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{{Catholic candidate}} {{Short description|Catholic traditions}}
{{Hatnote|For devotions in the ], refer to the articles on the individual Churches or the corresponding Orthodox Churches.}}
'''Devotions in the ]''' are prayer forms which are not part of the official public ] of the Church but are part of the popular spiritual practices of Catholics. Often devotions in the Church are prayer forms and sacred images that arise from ], or personal religious experiences of individuals such as ] or of Christ. Catholic devotions also include the ] of ]. The Church has a tradition of thorough investigation of such private revelations and the lives of candidates for sainthood to assure that no natural or scientific explanation can, at the time of investigation, account for any ]s involved. Often an approved devotion of the Church has an particular prayer form, an image and sometimes an message or prophecy.
]


'''Catholic devotions''' are particular customs, rituals, and practices of worship of God or honour of the saints which are in addition to the ]. The ] describes devotions as "expressions of love and fidelity that arise from the intersection of one's own faith, culture and the Gospel of Jesus Christ".<ref name=usccb>{{Cite web|url=http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/prayers-and-devotions/index.cfm|title=Prayers and Devotions|website=www.usccb.org|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref> Devotions are not considered part of liturgical worship, even if they are performed in a church or led by a priest,<ref name="santi">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09304a.htm|title=Liturgical Chant|publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref> but rather they are paraliturgical. The ] at the Vatican publishes a ''Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy''.<ref name=devotiondirectory>{{cite web |url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html |publisher=Congregation for Divine Worship |title=Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy |location=Vatican City |date=December 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623013300/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html |archive-date=June 23, 2012 |ref={{sfnref|''Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy''|2001}} }}</ref>
Examples of Catholic devotions include the ], ], ], ], ]s, devotion to the ] etc.


Catholic devotions have various forms, ranging from formalized, multi-day prayers such as ]s to activities, such as processions or the ],{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=11}} the wearing of ]s,<ref name=Thurston> Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 26 May 2021 {{PD-notice}}</ref> the ] of the saints, the ]s of sacred Marian or Christological images and even horticultural practices such as maintaining a ].{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=341}}
On the other hand, by the term "devotions" in the plural, or "popular devotions", we commonly understand those external practices of piety by which the devotion of the faithful finds life and expression. The efficacy of these practices in eliciting feelings of devotion is derived from four principal sources, either


Common examples of Catholic devotions are the ], the ], the ] and various ], devotions to the ], the ], the ] and the ], ], observing the month of the Rosary in October and the month of Mary in May.
::# by the strong appeal which they make to man's emotional instincts, or
::# by the simplicity of form which puts them within the reach of all, or
::# by the stimulus of association with many others in the same good work, or
::# by their derivation from the example of pious persons who are venerated for their holiness.


== Background ==
No doubt other reasons besides these might be found why this or that exercise brings with it a certain spiritual unction which stimulates and comforts the soul in the practice of virtue, but the points just mentioned are the most noteworthy, and in the more familiar of our popular devotions all these four influences will be found united.
While the Catholic Church considers liturgy to be central to the life and mission of the church, it acknowledges the benefit of popular devotions, stating in '']'' that {{blockquote|The spiritual life, however, is not limited solely to participation in the liturgy … Popular devotions of the Christian people are to be highly commended, provided they accord with the laws and norms of the Church, above all when they are ordered by the Apostolic See … These devotions should be so drawn up that they harmonize with the liturgical seasons, accord with the sacred liturgy, are in some fashion derived from it, and lead the people to it, since, in fact, the liturgy by its very nature far surpasses any of them.<ref name="Sacrosanctum"> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html|date=February 21, 2008}}</ref>}}


Several factors shape the efficacy of devotional practices in eliciting feelings of devotion: a strong emotional appeal, a simplicity of form which puts them within the reach of all, the association with many others engaged in the same practices, and their derivation from the example of others considered to lead a holy life.<ref name=Thurston/>
Historically speaking, our best known devotions have nearly all originated from the imitation of some practice peculiar to the religious orders or to a specially privileged class, and consequently owe most of their vogue to the fourth of the influences just mentioned. The Rosary, for instance, is admitted by all to have been known in its earliest form as "Our Lady's Psalter". At a time when the recitation of the whole hundred and fifty Psalms was a practice inculcated upon the religious orders and upon persons of education, simpler folk, unable to read, or wanting the necessary leisure, recited instead of the Psalms a hundred and fifty Pater nosters or supplied their place more expeditiously still by a hundred and fifty Hail Marys said as salutations of Our Lady. The Rosary is thus a miniature Psalter. Again, at a time when the most ardent desires of Christendom centred in the Holy Land, and when lovers of the Crucified gladly faced all hardships in the attempt to visit the scenes of the Saviour's Passion, those unable to accomplish such a journey strove to find an equivalent by following Christ's footsteps to Calvary at least in spirit. The exercise of the Stations of the Cross thus formed a miniature pilgrimage. Similarly, the wearing of a scapular or a girdle was a form of investiture for people living in the world, by which they might put on the livery of a particular religious institute; in other words, it was a miniature habit. Or again, those who coveted the merits attaching to the recitation of the day and night hours of the clergy and the monks supplied their place by various miniature Offices of devotion, of which the Little Office of the Blessed Virgin and the Hours of the Passion were the most familiar.


Since the ], popes have encouraged devotions such as ], the ] and the ], while maintaining the primacy of liturgy over private devotions.<ref> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623013300/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html |date=June 23, 2012 }}</ref> Pious devotions have influenced some important parts of the Catholic calendar such as the feast of ] or various ] that gradually appeared with the growth of devotions. Catholic devotions can form the basis of major community events, such as the statue of ], which attracts over one million pilgrims on October 12 each year as the statue travels through the streets moving from one cathedral to another.<ref>Rowe, William. ''Images of power: iconography, culture and state in Latin America'', p. 271, {{ISBN|1-57181-533-3}}</ref><ref>''Fodor's Mexico'' 1996 {{ISBN|0-679-03249-5}} page 242</ref>
Even devotions which at first sight suggest nothing of imitation prove on closer scrutiny to be illustrations of the same principle. The triple Hail Mary of the Angelus probably owes its actual form to the Tres preces said by the monastic orders at Prime and Complin as far back as the eleventh century, while our familiar Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament has almost certainly developed out of an imitation of the musical rendering of the antiphons of Our Lady, notably the Salve Regina, which to the popular taste were the most attractive feature of the monastic office. To classify these practices of piety, and especially those others which concern the observance of special times and seasons, for example, the consecration of the month of May to Our Lady, or of the month of June to the Sacred Heart, is not easy; for the pious ingenuity of the faithful is fertile in new devices, and it is difficult to decide what degree of acceptance warrants us in regarding a new devotion as legitimately established. The dedication of May and June just referred to, and that of November to the Holy Souls, is recognized everywhere, but there is far less unanimity about the consecration of October, for example, to the honour of the Guardian Angels. This devotion is no doubt indicated in many prayer books, but it has been in a measure obscured of late years by the special papal commendation of the Rosary in October, while Indulgences are also granted for the novena and other exercises in honour of St. Francis of Assisi during the same month. We may note that the consecration of March to St. Joseph, of September to the Seven Dolours, and, less directly, that of July to the Precious Blood, are also recognized by the grant of indulgences.


In Catholic tradition, a wide range of practices have developed, ranging from devotions to the ] to specific saints. The three-level hierarchy of '']'', '']'' and '']'' determines the appropriate type of worship or veneration for different situations.<ref name=Aquinas1>''Summa Theologiae: Volume 41, Virtues of Justice in the Human Community'' by Thomas Aquinas and T. C. O'Brien 2006 {{ISBN|0-521-02949-X}} pages 40-45</ref> ''Latria'' (from the ] ], ''latreia'') is used for worship, adoration and reverence directed only to the Holy Trinity.<ref> Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 26 May 2021 {{PD-notice}}</ref> ''Dulia'' (from the ] ], ''douleia'') is the kind of honor given to the communion of saints, while the ] is honored with ''hyperdulia'', a higher form of ''dulia'' but lower than ''latria''.<ref name= Aquinas2>''Summa Theologica, Volume 3'' by Thomas Aquinas 2007 {{ISBN|1-60206-558-6}} page1633</ref>
Again, there are other devotions whose popularity has been limited to certain periods or certain localities. For example, the various sets of "Little Offices" (e.g. of the Passion or of the Blessed Trinity), which occupy so much space in the printed Horæ and Primers of the early sixteenth century, are hardly heard of at present. The "Seven Blood-Sheddings" or the "Seven Falls" of our Blessed Lord, once so much honoured, have now passed out of recollection. Similarly the exercise of the Jesus Psalter, which was incredibly dear to our ancestors in the old penal days, seems never to have spread beyond English-speaking countries and has never been indulgenced. On the other hand, the prevalence of more frequent Communion since the sixteenth century has introduced many new practices of devotion unknown in the Middle Ages. The Six Sundays of St. Aloysius, the Five Sundays of St. Francis's Stigmata, the Seven Sundays of the Immaculate Conception, the Seven Sundays of St. Joseph, the Ten Sundays of St. Francis Xavier, the Ten Sundays of St. Ignatius Loyola, and especially the nine Fridays in honour of the Sacred Heart are all in various degrees authorized and familiar. And, as these last examples suggest, there is everywhere a tendency to multiply imitations. We have now not one Rosary, but many rosaries or chaplets (of which imitations perhaps the best known is the Rosary of the Seven Dolours), not one scapular but many scapulars, not one "miraculous medal" but several. Neither must we always expect to find consistency. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Seven Dolours and Seven Joys of Our Lady were commonly Five Dolours and Five Joys (see "Analecta Bollandiana", 1893, p. 333), while this last reckoning probably owed much to the great popularity of the devotion to the Five Wounds. On the other hand, indulgences, which may be found in the Raccolta, have been granted to certain prayers in honour of the Seven Sorrows and Seven Joys of St. Joseph.


Various unapproved acts such as the promotion of ]s that contain prayers or the belief that the use of a statue of ] can speed up the sale of a house have been discouraged as non-pious, ] and against Catholic values. In general, acts and beliefs that aim at the manipulation of divine power for specific gainful purposes are always condemned as contrary to Catholic devotional practices.<ref name=NeilRoy>Roy, Neil J., in ''Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices'' by Ann Ball, 2003 {{ISBN|0-87973-910-X}} pages 1-16</ref>
It must not, however, be supposed that devotional extravagances are suffered to multiply unchecked. Although the Holy See as a rule refrains from intervention, except when abuses are directly denounced to it (the practice being in such matters to leave the repression of what is unseemly or fantastic to the local ordinary), still, every now and again, where some theological principle is involved, action is taken by one of the Roman Congregations, and some objectionable practice is prohibited. Not very long since, for example, the propagation of a particular form of prayer was forbidden in connexion with the so-called "Brief of St. Anthony". The history of the slow recognition by the Church of the devotion to the Sacred Heart might very well serve as an illustration of the caution with which the Holy See proceeds in matters where there is question of any theological principle. The precise number of Christ's blood-sheddings, or of Mary's joys, the fashion or colour of scapulars, medals, or badges, the veneration of Our Lady under one particular invocation rather than another, are obviously matters of subordinate importance in which no great harm can result if some measure of freedom is allowed to the pious imagination of the faithful.


== Novenas ==
No good purpose would be served by attempting a catalogue of approved Catholic devotions. It may be sufficient to note that the list of indulgenced prayers and practices provided in the Raccolta or in the larger works of Beringer and Mocchegiani afford a sufficient practical indication of the measure in which such practices are recognized and recommended by the Church. Most of the principal devotions are dealt with separately in THE CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, whether we regard different objects and motives of devotion--such as the Blessed Sacrament (See EUCHARIST), the Passion, the Five Wounds, the Sacred Heart, the Seven Dolours, and, in a word, the principal mysteries and festivals--or, again, devotional practices--e.g., the Angelus, Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, the Rosary, the Stations of the Cross--or, again, confraternities and associations identified with particular forms of devotion--e.g., the Confraternity of the Bon Mors or that of the Holy Family.
{{Main|Novena}}


The Pentecost Novena to the Holy Spirit is traditionally prayed especially during the nine days between the ] and ].<ref></ref> The practice of novenas derives from the nine days spent in prayer by the Apostles and Disciples together with Mary from the Ascension until the Descent of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost. This is considered to have been the first novena.<ref></ref> It is generally prayed for an increase of the ].


The ''Novena to the Holy Trinity'' generally includes the ], although the other prayers may be used.{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=392}}


Another pious practice is St. Andrew's Christmas Novena. It is not prayed to Saint Andrew, but commences on his feast day, November 30 and continues until Christmas.<ref></ref>


== Devotions to Jesus Christ ==
{{RC-stub}}
{{Devotions to Christ}}
]
{{Main|Roman Catholic devotions to Jesus Christ}}
Several widespread devotions in the Catholic tradition relate to ]. Catholic teaching considers the ] an important practice which "stimulates the faithful to an awareness of the marvelous presence of Christ and is an invitation to spiritual communion with Him."{{sfn|Stravinskas|1998|p=409}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/curia/cdweuch.htm|title=Sacred Congregation of Rites|website=www.ewtn.com|access-date=2019-04-02|archive-date=2011-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914072639/http://www.ewtn.com/library/curia/cdweuch.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Often the Eucharistic adoration is performed for at least a full hour known as the '']''<ref name=Raccolta107>Christopher, Joseph P. '']'', 2003, {{ISBN|0-9706526-6-6}} pages 107-108</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55478/24-reasons-for-spending-a-holy-hour-before-the-blessed-sacrament|title=24 Reasons for Spending a Holy Hour before the Blessed Sacrament}}</ref> by some groups or individuals even daily. The inspiration for the Holy Hour is {{Bibleverse||Matthew|26:40|NIV}} when in the ] the night before ], Jesus asks Peter: "So, could you men not keep watch with me for one hour?".{{sfn|Stravinskas|1998|p=498}}

Some devotions have the form of ]. Devotions to the ] first appeared in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, but most current devotions are attributed to ] (1647–1690)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07163a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref> and were later encouraged by ] in his ] '']''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://w2.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19280508_miserentissimus-redemptor.html |author=Pope Pius XI |title=Miserentissimus Redemptor |website=vatican.va |access-date=2 April 2019}}</ref> These current devotions include the ], the ], the ], the image of the Sacred Heart and the ] which also originated from Alacoque's revelations.<ref name=":0" />

The devotion to the ] dates back to ] in 1843 who reported ] in which she was urged to spread both the devotion to the Holy Face and that of the ] in reparation for the many insults Jesus suffered in his Passion, resulting in ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholictradition.org/Christ/golden-arrow.htm|title=THE GOLDEN ARROW HOLY FACE DEVOTION|website=www.catholictradition.org|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref> The devotion was first approved by Pope ] in 1885,<ref name=Relics57>Cruz, Joan Carroll. '' Relics'', p.57, (Sep 1984), OSV Press, {{ISBN|0879737018}}</ref> and further promoted by ] de Micheli based on the image from ]'s photograph of the ].<ref name="Angelus2010">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/angelus/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_ang_20100530.html|title=Angelus, 30 May 2010, Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity {{!}} BENEDICT XVI|website=w2.vatican.va|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref><ref name=CNAMay30>{{cite web |url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/19838/newly-beatified-holy-face-nun-remembered-by-pope-benedict |title=Holy Face nun beatified, remembered by Pope Benedict XVI |date=May 30, 2010 |publisher= ]}}</ref> In 1958, ] approved of the devotion and the Holy Face medal and granted that the Feast of the ] may be celebrated on ] throughout the Catholic Church.<ref>Cruz, Joan Carroll. ''Saintly Men of Modern Times.'' (2003) {{ISBN|1-931709-77-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.holyfacedevotion.com/timeline.htm|title=Holy Face Timeline|website=www.holyfacedevotion.com|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://catholicinsight.com/feast-of-the-holy-face-of-jesus/|title=Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus « Catholic Insight|last=McDermott|first=Terry|date=2015-02-17|website=Catholic Insight|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-02|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402174727/https://catholicinsight.com/feast-of-the-holy-face-of-jesus/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Other devotions include the ] based on the visions of ]<ref>Alan Butler and Paul Burns, 2005, ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'', Burns and Oats {{ISBN|0-86012-383-9}} page 251</ref> such as the ], the ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Faustina Kowalska |url=https://www.vatican.va/news_services/liturgy/saints/ns_lit_doc_20000430_faustina_en.html |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=www.vatican.va}}</ref>

The ] based on the visions of ], and the ] revealed to ].

===Prayers===
] ]]

The '']'' is a traditional prayer used to commemorate the ]. It consists essentially in the triple repetition of the Hail Mary, to which in later times have been added three introductory versicles and a concluding versicle and prayer. The prayer is that which belongs to the antiphon of Our Lady, "Alma Redemptoris".<ref> Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 27 April 2020{{PD-notice}}</ref> It is prayed three times daily: at dawn, mid-day and at dusk. The manner of ringing the Angelus—the triple stroke repeated three times, with a pause between each set of three (a total of nine strokes), sometimes followed by a longer peal as at curfew—seems to have been long established. During Eastertide, the ''Angelus'' is replaced with the '']'' an antiphon, dating from the tenth or eleventh century.

The ], or Psalter of the Blessed Virgin Mary is essentially a contemplative prayer. Family recitation of the rosary is encouraged. In the encyclical '']'', ] said regarding the custom of the family recitation of the Holy Rosary:
<blockquote>...when, at eventide, the Christian home resounds with the frequent repetition of praises in honor of the High Queen of Heaven...Then the Rosary, recited in the family,...unites them piously with those absent and those dead. It links all more tightly in a sweet bond of love, with the most Holy Virgin, who, like a loving mother, in the circle of her children, will be there bestowing upon them an abundance of the gifts of concord and family peace.<ref></ref></blockquote>

The ] is the most well-known Marian litany.

== Devotions to saints ==
Through their prayers of intercession, the saints in heaven play an integral role in the life of the church on earth.<ref name=usccb/> "To honor the Saints is automatically to honor God, the Author of their sanctity."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://the-shrine.org/resources/catholic-devotion-to-the-saints/ |title="Catholic Devotion To The Saints", Dominican Friars in Chicago |access-date=2020-05-17 |archive-date=2021-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316031816/https://the-shrine.org/resources/catholic-devotion-to-the-saints/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The ] (item 957) states:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p123a9p5.htm|title=Catechism of the Catholic Church - The Communion of Saints|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|It is not merely by the title of example that we cherish the memory of those in heaven; we seek, rather, that by this devotion to the exercise of fraternal charity the union of the whole Church in the Spirit may be strengthened. Exactly as Christian communion among our fellow pilgrims brings us closer to Christ, so our communion with the saints joins us to Christ.}}

=== The month of May ===
Many devotions and pious exercises are in some way related to the liturgical feasts of the General Calendar of the Roman Rite or of the particular calendars of dioceses and religious congregations. Dedication of the month of ]<ref>Socias, James. ''Handbook of Prayers'', 2006 {{ISBN|0-87973-579-1}} p. 483</ref> dates from about the seventeenth century.<ref> Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912]{{PD-notice}}</ref>
Pious practices include the erection of a small "May altar" decorated with May flowers,<ref>Storey, William G. ''A Catholic Book of Hours and Other Devotions'', pp. xiii-xi, 2007, {{ISBN|0-8294-2584-5}}</ref> a custom that stems from southern European countries. Parishes and private groups often crown an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary with flowers. This is referred to as a “May crowning.” This rite may be done on solemnities and feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary, or other festive days, and offers an opportunity to reflect on Mary's role in the history of salvation.<ref name=lewis></ref> In some countries, it takes place on or about May 1, however, in many United States Catholic parishes, it frequently takes place on Mother's Day.

{{Roman Catholic Mariology}}

=== Saturdays ===
] are dedicated to the Virgin Mary, designated as memorials of the Blessed Virgin Mary. This practice dates from ] times (ninth century).{{sfn|''Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy''|2001|loc=§ 188}}

*A Medieval devotion celebrated the three Golden Saturdays which followed the Feast of St. Michael (September 29). The golden Saturdays were observed with reception of the sacraments and festivities, especially at pilgrimage sites.<ref name=Frisk></ref>
* Devotions to the ] date back to ]. The 1830 reported vision of ] which introduced the ] depicting the thorn-crowned Heart of Jesus and the pierced Heart of Mary had a significant impact on the devotion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.piercedhearts.org/hearts_jesus_mary/theology_alliance_hearts_calkins.htm|title = Theology of the Alliance of the Two Hearts- MSGR. Calkins}}</ref> (Many parishes hold a novena each Monday to Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal.) The practice of Reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary on the First Saturday was initiated in Rovigo, Italy by Mary Inglese, a Servite tertiary in 1889. It later developed into the devotion of the ].

===Other Marian devotions===
Specific episodes in the Life of the Virgin Mary have resulted in devotions that focus on a particular aspect of her life. Examples include the ] that recall her sufferings from the Prophecy of ] to the ]. The ] on the other hand start with the ] and end with her ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12620a.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Raccolta|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref>

Among devotional articles, probably the most common are the ] of ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13508b.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Scapular|access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>Vauchez, Andre. ''Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages'', p. 1314, 2001, Fitzroy Dearborn Press {{ISBN|978-1-57958-282-1}}</ref> and the ], which dates to 1830. Also ] and the ]

Regional devotions continue to generate local support such as festivals and celebrations. The festival of ] in the Philippines has been celebrated for centuries, and its icon continues to be venerated.<ref>Aluit, Alphonso J., ''The Galleon guide to Philippine festivals'', 1969 ASIN B004CWODBO p. 97</ref> Each year around ], as part of a local Marian devotion, about a million people attend the '']'' in Spain.<ref>, ''Rough Guide to Spain''. Retrieved 2010-04-14. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715204314/http://www.roughguidetospain.com/el-rocio/ |date=July 15, 2011 }}</ref> In ], an old custom of a Marian procession was revived in 2011 to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the city. Various chivalric, fraternal, and religious orders, parishes, and other religious and civic organizations participate.<ref>http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110906.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>

=== Other devotions ===
Traditions vary across different cultures. Italians, for example, have a strong devotion to ]. The ''Tredicina'' refers to a thirteen-day Novena that takes places in preparation for the Feast of Saint Anthony on June 13.<ref></ref>

There are a number of devotional practices in honor of ]; these include the ] and the ]. Saint Joseph's scapular was approved by Pope ] in 1893.{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=576}} ''Saint Joseph's Medal'' is a sacramental introduced in 1971 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Saint Joseph being declared the patron of the Catholic Church. A number of local devotions and customs to Saint Joseph exist around the world, e.g. ] regions, ''Josephstragen'' (German for ''carrying Saint Joseph'') takes place on the 9 days before Christmas. A statue of Saint Joseph is carried between 9 homes, and on the first day one boy prays to him, on the second day two boys pray, until 9 boys pray the 9th day. The statue is then placed near a manger in the town church on Christmas Eve.{{sfn|Ball|2003|p=275}} Further devotions are the seven joys and seven sorrows of Saint Joseph, analogous to the ] and ] of the Virgin, and private devotions such as that to the most ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devotions – Year of St. Joseph |url=https://yearofstjoseph.org/devotions/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=yearofstjoseph.org}}</ref>

Devotions to the archangel ] involve specific prayers and ], hymns such as '']'' as well as the ] and the ]. The ] is also a popular prayer, composed by Pope ].<ref>''Raccolta Manual of Indulgences'' Published by St Athanasius Press, 2003 {{ISBN|0-9706526-6-6}} page 340</ref>

] are also widely practiced by Catholics, given that he is one of the most popular saints in Christianity.<ref>Roy, Christian. ''Traditional Festivals'', p. 408, 2005, {{ISBN|978-1-57607-089-5}}</ref> These devotions and churches built in his honor date to the 6th century.<ref>Trombley, Frank. ''Hellenic religion and Christianization'', p. 345, Published by BRILL, 1994 {{ISBN|90-04-09691-4}}</ref>

Many other devotions to saints exist, such as the ] addressed to ] and the ] associated with ].

== See also ==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Ball |first=Ann |title=Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices |year=2003 |publisher=Our Sunday Visitor |isbn=0-87973-910-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Binz |first=Stephen J. |title=Sacred Heart of Jesus |year=2006 |publisher=Twenty-Third Publications |isbn=1-58595-597-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Carroll |first=Michael |title=The Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary: Hope for the World |year=2007 |publisher=Queenship Publishing |isbn=978-1-882972-98-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Forster |first=Mark |title=Catholic Revival in the Age of the Baroque |publisher=Cambridge Univ Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-521-78044-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=John F. |title=Mary's Immaculate Heart |year=2007 |publisher=Read Books |isbn=978-1-4067-3409-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Stravinskas |first=Peter |title=Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia |year=1998 |publisher=OSV Press |isbn=0-87973-669-0}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=James F. |title=Roman Catholic worship: Trent to today |year=2003 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=0-8146-6194-7}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=O'Grady |first=John F. |title=Catholic beliefs and traditions |year=2002 |publisher=Paulist Press |isbn=0-8091-4047-0}}

== External links ==
* {{commonscat-inline}}
* {{ISBN|0-7735-0693-4}}

{{Catholic Prayers|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Catholic Devotions}}
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Latest revision as of 11:31, 15 October 2024

Catholic traditions For devotions in the Eastern Catholic Churches, refer to the articles on the individual Churches or the corresponding Orthodox Churches.
The Corpus Christi procession in Łowicz

Catholic devotions are particular customs, rituals, and practices of worship of God or honour of the saints which are in addition to the liturgy of the Catholic Church. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops describes devotions as "expressions of love and fidelity that arise from the intersection of one's own faith, culture and the Gospel of Jesus Christ". Devotions are not considered part of liturgical worship, even if they are performed in a church or led by a priest, but rather they are paraliturgical. The Congregation for Divine Worship at the Vatican publishes a Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy.

Catholic devotions have various forms, ranging from formalized, multi-day prayers such as novenas to activities, such as processions or the Eucharistic adoration, the wearing of scapulars, the veneration of the saints, the Canonical coronations of sacred Marian or Christological images and even horticultural practices such as maintaining a Mary garden.

Common examples of Catholic devotions are the Way of the Cross, the Rosary, the Angelus and various litanies, devotions to the Blessed Sacrament, the Sacred Heart, the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Holy Face of Jesus, pilgrimages, observing the month of the Rosary in October and the month of Mary in May.

Background

While the Catholic Church considers liturgy to be central to the life and mission of the church, it acknowledges the benefit of popular devotions, stating in Sacrosanctum Concilium that

The spiritual life, however, is not limited solely to participation in the liturgy … Popular devotions of the Christian people are to be highly commended, provided they accord with the laws and norms of the Church, above all when they are ordered by the Apostolic See … These devotions should be so drawn up that they harmonize with the liturgical seasons, accord with the sacred liturgy, are in some fashion derived from it, and lead the people to it, since, in fact, the liturgy by its very nature far surpasses any of them.

Several factors shape the efficacy of devotional practices in eliciting feelings of devotion: a strong emotional appeal, a simplicity of form which puts them within the reach of all, the association with many others engaged in the same practices, and their derivation from the example of others considered to lead a holy life.

Since the Middle Ages, popes have encouraged devotions such as Eucharistic adoration, the Rosary and the Stations of the Cross, while maintaining the primacy of liturgy over private devotions. Pious devotions have influenced some important parts of the Catholic calendar such as the feast of Corpus Christi or various Marian feasts that gradually appeared with the growth of devotions. Catholic devotions can form the basis of major community events, such as the statue of Our Lady of Zapopan, which attracts over one million pilgrims on October 12 each year as the statue travels through the streets moving from one cathedral to another.

In Catholic tradition, a wide range of practices have developed, ranging from devotions to the Holy Trinity to specific saints. The three-level hierarchy of latria, hyperdulia and dulia determines the appropriate type of worship or veneration for different situations. Latria (from the Greek λατρεία, latreia) is used for worship, adoration and reverence directed only to the Holy Trinity. Dulia (from the Greek δουλεία, douleia) is the kind of honor given to the communion of saints, while the Blessed Virgin Mary is honored with hyperdulia, a higher form of dulia but lower than latria.

Various unapproved acts such as the promotion of chain letters that contain prayers or the belief that the use of a statue of Saint Joseph can speed up the sale of a house have been discouraged as non-pious, superstitious and against Catholic values. In general, acts and beliefs that aim at the manipulation of divine power for specific gainful purposes are always condemned as contrary to Catholic devotional practices.

Novenas

Main article: Novena

The Pentecost Novena to the Holy Spirit is traditionally prayed especially during the nine days between the Ascension Thursday and Pentecost. The practice of novenas derives from the nine days spent in prayer by the Apostles and Disciples together with Mary from the Ascension until the Descent of the Holy Spirit on Pentecost. This is considered to have been the first novena. It is generally prayed for an increase of the Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit.

The Novena to the Holy Trinity generally includes the Gloria Patri, although the other prayers may be used.

Another pious practice is St. Andrew's Christmas Novena. It is not prayed to Saint Andrew, but commences on his feast day, November 30 and continues until Christmas.

Devotions to Jesus Christ

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Main article: Roman Catholic devotions to Jesus Christ

Several widespread devotions in the Catholic tradition relate to Jesus Christ. Catholic teaching considers the Eucharistic adoration an important practice which "stimulates the faithful to an awareness of the marvelous presence of Christ and is an invitation to spiritual communion with Him." Often the Eucharistic adoration is performed for at least a full hour known as the Holy Hour by some groups or individuals even daily. The inspiration for the Holy Hour is Matthew 26:40 when in the Garden of Gethsemane the night before his crucifixion, Jesus asks Peter: "So, could you men not keep watch with me for one hour?".

Some devotions have the form of Acts of Reparation to Jesus Christ. Devotions to the Sacred Heart of Jesus first appeared in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, but most current devotions are attributed to Margaret Mary Alacoque (1647–1690) and were later encouraged by Pope Pius XI in his encyclical Miserentissimus Redemptor. These current devotions include the Feast of the Sacred Heart, the First Fridays devotion, the Act of Consecration to the Sacred Heart, the image of the Sacred Heart and the Holy Hour which also originated from Alacoque's revelations.

The devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus dates back to Mary of Saint Peter in 1843 who reported visions of Jesus and Mary in which she was urged to spread both the devotion to the Holy Face and that of the Holy Name of Jesus in reparation for the many insults Jesus suffered in his Passion, resulting in The Golden Arrow prayer. The devotion was first approved by Pope Leo XIII in 1885, and further promoted by Maria Pierina de Micheli based on the image from Secondo Pia's photograph of the Shroud of Turin. In 1958, Pope Pius XII approved of the devotion and the Holy Face medal and granted that the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus may be celebrated on Shrove Tuesday throughout the Catholic Church.

Other devotions include the Divine Mercy based on the visions of Faustina Kowalska such as the Divine Mercy Sunday, the Chaplet of Divine Mercy and the Divine Mercy image.

The First Thursdays Devotion based on the visions of Alexandrina of Balazar, and the Chaplet of the Holy Wounds revealed to Marie Martha Chambon.

Prayers

Angelus, Jean-François Millet

The Angelus is a traditional prayer used to commemorate the Incarnation. It consists essentially in the triple repetition of the Hail Mary, to which in later times have been added three introductory versicles and a concluding versicle and prayer. The prayer is that which belongs to the antiphon of Our Lady, "Alma Redemptoris". It is prayed three times daily: at dawn, mid-day and at dusk. The manner of ringing the Angelus—the triple stroke repeated three times, with a pause between each set of three (a total of nine strokes), sometimes followed by a longer peal as at curfew—seems to have been long established. During Eastertide, the Angelus is replaced with the Regina Coeli an antiphon, dating from the tenth or eleventh century.

The Rosary, or Psalter of the Blessed Virgin Mary is essentially a contemplative prayer. Family recitation of the rosary is encouraged. In the encyclical Ingruentium malorum, Pope Pius XII said regarding the custom of the family recitation of the Holy Rosary:

...when, at eventide, the Christian home resounds with the frequent repetition of praises in honor of the High Queen of Heaven...Then the Rosary, recited in the family,...unites them piously with those absent and those dead. It links all more tightly in a sweet bond of love, with the most Holy Virgin, who, like a loving mother, in the circle of her children, will be there bestowing upon them an abundance of the gifts of concord and family peace.

The Litany of Loreto is the most well-known Marian litany.

Devotions to saints

Through their prayers of intercession, the saints in heaven play an integral role in the life of the church on earth. "To honor the Saints is automatically to honor God, the Author of their sanctity." The Catechism of the Catholic Church (item 957) states:

It is not merely by the title of example that we cherish the memory of those in heaven; we seek, rather, that by this devotion to the exercise of fraternal charity the union of the whole Church in the Spirit may be strengthened. Exactly as Christian communion among our fellow pilgrims brings us closer to Christ, so our communion with the saints joins us to Christ.

The month of May

Many devotions and pious exercises are in some way related to the liturgical feasts of the General Calendar of the Roman Rite or of the particular calendars of dioceses and religious congregations. Dedication of the month of May to the Blessed Virgin Mary dates from about the seventeenth century. Pious practices include the erection of a small "May altar" decorated with May flowers, a custom that stems from southern European countries. Parishes and private groups often crown an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary with flowers. This is referred to as a “May crowning.” This rite may be done on solemnities and feasts of the Blessed Virgin Mary, or other festive days, and offers an opportunity to reflect on Mary's role in the history of salvation. In some countries, it takes place on or about May 1, however, in many United States Catholic parishes, it frequently takes place on Mother's Day.

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Saturdays

Saturdays are dedicated to the Virgin Mary, designated as memorials of the Blessed Virgin Mary. This practice dates from Carolingian times (ninth century).

  • A Medieval devotion celebrated the three Golden Saturdays which followed the Feast of St. Michael (September 29). The golden Saturdays were observed with reception of the sacraments and festivities, especially at pilgrimage sites.
  • Devotions to the Immaculate Heart of Mary date back to Bernard of Clairvaux. The 1830 reported vision of Catherine Labouré which introduced the Miraculous Medal depicting the thorn-crowned Heart of Jesus and the pierced Heart of Mary had a significant impact on the devotion. (Many parishes hold a novena each Monday to Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal.) The practice of Reparation to the Immaculate Heart of Mary on the First Saturday was initiated in Rovigo, Italy by Mary Inglese, a Servite tertiary in 1889. It later developed into the devotion of the Five First Saturdays.

Other Marian devotions

Specific episodes in the Life of the Virgin Mary have resulted in devotions that focus on a particular aspect of her life. Examples include the Seven Sorrows of Mary that recall her sufferings from the Prophecy of Simeon to the Crucifixion of Jesus. The Seven Joys of Mary on the other hand start with the Annunciation and end with her coronation in Heaven.

Among devotional articles, probably the most common are the scapular of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and the Miraculous Medal, which dates to 1830. Also Scapular of Our Lady of Good Counsel and the Scapular of the Seven Dolours of Mary

Regional devotions continue to generate local support such as festivals and celebrations. The festival of Our Lady of Solitude of Porta Vaga in the Philippines has been celebrated for centuries, and its icon continues to be venerated. Each year around Pentecost, as part of a local Marian devotion, about a million people attend the Romería de El Rocío in Spain. In Los Angeles, California, an old custom of a Marian procession was revived in 2011 to coincide with the anniversary of the founding of the city. Various chivalric, fraternal, and religious orders, parishes, and other religious and civic organizations participate.

Other devotions

Traditions vary across different cultures. Italians, for example, have a strong devotion to Anthony of Padua. The Tredicina refers to a thirteen-day Novena that takes places in preparation for the Feast of Saint Anthony on June 13.

There are a number of devotional practices in honor of Saint Joseph; these include the Prayer to Saint Joseph and the Novena to Saint Joseph. Saint Joseph's scapular was approved by Pope Leo XIII in 1893. Saint Joseph's Medal is a sacramental introduced in 1971 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of Saint Joseph being declared the patron of the Catholic Church. A number of local devotions and customs to Saint Joseph exist around the world, e.g. Alpine regions, Josephstragen (German for carrying Saint Joseph) takes place on the 9 days before Christmas. A statue of Saint Joseph is carried between 9 homes, and on the first day one boy prays to him, on the second day two boys pray, until 9 boys pray the 9th day. The statue is then placed near a manger in the town church on Christmas Eve. Further devotions are the seven joys and seven sorrows of Saint Joseph, analogous to the seven joys and seven sorrows of the Virgin, and private devotions such as that to the most Chaste Heart of Joseph.

Devotions to the archangel Saint Michael involve specific prayers and Novenas to Saint Michael, hymns such as Te Splendor as well as the Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel and the Chaplet of Saint Michael. The Prayer to Saint Michael is also a popular prayer, composed by Pope Leo XIII.

Devotions to Saint George are also widely practiced by Catholics, given that he is one of the most popular saints in Christianity. These devotions and churches built in his honor date to the 6th century.

Many other devotions to saints exist, such as the Novena of Grace addressed to Francis Xavier and the Cord of Saint Francis associated with Francis of Assisi.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Prayers and Devotions". www.usccb.org. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  2. "Liturgical Chant". www.newadvent.org. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  3. "Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy". Vatican City: Congregation for Divine Worship. December 2001. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012.
  4. Ball 2003, p. 11.
  5. ^ Thurston, Herbert. "Popular Devotions." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 26 May 2021 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. Ball 2003, p. 341.
  7. Sacrosanctum Concilium, 13, Vatican City, December 4, 1963 Archived February 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  8. Vatican Directory of Devotions §11 Archived June 23, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  9. Rowe, William. Images of power: iconography, culture and state in Latin America, p. 271, ISBN 1-57181-533-3
  10. Fodor's Mexico 1996 ISBN 0-679-03249-5 page 242
  11. Summa Theologiae: Volume 41, Virtues of Justice in the Human Community by Thomas Aquinas and T. C. O'Brien 2006 ISBN 0-521-02949-X pages 40-45
  12. Cabrol, Fernand. "Christian Worship." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. 26 May 2021 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. Summa Theologica, Volume 3 by Thomas Aquinas 2007 ISBN 1-60206-558-6 page1633
  14. Roy, Neil J., in Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices by Ann Ball, 2003 ISBN 0-87973-910-X pages 1-16
  15. Sis, Michael. Pentecost Novena, The Roman Catholic Diocese of San Angelo
  16. "Preparing for Pentecost: Novena to the Holy Spirit", Capuchin Franciscans, Province of Ireland
  17. Ball 2003, p. 392.
  18. "St. Andrew's Christmas Novena", Dominican Nuns of Summit, New Jersey
  19. Stravinskas 1998, p. 409.
  20. "Sacred Congregation of Rites". www.ewtn.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-14. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  21. Christopher, Joseph P. Raccolta, 2003, ISBN 0-9706526-6-6 pages 107-108
  22. "24 Reasons for Spending a Holy Hour before the Blessed Sacrament".
  23. Stravinskas 1998, p. 498.
  24. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  25. Pope Pius XI. "Miserentissimus Redemptor". vatican.va. Retrieved 2 April 2019.
  26. "THE GOLDEN ARROW HOLY FACE DEVOTION". www.catholictradition.org. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  27. Cruz, Joan Carroll. Relics, p.57, (Sep 1984), OSV Press, ISBN 0879737018
  28. "Angelus, 30 May 2010, Solemnity of the Most Holy Trinity | BENEDICT XVI". w2.vatican.va. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  29. "Holy Face nun beatified, remembered by Pope Benedict XVI". Catholic News Agency. May 30, 2010.
  30. Cruz, Joan Carroll. Saintly Men of Modern Times. (2003) ISBN 1-931709-77-7
  31. "Holy Face Timeline". www.holyfacedevotion.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  32. McDermott, Terry (2015-02-17). "Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus « Catholic Insight". Catholic Insight. Archived from the original on 2019-04-02. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  33. Alan Butler and Paul Burns, 2005, Butler's Lives of the Saints, Burns and Oats ISBN 0-86012-383-9 page 251
  34. "Mary Faustina Kowalska". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  35. Thurston, Herbert. "Angelus." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 27 April 2020Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  36. Pope Pius XII. Ingruentium malorum, §13, 15 September 1951. Libreria Editrice Vaticana
  37. ""Catholic Devotion To The Saints", Dominican Friars in Chicago". Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2020-05-17.
  38. "Catechism of the Catholic Church - The Communion of Saints". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  39. Socias, James. Handbook of Prayers, 2006 ISBN 0-87973-579-1 p. 483
  40. Thurston, Herbert. "Devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912]Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  41. Storey, William G. A Catholic Book of Hours and Other Devotions, pp. xiii-xi, 2007, ISBN 0-8294-2584-5
  42. Lewis, Suzaanne M. "Crowning an Image of the Blessed Virgin Mary", Pastoral Liturgy
  43. Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy 2001, § 188.
  44. Frisk, M. Jean. "Saturday Devotions in Honor of Our Lady", Marian Library, University of Dayton
  45. "Theology of the Alliance of the Two Hearts- MSGR. Calkins".
  46. "Catholic Encyclopedia: Raccolta". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  47. "Catholic Encyclopedia: Scapular". Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  48. Vauchez, Andre. Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, p. 1314, 2001, Fitzroy Dearborn Press ISBN 978-1-57958-282-1
  49. Aluit, Alphonso J., The Galleon guide to Philippine festivals, 1969 ASIN B004CWODBO p. 97
  50. El Rocío, Rough Guide to Spain. Retrieved 2010-04-14. Archived July 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  51. http://www.thequeenofangels.com/wp-content/media/tidings-online20110906.pdf
  52. "Traditional Devotions", Basilica of St. Anthony in Padua
  53. Ball 2003, p. 576.
  54. Ball 2003, p. 275.
  55. "Devotions – Year of St. Joseph". yearofstjoseph.org. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
  56. Raccolta Manual of Indulgences Published by St Athanasius Press, 2003 ISBN 0-9706526-6-6 page 340
  57. Roy, Christian. Traditional Festivals, p. 408, 2005, ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5
  58. Trombley, Frank. Hellenic religion and Christianization, p. 345, Published by BRILL, 1994 ISBN 90-04-09691-4

Sources

  • Ball, Ann (2003). Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices. Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 0-87973-910-X.
  • Binz, Stephen J. (2006). Sacred Heart of Jesus. Twenty-Third Publications. ISBN 1-58595-597-3.
  • Carroll, Michael (2007). The Alliance of the Hearts of Jesus and Mary: Hope for the World. Queenship Publishing. ISBN 978-1-882972-98-2.
  • Forster, Mark (2001). Catholic Revival in the Age of the Baroque. Cambridge Univ Press. ISBN 0-521-78044-6.
  • Murphy, John F. (2007). Mary's Immaculate Heart. Read Books. ISBN 978-1-4067-3409-6.
  • Stravinskas, Peter (1998). Our Sunday Visitor's Catholic Encyclopedia. OSV Press. ISBN 0-87973-669-0.
  • White, James F. (2003). Roman Catholic worship: Trent to today. Liturgical Press. ISBN 0-8146-6194-7.

Further reading

  • O'Grady, John F. (2002). Catholic beliefs and traditions. Paulist Press. ISBN 0-8091-4047-0.

External links

Prayers of the Catholic Church
Prayers of the Mass Infant Samuel at Prayer
Marian prayers
Other Catholic prayers
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