper-case letter Κ is used as a symbol for:
			* In ] and ], kappa represents a measure of diagnostic reliability.

			;Economics
			* In ], kappa represents the capital-utilization rate.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=University of Hong Kong School of Business\|url=http://www.sef.hku.hk/tpg/econ6022b/lecture_note_6_revised.pdf\|website=HKU}}</ref>

			===Uppercase (Κ)===
			;History
	* In ], the ] (from Κοινη, ''Koine'', the common text).		* In ], the ] (from Κοινη, ''Koine'', the common text).
	* In ], kappa is often used to denote an ] that is also a ].
	{{clear}}

			;Mathematics and statistics
	==Character Encodings==
			* In ], kappa is often used to denote an ] that is also a ].

	* Greek Kappa / Coptic Kapa

	{{charmap
	\|039A\|name1=Greek Capital Letter Kappa
	\|03BA\|name2=Greek Small Letter Kappa
	\|03F0\|name3=Greek Kappa Symbol
	\|2C94\|name4=Coptic Capital Letter Kapa
	\|2C95\|name5=Coptic Small Letter Kapa
	\|map2=DOS Greek\|map2char1=89\|map2char2=A1
	\|map3=DOS Greek-2\|map3char1=B5\|map3char2=E4
	\|map4=Windows 1253\|map4char1=CA\|map4char2=EA
	\|namedref1=TeX\|ref1char2=\kappa
	}}

			;Chemistry
	* Mathematical Kappa
			* In ], kappa is used to denote the ] of the compound.
			* In ], the ] represents the amount of an oxidizing agent required for bleaching a pulp.

			==Unicode==
	{{charmap
	\|1D6B1\|name1=Mathematical Bold<br />Capital Kappa
	\|1D6CB\|name2=Mathematical Bold<br />Small Kappa
	\|1D6DE\|name3=Mathematical Bold<br />Kappa Symbol
	\|1D6EB\|name4=Mathematical Italic<br />Capital Kappa
	\|1D705\|name5=Mathematical Italic<br />Small Kappa
	}}

			* {{unichar\|039A\|html=}}
	{{charmap
			* {{unichar\|03BA\|html=}}
	\|1D718\|name1=Mathematical Italic<br />Kappa Symbol
			* {{unichar\|03F0\|html=}}
	\|1D725\|name2=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Capital Kappa
			* {{unichar\|2C94\|html=}}
	\|1D73F\|name3=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Small Kappa
			* {{unichar\|2C95\|html=}}
	\|1D752\|name4=Mathematical Bold Italic<br />Kappa Symbol
			* {{unichar\|2CB8\|html=}}
	\|1D75F\|name5=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Capital Kappa
			* {{unichar\|2CB9\|html=}}
	}}
			* {{unichar\|1D6B1\|html=}}{{efn\|The {{sc\|mathematical}} symbols are only used for math. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.}}
			* {{unichar\|1D6CB\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D6DE\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D6EB\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D705\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D718\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D725\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D73F\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D752\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D75F\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D779\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D78C\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D799\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D7B3\|html=}}
			* {{unichar\|1D7C6\|html=}}
			{{notelist}}

			{{commons category\|Kappa (letter)}}{{wiktionary\|Κ\|κ}}
	{{charmap
	\|1D779\|name1=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Small Kappa
	\|1D78C\|name2=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Kappa Symbol
	\|1D799\|name3=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Capital Kappa
	\|1D7B3\|name4=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Small Kappa
	\|1D7C6\|name5=Mathematical Sans-Serif<br />Bold Italic Kappa Symbol
	}}

			==References==
	These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.
			{{reflist}}

	]		]

Latest revision as of 00:05, 6 January 2025

Tenth letter in the Greek Alphabet For other uses, see Kappa (disambiguation).This article is about the Greek letter. For the archaic Greek letter with a similar name, see Koppa (letter).Not to be confused with the similar looking Cyrillic letter Ka.

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Greek alphabet

Αα	Alpha	Νν	Nu
Ββ	Beta	Ξξ	Xi
Γγ	Gamma	Οο	Omicron
Δδ	Delta	Ππ	Pi
Εε	Epsilon	Ρρ	Rho
Ζζ	Zeta	Σσς	Sigma
Ηη	Eta	Ττ	Tau
Θθ	Theta	Υυ	Upsilon
Ιι	Iota	Φφ	Phi
Κκ	Kappa	Χχ	Chi
Λλ	Lambda	Ψψ	Psi
Μμ	Mu	Ωω	Omega

History

Archaic local variants

Ϝ	Digamma	Ͱ	Heta
Ϻ	San	Ϙ	Koppa
Ͷ	Tsan Digamma	Ͳ	Sampi

Diacritics and other symbols

Diacritics

Ligatures

Numerals (Attic)

Symbol

Lowercase (κ)

Mathematics and statistics

In graph theory, the connectivity of a graph is given by κ.
In differential geometry, the curvature of a curve is given by κ.
In linear algebra, the condition number of a matrix is given by κ.
Kappa statistics such as Cohen's kappa and Fleiss' kappa are methods for calculating inter-rater reliability.

Physics

In cosmology, the Einstein gravitational constant is denoted by κ.
In physics, the torsional constant of an oscillator is given by κ.
In physics, the coupling coefficient in magnetostatics is represented by κ.
In physics, the dielectric coefficient is represented by κ.
In fluid dynamics, the von Kármán constant is represented by κ.
In thermodynamics, the compressibility of a compound is given by κ.

Engineering

In structural engineering, κ is the ratio of the smaller factored moment to the larger factored moment and is used to calculate the critical elastic moment of an unbraced steel member.
In electrical engineering, κ is the multiplication factor, a function of the R/X ratio of the equivalent power system network, which is used in calculating the peak short-circuit current of a system fault. κ is also used to denote conductivity, the reciprocal of resistivity, rho.

Biology and biomedical science

In biology, kappa and kappa prime are important nucleotide motifs for a tertiary interaction of group II introns.
In biology, kappa designates a subtype of an antibody component.
In pharmacology, kappa represents a type of opioid receptor.

Psychology and psychiatry

In psychology and psychiatry, kappa represents a measure of diagnostic reliability.

Economics

In macroeconomics, kappa represents the capital-utilization rate.

Uppercase (Κ)

History

In textual criticism, the Byzantine text-type (from Κοινη, Koine, the common text).

Mathematics and statistics

In set theory, kappa is often used to denote an ordinal that is also a cardinal.

Chemistry

In chemistry, kappa is used to denote the denticity of the compound.
In pulping, the kappa number represents the amount of an oxidizing agent required for bleaching a pulp.

Unicode

U+039A Κ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER KAPPA (Κ)
U+03BA κ GREEK SMALL LETTER KAPPA (κ)
U+03F0 ϰ GREEK KAPPA SYMBOL (ϰ, ϰ)
U+2C94 Ⲕ COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER KAPA
U+2C95 ⲕ COPTIC SMALL LETTER KAPA
U+2CB8 Ⲹ COPTIC CAPITAL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA
U+2CB9 ⲹ COPTIC SMALL LETTER DIALECT-P KAPA
U+1D6B1 𝚱 MATHEMATICAL BOLD CAPITAL KAPPA
U+1D6CB 𝛋 MATHEMATICAL BOLD SMALL KAPPA
U+1D6DE 𝛞 MATHEMATICAL BOLD KAPPA SYMBOL
U+1D6EB 𝛫 MATHEMATICAL ITALIC CAPITAL KAPPA
U+1D705 𝜅 MATHEMATICAL ITALIC SMALL KAPPA
U+1D718 𝜘 MATHEMATICAL ITALIC KAPPA SYMBOL
U+1D725 𝜥 MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL KAPPA
U+1D73F 𝜿 MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC SMALL KAPPA
U+1D752 𝝒 MATHEMATICAL BOLD ITALIC KAPPA SYMBOL
U+1D75F 𝝟 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD CAPITAL KAPPA
U+1D779 𝝹 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD SMALL KAPPA
U+1D78C 𝞌 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD KAPPA SYMBOL
U+1D799 𝞙 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC CAPITAL KAPPA
U+1D7B3 𝞳 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC SMALL KAPPA
U+1D7C6 𝟆 MATHEMATICAL SANS-SERIF BOLD ITALIC KAPPA SYMBOL

The MATHEMATICAL symbols are only used for math. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.

References

"kappa". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
"University of Hong Kong School of Business" (PDF). HKU.

Category:

Greek letters