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{{Short description|American astrophysicist (born 1958)}}
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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2012}} {{Use American English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist {{Infobox scientist
| image = ARPAE Energy (52768270738) (cropped).jpg
|name = Neil deGrasse Tyson
| caption = Tyson in 2023
|image = Neil deGrasse Tyson August 3, 2014 (cropped).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|10|5}}
|image_size = 220px
| birth_place = New York City, U.S.
|caption = Tyson at the screening of ''Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey'' on August 3, 2014
| education = {{Indented plainlist|
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|10|5}}
* ] (])
|birth_place = ], New York City, United States<ref name="birthplace">
* {{nowrap|] (])}}
{{cite web
* {{nowrap|] (], ])}}
|author=The Science Foundation
|date=January 1, 2011
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKOoTRE1HUc#t=17m19s
|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson – Called by the Universe
|publisher=]
|accessdate=February 9, 2012
}}</ref>

|residence = Manhattan, New York City, United States
|field = ], ], ]
|work_institutions = ], ], ]
|alma_mater = {{nowrap|] <small>(])</small><br/>] <small>(])</small><br/>] <small>(], ])</small>}}
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for =
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences = ], ], ], ]
|influenced =
|prizes = ]<br>] {{small|(2007)}}
|footnotes =
|spouse = Alice Young<br /><small>(1988–present; 2 children)
}} }}
| known_for =
'''Neil deGrasse Tyson''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|iː|ə|l|_|d|ə|ˈ|ɡ|r|æ|s|_|ˈ|t|aɪ|s|ə|n|}}; born October 5, 1958) is an American ], author, and ]. He is currently the Frederick P. Rose Director of the ] at the ] and a research associate in the department of astrophysics at the ]. From 2006 to 2011, he hosted the educational science television show '']'' on ] and has been a frequent guest on '']'', '']'', and '']''. Since 2009, he has hosted the weekly radio show '']''. In 2014, Tyson hosted '']'', an update to ] '']'' (1980) television series.<ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|Alice Young|1988}}
{{cite web
| children = 2
|publisher=Fox
| signature = Neil deGrasse Tyson signature.svg
|title=2013-2014 New Series: Cosmos – A Spacetime Odyssey
| field = {{flatlist|
|url=http://www.fox.com/programming/shows/?sh=cosmos---a-spacetime-odyssey
* ]
|accessdate=December 22, 2013
* ]
}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>
}}
| work_institutions = {{Indented plainlist|
* ]
* ]
* ]
}}
| thesis_title = A Study of the Abundance Distributions Along the Minor Axis of the Galactic Bulge
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/303962605
| thesis_year = 1992
| doctoral_advisor = ]
| prizes = {{Indented plainlist|
* ] (2004)
* ] (2007)
* ] (2015)
}}
| footnotes =
| module = {{infobox YouTube personality
|embed=yes
|channel_display_name = StarTalk
|channel_direct_url = channel/UCqoAEDirJPjEUFcF2FklnBA
|years_active = 2010–present
|subscribers = {{plainlist|<!-- Please do not change without updating stats_update below. -->
* 3.96 million (StarTalk)
* 83.5 thousand (StarTalk Plus)
}}
| views = {{plainlist|<!-- Please do not change without updating stats_update below. -->
* 602.2 million (StarTalk)
* 4.6 million (StarTalk Plus)
}}
|silver_button = yes
|silver_year =
|gold_button = yes
|gold_year = <abbr title="StarTalk"> 2020 </abbr>
|stats_update = November 27, 2024
}}
}}

'''Neil deGrasse Tyson''' ({{IPAc-en|us|d|ə|ˈ|ɡ|r|æ|s}} {{respelling|də|GRASS}} or {{IPAc-en|uk|d|ə|ˈ|ɡ|r|a:|s}} {{respelling|də|GRAHSS}}; born October 5, 1958) is an American ], author, and ]. Tyson studied at ], the ], and ]. From 1991 to 1994, he was a ] associate at ]. In 1994, he joined the ] as a staff scientist and the Princeton faculty as a visiting research scientist and lecturer. In 1996, he became director of the planetarium and oversaw its $210 million reconstruction project, which was completed in 2000. Since 1996, he has been the director of the Hayden Planetarium at the ] in New York City. The center is part of the ], where Tyson founded the Department of Astrophysics in 1997 and has been a research associate in the department since 2003.

From 1995 to 2005, Tyson wrote monthly essays in the "Universe" column for '']'' magazine, some of which were later published in his books '']'' (2007) and '']'' (2017). During the same period, he wrote a monthly column in '']'' magazine, answering questions about the universe under the pen name "Merlin". Material from the column appeared in his books ''Merlin's Tour of the Universe'' (1998) and ''Just Visiting This Planet'' (1998). Tyson served on a ] on the future of the U.S. aerospace industry and on the 2004 ] commission. He was awarded the ] in the same year. From 2006 to 2011, he hosted the television show '']'' on ]. Since 2009, Tyson has hosted the weekly podcast '']''. A spin-off, also called '']'', began airing on ] in 2015. In 2014, he hosted the television series '']'', a successor to ]'s 1980 series '']''.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Fox |title=Cosmos – A Spacetime Odyssey |url=http://www.cosmosontv.com/ |access-date=October 25, 2014 |archive-date=May 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510222736/https://cosmosontv.com/ }}</ref> The U.S. ] awarded Tyson the ] in 2015 for his "extraordinary role in exciting the public about the wonders of science".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/feb-26-2015-NASawards.html |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson to Receive Public Welfare Medal – Academy's Most Prestigious Award |date=February 26, 2015 |publisher=] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150301210506/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/feb-26-2015-NASawards.html |archive-date=March 1, 2015 |access-date=December 4, 2018 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tyson was born in ] as the second of three children, into a ] family living in ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-14 |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson - Christianity and the Cosmos |url=https://almostheretical.com/episodes/neil-degrasse-tyson-christianity-and-the-cosmos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614144511/https://almostheretical.com/episodes/neil-degrasse-tyson-christianity-and-the-cosmos |archive-date=2023-06-14 |access-date=2023-06-22 |website=Almost Heretical }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Science Foundation |date=January 1, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xKOoTRE1HUc#t=17m19s |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson – Called by the Universe |via=YouTube |access-date=February 9, 2012 }}</ref> His ] father, Cyril deGrasse Tyson (1927–2016), was a ] and human resource commissioner for New York City mayor ], and the first director of ].<ref name="cyrilnytobit">{{cite news |first=Joseph P. |last=Fried |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/30/nyregion/cyril-degrasse-tyson-dead.html |title=Cyril D. Tyson Dies at 89; Fought Poverty in a Turbulent Era |newspaper=] |date=December 30, 2016 |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref><ref name=Whitaker2000>{{cite magazine |last=Whitaker |first=C. |date=August 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60 |title=Super Stargazer |magazine=] |volume=55 |issue=10 |page=60}}</ref> His mother, Sunchita Maria Tyson (née Feliciano; 1928–2023), was a ] for the ] and is of ] descent.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bried |first=Erin |title=Sunchita Tyson |url=http://howtorockyourbaby.com/moms |website=How to Rock Your Baby and other timeless tips for modern moms |publisher=Hyperion |access-date=May 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320010721/http://howtorockyourbaby.com/moms/ |archive-date=March 20, 2014}}</ref> Neil has two siblings: Stephen Joseph Tyson and Lynn Antipas Tyson.<ref name="cyrilnytobit"/> Neil's middle name, deGrasse, is from the maiden name of his paternal grandmother, who was born as Altima de Grasse in the ] island of ].<ref>{{cite book |first1=Vernon L. |last1=Farmer |first2=Evelyn |last2=Shepherd-Wynn |title=Voices of Historical and Contemporary Black American Pioneers |publisher=] |location=New York City |date=2012 |isbn=9780313392245 |page=304 }}</ref>

Tyson grew up in the ] neighborhood of the ] and then in ].<ref name="ndtking2">. Ora.tv. Retrieved June 25, 2015.</ref> From kindergarten throughout high school, Tyson attended public schools in the Bronx: PS 36 Unionport, PS 81 Robert J. Christen, the ] (MS 141), and graduated from ] in 1976 where he was captain of the ] team and editor-in-chief of the ''Physical Science Journal''.<ref>{{cite web |author=SiriusXM |date=March 6, 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfZiemfCkr0#t=41m55s |title=Opie & Anthony: Neil deGrasse Tyson Neil deGrasse Tyson ft. Rich Vos & Bob Kelly |publisher=YouTube |access-date=March 6, 2014|author-link=SiriusXM }}</ref>{{sfn|Farmer|Shepherd-Wynn|2012|p=319}} His interest in astronomy began at the age of nine after visiting the sky theater of the ].{{sfn|Farmer|Shepherd-Wynn|2012|p=300}} He recalled that "so strong was that imprint that I'm certain that I had no choice in the matter, that in fact, the universe called me."<ref>{{cite web |date=January 29, 2010 |title=Stephen Colbert Interviews Neil deGrasse Tyson at Montclair Kimberley Academy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXh9RQCvxmg#t=1597s |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> During high school, Tyson attended astronomy courses offered by the Hayden Planetarium, which he called "the most formative period" of his life. He credited Mark Chartrand III, director of the planetarium at the time, as his "first intellectual role model" and his enthusiastic teaching style mixed with humor inspired Tyson to communicate the universe to others the way he did.{{sfn|Farmer|Shepherd-Wynn|2012|p=309}}

When he was 14, he received a scholarship from the ] to view the ] aboard the ]. The scientific cruise carried two thousand scientists, engineers, and enthusiasts, including ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |last=DeGrasse Tyson |first=Neil |date=May 1, 2004 |title=The Sky is Not the Limit |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=aOwWoZyvUV8C&q=1973+total+solar+eclipse+ss+canberra&pg=PA31 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=9781616141202 |pages=31–32 }}</ref>


Tyson obsessively studied astronomy in his teen years; he eventually even gained some fame in the astronomy community by giving lectures on the subject at the age of 15.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 15, 2013 |title=Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson – The Prodigy Astronomer |url=http://www.parlemagazine.com/black-history-month/959-dr-neil-degrasse-tyson--the-prodigy-astronomer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182841/http://www.parlemagazine.com/black-history-month/959-dr-neil-degrasse-tyson--the-prodigy-astronomer.html |publisher=Parlemagazine.com |access-date=May 27, 2013 |archive-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref> Astronomer ], who was a faculty member at ], tried to recruit Tyson to Cornell for ] studies.<ref name=Whitaker2000 /> In his book, ''The Sky Is Not the Limit'', Tyson wrote:
==Early life==
Tyson was born as the second of three children in the borough of ] in New York City and was raised in ].<ref name="birthplace" /> His mother, Sunchita Marie (Feliciano) Tyson, was a ] of Puerto Rican descent,<ref>{{cite web|last=Bried|first=Erin|title=Sunchita Tyson|url=http://howtorockyourbaby.com/moms/|work=How to Rock Your Baby and other timeless tips for modern moms|publisher=Hyperion|accessdate=2 May 2014}}</ref> and his father, Cyril deGrasse Tyson, an ], was a ], human resource commissioner for New York City mayor ], and the first Director of ].<ref name=Whitaker2000>
{{cite journal
|last=Whitaker |first=C.
|date=August 2000
|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=BdkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60
|title=Super Stargazer
|journal=]
|volume=55 |issue=10 |page=60
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=Advance Reading for Keynote address
|url=http://www.cornerstoneliteracy.org/meetings/Winter%202007/Wednesday%20materials/Advance%20Reading.pdf
|publisher=CornerstoneLiteracy.org
|accessdate=September 4, 2009
}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>


{{blockquote|My letter of application had been dripping with an interest in the universe. The admission office, unbeknownst to me, had forwarded my application to Carl Sagan's attention. Within weeks, I received a personal letter...<ref>{{cite book|first=Neil deGrasse|last=Tyson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOwWoZyvUV8C&q=degrasse+cornell+sagan+admissions&pg=PA43|title=The Sky Is Not the Limit: Adventures of an Urban Astrophysicist|publisher=]|location=Amherst, New York|date=2004|isbn=978-1591021889|page=43}}</ref>}}
From kindergarten through high school Tyson attended ], all in the Bronx, which included PS 36, PS 81, ] (MS 141), and ] (1972–76)<ref name="opie20140306">
{{cite web
|author=]
|date=March 6, 2014
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HfZiemfCkr0#t=41m55s
|title=Opie & Anthony: Neil deGrasse Tyson Neil deGrasse Tyson ft. Rich Vos & Bob Kelly (03/06/14)
|publisher=]
|accessdate=March 6, 2014
}}</ref> where he was captain of the wrestling team, and ] of the school's ''Physical Science Journal''. Tyson had an abiding interest in ] since he was nine years old, following his visit to Pennsylvania and seeing the stars, saying "it looks like the Hayden Planetarium".<ref name="youtube.com">
{{cite web
|author=teridon
|date=January 29, 2010
|title=Stephen Colbert Interviews Neil deGrasse Tyson at Montclair Kimberley Academy
|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=YXh9RQCvxmg#t=1597s
|publisher=]
}}</ref>
He obsessively studied astronomy in his teens, and eventually even gained some fame in the astronomy community by giving lectures on the subject at the age of fifteen.<ref>
{{cite web
|author=
|date=October 5, 1958
|title=Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson – The Prodigy Astronomer
|url=http://www.parlemagazine.com/black-history-month/959-dr-neil-degrasse-tyson--the-prodigy-astronomer.html
|publisher=]
|accessdate=2013-05-27
}}</ref>
Tyson recalls that "so strong was that imprint that I'm certain that I had no choice in the matter, that in fact, the universe called me."<ref name="youtube.com"/>


Tyson revisited this moment on his first episode of '']''. Pulling out a 1975 calendar belonging to the famous astronomer, he found the day Sagan invited the 17-year-old to spend a day in ]. Sagan had offered to put him up for the night if his bus back to the Bronx did not come. Tyson said, "I already knew I wanted to become a scientist. But that afternoon, I learned from Carl the kind of ''person'' I wanted to become."<ref>{{cite episode |title=] |series=] |date=March 9, 2014 |network=], ], ], et al. |season=1 |number=1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=March 3, 2014 |title=A Successor to Sagan Reboots 'Cosmos'|first=Dennis |last=Overbye |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/science/space/a-successor-to-sagan-reboots-cosmos.html |access-date=March 17, 2014 |newspaper=New York Times }}</ref>
Astronomer ], who was a faculty member at ], tried to recruit Tyson to Cornell for ] studies.<ref name=Whitaker2000/> In an interview with writer Daniel Simone,<ref>
{{cite web
|last=Tyson |first=P.
|date=July 28, 2004
|title=A Conversation With Neil deGrasse Tyson
|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/tyson.html
|publisher=]
|accessdate=October 25, 2009
}}</ref> Tyson said: <blockquote>Interestingly, when I applied to Cornell, my application dripped of my passion for the study and research of the Universe. Somehow the admissions office brought my application to the attention of the late Dr. Sagan, and he actually took the initiative and care to contact me. He was very inspirational and a most powerful influence. Dr. Sagan was as great as the universe, an effective mentor.</blockquote>
Tyson revisited this moment on his first episode of '']''. Pulling out a 1975 calendar belonging to the famous astronomer, he finds the day Sagan invited the 17-year-old to spend a day in Ithaca. Sagan had offered to put him up for the night if his bus back to the Bronx didn't come. Tyson said, "I already knew I wanted to become a scientist. But that afternoon, I learned from Carl the kind of ''person'' I wanted to become."<ref>{{cite episode|title=]|series=]|date=March 9, 2014|network=], ], ], et al.|season=1|number=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=March 3, 2014|title=A Successor to Sagan Reboots 'Cosmos'|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/04/science/space/a-successor-to-sagan-reboots-cosmos.html?_r=0|accessdate=March 17, 2014|publisher=New York Times}}</ref>


Tyson chose to attend ], however, where he majored in ] and lived in ]. He was a member of the ] team during his freshman year, but returned to wrestling, eventually ] in his senior year. In addition to wrestling and rowing in college, he was active in dance, in styles including ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|date=September 28, 2010|title=Black News and News Makers in History: Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson|url=http://www.pasadenajournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1587%3Aamazing-african-americans-in-history-dr-neil-degrasse-tyson&Itemid=128|accessdate=October 9, 2013}}</ref> Tyson earned a ] in physics from Harvard in 1980 and began his graduate work at the ]; he was unable to complete his Ph.D. because his thesis committee voted to dissolve itself<ref>{{cite web|last=Cahalan |first=Rose|date=February 28, 2012|title=Star Power|url=http://alcalde.texasexes.org/2012/02/star-power/|publisher=]|accessdate=March 1, 2014}}</ref> and he received a ] in astronomy in 1983. In 1985, he won a gold medal with the University of Texas dance team at a national tournament in the International Latin Ballroom style. He was a lecturer at the University of Maryland from 1986-1987.<ref name="haydenplanetarium1"> Tyson chose to attend ] where he majored in physics and lived in ]. He was a member of the ] team during his freshman year, but returned to ], ] (achieving varsity team rank) in his senior year. He was also active in dance (styles including ], ballet, ], and ]).<ref>{{cite journal |title=Black News and News Makers in History: Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson |url=http://www.pasadenajournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1587%3Aamazing-african-americans-in-history-dr-neil-degrasse-tyson&Itemid=128|journal=] |publisher=]|location=Pasadena, California|date=September 28, 2010 |access-date=October 9, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213193356/http://www.pasadenajournal.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1587%3Aamazing-african-americans-in-history-dr-neil-degrasse-tyson&Itemid=128 |archive-date=December 13, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
] at the ] in Washington, July 2009]]
{{cite web
Tyson earned a ] degree in physics at ] in 1980 and then began his graduate work at the ],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://alcalde.texasexes.org/2012/02/star-power/ |title=Star Power |date=February 28, 2012 |work=The Alcalde|access-date=August 30, 2017 }}</ref> from which he received a ] degree in astronomy in 1983. By his own account, he did not spend as much time in the research lab as he should have. His professors encouraged him to consider alternative careers and the committee for his doctoral dissertation was dissolved, ending his pursuit of a doctorate from the University of Texas.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cahalan |first=Rose |date=February 28, 2012 |title=Star Power |url=http://alcalde.texasexes.org/2012/02/star-power |publisher=] |access-date=March 1, 2014 }}</ref>
|title=curriculum vitae
|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/curriculum-vitae#employment}}</ref>


Tyson was a lecturer in astronomy at the ] from 1986 to 1987<ref name="haydenplanetarium1">{{cite web |title=Curriculum vitae |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/curriculum-vitae#employment |access-date=October 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101114929/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/curriculum-vitae#employment |archive-date=January 1, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 1988, he was accepted into the astronomy graduate program at ], where he earned a ] degree in astrophysics in 1989, and a ] degree in astrophysics in 1991<ref>{{Cite thesis |last1=Tyson |first1=N.D. |year=1992 |title=A study of the abundance distributions along the minor axis of the Galactic bulge |publisher=] |type=PhD thesis |bibcode=1992PhDT.........1T}}</ref> under the supervision of Professor ]. Rich obtained funding to support Tyson's doctoral research from ] and the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=5000 Alumni at work in the US |url=https://www.arcsfoundation.org/5000-alumni-work-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503212138/https://www.arcsfoundation.org/5000-alumni-work-us |archive-date=May 3, 2015 }}</ref> enabling Tyson to attend international meetings in Italy, Switzerland, Chile, and South Africa<ref name="haydenplanetarium1" /> and to hire students to help him with data reduction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tyson |first1=N.D. |last2=Gal |first2=R.R. |year=1996 |title=An exposure guide for taking twilight flatfields with large format CCDs |volume=105 |issue=3 |page=1206 |journal=] |doi=10.1086/116505 |bibcode=1993AJ....105.1206T |citeseerx=10.1.1.56.3178}}</ref> In the course of his thesis work, he observed using the 0.91 m telescope at the ] in Chile, where he obtained images for the ]<ref name="AJ2233" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamuy |first=M.|display-authors=etal |date=1996 |title=BVRI Light Curves for 29 Type IA Supernovae |volume=112 |issue=6 |page=2408 |journal=] |arxiv=astro-ph/9609064 |bibcode=1996AJ....112.2408H |doi=10.1086/118192|s2cid=119520520 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lira |first=P. |display-authors=etal |date=1998 |title=Optical light curves of the Type IA supernovae SN 1990N and 1991T |volume=115 |issue=1 |page=234 |journal=] |arxiv=astro-ph/9709262 |bibcode=1998AJ....115..234L |doi=10.1086/300175|s2cid=119371591 }}</ref> helping to further their work in establishing ]e as ].
In 1988, Tyson was accepted into the astronomy graduate program at ], where he earned a ] in astrophysics in 1989, and a ] in astrophysics in 1991<ref>{{Cite thesis
|last1=Tyson |first1=N. D.
|year=1992
|title=A study of the abundance distributions along the minor axis of the Galactic bulge
|publisher=]
|type=PhD thesis
|bibcode=1992PhDT.........1T
}}</ref> under the supervision of Professor R. Michael Rich (now at ]). Rich obtained funding to support Tyson's doctoral research from NASA and the ARCS foundation<ref>{{cite web
|title=5000 Alumni at work in the US
|url=https://www.arcsfoundation.org/5000-alumni-work-us
}}</ref> enabling Tyson to attend international meetings in Italy, Switzerland, Chile, and South Africa<ref name="haydenplanetarium1" /> and to hire students to help him with data reduction.<ref>{{cite journal
|last1=Tyson |first1=N. D.
|last2=Gal |first2=R. R.
|year=1996
|title=An exposure guide for taking twilight flatfields with large format CCDs
|volume=105 |issue=3 |page=1206
|journal=] |doi=10.1086/116505}}</ref> In the course of his thesis work, he observed using the 0.91 m telescope at the ] in Chile, where he obtained images for the ]<ref name="AJ2233" /><ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Hamuy |first1=M.
|author2=et al.
|year=1996
|title=BVRI Light Curves for 29 Type IA Supernovae
|volume=112 |issue=6 |page=2408
|journal=]
|arxiv=astro-ph/9609064
|bibcode=1996AJ....112.2408H
|doi=10.1086/118192
|displayauthors=30
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Lira |first1=P.
|author2=et al.
|year=1998
|title=Optical light curves of the Type IA supernovae SN 1990N and 1991T
|volume=115 |issue= |page=234
|journal=]
|arxiv=astro-ph/9709262
|bibcode=1998AJ....115..234L
|doi=10.1086/300175
}}</ref> helping to further their work in establishing ] as ]. These papers comprised part of the discovery papers of the use of Type Ia supernovae to measure distances, which led to the improved measurement of the ]<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Freedman |first1=W. L.
|first2=B. F. |last2=Madore |first3=B. K. |last3=Gibson |first4=L. |last4=Ferrarese |first5=D. D. |last5=Kelson |first6=S. |last6=Sakai|first7=J. R. |last7=Mould |first8=R. C. |last8=Kennicutt, Jr. |first9=H. C. |last9=Ford |first10=J. A. |last10=Graham |first11=J. P. |last11=Huchra |first12=S. M. G. |last12=Hughes |first13=G. D. |last13=Illingworth |first14=L. M. |last14=Macri |first15=P. B. |last15=Stetson
|display-authors=1
|year=2001
|title=Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant
|volume=553 |issue=1 |page=47
|journal=]
|arxiv=astro-ph/0012376
|bibcode=2001ApJ...553...47F
|doi=10.1086/320638
}}</ref> and discovery of ] in 1998.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Riess |first1=A. G.
|author2=et al.
|year=1998
|title=Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant
|volume=116 |issue=3 |page=1009
|journal=]
|arxiv=astro-ph/9805201
|bibcode=1998AJ....116.1009R
|doi=10.1086/300499
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Perlmutter |first1=S.
|author2=et al.
|year=1999
|title=Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High-Redshift Supernovae
|volume=517 |issue=2 |page=565
|journal=]
|arxiv=astro-ph/9812133
|bibcode=1999ApJ...517..565P
|doi=10.1086/307221
|displayauthors=30
}}</ref> He was 18th author on a paper with ], a future winner of the 2011 ], in the study of the measurement of distances to ] and the Hubble constant.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Schmidt |first1=B. P.
|author2=et al.
|year=1994
|title=The expanding photosphere method applied to SN 1992am AT CZ = 14 600 km/s
|volume=107 |issue=4 |page=1444
|journal=]
|bibcode=1994AJ....107.1444S
|doi=10.1086/116957
}}</ref>


During his thesis research at Columbia University, Tyson became acquainted with Professor ] at ], who visited Columbia University in the course of collaborating with his thesis advisor on the Galactic bulge<ref>{{cite journal |year=1994 |title=Signatures of bulge triaxiality from kinematics in Baade's window |last1=Zhao |first1=H.-S. |last2=Spergel |first2=D.N. |last3=Rich |first3=R.M. |volume=108 |page=2154 |journal=] |arxiv=astro-ph/9409024 |bibcode=1994AJ....108.2154Z |doi=10.1086/117227|s2cid=119495258 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1995 |title=Microlensing by the Galactic Bar |last1=Zhao |first1=H.-S. |last2=Spergel |first2=D.N. |last3=Rich |first3=R.M. |volume=440 |issue=1995 |page=13 |journal=] |doi=10.1086/187749 |arxiv=astro-ph/9409022 |bibcode=1995ApJ...440L..13Z|s2cid=73543151 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |year=1996 |title=A consistent microlensing model for the Galactic bar |last1=Zhao |first1=H.-S. |last2=Rich |first2=R.M. |last3=Spergel |first3=D.N. |volume=282 |issue=1 |page=175 |journal=] |arxiv=astro-ph/9512065 |bibcode=1996MNRAS.282..175Z |doi=10.1093/mnras/282.1.175|doi-access=free |citeseerx=10.1.1.740.9450 |s2cid=118866594 }}</ref> typically found in ].
During his thesis work at Columbia University, Tyson became acquainted with Professor ] at ], who visited Columbia University in the course of collaborating with his thesis advisor on the Galactic bulge.<ref>
{{cite journal
|year=1994
|title=Signatures of bulge triaxiality from kinematics in Baade's window
|last1=Zhao |first1=H.-S.
|last2=Spergel |first2=D.N.
|last3=Rich |first3=R.M.
|volume=108 |page=2154
|journal=]
|arxiv = astro-ph/9409024 |bibcode = 1994AJ....108.2154Z |doi = 10.1086/117227 }}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|year=1995
|title=Microlensing by the Galactic Bar
|last1=Zhao |first1=H.-S.
|last2=Spergel |first2=D.N.
|last3=Rich |first3=R.M.
|volume=440 |page=13
|journal=]
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|year=1996
|title=A consistent microlensing model for the Galactic bar
|last1=Zhao |first1=H.-S.
|last2=Rich |first2=R.M.
|last3=Spergel |first3=D.N.
|volume=282 |page=175
|journal=]
|url=http://mnras.oxfordjournals.org/content/282/1/175.short
|arxiv = astro-ph/9512065 |bibcode = 1996MNRAS.282..175Z |doi=10.1093/mnras/282.1.175}}</ref> Tyson was a postdoctoral research fellow at Princeton University from 1991 to 1994 and it was during this period that the project to renovate the ] was conceived.


==Career== == Career ==
] conference]] ] conference]]
Tyson's research has focused on observations in ], ], ], ], and ]. He has held numerous positions at institutions including the ], ], the ], and Hayden Planetarium.


Tyson's research has focused on observations in ], ], ], ], and ]. He has held numerous positions at institutions including the ], ], the ], and the Hayden Planetarium.
Tyson has written a number of popular books on astronomy. In 1995, he began to write the "Universe" column for '']'' magazine. In a column he authored for a special, "City of Stars," edition of the magazine in 2002, Tyson popularized the term "]" to describe the two days annually on which the evening sun aligns with the ] in Manhattan, making the sunset visible along unobstructed side streets. He had coined the term in 1996, inspired by how the phenomenon recalls the sun's solstice alignment with the ] monument in England.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8631317/Sun-to-strike-New-York-streets-in-Manhattanhenge.html|title = Sun to strike New York streets in 'Manhattanhenge'|last = |first = |date = 11 Jul 2011|work = The Telegraph|accessdate = }}</ref> Tyson's column also influenced his work as a professor with ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/professors/professor_detail.aspx?pid=257|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson|work=The Great Courses|accessdate=June 13, 2012}}</ref>


In 1994, Tyson joined the Hayden Planetarium as a staff scientist while he was a research affiliate in Princeton University. He became acting director of the planetarium in June 1995 and was appointed director in 1996.<ref>"Powerplay: On the Move". ''Black Enterprise'' '''27''' (1): 58. August 1996.</ref> As director, he oversaw the planetarium's $210 million reconstruction project, which was completed in 2000. Upon being asked for his thoughts on becoming director, Tyson said "when I was a kid... there were scientists and educators on the staff at the Hayden Planetarium... who invested their time and energy in my enlightenment... and I've never forgotten that... to end up back there as its director, I feel this deep sense of duty, that I serve in the same capacity for people who come through the facility today, that others served for me".<ref name="Point of Inquiry">{{Cite episode |url=http://www.pointofinquiry.org/neil_degrasse_tyson_the_sky_is_not_the_limit/ |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson – The Sky Is Not the Limit |last=deGrasse Tyson |first=Neil |author-link=Neil deGrasse Tyson |series=Point of Inquiry |id=podcast |date=August 17, 2006 |access-date=February 25, 2015 |archive-date=February 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225143927/http://www.pointofinquiry.org/neil_degrasse_tyson_the_sky_is_not_the_limit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In 2001, US President ] appointed Tyson to serve on the ] and in 2004 to serve on the ], the latter better known as the "Moon, Mars, and Beyond" commission. Soon afterward he was awarded the ], the highest civilian honor bestowed by NASA.<ref Name="PSM">{{cite web| title= Symposium Awards|publisher=National Space Symposium|accessdate=October 25, 2010| url= http://www.nationalspacesymposium.org/about/awards/douglas-s-morrow-public-outreach-award}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>


Tyson has written a number of popular books on astrophysics. In 1995, he began to write the "Universe" column for '']'' magazine. In a column Tyson wrote for a special edition of the magazine, called "City of Stars", in 2002, he popularized the term "]" to describe the two days annually on which the evening sun aligns with the ] in ], making the sunset visible along unobstructed side streets. He had coined the term in 1996, inspired by how the phenomenon recalls the sun's solstice alignment with the ] monument in England.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8631317/Sun-to-strike-New-York-streets-in-Manhattanhenge.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8631317/Sun-to-strike-New-York-streets-in-Manhattanhenge.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Sun to strike New York streets in 'Manhattanhenge' |date=July 11, 2011 |work=The Telegraph }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Tyson's column also influenced his work as a professor with ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/professors/professor_detail.aspx?pid=257 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320231400/http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/professors/professor_detail.aspx?pid=257 |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson |website=The Great Courses |access-date=June 13, 2012 |archive-date=March 20, 2013 }}</ref>
In 2004, he hosted the four-part ''Origins'' miniseries of PBS's '']'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/|title=NOVA – Origins |year= 2004| work= ] (PBS)|author=WGBH Educational Foundation|accessdate=June 7, 2009}}</ref> and, with Donald Goldsmith, co-authored the companion volume for this series, ''Origins: Fourteen Billion Years Of Cosmic Evolution''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution |last=Tyson |first=Neil deGrasse |first2=Donald|last2=Goldsmith |year=2004 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-05992-2}}</ref> He again collaborated with Goldsmith as the narrator on the documentary '']'', which premiered on PBS in April 2009.

In 2001, U.S. President ] appointed Tyson to serve on the ] and in 2004 to serve on the ], the latter better known as the "Moon, Mars, and Beyond" commission. Soon afterward, he was awarded the ], the highest civilian honor bestowed by NASA.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnh.org/science/bios/bio.php?scientist=tyson |title=American Museum of Natural History |author=American Museum of Natural History |website=AMNH.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022134532/http://www.amnh.org/science/bios/bio.php?scientist=tyson |archive-date=October 22, 2014}}</ref>


]'']] ]'']]
As director of the Hayden Planetarium, Tyson bucked traditional thinking in order to keep ] from being referred to as the ninth planet in exhibits at the center. Tyson has explained that he wanted to look at commonalities between objects, grouping the terrestrial planets together, the gas giants together, and Pluto with like objects and to get away from simply counting the planets. He has stated on '']'', '']'', and '']'' that this decision has resulted in large amounts of hate mail, much of it from children.<ref>'']'', August 17, 2006</ref> In 2006, the ] (IAU) confirmed this assessment by changing Pluto to the ] classification. Daniel Simone wrote of the interview with Tyson describing his frustration. "For a while, we were not very popular here at the Hayden Planetarium."


In 2004, Tyson hosted the four-part ''Origins'' miniseries of the PBS '']'' series<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/origins/ |title=NOVA – Origins |date=2004 |website=] |author=WGBH Educational Foundation |access-date=June 7, 2009}}</ref> and with Donald Goldsmith, co-authored the companion volume for this series, ''Origins: Fourteen Billion Years Of Cosmic Evolution''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/originsfourteenb00dona |url-access=registration |last1=Tyson |first1=Neil deGrasse |first2=Donald |last2=Goldsmith |date=2004 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Co |location=New York |isbn=978-0-393-05992-2 }}</ref> He again collaborated with Goldsmith as the narrator on the documentary '']'', which premiered on PBS in April 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/soptv/400years/en/ |title=400 Years of the Telescope – A Journey of Science, Technology and Thought |website=PBS.org }}</ref>
Tyson recounted the heated online debate on the ] (CCNet), a "widely read, UK-based Internet chat group" following ]'s renewed call for reclassification of Pluto's status.<ref name=TysonPluto2008>

{{cite book
{{anchor|Pluto}}
|title= The Pluto Files: The Rise and Fall of America's Favorite Planet
As director of the ], Tyson bucked traditional thinking in order to keep ] from being referred to as the ninth planet in exhibits at the center. He has explained that he wanted to look at commonalities between objects, grouping the terrestrial planets together, the gas giants together, and Pluto with like objects, and to get away from simply counting the planets. He has stated on '']'', '']'', and '']'' that the decision has resulted in large amounts of hate mail, much of it from children.<ref>'']'', August 17, 2006.</ref> In 2006, the ] (IAU) confirmed this assessment by changing Pluto to the ] classification.
|first=Neil deGrasse |last=Tyson

|page=194
Tyson recounted the heated online debate on the ] (CCNet), a "widely read, UK-based Internet chat group", following ]'s renewed call for reclassification of Pluto's status.<ref name=TysonPluto2008>{{cite book |title=The Pluto Files: The Rise and Fall of America's Favorite Planet |url=https://archive.org/details/plutofilesrisefa00tyso |url-access=registration |first=Neil deGrasse |last=Tyson |page= |date=January 19, 2008 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|isbn=9780393065206 }}</ref> Peiser's entry, in which he posted articles from the AP and ''The Boston Globe'', spawned from '']''{{'}}s article entitled "Pluto's Not a Planet? Only in New York".<ref name="NYT22jan2001">{{cite news |title=Pluto's Not a Planet? Only in New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/22/nyregion/pluto-s-not-a-planet-only-in-new-york.html |first=Kenneth |last=Change |date=January 22, 2001 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="CCNet29jan2001">{{cite web |url=http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/ccc/cc013101.html |publisher=CCNet |title=CCNet Special: Renewed Call for Reclassification of Pluto's Status |date=January 31, 2001 |first=Benny |last=Peiser }}</ref>
|date=19 January 2008

|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company
Tyson has been vice-president, president, and chairman of the board of the ]. He was also the host of the PBS program '']'' until 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow |title=NOVA – scienceNOW |website=] (PBS) |access-date=June 7, 2009}}</ref> He attended and was a speaker at the ] symposium in November 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=George |date=2006-11-21 |title=A Free-for-All on Science and Religion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21belief.html |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=The New York Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}</ref> Peiser's entry, in which he posted articles from the AP and ''The Boston Globe'', spawned from '']'''s article entitled "Pluto's Not a Planet? Only in New York".<ref name=NYT22jan2001>

{{cite news
]'' TV series in Australia for ], 2014]]
|title=Pluto's Not a Planet? Only in New York

|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/22/nyregion/pluto-s-not-a-planet-only-in-new-york.html
In May 2009, Tyson launched a one-hour radio talk show called '']'', which he co-hosted with comedian ]. The show was syndicated on Sunday afternoons on ] in Los Angeles and ] in Washington DC. The show lasted for thirteen weeks, but was resurrected in December 2010 and then, co-hosted with comedians ] and ] instead of Koplitz. Guests range from colleagues in science to celebrities such as ], ], ], and ]. The show is available via the Internet through a live stream or in the form of a ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://startalkradio.net/ |title=StarTalk Radio Show |access-date=May 30, 2011 }}</ref>
|first=Kenneth |last=Change

|date=22 January 2001
In April 2011, Tyson was the keynote speaker at the 93rd International Convention of the ] International Honor Society of the Two-year School. He and ] delivered a lecture entitled ''Skepticism'', which related directly with the convention's theme of ''The Democratization of Information: Power, Peril, and Promise''.<ref>{{Citation |title=Phi Theta Kappa Honors Seminar Series |url=http://austincc.collegiatelink.net/organization/ptk/calendar/details/109382 |publisher=Austing Community College |access-date=February 26, 2013 |url-access=registration }}</ref>
|publisher=New York Times

}}</ref><ref name=CCNet29jan2001>
In 2012, Tyson announced that he would appear in a ] series based on his radio show ''StarTalk''. A premiere date for the show has not been announced, but it will be distributed on the ].<ref> (March 27, 2012) from YouTube</ref> On February 28, 2014, Tyson was a celebrity guest at the ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/students-are-stars-white-house-film-festival-n40846 |title=Students Are Stars at White House Film Festival |work=NBC News |date=February 28, 2014 |access-date=March 12, 2014 }}</ref>
{{cite web

|url=http://abob.libs.uga.edu/bobk/ccc/cc013101.html
In 2014, Tyson helped revive Carl Sagan's '']'' television series, presenting '']'' on both FOX and the ]. Thirteen episodes were aired in the first season, and Tyson has said that if a second season were produced, he would pass the role of host to someone else in the science world.<ref>{{cite news |last=Gannon |first=Megan |title=Inside 'Cosmos': Q&A with Host Neil deGrasse Tyson |url=http://www.space.com/24952-cosmos-tv-series-neil-degrasse-tyson-interview.html |work=Space.com |access-date=May 17, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson opts out of Cosmos season 2 |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/795971/neil-degrasse-tyson-opts-out-of-cosmos-season-2/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |access-date=May 17, 2015|date=November 23, 2014 }}</ref> On March 9, 2020, he returned with a follow-up season of ''Cosmos'' titled '']''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Otterson |first1=Joe |title='Cosmos' to Return for Second Season on National Geographic and Fox |url=https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/cosmos-season-2-national-geographic-1202663444/ |work=Variety |access-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207163250/https://variety.com/2018/tv/news/cosmos-season-2-national-geographic-1202663444/ |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |date=January 13, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.space.com/cosmos-possible-worlds-episode-1-recap.html |title='Cosmos: Possible Worlds' episode 1 takes viewers on a wild ride with the Ship of Imagination |last=Pyle |first=Rod |website=Space.com |date=March 10, 2020 |access-date=July 14, 2023 }}</ref>
|publisher=CCNet
|editor=
|title=CCNet Special: Renewed Call for Reclassification of Pluto's Status
|date=31 January 2001
|first=Benny |last=Peiser
}}</ref>


On April 20, 2015, Tyson began hosting a late-night talk show entitled '']'' on the National Geographic Channel, where he interviews pop culture celebrities and asks them about their life experiences with science.<ref name=StarTalkOne>{{cite magazine |last1=Berenson |first1=Tessa |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson Is Getting His Own Talk Show |url=https://time.com/3659253/neil-degrasse-tyson-show/ |magazine=] |access-date=January 8, 2015}}</ref> Around 2016, he was co-developing a ] with Whatnot Entertainment, '']'', which aimed to help provide players with a realistic simulation of developing a space-faring culture, incorporating educational materials about space and technology. The development was abandoned after April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gaudiosi |first=John |date=October 2, 2016 |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/neil-degrasse-tyson-voyages-into-gaming-with-space-odyssey/ |title=Expand Your Universe with Neil deGrasse Tyson's New Video Game |website=] |access-date=May 26, 2017 }}</ref>
Tyson has been vice president, president, and chairman of the board of the ]. He was also the host of the PBS program '']'' until 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/|title=NOVA – scienceNOW – PBS|work=] (PBS)|accessdate=June 7, 2009}}</ref> He attended and was a speaker at the ] symposium in November 2006. In 2007, Tyson was chosen to be a regular on ]'s popular series '']''.


== Views ==
]
In May 2009, he launched a one-hour radio talk show called ''StarTalk'', which he co-hosted with comedienne ]. The show was syndicated on Sunday afternoons on ] in Los Angeles and ] in Washington DC. The show lasted for thirteen weeks, but was resurrected in December 2010 and then, co-hosted with comedians ] and Leighann Lord instead of Koplitz. Guests range from colleagues in science to celebrities such as ], ], ], and ]. The show is also available via the internet through a live stream or in the form of a ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://startalkradio.net/|title=StarTalk Radio Show|accessdate=May 30, 2011}}</ref>


=== Spirituality and philosophy ===
In April 2011, Tyson was the keynote speaker at the 93rd International Convention of the ] International Honor Society of the Two-year School. He and ] delivered a lecture entitled ''Skepticism'', which related directly with the convention's theme of ''The Democratization of Information: Power, Peril, and Promise''.<ref>{{Cite journal
{{Quote box
| title = Phi Theta Kappa Honors Seminar Series
| quote = most important feature is the analysis of the information that comes your way. And that's what I don't see enough of in this world. There's a level of gullibility that leaves people susceptible to being taken advantage of. I see science literacy as kind of a vaccine against charlatans who would try to exploit your ignorance.
| url = http://austincc.collegiatelink.net/organization/ptk/calendar/details/109382
| source = — Neil deGrasse Tyson, from a transcript of an interview by ] on ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/the-science-studio/neil-degrasse-tyson |title=TSN: Called by the Universe |publisher=Thesciencenetwork.org |access-date=2012-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2009/07/23/called-by-the-universe |title=Called by the Universe |publisher=Haydenplanetarium.org |access-date=August 26, 2012}}</ref>
| publisher = Austing Community College
| align = right
| accessdate = 2013-02-26
| width = 30em
| postscript = <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}
}} }}
</ref>
In 2012, Tyson announced that he would appear in a YouTube series based on his radio show ''StarTalk''. A premiere date for the show has not been announced, but it will be distributed on the ].<ref> (March 27, 2012) from YouTube</ref> On February 28, 2014, Tyson was a celebrity guest at the ].<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyle |first=Alan |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/science/science-news/students-are-stars-white-house-film-festival-n40846 |title=Students Are Stars at White House Film Festival |publisher=NBC News |date=2014-02-28 |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>


Tyson has written and broadcast extensively about his views of science, spirituality, and the spirituality of science, including the essays "The Perimeter of Ignorance"<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906154623/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2005/11/01/the-perimeter-of-ignorance |date=September 6, 2018 }} from Tyson's website</ref> and "Holy Wars",<ref name="HolyWars" /> both appearing in ''Natural History'' magazine and the 2006 ''Beyond Belief'' workshop. In an interview with comedian ], Tyson offered his definition of spirituality, "For me, when I say spiritual, I'm referring to a feeling you would have that connects you to the universe in a way that it may defy simple vocabulary. We think about the universe as an intellectual playground, which it surely is, but the moment you learn something that touches an emotion rather than just something intellectual, I would call that a spiritual encounter with the universe."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mecurio |first1=Paul |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson |url=https://soundcloud.com/paul-mecurio-show/neil-degrasse-tyson |website=The Paul Mecurio Show |publisher=Alive and Social |access-date=March 2, 2015}}</ref> He has argued that many great historical scientists' belief in ] limited their scientific inquiries, to the detriment of the advance of scientific knowledge.<ref name="HolyWars">{{cite web |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/1999/10/01/holy-wars |title=Holy Wars |website=haydenplanetarium.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Tyson |first=Neil deGrasse |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2005/11/01/the-perimeter-of-ignorance |title=The Perimeter of Ignorance |publisher=Haydenplanetarium.org |access-date=February 3, 2012 |archive-date=September 6, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906154623/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2005/11/01/the-perimeter-of-ignorance }}</ref>
==Views==
] at the ] in Washington, July 2009]]
{{Quote box|align=right|quote=''" most important feature is the<br>analysis of the information that<br>comes your way. And that's what I<br>don't see enough of in this world.<br>There's a level of gullibility that<br>leaves people susceptible to being<br>taken advantage of. I see '''science<br>literacy''' as kind of a vaccine against<br>charlatans who would try to exploit<br>your ignorance."''|source=—'''Neil deGrasse Tyson'''<br>from a transcript of an<br>interview by ]<br>on ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/the-science-studio/neil-degrasse-tyson |title=TSN: Called by the Universe |publisher=Thesciencenetwork.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2009/07/23/called-by-the-universe |title=Called by the Universe &#124; Neil deGrasse Tyson |publisher=Haydenplanetarium.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-26}}</ref>}}


When asked during a question session at the ] if he believed in a higher power, Tyson responded: "Every account of a higher power that I've seen described, of all religions that I've seen, include many statements with regard to the benevolence of that power. When I look at the universe and all the ways the universe wants to kill us, I find it hard to reconcile that with statements of beneficence."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZhOm6N4-I0&feature=channel |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson at UB: God and Science |id=Quote starts at ~55 seconds |publisher=University at Buffalo YouTube channel |date=April 9, 2010 |access-date=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>Dale McGowan ; {{ISBN|978-1118509203}}</ref>{{Rp|341}} In an interview with '']'', he said: "So, what people are really after is what is my stance on religion or spirituality or God, and I would say if I find a word that came closest, it would be 'agnostic'... at the end of the day I'd rather not be any category at all."<ref name="Neil on YouTube.com">{{cite web |last=Tyson |first=Neil deGrasse |title=Neil explains his views on youtube |date=April 25, 2012 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzSMC5rWvos |publisher=Big Think on YouTube |access-date=June 15, 2012}}</ref> Additionally, in the same interview with ''Big Think'', Tyson mentioned that he edited Misplaced Pages's entry on him to include the fact that he is an agnostic:
=== Spirituality ===
Tyson has written and broadcast extensively about his views of science, spirituality, and the spirituality of science including the essays, "The Perimeter of Ignorance"<ref> from Tyson's website</ref> and "Holy Wars",<ref name="HolyWars" /> both appearing in ''Natural History'' magazine and the 2006 ''Beyond Belief'' workshop.<ref> from ]</ref><ref> (Monday, November 5) from YouTube</ref>


{{blockquote|I'm constantly ''claimed'' by atheists. I find this intriguing. In fact, on my Wiki page –I didn't create the Wiki page. Others did, and I'm flattered that people cared enough about my life to assemble it–and it said, "Neil deGrasse Tyson is an atheist." I said, "Well, that's not really true." I said, "Neil deGrasse Tyson is an agnostic." I went back a week later. It said, "Neil deGrasse Tyson is an atheist" again–within a week!–and I said, "What's up with that?" and I said, "All right, I have to word it a little differently." So I said, "Okay, Neil deGrasse Tyson, widely claimed by atheists, is actually an agnostic."<ref name="Neil on YouTube.com" />}}
Tyson has argued that many great historical scientists' belief in ] limited their scientific inquiries, to the detriment of the advance of scientific knowledge.<ref name="HolyWars"> from ]</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YotBtibsuh0 |title=YouTube – Neil deGrasse Tyson on "Intelligent Design" at "Beyond Belief", Youtube |publisher=Youtube.com |date= |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2005/11/01/the-perimeter-of-ignorance |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson : "The Perimeter of Ignorance" |publisher=Haydenplanetarium.org |date= |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref>


During the interview "Called by the Universe: A Conversation with Neil deGrasse Tyson" in 2009, Tyson said: "I can't agree to the claims by atheists that I'm one of that community. I don't have the time, energy, interest of conducting myself that way... I'm not trying to convert people. I don't care."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thesciencenetwork.org/programs/the-science-studio/neil-degrasse-tyson |title=TSN: Called by the Universe |website=The Science Network}}</ref>
Tyson has collaborated with evolutionary biologist ] and presented talks with him on religion and science.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://richarddawkins.net/events#event_3ef651d96580d1fc9c00e2ddb9d70139 |title=Richard Dawkins website |publisher=Richarddawkins.net |date= |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> When asked if he believed in a higher power, Tyson responded: <blockquote>Every account of a higher power that I've seen described, of all religions that I've seen, include many statements with regard to the benevolence of that power. When I look at the universe and all the ways the universe wants to kill us, I find it hard to reconcile that with statements of beneficence.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZhOm6N4-I0&feature=channel |title=YouTube video |publisher=Youtube.com |date=April 9, 2010 |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref></blockquote> In an interview with '']'', Tyson said, "So what people are really after is my stance on religion or spirituality or God, and I would say if I had to find a word that came closest, I would say ]... at the end of the day I'd rather not be any category at all."<ref name="Neil on YouTube.com">{{cite web |last=Tyson |first=Neil deGrasse |title=Neil explains his views on youtube |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzSMC5rWvos |publisher= |accessdate=15 June 2012}}</ref> During the interview "Called by the Universe: A conversation with Neil deGrasse Tyson" in 2009, Tyson said: "I can't agree to the claims by atheists that I'm one of that community. I don't have the time, energy, interest of conducting myself that way... I'm not trying to convert people. I don't care."<ref>{{youtube|xKOoTRE1HUc|Neil deGrasse Tyson - Called by the Universe}}</ref>


] at Howard University, September 2010]] ] at ], 2010]]

In March 2014, philosopher and secularism proponent ] asked Tyson "What is it you think about God?” Tyson replied "I remain unconvinced by any claims anyone has ever made about the existence or the power of a divine force operating in the universe." Pigliucci asked him why then did he express discomfort with the label "atheist" in his Big Think video. Tyson replied by reiterating his dislike for one-word labels, saying "That's what adjectives are for. What kind of atheist are you? Are you an ardent atheist? Are you a passive atheist? An apathetic atheist? Do you rally, or do you just not even care? So I'd be on the 'I really don't care' side of that, if you had to find adjectives to put in front of the word 'atheist.'" Pigliucci contrasted Tyson with scientist ]: " really does consider, at this point, himself to be an atheist activist. You very clearly made the point that you are not." Tyson replied: "I completely respect that activity. He's fulfilling a really important role out there." <ref name="Rationally Speaking podcast">{{cite web|last=Tyson|first=Neil deGrasse|title=Interview with Massimo Pigliucci and Julia Galef|url=http://rationallyspeakingpodcast.org/show/rs103-neil-degrasse-tyson-on-why-he-doesnt-call-himself-an-a.html|work=Rationally Speaking podcast|accessdate=2014-04-11|date=March 9, 2014}}</ref>
In March 2014, philosopher and secularism proponent ] asked Tyson: "What is it you think about God?" Tyson replied: "I remain unconvinced by any claims anyone has ever made about the existence or the power of a divine force operating in the universe." Pigliucci then asked him why he expressed discomfort with the label "atheist" in his ''Big Think'' video. Tyson replied by reiterating his dislike for one-word labels, saying: "That's what adjectives are for. What kind of atheist are you? Are you an ardent atheist? Are you a passive atheist? An apathetic atheist? Do you rally, or do you just not even care? So I'd be on the 'I really don't care' side of that, if you had to find adjectives to put in front of the word 'atheist'."

Pigliucci contrasted Tyson with scientist ]: " really does consider, at this point, himself to be an atheist activist. You very clearly made the point that you are not." Tyson replied: "I completely respect that activity. He's fulfilling a really important role out there."<ref name="Rationally Speaking podcast">{{cite web |last=Tyson |first=Neil deGrasse |title=Interview with Massimo Pigliucci and Julia Galef |url=http://rationallyspeakingpodcast.org/show/rs103-neil-degrasse-tyson-on-why-he-doesnt-call-himself-an-a.html |website=Rationally Speaking podcast |access-date=April 11, 2014 |date=March 9, 2014}}</ref> Tyson has spoken about ] on numerous occasions. In March 2014, during an episode of '']'', he said that philosophy is "useless" and that a philosophy major "can really mess you up",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nerdist.com/nerdist-podcast-neil-degrasse-tyson-returns-again/ |title=Nerdist Podcast: Neil deGrasse Tyson Returns Again |date=March 7, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2015 |website=] |last=Levine |first=Katie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411083123/http://nerdist.com/nerdist-podcast-neil-degrasse-tyson-returns-again/ |archive-date=April 11, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> which was met with disapproval.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chicagonow.com/an-agnostic-in-wheaton/2014/06/dear-neil-degrasse-tyson-dont-be-stupid-about-philosophy/ |title=Dear Neil deGrasse Tyson, don't be foolish about philosophy |date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2015 |website=] |last=Wall |first=James Kirk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806031740/http://www.chicagonow.com/an-agnostic-in-wheaton/2014/06/dear-neil-degrasse-tyson-dont-be-stupid-about-philosophy/ |archive-date=August 6, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://io9.com/neil-degrasse-tyson-slammed-for-dismissing-philosophy-a-1575178224 |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson Slammed For Dismissing Philosophy As 'Useless' |date=May 12, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2015 |website=] |last=Dvorsky |first=George |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328062312/http://io9.com/neil-degrasse-tyson-slammed-for-dismissing-philosophy-a-1575178224 |archive-date=March 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2014/06/07/the_one_thing_neil_degrasse_tyson_got_wrong/ |title=The one thing Neil deGrasse Tyson got wrong |date=June 7, 2015 |access-date=April 23, 2015 |website=] |last=Neumann |first=Steve |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326000625/http://www.salon.com/2014/06/07/the_one_thing_neil_degrasse_tyson_got_wrong/n|url-status=live |archive-date=March 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theweek.com/articles/447197/why-neil-degrasse-tyson-philistine |title=Why Neil deGrasse Tyson is a philistine |date=May 6, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2014 |website=] |last=Linker |first=Damon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416145135/http://theweek.com/articles/447197/why-neil-degrasse-tyson-philistine|url-status=live |archive-date=April 16, 2015}}</ref> Pigliucci, a philosopher, later criticized him for "dismiss philosophy as a useless enterprise".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/massimo-pigliucci/neil-degrasse-tyson-and-the-value-of-philosophy_b_5330216.html |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson and the Value of Philosophy |date=May 16, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2015 |website=] |last=Pigliucci |first=Massimo |author-link=Massimo Pigliucci|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421104308/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/massimo-pigliucci/neil-degrasse-tyson-and-the-value-of-philosophy_b_5330216.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015}}</ref>


=== Race and social justice === === Race and social justice ===
In 2005, at a conference at the ], Tyson responded to a question about whether genetic differences might keep women from working as scientists. He said that his goal to become an astrophysicist was "hands down the path of most resistance through the forces... of society... My life experience tells me, when you don't find Blacks<!-- captialized to match source--> in the sciences, when you don't find women in the sciences, I know these forces are real and I had to survive them in order to get where I am today. So before we start talking about genetic differences, you gotta come up with a system where there's equal opportunity. Then we can start having that conversation."<ref>, YouTube accessed October 31, 2014.</ref>
In an undated interview at ], Tyson talked about being an African American and one of the most visible and well known scientists in the world. He told a story about being interviewed about a plasma burst from the sun on a local Fox News affiliate in 1989. “I'd never before in my life seen an interview with a black person on television for expertise that had nothing to do with being black. And at that point, I realized that one of the last stereotypes that prevailed among people who carry stereotypes is that, sort of, black people are somehow dumb. I wondered, maybe ... that's a way to undermine this sort of, this stereotype that prevailed about who's smart and who's dumb. I said to myself, 'I just have to be visible, or others like me, in that situation.' That would have a greater force on society than anything else I could imagine."<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtMWvJiFR9E</ref>


In a 2014 interview with '']'', Tyson said that he related his experience on that 2005 panel in an effort to make the point that the scientific question about genetic differences can not be answered until the social barriers are dismantled. "I'm saying before you even have that conversation, you have to be really sure that access to opportunity has been level." In the same interview, Tyson said that race is not a part of the point he is trying to make in his career or with his life. According to Tyson, "hat then becomes the point of people's understanding of me, rather than the astrophysics. So it's a failed educational step for that to be the case. If you end up being distracted by that and not the message." He purposefully no longer speaks publicly about race. "I don't give talks on it. I don't even give Black History Month talks. I decline every single one of them. In fact, since 1993, I've declined every interview that has my being black<!--lower case to match source--> as a premise of the interview."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/a-conversation-with-neil-degrasse-tyson-about-cosmos-race-and-celebrity |title=A Conversation With Neil deGrasse Tyson About 'Cosmos,' Race, and Celebrity |author=Rembert Browne |website=Grantland|date=June 9, 2014 }}</ref>
In 2005, at a conference at the ], Tyson responded to a question about whether genetic differences might keep women from working as scientists. He said that his goal to become an astrophysicist was “hands down the path of most resistance through the forces … of society.” He continued: "My life experience tells me, when you don’t find blacks in the sciences, when you don’t find women in the sciences, I know these forces are real and I had to survive them in order to get where I am today. So before we start talking about genetic differences, you gotta come up with a system where there’s equal opportunity. Then we can start having that conversation.”<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z7ihNLEDiuM</ref>


Tyson has positively advocated for the freedoms of ] and ] people and argued about the topic repeatedly against ] commentators.<ref>'']'' "Sunday Special" Ep. 72 "]" uploaded on ] on ( on July 18, 2021).</ref><ref>""Split People By Categories, Not Gender!" ] on Transgender Athletes" on the '']'' ] channel on .</ref><ref>"] & ] CLASH Over Trans Debate" on the ] ] channel on </ref><ref>"]" on the '']'' ] channel on ( on November 16, 2023).</ref>
In a 2014 interview with ], Tyson said that he related his experience on that 2005 panel in an effort to make the point that the scientific question about genetic differences can't be answered until the social barriers are dismantled. "I’m saying before you even have that conversation, you have to be really sure that access to opportunity has been level."


=== NASA ===
In that same interview, Tyson said that race it is not a part of the point he is trying to make in his career or with his life. "... that then becomes the point of people’s understanding of me, rather than the astrophysics. So it’s a failed educational step for that to be the case. If you end up being distracted by that and not the message." He purposefully no longer speaks publicly about race. "I don’t give talks on it. I don’t even give Black History Month talks. I decline every single one of them. In fact, since 1993, I’ve declined every interview that has my being black as a premise of the interview."<ref>http://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/a-conversation-with-neil-degrasse-tyson-about-cosmos-race-and-celebrity/</ref>
], and U.S. President ] take a ] at the ], 2014.]]


Tyson is an advocate for expanding the operations of the ]. Arguing that "the most powerful agency on the dreams of a nation is currently underfunded to do what it needs to be doing".<ref name="buffalo2010">{{cite web |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson at UB: What NASA Means to America's Future |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQhNZENMG1o |publisher=University at Buffalo Communications |access-date=November 30, 2012 |date=April 2, 2010}}</ref> He has suggested that the general public has a tendency to overestimate how much revenue is allocated to the space agency. At a March 2010 address, referencing the proportion of tax revenue spent on NASA, he stated, "By the way, how much does NASA cost? It's a half a penny on the dollar. Did you know that? The people are saying, 'Why are we spending money up there...' I ask them, 'How much do you think we're spending?' They say 'five cents, ten cents on a dollar.' It's a half a penny."<ref name="buffalo2010" />
=== Politics ===
On June 6, 2008, after the conclusion of the ], Tyson wrote an op-ed in '']'' in which he presented the results from "a new method of analysis on the statistics of polls," that he claimed is, "a far more accurate assessment of public opinion than most people’s politically informed commentary." His results showed that if the general election were held on the day after the conclusion of the Democratic Presidential primaries, ] would beat ] but McCain would beat ]. This, he noted, "... does not predict what will happen in November. But it describes the present better than any other known method does.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/06/opinion/06tyson.html|title=Vote by Numbers|work=The New York Times|author=Neil deGrasse Tyson|date=June 6, 2008|accessdate=June 7, 2009}}</ref>


In March 2012, Tyson testified before the ], stating that:
Tyson has claimed that, following the ], then-President ] said, ''"Our God is the God who named the stars,"'' in order to "distinguish we from they (Muslims)".<ref>{{cite web|title=George Bush and Star Names|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/watch/2008/06/19/george-bush-and-star-names|website=haydenplanetarium.org|accessdate=17 September 2014}}</ref> No evidence exists of Bush saying that.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thefederalist.com/2014/09/16/another-day-another-quote-fabricated-by-neil-degrasse-tyson/|title=Another Day, Another Quote Fabricated By Neil deGrasse Tyson|last1=Davis|first1=Sean|date=September 16, 2014|website=thefederalist.com|publisher=The Federalist|accessdate=September 16, 2014}}</ref> (The most similar matching quote by Bush was from after the ], when he said, ''"The same Creator who names the stars also knows the names of the seven souls we mourn today. The crew of the shuttle Columbia did not return safely to Earth; yet we can pray that all are safely home."''<ref>{{cite web|title=President Addresses Nation on Space Shuttle Columbia Tragedy|url=http://history.nasa.gov/columbia/Troxell/Columbia%20Web%20Site/Documents/Executive%20Branch/President%20Bush/president1.html|website=nasa.gov|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref>) ] called the incident "the most serious example of Tyson’s alleged quotation negligence."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2014/09/17/if-we-cant-trust-neil-degrasse-tyson-who-can-we-trust/|title=If We Can’t Trust Neil deGrasse Tyson, Who Can We Trust?|last1=Mehta|first1=Hemant|date=September 17, 2014|website=Patheos.com|publisher=Patheos|accessdate=September 18, 2014}}</ref>


{{blockquote|Right now, NASA's annual budget is half a penny on your tax dollar. For twice that—a penny on a dollar—we can transform the country from a sullen, dispirited nation, weary of economic struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its 20th century birthright to dream of tomorrow.<ref name="tysontranscript">{{cite web |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2012/03/07/past-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony |title=Past, Present, and Future of NASA – U.S. Senate Testimony |publisher=Hayden Planetarium |access-date=4 Dec 2012 |date=7 Mar 2012}}</ref><ref name="tysontranscript_video">{{cite web |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/watch/2012/03/07/past-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony-video |title=Past, Present, and Future of NASA – U.S. Senate Testimony (Video) |publisher=Hayden Planetarium |access-date=December 4, 2012 |date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>}}
] and U.S. President ] in the White House, 2014]]
==== NASA ====
Tyson is an advocate for expanding the operations of the ]. Arguing that "the most powerful agency on the dreams of a nation is currently underfunded to do what it needs to be doing".<ref name="buffalo2010">{{cite web|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson at UB: What NASA Means to America's Future|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQhNZENMG1o|publisher=University at Buffalo Communications|accessdate=30 Nov 2012|date=2 April 2010}}</ref> Tyson has suggested that the general public has a tendency to overestimate how much revenue is allocated to the space agency. At a March 2010 address, referencing the proportion of tax revenue spent on NASA, he stated, "By the way, how much does NASA cost? It's a half a penny on the dollar. Did you know that? The people are saying, 'Why are we spending money up there...' I ask them, 'How much do you think we're spending?' They say 'five cents, ten cents on a dollar.' It's a half a penny."<ref name="buffalo2010" />


In March 2012, Tyson testified before the ], stating that: <blockquote>Right now, NASA's annual budget is half a penny on your tax dollar. For twice that—a penny on a dollar—we can transform the country from a sullen, dispirited nation, weary of economic struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its 20th century birthright to dream of tomorrow.<ref name="tysontranscript">{{cite web|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/read/2012/03/07/past-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony |title=Past, Present, and Future of NASA – U.S. Senate Testimony|publisher=Hayden Planetarium |accessdate=4 Dec 2012 |date=7 Mar 2012}}</ref><ref name="tysontranscript_video">{{cite web|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/watch/2012/03/07/past-present-and-future-of-nasa-us-senate-testimony-video |title=Past, Present, and Future of NASA – U.S. Senate Testimony (Video)|publisher=Hayden Planetarium |accessdate=4 Dec 2012 |date=7 Mar 2012}}</ref></blockquote> Inspired by Tyson's advocacy and remarks, ], a campaign of the Space Advocates nonprofit,<ref name="space-advocates-2014">{{cite web | title = About Us - Space Advocates | url = http://www.spaceadvocates.com/about/ | publisher = Space Advocates | accessdate = 2014-02-05}}</ref> was founded in 2012 by John Zeller and advocates the doubling of NASA's budget to one percent of the Federal Budget, or one "penny on the dollar".<ref name="penny4nasa-whywefight">{{cite web|title=Why We Fight – Penny4NASA|url=http://www.penny4nasa.org/why-we-fight/|publisher=Penny4NASA|accessdate=30 Nov 2012}}</ref> Inspired by Tyson's advocacy and remarks, ], a campaign of the Space Advocates nonprofit<ref name="space-advocates-2014">{{cite web |title=About Us Space Advocates |url=http://www.spaceadvocates.com/about |publisher=Space Advocates |access-date=February 5, 2014}}</ref> was founded in 2012 by John Zeller and advocates doubling NASA's budget to one percent of the federal budget.<ref name="penny4nasa-whywefight">{{cite web |title=Why We Fight |url=http://www.penny4nasa.org/why-we-fight |publisher=Penny4NASA |access-date=November 30, 2012}}</ref>


In his book '']'' Tyson argues that large and ambitious space exploration projects, like getting ], will probably require some sort of military or economic driver in order to get the appropriate funding from the ].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/03/neil-degrasse-tyson-how-space-exploration-can-make-america-great-again/253989/ |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson: How Space Exploration Can Make America Great Again |first=Chris |last=Heller |magazine=The Atlantic |date=March 5, 2012 |access-date=March 31, 2018}}</ref>
=== Animal Rights ===
Tyson collaborated with the organization ] (PETA) on a ] that stated, "You don't have to be a rocket scientist to know that kindness is a virtue."<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson's Interview With PETA|url=http://www.peta.org/features/Dr-Neil-deGrasse-Tyson-Interview.aspx|accessdate=August 6, 2011}}</ref> He also granted PETA an interview in which he discussed the concept of intelligence (both of human and other animals), the failure of humans to heretofore communicate meaningfully with other animals, and the need of humans to be ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson's Exclusive PETA Interview|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sL6hj6xLE8w&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peta.org%2Ffeatures%2FDr-Neil-deGrasse-Tyson-Interview.aspx&feature=player_embedded|accessdate=August 6, 2011}}</ref>


==Media appearances== == Media appearances ==
] of the ].]] ] of the ].]]
As a science communicator, Tyson regularly appears on television, radio, and various other media outlets. He has been a regular guest on '']'', and host ] refers to him in his comedic book '']'', noting in his chapter on scientists that most scientists are "decent, well-intentioned people", but, presumably ], that "Neil DeGrasse{{sic}} Tyson is an absolute monster."<ref>{{cite book |title=I Am America (And So Can You!) |last=Colbert |first=Stephen |year=2007 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing Hachette Book Group USA |location=New York |isbn=0-446-58050-3}}</ref> He has appeared numerous times on '']''. He also has made appearances on '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/watch |title=Watch &#124; Neil deGrasse Tyson |publisher=Haydenplanetarium.org |date= |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> He served as one of the central interviewees on the various episodes of the History Channel science program, ''The Universe''. Tyson participated on the ] radio quiz program '']'' in 2007.<ref> from ]</ref> He has appeared several times on '']'', and he was also featured on an episode of '']'' as the ask-the-expert lifeline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hbo.com/real-time-with-bill-maher/episodes#/real-time-with-bill-maher/episodes/0/201-episode/guest-stars.html |title=Episode 201 guest stars| publisher=] |accessdate=February 9, 2011 <!--& August 5, 2011-->}}</ref> Tyson has also spoken many times on Philadelphia morning show '']'' on 93.3 WMMR, as well as on SiriusXM's ]. As a science communicator, Tyson regularly appears on television, radio, and various other media outlets. He has been a regular guest on '']'', and host ] refers to him in his comedic book '']'', noting in his chapter on scientists that most scientists are "decent, well-intentioned people", but presumably ], that "Neil DeGrasse{{sic}} Tyson is an absolute monster."<ref>{{cite book |title=I Am America (And So Can You!) |last=Colbert |first=Stephen |year=2007 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing Hachette Book Group USA |location=New York |isbn=978-0-446-58050-2}}</ref>


He has appeared numerous times on '']''. He has made appearances on '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/watch |title=Watch &#124; Neil deGrasse Tyson |publisher=Haydenplanetarium.org |access-date=February 3, 2012 |archive-date=November 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109005704/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/watch |url-status=dead }}</ref> He served as one of the central interviewees on the various episodes of the History Channel science program, ''The Universe''. Tyson participated on the ] radio quiz program '']'' in 2007 and 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/rundowns/rundown.php?prgId=35&prgDate=02-24-2007&view=storyview |title=Wait Wait...Don't Tell Me! : NPR |date=October 24, 2015 |website=NPR.org}}</ref> He appeared several times on '']'' and he was also featured on an episode of '']'' as the ask-the-expert lifeline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hbo.com/real-time-with-bill-maher/episodes#/real-time-with-bill-maher/episodes/0/201-episode/guest-stars.html |title=Episode 201 guest stars |publisher=] |access-date=August 5, 2011 |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020202208/http://www.hbo.com/real-time-with-bill-maher/episodes#/real-time-with-bill-maher/episodes/0/201-episode/guest-stars.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has spoken numerous times on the ] morning show, '']'', on 93.3 WMMR, as well as on SiriusXM's '']'' and '']''.
Tyson has been featured as a guest interviewee on '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'' podcasts and has been in several of the ] videos.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.podcastdirectory.com/podshows/626200 |title=Episode: A Theory of Everything? Podcast |publisher=PodcastDirectory |date= |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.podcastdirectory.com/podshows/648292 |title=Episode: Proving String Theory Podcast |publisher=PodcastDirectory |date= |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref>


Tyson lived near the ] and was an eyewitness to the ]. He wrote a widely circulated letter on what he saw.<ref> from Tyson's website</ref> Footage he filmed on the day was included in the 2008 documentary film '']''.<ref>] (2008)(TV) – Credits</ref> Tyson has been featured as a podcast guest interviewee on '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']'', and he has he been in several of the ] videos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.podcastdirectory.com/podshows/626200 |title=Episode: A Theory of Everything? Podcast |publisher=PodcastDirectory |access-date=February 3, 2012 |archive-date=February 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206155750/http://www.podcastdirectory.com/podshows/626200 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.podcastdirectory.com/podshows/648292 |title=Episode: Proving String Theory Podcast |publisher=PodcastDirectory |access-date=February 3, 2012 |archive-date=February 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206155800/http://www.podcastdirectory.com/podshows/648292 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He lived near the ] and was an eyewitness to the ]. He wrote a widely circulated letter on what he saw.<ref> from Tyson's website</ref> Footage he filmed on the day was included in the 2008 documentary film '']''.<ref>] (2008; TV)&nbsp;– Credits</ref>


In 2007, Tyson was the keynote speaker during the dedication ceremony of ]'s new science center, the Koch Center. He emphasized the impact science will have on the twenty-first century, as well as explaining that investments into science may be costly, but their returns in the form of knowledge gained and piquing interest is invaluable. Tyson has also appeared as the keynote speaker at ], a science and ] conference hosted by the '']''.<ref>{{YouTube | title = Neil deGrasse Tyson, Keynote Speech at TAM 6 on Adventures in Science Illiteracy or Brain Droppings of a Skeptic | id = 8vfOpZD4Sm8 }} uploaded by </ref> In 2007, Tyson was the keynote speaker during the dedication ceremony of ]'s new science center, the Koch Center in ], named for ] '59. He emphasized the impact science will have on the twenty-first century, as well as explaining that investments into science may be costly, but their returns in the form of knowledge gained and piquing interest is invaluable. He has also appeared as the keynote speaker at ], a science and ] conference hosted by the ].<ref>{{YouTube|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson, Keynote Speech at TAM 6 on Adventures in Science Illiteracy or Brain Droppings of a Skeptic|id=8vfOpZD4Sm8}} uploaded by </ref>


Tyson made a ] as himself in the episode "]" of '']''<ref>{{IMDb episode|1252205|"Stargate: Atlantis" Brain Storm (2008)}}</ref> alongside ] and in the episode "]" of '']''.<ref>{{IMDb episode|1632244|"The Big Bang Theory" The Apology Insufficiency (2010)}}</ref> Archive footage of him is used in the film '']''. Tyson made a ] as a version of himself in the episode "]" of '']'' alongside ] and in the episode "]" of '']''. Archive footage of him is used in the film '']''. Tyson also made an appearance in an episode of '']'' as himself.<ref>, tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com, June 7, 2012.</ref>


].]] ], ], ], and ]]]
Tyson is also a frequent participant in the website ]'s AMAs (Ask Me Anythings) where he is responsible for three of the top ten most popular AMAs of all time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inside the Reddit AMA: The Interview Revolution That Has Everyone Talking|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanholiday/2012/05/01/inside-the-reddit-ama-the-interview-revolution-that-has-everyone-talking/|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=5 May 2012}}</ref>


In a May 2011 ''StarTalk Radio'' show, ''The Political Science of the Daily Show'', Tyson said he donates <!-- where? -->all income earned as a guest speaker.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.startalkradio.net/show/the-political-science-of-the-daily-show |title=The Political Science of the Daily Show Podcast |publisher=PodcastDirectory |access-date=May 23, 2011 }}</ref> he is a frequent participant in the website ]'s AMAs (Ask Me Anythings) where he is responsible for three of the top ten most popular AMAs of all time.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Holiday |first=Ryan |author-link=Ryan Holiday|title=Inside the Reddit AMA: The Interview Revolution That Has Everyone Talking |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanholiday/2012/05/01/inside-the-reddit-ama-the-interview-revolution-that-has-everyone-talking |magazine=Forbes |date=May 1, 2012|access-date=May 5, 2012}}</ref>
Tyson also made an appearance in an episode of '']'' as himself.<ref>, TV vy the Numbers, June 7, 2012.</ref>


In '']'' #14 (January 2013), which was published November 7, 2012, Tyson appears in the story, in which he determines that ]'s home planet, ], orbited the ] LHS 2520 in the ] 27.1 ]s from ]. Tyson assisted ] in selecting a real-life star that would be an appropriate parent star to Krypton, and picked Corvus, which is Latin for "Crow",<ref>Wall, Mike (November 7, 2012). . '']''</ref><ref>Potter, Ned (November 5, 2012). . ].</ref> and which is the mascot of Superman's high school, the Smallville Crows.<ref>Gregorian, Dareh (November 5, 2012). . '']''.</ref><ref>Henderson, David (November 5, 2012). . Multiversity Comics.</ref> In '']'' #14 (January 2013), which was published November 7, 2012, Tyson appears in the story, in which he determines that ]'s home planet, ], orbited the ] ] in the ] 27.1 ]s from Earth. He assisted ] in selecting a real-life star that would be an appropriate parent star to Krypton, and picked Corvus, which is Latin for "Crow",<ref>Wall, Mike (November 7, 2012). . '']''</ref><ref>Potter, Ned (November 5, 2012). , abcnews.go.com; accessed October 31, 2014.</ref> and which is the mascot of Superman's high school, the Smallville Crows.<ref>Gregorian, Dareh (November 5, 2012). , '']''; accessed October 31, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Castle |first=Alice W. |date=November 5, 2012 |url=http://multiversitycomics.com/news/neil-degrasse-tyson-consults-on-action-comics-14-finds-krypton-in-real-life/ |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson Consults on 'Action Comics' #14, Finds Krypton in Real Life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630025422/http://multiversitycomics.com/news/neil-degrasse-tyson-consults-on-action-comics-14-finds-krypton-in-real-life/ |archive-date=June 30, 2013 |work=Multiversity Comics |access-date=October 31, 2014 }}</ref> Tyson also had a minor appearance as himself in the 2016 film '']''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Simon |first=Rachel |date=March 24, 2016 |title=The 11 Biggest Cameos In 'Batman v Superman' |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/149265-11-cameos-in-batman-v-superman-from-superheroes-other-famous-folks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829035418/https://www.bustle.com/articles/149265-11-cameos-in-batman-v-superman-from-superheroes-other-famous-folks |archive-date=August 29, 2016 |access-date=December 30, 2020 |website=] }}</ref>


In May 2013, the ] was introduced into Congress. Neil deGrasse Tyson was listed by at least two commentators as a possible nominee for the position of Science Laureate, if the act were to pass.<ref name=wiredMay>{{cite news|last=Marlow|first=Jeffrey|title=The Science Laureate of the United States|url=http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/05/the-science-laureate-of-the-united-states/|accessdate=12 September 2013|newspaper=Wired Magazine|date=9 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=raatznomination>{{cite news|last=raatz|title=I nominated Neil deGrasse Tyson as U.S. Science Laureate|url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/05/08/1207827/-I-nominate-Neil-deGrasse-Tyson-as-U-S-Science-Laureate#|accessdate=11 September 2013|newspaper=The Daily Kos|date=8 May 2013}}</ref> In May 2013, the ] was introduced into Congress. Tyson was listed by at least two commentators as a possible nominee for the position of Science Laureate, if the act were to pass.<ref name="wiredMay">{{cite news |last=Marlow |first=Jeffrey |title=The Science Laureate of the United States |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2013/05/the-science-laureate-of-the-united-states |access-date=September 12, 2013 |newspaper=Wired Magazine |date=May 9, 2013}}</ref><ref name="raatznomination">{{cite news |last=raatz |title=I nominated Neil deGrasse Tyson as U.S. Science Laureate |url=http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/05/08/1207827/-I-nominate-Neil-deGrasse-Tyson-as-U-S-Science-Laureate |access-date=September 11, 2013 |newspaper=The Daily Kos |date=May 8, 2013}}</ref> On March 8, 2014, Tyson made a ] Interactive keynote presentation at the Austin Convention Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austin360.com/weblogs/digital-savant/2014/mar/08/sxsw-keynote-conversation-dr-neil-degrasse-tyson/ |title=SXSW Keynote: A Conversation with Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson |last1=Gallaga |first1=Omar |date=March 8, 2014 |publisher=Austin360 |access-date=March 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125831/http://www.austin360.com/weblogs/digital-savant/2014/mar/08/sxsw-keynote-conversation-dr-neil-degrasse-tyson/ |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On June 3, 2014, he co-reviewed '']'' in a ] episode.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VzE6bKIKK3A |title=Everything Wrong With Gravity – With Neil deGrasse Tyson|website=YouTube|date=June 3, 2014 }}</ref> He made two more appearances with CinemaSins, co-reviewing '']'' on September 29, 2015,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mnArCFSrkg8 |title=Everything Wrong With Interstellar – With Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson|website=YouTube|date=September 29, 2015 }}</ref> and '']'' on March 31, 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HzNyMUuQfmE |title=Everything Wrong With The Martian – With Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson|website=YouTube|date=March 31, 2016 }}</ref>


In 2016, Tyson narrated and was a script supervisor for the science documentary '']'', directed by ]–nominated director ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-food-evolution-review-20170629-story.html|title=Documentary 'Food Evolution' turns to reason to discuss GMO controversy|last=Turan|first=Kenneth|date=June 29, 2017|website=]|access-date=July 31, 2018}}</ref> In the same year, Tyson made a guest appearance on the ] album '']'', where he delivered a monolog on the track "Exist".<ref>{{Citation |title=How Avenged Sevenfold wrote Exist |work=YouTube |publisher=] |date=December 8, 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PL3kaM-y4K0 |access-date=August 11, 2017}}</ref> In 2017, Tyson appeared on ]'s album '']'' as God, uncredited on various tracks, and credited on the song "AfricAryaN"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sargent |first1=Jordan |title=Logic's Album, Which Features Neil deGrasse Tyson and Ansel Elgort, Seems Interesting? |url=https://www.spin.com/2017/04/logic-everybody-tracklist-neil-degrasse-tyson-ansel-elgort/ |website=spin.com |publisher=Billboard-Hollywood Reporter Media Group |access-date=September 25, 2017|date=April 11, 2017 }}</ref> as well as on "The Moon" on ]'s album '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Musiq Soulchild Wants To 'Feel The Real' On Eighth Album |url=http://2dopeboyz.com/2017/09/14/musiq-soulchild-feel-the-real-album-stream/ |website=okayplayer.com |publisher=Complex Music |access-date=September 25, 2017}}</ref>
In a May 2011 ''StarTalk Radio'' show entitled ''The Political Science of the Daily Show'', Tyson notes that he donates all income earned as a guest speaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startalkradio.net/show/the-political-science-of-the-daily-show/ |title=The Political Science of the Daily Show Podcast |publisher=PodcastDirectory |date= |accessdate=May 23, 2011}}</ref>


In 2018, Tyson made a second guest appearance on ''The Big Bang Theory'' as himself, together with fellow television personality ], in the first episode of the show's final season ("The Conjugal Configuration").<ref>{{cite web|url=https://popculture.com/tv-shows/2018/09/24/big-bang-theory-bill-nye-neil-degrasse-tyson-welcomes-season-premiere/|publisher=]|date=September 24, 2018|access-date=October 16, 2018|last=Hein|first=Michael|title='Big Bang Theory' Welcomes Bill Nye, Neil deGrasse Tyson in Season Premiere}}</ref> He also had guest appearances in ''], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]'' and '']''.{{Clear}}
On March 8, 2014, Tyson made a ] Interactive keynote presentation at the Austin Convention Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.austin360.com/weblogs/digital-savant/2014/mar/08/sxsw-keynote-conversation-dr-neil-degrasse-tyson/|title=SXSW Keynote: A Conversation with Dr. Neil deGrasse Tyson|last1=Gallaga|first1=Omar|date=March 8, 2014|website=austin360.com|publisher=Austin360|accessdate=March 9, 2014}}</ref>


==Personal life== == Personal life ==
Tyson lives in ] with his wife Alice Young. They have two children: Miranda and Travis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/profile/about-neil-degrasse-tyson |title=Profile on Official Tyson website |publisher=Haydenplanetarium.org |date= |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>, 2008, Vimeo, 38:33 mark, accessed March 4, 2011.</ref> Tyson met his wife in a physics class at the University of Texas at Austin. They married in 1988 and named their first child Miranda after the smallest of ]' five major moons.<ref>Rogers, Patrick (February 28, 2000). "". People.com. Retrieved 2014-14-02.</ref> Tyson is a fine-wine enthusiast whose collection was featured in the May 2000 issue of the '']'' and the Spring 2005 issue '']''. Tyson lives in the ] neighborhood<ref>Louie, Elaine. , '']'', March 9, 2003. Accessed April 30, 2017. "Neil de Grasse Tyson, an astrophysicist and the Frederick P. Rose director of the Hayden Planetarium, is a big guy. He stands 6-foot-2 and has hands that can palm a basketball. He speaks in a booming baritone. In his TriBeCa loft, he ambles around a space with 14-foot ceilings."</ref> of ] with his wife, Alice Young. They have two children, Miranda and Travis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/profile/about-neil-degrasse-tyson |title=Profile on Official Tyson website |publisher=Haydenplanetarium.org |access-date=February 3, 2012 |archive-date=November 14, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114222552/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/profile/about-neil-degrasse-tyson |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/13115502|title=Dr Neil DeGrasse Tyson – TAM6|website=]|date=March 4, 2011 }}</ref> Neil met his wife in a physics class at the ]. They married in 1988 and named their first child Miranda after ] of ]' five major moons.<ref>{{cite magazine |first=Patrick |last=Rogers |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20130585,00.html|title=Night Vision|magazine=]|publisher=] |location=New York City|date=February 28, 2000|access-date=February 14, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222053806/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20130585,00.html |archive-date=February 22, 2014}}</ref> Tyson is a wine enthusiast whose collection was featured in the May 2000 issue of the '']'' and the Spring 2005 issue of '']''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Hayden Planetarium's Neil deGrasse Tyson takes a stellar stance on wine|url=http://www.winespectator.com/magazine/show/id/8671 |magazine=] |publisher=M. Shanken Communications |location=New York City |date=May 31, 2000 |access-date=October 28, 2015 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="CV" />


== Sexual misconduct allegations ==
==Awards and honors==
During November and December 2018, Tyson was accused of rape by a woman while an additional three women alleged inappropriate sexual advances.<ref name="bfnallegations">{{cite web|first=Azeen |last=Ghorayshi |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/azeenghorayshi/neil-degrasse-tyson-sexual-allegations-four-women|title=Nobody Believed Neil deGrasse Tyson's First Accuser. Now There Are Three More |website=]|publisher=Buzzfeed Entertainment Group|location=New York City|date=December 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McAfee |first=David G. |date=November 8, 2018 |title=Exclusive: Neil deGrasse Tyson's Rape Accuser Gives First Public Interview |url=https://www.patheos.com/blogs/nosacredcows/2018/11/exclusive-neil-degrasse-tysons-rape-accuser-gives-first-public-interview/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130041916/https://www.patheos.com/blogs/nosacredcows/2018/11/exclusive-neil-degrasse-tysons-rape-accuser-gives-first-public-interview/ |archive-date=November 30, 2018 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McAfee |first=David G. |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Two More Women Accuse Neil deGrasse Tyson of Sexual Misconduct |url=https://www.patheos.com/blogs/nosacredcows/2018/11/two-more-women-accuse-neil-degrasse-tyson-of-sexual-misconduct/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130021036/https://www.patheos.com/blogs/nosacredcows/2018/11/two-more-women-accuse-neil-degrasse-tyson-of-sexual-misconduct/ |archive-date=November 30, 2018 |website=]}}</ref> Thchiya Amet El Maat accused Tyson of drugging and raping her while both were graduate students at UT Austin in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |first=Anna |last=North |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2018/12/6/18125457/neil-degrasse-tyson-tchiya-amet-ashley-watson|title=The sexual misconduct allegations against Neil deGrasse Tyson, explained|website=]|publisher=]|location=New York City|date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> Katelyn Allers, a professor at Bucknell University, alleged Tyson touched her inappropriately at a 2009 American Astronomical Society gathering.<ref name="nytmisconduct">{{cite news|first=Elizabeth A. |last=Harris |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/01/arts/neil-degrasse-tyson-sexual-misconduct.html|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson Denies Misconduct Accusations|newspaper=]|location=New York City|date=December 1, 2018|access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref><ref name="wapoaccusations">{{cite web |first1=Sarah|last1=Kaplan |first2=Ben|last2=Guarino |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2018/12/01/neil-degrasse-tyson-under-investigation-after-accusations-sexual-misconduct/|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson under investigation after accusations of sexual misconduct|newspaper=]|publisher=Nash Holdings LLC |location=Washington, DC |date=December 1, 2018|access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> Ashley Watson, Tyson's assistant on ''Cosmos'', alleged Tyson made inappropriate sexual advances to her in 2018 which led her to resign from the position days later.<ref name="nytmisconduct"/><ref name="wapoaccusations" /> In what Tyson described as a Native American handshake, he held her hand and looked her in the eye for 10 seconds. When she left, he told her he wanted to hug her but would rather not in case he wanted more.<ref name="nyt 2019.07.26">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/arts/design/neil-degrasse-tyson-keeps-job.html|title=After Investigation, Neil deGrasse Tyson Will Keep His Job|last=Harris|first=Elizabeth|date=July 26, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=July 27, 2019}}</ref> A fourth anonymous woman alleged Tyson made inappropriate comments to her during a 2010 holiday party at the ].<ref name="bfnallegations" /> Tyson denied El Maat's rape accusation, while corroborating the basic facts around the situation of Allers and Watson's assertions, but claimed his actions were misinterpreted and apologized for any misunderstanding or offense.<ref>{{cite web |first=Kerensa|last=Cadenas |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/12/neil-degrasse-tyson-is-being-investigated-for-alleged-sexual-misconduct|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson Denies Sexual Misconduct |magazine=]|publisher=]|location=New York City|date=December 1, 2018|access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |first=Shannon |last=Pal |url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/12/neil-degrasse-tyson-sexual-harassment-allegations-response.html|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson's Response to Allegations of Sexual Assault Is Self-Defeating |magazine=] |publisher=] |location=San Francisco, California |date=December 4, 2018 |access-date=January 26, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Neil |last=deGrasse Tyson |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/neil-degrasse-tyson/on-being-accused/10156870826326613/ |title=On Being Accused |website=Facebook.com |date=December 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201230912/https://www.facebook.com/notes/neil-degrasse-tyson/on-being-accused/10156870826326613 |archive-date=December 1, 2018 }}</ref>


Fox, National Geographic, the Museum of Natural History, and the producers of ''Cosmos'' announced investigations, which Tyson said that he welcomed.<ref>{{cite web | last=Chavez | first=Nicole | title=Neil deGrasse Tyson denies sexual misconduct claims | website=CNN | date=December 2, 2018 | url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/02/us/neil-degrasse-tyson-patheos-allegations/index.html | access-date=October 12, 2019}}</ref> The National Geographic Channel announced on January 3, 2019, that they were putting further episodes of ''StarTalk'' on hiatus so as "to allow the investigation to occur unimpeded".<ref>{{cite news |title=Nat Geo Pulls Neil deGrasse Tyson's 'StarTalk' amid Misconduct Allegations |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/nat-geo-neil-degrasse-tyson-1203098611/ |magazine=]|publisher=]|location=Los Angeles, Angeles |date=January 3, 2019 |access-date=January 26, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Elizabeth A.|last=Harris|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson's Show Is Pulled Amid Misconduct Allegations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/arts/television/neil-degrasse-tyson-startalk.html |newspaper=] |location=New York City|date=January 3, 2019|access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> The premiere of ''Cosmos: Possible Worlds'', initially scheduled for March 3, 2019, was also delayed while the investigation continued.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/cosmos-season-2-premiere-date-neil-degrasse-tyson-1203141146/ |title='Cosmos' Season 2 to Miss March Premiere Date as Neil deGrasse Tyson Investigation Continues |first=Joe |last=Otterson |date=February 15, 2019 |access-date=February 18, 2019 |work=] }}</ref> On March 15, 2019, both National Geographic and Fox announced, "The investigation is complete, and we are moving forward with both ''StarTalk'' and ''Cosmos''," and that: "There will be no further comment." The networks affirmed that both ''StarTalk'' and ''Cosmos'' would resume, but that no date had been set.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/neil-degrasse-tyson-cleared-nat-geo-investigation-1195140|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson Cleared to Return to TV by Fox, Nat Geo|first=Rick|last=Porter|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=March 15, 2019|access-date=March 15, 2019}}</ref> In July, the American Museum of Natural History said that Neil deGrasse Tyson would keep his job as director of the Hayden Planetarium.<ref name="nyt 2019.07.26" />
===Awards===

== Recognition ==
List of awards received by Tyson:<ref name="CV">" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101114929/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/curriculum-vitae#honors |date=January 1, 2012 }}". Hayden Planetarium (2015). Retrieved October 28, 2015.</ref>

=== Awards ===
* 2001 Medal of Excellence, Columbia University, New York City * 2001 Medal of Excellence, Columbia University, New York City
* 2004 ] Distinguished Public Service Medal * 2004 ]
* 2005 ]
* 2007 ] winner * 2007 ] winner
* 2009 ] from the ] for significant contributions to public awareness of space programs<ref Name="PSM"/> * 2009 ] from the ] for significant contributions to public awareness of space programs
* 2009 ] from the ]<ref>{{dead link|date=March 2014}}.</ref> * 2009 ] from the ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/cv/honors |title=Assorted Honors |website=Hayden Planetarium |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111065037/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/cv/honors |archive-date=January 11, 2010}}</ref>
* ] ] * ] ]
* 2014 Dunlap Prize<ref></ref>
* 2015 ] from the ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/feb-26-2015-NASawards.html |title=Feb 26, 2015: Neil deGrasse Tyson to Receive Public Welfare Medal |website=nasonline.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301210506/http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/feb-26-2015-NASawards.html |archive-date=March 1, 2015}}</ref>
* 2015 Cosmos Award, Planetary Society
* 2017 ], ]<ref>{{cite magazine |title=High Honors |magazine=] |date=July 2017 |volume=232 |issue=1 |page=152}}</ref>
* 2017 ], ]<ref>{{cite web |last=Weitering |first=Hanneke |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson Becomes 1st American to Receive Stephen Hawking Medal |website=Space.com |date=June 7, 2017 |url=https://www.space.com/37114-neil-tyson-receives-hawking-medal.html |access-date=March 5, 2021 }}</ref>
* 2018 ] '''nomination''' for '']''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-grammys-2018-nominations-live-carrie-fisher-nets-grammy-nod-in-1511886397-htmlstory.html |title=Carrie Fisher Nets Grammy Nod in Spoken-Word Category, Faces Off with Springsteen and Bernie Sanders |last=Rodman |first=Sarah |date=November 28, 2017 |newspaper=] |access-date=November 28, 2017}}</ref>
* 2020 ]

=== Honors ===
* 2000 Sexiest Astrophysicist Alive, ''People'' magazine<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20132902,00.html |title=Neil De Grasse Tyson: Sexiest Astrophysicist |access-date=December 16, 2011 |volume=54 |number=20 |newspaper=People Magazine |date=November 13, 2000 }}</ref>
* 2001 asteroid named: ], renamed from Asteroid 1994KA by the ]
* 2001 The Tech 100, voted by editors of ''Crain's Magazine'' to be among the 100 most influential technology leaders in New York
* 2004 Fifty Most Important African-Americans in Research Science<ref>"50 Of the Most Inspiring African Americans" (ed. Patricia Hinds), 2002, Essence Books (New York), p. 145.</ref>
* 2007 Harvard 100: Most Influential, ''Harvard Alumni'' magazine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
* 2007 The ], voted by the editors of ''Time'' magazine as one of the 100 most influential persons in the world<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616157,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505052731/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616157,00.html |archive-date=May 5, 2007 |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson |first=Michael D. |last=Lemonick |author-link=Michael Lemonick |work=The Time 100 |access-date=June 7, 2009 |date=May 3, 2007 }}</ref>
* 2008 '']'' selected him as one of "The 10 Most Influential People in Science"<ref>Kruglinski, Susan; Long, Marion (November 26, 2008). "". ''Discover'' magazine. Retrieved April 26, 2008.</ref>
* 2010 elected a Fellow of the ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm |title=APS Fellow Archive |website=APS.org }}</ref>


===Honorary doctorates=== === Honorary doctorates ===
{{colbegin|colwidth=}}
* 1997 ], ]
* 1997 ], City University of New York
* 2000 ], Mahwah, New Jersey * 2000 ], Mahwah, New Jersey
* 2000 ], Orangeburg, New York * 2000 ], Orangeburg, New York
Line 351: Line 235:
* 2007 ], Worcester, Massachusetts * 2007 ], Worcester, Massachusetts
* 2008 ], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania * 2008 ], Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* 2008 ], Washington, DC
* 2010 ], Huntsville, Alabama * 2010 ], Huntsville, Alabama
* 2010 ], Troy, New York * 2010 ], Troy, New York
Line 357: Line 242:
* 2012 ], South Hadley, Massachusetts * 2012 ], South Hadley, Massachusetts
* 2012 ], Springfield, Massachusetts * 2012 ], Springfield, Massachusetts
* 2015 ], Amherst, Massachusetts
* 2017 ], New York, New York
* 2018 ], New Haven, Connecticut{{colend}}


===Honors=== === Species ===
* 2016 The leaping frog '']'' was named after him by Neelesh Dahanukar, Nikhil Modak, Keerthi Krutha, P. O. Nameer, Anand D. Padhye, and Sanjay Molur.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indirana tysoni Dahanukar, Modak, Krutha, Nameer, Padhye & Molur, 2016|url=https://www.gbif.org/species/8767420|access-date=July 30, 2021|website=Gbif.org }}</ref><ref name="Q sp">{{Cite Q| Q57537786}}</ref>
* 2000 Sexiest Astrophysicist Alive, ''People Magazine''<ref name=peopleMag>{{cite news|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20132902,00.html|title=Neil De Grasse Tyson: Sexiest Astrophysicist|accessdate=December 16, 2011|volume=54|number=20|newspaper=People Magazine|date=November 13, 2000}}</ref>
* 2001 asteroid named: ], renamed from Asteroid 1994KA by the ]
* 2001 The Tech 100, voted by editors of ''Crain's Magazine'' to be among the 100 most influential technology leaders in New York
* 2004 Fifty Most Important African-Americans in Research Science<ref>
"50 Of the Most Inspiring African Americans", Edited by Patricia Hinds, 2002, Essence Books (New York), p. 145.</ref>
* 2007 Harvard 100: Most Influential ''Harvard Alumni'' Magazine, Cambridge. Massachusetts
* 2007 The ], voted by the editors of ''Time Magazine'' as one of the 100 most influential persons in the world<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/time100/article/0,28804,1595326_1595329_1616157,00.html|title=Neil deGrasse Tyson|author=Michael D. Lemonick|work=Time – The Time 100|accessdate=June 7, 2009 | date=May 3, 2007}}</ref>
* 2008 '']'' selected him as one of "The 10 Most Influential People in Science"<ref>Kruglinski, Susan; Long, Marion (November 26, 2008). "". ''Discover'' magazine. Retrieved April 26, 2008.</ref>


==Works== == Filmography ==
=== Film ===
List of works by Tyson:<ref>"". Hayden Planetarium. Retrieved May 16, 2014.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=5| 2016
| '']''
| rowspan="3" | Himself
|
|-
| '']''
|
|-
| '']''
|
|-
| '']''
| Neil deBuck Weasel
| Voice<ref>{{cite web |last=Snetiker |first=Marc |date=June 9, 2016 |title=Ice Age 5: Neil deGrasse Tyson in 'Collision Course' first look |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/06/09/ice-age-first-look-neil-degrasse-tyson-weasel-exclusive/ |website=ew.com}}</ref><ref name="btva">{{cite web |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Neil-Degrasse-Tyson/ |access-date=December 18, 2024 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>
|-
| '']''
| Narrator
| Documentary
|-
| 2018
| '']''
| ]
| Television film
|-
| 2024
| '']''
| ]
|<ref>{{citation |last=Vineyard |first=Jennifer |title=Movie? Music Video? Documentary? Explaining Jennifer Lopez's New Project. |work=The New York Times |date=2024-02-16 |page= |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/16/arts/music/jennifer-lopez-this-is-me-now.html |access-date=February 18, 2024 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
|}


===Research publications=== === Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
*Twarog, Bruce A.; Tyson, Neil D. (1985). "uvby Photometry of Blue Stragglers in NGC 7789". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''90''': 1247. ]
|-
*Tyson, Neil D.; Scalo, John M. (1988). "Bursting Dwarf Galaxies: Implications for Luminosity Function, Space Density, and Cosmological Mass Density". ''Astrophysical Journal'' '''329''': 618. ]
! Year
*Tyson, Neil D. (1988). "On the possibility of Gas-Rich Dwarf Galaxies in the Lyman-alpha Forest". ''Astrophysical Journal (Letters)'' '''329''': L57. ]
! Title
*Tyson, Neil D.; Rich, Michael (1991). "Radial Velocity Distribution and Line Strengths of 33 Carbon Stars in the Galactic Bulge". ''Astrophysical Journal'' '''367''': 547. ]
! Role
*Tyson, Neil D.; Gal, Roy R. (1993). "An Exposure Guide for Taking Twilight Flatfields with Large Format CCDs". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''105''': 1206. ]
! Notes
*Tyson, Neil D.; Richmond, Michael W.; Woodhams, Michael; Ciotti, Luca (1993). "On the Possibility of a Major Impact on Uranus in the Past Century". ''Astronomy & Astrophysics (Research Notes)'' '''275''': 630
|-
*Schmidt, B. P. et al. (1994). "The Expanding Photosphere Method Applied to SN1992am at cz = 14600 km/s". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''107''': 1444
| 2006–2011
*Wells, L. A. et al. (1994). "The Type Ia Supernova 1989B in NGC3627 (M66)". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''108''': 2233. ]
| '']''
*Hamuy, M. et al. (1996). "BVRI Light Curves For 29 Type Ia Supernovae". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''112''': 2408. ]
| Host
*Lira, P. et al. (1998). "Optical light curves of the Type IA supernovae SN 1990N and 1991T". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''116''': 1006. ]
|
*Scoville, N. et al. (2007). "The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS): Overview". ''Astrophysical Journal Supplement'' '''172''': 1. ]
|-
*Scoville, N. et al. (2007). "COSMOS: Hubble Space Telescope Observations". ''Astrophysical Journal Supplement'' '''172''': 38. ]
| 2008
*Liu, C. T.; Capak, P.; Mobasher, B.; Paglione, T. A. D.; Scoville, N. Z.; Tribiano, S. M.; Tyson, N. D. (2008). "The Faint-End Slopes of Galaxy Luminosity Functions in the COSMOS Field". ''Astrophysical Journal Letters'' '''672''': 198. ]
| '']''
| Himself
| Episode: "Brain Storm"<ref>{{cite web |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1183205/ |website=IMDb|access-date = January 27, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| '']''
| Host
| Episode: "The Pluto Files"
|-
| {{ubl|2010;|2018}}
| '']''
| rowspan="3" | Himself
| 2 episodes:<br />"The Apology Insufficiency"<br />"The Conjugal Configuration"
|-
| 2012
| '']''
| Episode: "Eyes on the Skies"<ref name="btva" />
|-
| 2012
| ''The Inexplicable Universe: Unsolved Mysteries''
| 6-part lecture series from ]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/course_detail.aspx?cid=1816 |title=The Inexplicable Universe: Unsolved Mysteries |website=TheGreatCourses.com |access-date=March 12, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| '']''
| Host
|
|-
| 2014
| '']''
| Waddles
| Episode: "Little Gift Shop of Horrors"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://time.com/3432721/neil-degrasse-tyson-gravity-falls-pig/ |title=First Look Of Neil deGrasse Tyson Voicing A Pig In Gravity Falls |author=Joseph C. Lin |date=September 26, 2014 |website=]}}</ref><ref name="btva" />
|-
| 2015
| '']''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
| Episode: "]"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kimberly |first1=Truong |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson will tutor Chelsea Peretti on 'Brooklyn Nine-Nine |date=November 20, 2015 |url=http://mashable.com/2015/11/20/neil-degrasse-tyson-brooklyn-99/ |publisher=Mashable |access-date=December 7, 2015}}</ref>
|-
| {{ubl|2015;|2022}}
| '']''
| 2 episodes:<br />"Scammed Yankees"<br />"Prescription Heroine"
|-
| 2015–2019
| '']''
| Host
|
|-
| rowspan=6| 2016
| '']''
| Planetarium Narrator
| Episode: "That's Too Much, Man!"
|-
| '']''
| rowspan="9" | Himself
| Episode: "Meet Your Idol Thing!"
|-
| '']''
| Episode: "Long Live Captain Cakerz!"
|-
| '']''
| Episode: "Jim at the Museum"
|-
| '']''
| Episode: "Terror Tales of The Park VI"<ref name="btva" />
|-
| '']''
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 2017
| '']''
| Episode: "]"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Snierson |first=Dan |date=August 30, 2016 |title=''The Simpsons'': Donald Trump episode to feature Jason Alexander |url=https://ew.com/article/2016/08/30/simpsons-donald-trump-jason-alexander-mr-burns/ |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=Entertainment Weekly |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| '']''
| Episode: "Nobel of the Ball"
|-
| 2018
| '']''
| 2 episodes
|-
| rowspan=2| 2020
| '']''
| Episode: "Space Station Scooby!"<ref name="btva" />
|-
| '']''
| Host
| Documentary
|-
|2023
|'']''
|Dr. Moore (voice)
|Episode: "Apokalypsis"<ref name="btva" />
|-
|2025
|'']''
|Himself (Contestant)
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stenzel |first=Wesley |date=December 18, 2024 |title=Ana Navarro, Rachel Brosnahan, Neil deGrasse Tyson, and more heading to ''Celebrity Jeopardy'' season 3 |url=https://ew.com/celebrity-jeopardy-season-3-competitors-announced-8763071 |access-date=December 18, 2024 |website=] |language=en}}</ref>
|}


===Books=== === Other ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
]'s The Amazing Meeting 6]]
|-
* ''Merlin's Tour of the Universe'' (1989). ISBN 0-385-48835-1
! Year
* ''Universe Down to Earth'' (1994). ISBN 0-231-07560-X
! Title
* ''Just Visiting This Planet'' (1998). ISBN 0-385-48837-8
! Role
* ''One Universe: At Home in the Cosmos'' (2000). ISBN 0-309-06488-0
! Notes
* ''Cosmic Horizons: Astronomy at the Cutting Edge'' (2000). ISBN 1-56584-602-8
|-
* ''City of Stars: A New Yorker's Guide to the Cosmos'' (2002)
| 2017
* ''My Favorite Universe'' (a 12-part lecture series) (2003). ISBN 1-56585-663-5
| '']''
* ''Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution'' (co-authored with Donald Goldsmith) (2004). ISBN 0-393-32758-2
| Himself
* ''The Sky Is Not the Limit: Adventures of an Urban Astrophysicist'' (1st ed 2000 / 2nd ed 2004). ISBN 978-1-59102-188-9
| Mobile app game
* '']'' (2007). ISBN 0-393-33016-8
|}
* '']'' (2009). ISBN 0-393-06520-0
* '']'' (2012). ISBN 0-393-08210-5


==Filmography== == Discography ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" style="width:16em;" | Title
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Artist(s)
! scope="col" | Album
|-
! scope="row" | "Exist"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Epstein |first1=Dan |title=Avenged Sevenfold Talk Wild New AI-Themed LP, Neil deGrasse Tyson Cameo |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/avenged-sevenfold-talk-wild-new-ai-themed-album-the-stage-w446962 |website=RollingStone |publisher=Rolling Stone |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318061523/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/avenged-sevenfold-talk-wild-new-ai-themed-album-the-stage-w446962 |archive-date=March 18, 2017 |date=October 28, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 2016
| ]
| '']''
|-
! scope="row" | "AfricAryaN"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hernandez |first1=Victoria |title=Logic Releases "Everybody" Album Tracklist With Array Of Guest Features |url=http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.42890/title.logic-announces-everybody-album-with-futuristic-trailer |website=HIPHOPDX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413103242/http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.42890/title.logic-announces-everybody-album-with-futuristic-trailer |archive-date=April 13, 2017 |date=April 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Berry |first1=Peter A. |title=Here's the Tracklist for Logic's New Album 'Everybody' |url=http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/04/tracklist-logic-new-album-everybody/ |website=XXL |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413103716/http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2017/04/tracklist-logic-new-album-everybody/ |archive-date=April 13, 2017 |date=April 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Renshaw |first1=David |title=Logic Has Recruited Juicy J, Khalid, And Neil deGrasse Tyson For His New Album |url=http://www.thefader.com/2017/04/11/logic-everybody-tracklist |website=Fader |publisher=] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413104438/http://www.thefader.com/2017/04/11/logic-everybody-tracklist |archive-date=April 13, 2017 |date=April 11, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|| 2017
| ]
| '']''
|}


== Works ==
* ''NOVA: The Pluto Files'': 2010 documentary (presenter)
List of works by Tyson:<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101114929/http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson/curriculum-vitae |date=January 1, 2012 }}, HaydenPlanetarium.org; retrieved May 16, 2014.</ref>


=== Books ===
* ''The Inexplicable Universe: Unsolved Mysteries'' (a 6-part lecture series from the Great Courses)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/course_detail.aspx?cid=1816 |title=The Inexplicable Universe: Unsolved Mysteries |publisher=Thegreatcourses.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-12}}</ref>
] by the ], 2008]]


* ''Merlin's Tour of the Universe'' (1st ed. 1989; 2nd ed. 1998). {{ISBN|0-385-48835-1}}.
*'']'': 2014 documentary (presenter)
* ''Universe Down to Earth'' (1994). {{ISBN|0-231-07560-X}}.
{{clear left}}
* ''Just Visiting This Planet'' (1998). {{ISBN|0-385-48837-8}}.
* ''One Universe: At Home in the Cosmos'' (2000). {{ISBN|0-309-06488-0}}.
* ''Cosmic Horizons: Astronomy at the Cutting Edge'' (2000). {{ISBN|1-56584-602-8}}.
* ''City of Stars: A New Yorker's Guide to the Cosmos'' (2002)<!-- ISBN added -->
* ''My Favorite Universe'' (a 12-part lecture series) (2003). {{ISBN|1-56585-663-5}}.
* ''Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution'' (co-authored with Donald Goldsmith) (2004). {{ISBN|0-393-32758-2}}.
* ''The Sky Is Not the Limit: Adventures of an Urban Astrophysicist'' (2004). {{ISBN|978-1-59102-188-9}}.
* '']: And Other Cosmic Quandaries'' (2007). {{ISBN|0-393-33016-8}}.
* '']: The Rise and Fall of America's Favorite Planet'' (2009). {{ISBN|0-393-06520-0}}.
* '']: Facing the Ultimate Frontier'' (2012). {{ISBN|0-393-08210-5}}.
* '']: An Astrophysical Tour'' (co-authored with Michael A. Strauss and ]) (2016). {{ISBN|978-0691157245}}.
* ''Astrophysics for People in a Hurry'' (2017). {{ISBN|978-0-393-60939-4}}.
* '']'' (2018, with Avis Lang). {{ISBN|0-393-06444-1}}.
* ''Letters from an Astrophysicist'' (2019). {{ISBN|978-1324003311}}.
* ''Cosmic Queries: StarTalk's Guide to Who We Are, How We Got Here, and Where We're Going'' (2021). {{ISBN|978-1-426-22177-4}}.
* ''Starry Messenger: Cosmic Perspectives on Civilization'' (2023). {{ISBN|978-1-250-86150-4}}.
* ''To Infinity and Beyond: A Journey of Cosmic Discovery'' (2023). {{ISBN|978-1-426-22330-3}}. Coauthored with Lindsey Nyx Walker.

=== Research publications ===
* Twarog, Bruce A.; Tyson, Neil D. (1985). "UVBY Photometry of Blue Stragglers in NGC 7789". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''90''': 1247. ].
* Tyson, Neil D.; Scalo, John M. (1988). "Bursting Dwarf Galaxies: Implications for Luminosity Function, Space Density, and Cosmological Mass Density". ''Astrophysical Journal'' '''329''': 618. ].
* Tyson, Neil D. (1988). "On the possibility of Gas-Rich Dwarf Galaxies in the Lyman-alpha Forest". ''Astrophysical Journal (Letters)'' '''329''': L57. ].
* Tyson, Neil D.; Rich, Michael (1991). "Radial Velocity Distribution and Line Strengths of 33 Carbon Stars in the Galactic Bulge". ''Astrophysical Journal'' '''367''': 547. ].
* Tyson, Neil D.; Gal, Roy R. (1993). "An Exposure Guide for Taking Twilight Flatfields with Large Format CCDs". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''105''': 1206. ].
* Tyson, Neil D.; Richmond, Michael W.; Woodhams, Michael; Ciotti, Luca (1993). "On the Possibility of a Major Impact on Uranus in the Past Century". ''Astronomy & Astrophysics (Research Notes)'' '''275''': 630.
* Schmidt, B. P., et al. (1994). "The Expanding Photosphere Method Applied to SN1992am at cz = 14600&nbsp;km/s". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''107''': 1444.
* Wells, L. A. et al. (1994). "The Type Ia Supernova 1989B in NGC3627 (M66)". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''108''': 2233. ].
* Hamuy, M. et al. (1996). "BVRI Light Curves For 29 Type Ia Supernovae". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''112''': 2408. ].
* Lira, P. et al. (1998). "Optical light curves of the Type IA supernovae SN 1990N and 1991T". ''Astronomical Journal'' '''116''': 1006. ].
* Scoville, N. et al. (2007). "The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS): Overview". ''Astrophysical Journal Supplement'' '''172''': 1. ].
* Scoville, N. et al. (2007). "COSMOS: Hubble Space Telescope Observations". ''Astrophysical Journal Supplement'' '''172''': 38. ].
* Liu, C. T.; Capak, P.; Mobasher, B.; Paglione, T. A. D.; Scoville, N. Z.; Tribiano, S. M.; Tyson, N. D. (2008). "The Faint-End Slopes of Galaxy Luminosity Functions in the COSMOS Field". ''Astrophysical Journal Letters'' '''672''': 198. ].

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}


== References == == References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs= {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="AJ2233">{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=L.A.|display-authors=etal |year=1994 |title=The Type IA supernova 1989B in NGC 3627 (M66) |volume=108 |issue=6 |page=2233 |journal=] |bibcode=1994AJ....108.2233W |doi=10.1086/117236|doi-access=free }}</ref>}}
<ref name="AJ2233">
{{cite journal
|last1=Wells |first1=L. A.
|author2=et al.
|year=1994
|title=The Type IA supernova 1989B in NGC 3627 (M66)
|volume=108 |issue=6 |page=2233
|journal=]
|bibcode=1994AJ....108.2233W
|doi=10.1086/117236
|displayauthors=30
}}</ref>
}}


== External links == == External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}} {{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://www.haydenplanetarium.org/tyson}}
{{Library resources box|about=no|by=yes}}
* {{Twitter|neiltyson|Neil deGrasse Tyson}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Instagram|Neildegrassetyson}}
*
* at AMNH page
*
* at ]
*
*
* {{IMDb name|1183205}} * {{IMDb name|1183205}}
* . Moyers & Company, January 10, 2014. * . Moyers & Company, January 10, 2014.
* {{C-SPAN|50034}}


{{Neil deGrasse Tyson}} {{Neil deGrasse Tyson}}
{{Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey}}
{{Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Reality Show Host}} {{Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Reality Show Host}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Astronomy|Stars|Books|Science}}
{{Authority control |VIAF=79110445 |LCCN=n/88/297103 }}
{{Authority control}}


<!-- Metadata: see ] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME = Tyson, Neil deGrasse
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Tyson, Neil
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Astrophysicist
|DATE OF BIRTH = October 5, 1958
|PLACE OF BIRTH = ], ], ]
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyson, Neil Degrasse}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tyson, Neil Degrasse}}
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Latest revision as of 21:19, 18 December 2024

American astrophysicist (born 1958)

Neil deGrasse Tyson
Tyson in 2023
Born (1958-10-05) October 5, 1958 (age 66)
New York City, U.S.
Education
Spouse Alice Young ​(m. 1988)
Children2
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisA Study of the Abundance Distributions Along the Minor Axis of the Galactic Bulge (1992)
Doctoral advisorR. Michael Rich
YouTube information
Channel
Years active2010–present
Subscribers
  • 3.96 million (StarTalk)
  • 83.5 thousand (StarTalk Plus)
Total views
  • 602.2 million (StarTalk)
  • 4.6 million (StarTalk Plus)
Creator Awards
100,000 subscribers
1,000,000 subscribers 2020

Last updated: November 27, 2024
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Neil deGrasse Tyson (US: /dəˈɡræs/ də-GRASS or UK: /dəˈɡrɑːs/ də-GRAHSS; born October 5, 1958) is an American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator. Tyson studied at Harvard University, the University of Texas at Austin, and Columbia University. From 1991 to 1994, he was a postdoctoral research associate at Princeton University. In 1994, he joined the Hayden Planetarium as a staff scientist and the Princeton faculty as a visiting research scientist and lecturer. In 1996, he became director of the planetarium and oversaw its $210 million reconstruction project, which was completed in 2000. Since 1996, he has been the director of the Hayden Planetarium at the Rose Center for Earth and Space in New York City. The center is part of the American Museum of Natural History, where Tyson founded the Department of Astrophysics in 1997 and has been a research associate in the department since 2003.

From 1995 to 2005, Tyson wrote monthly essays in the "Universe" column for Natural History magazine, some of which were later published in his books Death by Black Hole (2007) and Astrophysics for People in a Hurry (2017). During the same period, he wrote a monthly column in StarDate magazine, answering questions about the universe under the pen name "Merlin". Material from the column appeared in his books Merlin's Tour of the Universe (1998) and Just Visiting This Planet (1998). Tyson served on a 2001 government commission on the future of the U.S. aerospace industry and on the 2004 Moon, Mars and Beyond commission. He was awarded the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal in the same year. From 2006 to 2011, he hosted the television show NOVA ScienceNow on PBS. Since 2009, Tyson has hosted the weekly podcast StarTalk. A spin-off, also called StarTalk, began airing on National Geographic in 2015. In 2014, he hosted the television series Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey, a successor to Carl Sagan's 1980 series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences awarded Tyson the Public Welfare Medal in 2015 for his "extraordinary role in exciting the public about the wonders of science".

Early life and education

Tyson was born in Manhattan as the second of three children, into a Catholic family living in the Bronx. His African-American father, Cyril deGrasse Tyson (1927–2016), was a sociologist and human resource commissioner for New York City mayor John Lindsay, and the first director of Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited. His mother, Sunchita Maria Tyson (née Feliciano; 1928–2023), was a gerontologist for the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare and is of Puerto Rican descent. Neil has two siblings: Stephen Joseph Tyson and Lynn Antipas Tyson. Neil's middle name, deGrasse, is from the maiden name of his paternal grandmother, who was born as Altima de Grasse in the British West Indies island of Nevis.

Tyson grew up in the Castle Hill neighborhood of the Bronx and then in Riverdale. From kindergarten throughout high school, Tyson attended public schools in the Bronx: PS 36 Unionport, PS 81 Robert J. Christen, the Riverdale Kingsbridge Academy (MS 141), and graduated from The Bronx High School of Science in 1976 where he was captain of the wrestling team and editor-in-chief of the Physical Science Journal. His interest in astronomy began at the age of nine after visiting the sky theater of the Hayden Planetarium. He recalled that "so strong was that imprint that I'm certain that I had no choice in the matter, that in fact, the universe called me." During high school, Tyson attended astronomy courses offered by the Hayden Planetarium, which he called "the most formative period" of his life. He credited Mark Chartrand III, director of the planetarium at the time, as his "first intellectual role model" and his enthusiastic teaching style mixed with humor inspired Tyson to communicate the universe to others the way he did.

When he was 14, he received a scholarship from the Explorers Club of New York to view the June 1973 total solar eclipse aboard the SS Canberra. The scientific cruise carried two thousand scientists, engineers, and enthusiasts, including Neil Armstrong, Scott Carpenter, and Isaac Asimov.

Tyson obsessively studied astronomy in his teen years; he eventually even gained some fame in the astronomy community by giving lectures on the subject at the age of 15. Astronomer Carl Sagan, who was a faculty member at Cornell University, tried to recruit Tyson to Cornell for undergraduate studies. In his book, The Sky Is Not the Limit, Tyson wrote:

My letter of application had been dripping with an interest in the universe. The admission office, unbeknownst to me, had forwarded my application to Carl Sagan's attention. Within weeks, I received a personal letter...

Tyson revisited this moment on his first episode of Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. Pulling out a 1975 calendar belonging to the famous astronomer, he found the day Sagan invited the 17-year-old to spend a day in Ithaca. Sagan had offered to put him up for the night if his bus back to the Bronx did not come. Tyson said, "I already knew I wanted to become a scientist. But that afternoon, I learned from Carl the kind of person I wanted to become."

Tyson chose to attend Harvard where he majored in physics and lived in Currier House. He was a member of the rowing team during his freshman year, but returned to wrestling, lettering (achieving varsity team rank) in his senior year. He was also active in dance (styles including jazz, ballet, Afro-Caribbean, and Latin Ballroom).

Tyson hosting the 40th anniversary celebration of Apollo 11 at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, July 2009

Tyson earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics at Harvard College in 1980 and then began his graduate work at the University of Texas at Austin, from which he received a Master of Arts degree in astronomy in 1983. By his own account, he did not spend as much time in the research lab as he should have. His professors encouraged him to consider alternative careers and the committee for his doctoral dissertation was dissolved, ending his pursuit of a doctorate from the University of Texas.

Tyson was a lecturer in astronomy at the University of Maryland from 1986 to 1987 and in 1988, he was accepted into the astronomy graduate program at Columbia University, where he earned a Master of Philosophy degree in astrophysics in 1989, and a PhD degree in astrophysics in 1991 under the supervision of Professor R. Michael Rich. Rich obtained funding to support Tyson's doctoral research from NASA and the ARCS Foundation, enabling Tyson to attend international meetings in Italy, Switzerland, Chile, and South Africa and to hire students to help him with data reduction. In the course of his thesis work, he observed using the 0.91 m telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, where he obtained images for the Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey helping to further their work in establishing Type Ia supernovae as standard candles.

During his thesis research at Columbia University, Tyson became acquainted with Professor David Spergel at Princeton University, who visited Columbia University in the course of collaborating with his thesis advisor on the Galactic bulge typically found in spiral galaxies.

Career

Tyson with students at the 2007 American Astronomical Society conference

Tyson's research has focused on observations in cosmology, stellar evolution, galactic astronomy, bulges, and stellar formation. He has held numerous positions at institutions including the University of Maryland, Princeton University, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Hayden Planetarium.

In 1994, Tyson joined the Hayden Planetarium as a staff scientist while he was a research affiliate in Princeton University. He became acting director of the planetarium in June 1995 and was appointed director in 1996. As director, he oversaw the planetarium's $210 million reconstruction project, which was completed in 2000. Upon being asked for his thoughts on becoming director, Tyson said "when I was a kid... there were scientists and educators on the staff at the Hayden Planetarium... who invested their time and energy in my enlightenment... and I've never forgotten that... to end up back there as its director, I feel this deep sense of duty, that I serve in the same capacity for people who come through the facility today, that others served for me".

Tyson has written a number of popular books on astrophysics. In 1995, he began to write the "Universe" column for Natural History magazine. In a column Tyson wrote for a special edition of the magazine, called "City of Stars", in 2002, he popularized the term "Manhattanhenge" to describe the two days annually on which the evening sun aligns with the street grid in Manhattan, making the sunset visible along unobstructed side streets. He had coined the term in 1996, inspired by how the phenomenon recalls the sun's solstice alignment with the Stonehenge monument in England. Tyson's column also influenced his work as a professor with The Great Courses.

In 2001, U.S. President George W. Bush appointed Tyson to serve on the Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry and in 2004 to serve on the President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy, the latter better known as the "Moon, Mars, and Beyond" commission. Soon afterward, he was awarded the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, the highest civilian honor bestowed by NASA.

Tyson in December 2011 at a conference marking 1,000 days after the launch of the spacecraft Kepler

In 2004, Tyson hosted the four-part Origins miniseries of the PBS Nova series and with Donald Goldsmith, co-authored the companion volume for this series, Origins: Fourteen Billion Years Of Cosmic Evolution. He again collaborated with Goldsmith as the narrator on the documentary 400 Years of the Telescope, which premiered on PBS in April 2009.

As director of the Hayden Planetarium, Tyson bucked traditional thinking in order to keep Pluto from being referred to as the ninth planet in exhibits at the center. He has explained that he wanted to look at commonalities between objects, grouping the terrestrial planets together, the gas giants together, and Pluto with like objects, and to get away from simply counting the planets. He has stated on The Colbert Report, The Daily Show, and BBC Horizon that the decision has resulted in large amounts of hate mail, much of it from children. In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) confirmed this assessment by changing Pluto to the dwarf planet classification.

Tyson recounted the heated online debate on the Cambridge Conference Network (CCNet), a "widely read, UK-based Internet chat group", following Benny Peiser's renewed call for reclassification of Pluto's status. Peiser's entry, in which he posted articles from the AP and The Boston Globe, spawned from The New York Times's article entitled "Pluto's Not a Planet? Only in New York".

Tyson has been vice-president, president, and chairman of the board of the Planetary Society. He was also the host of the PBS program Nova ScienceNow until 2011. He attended and was a speaker at the Beyond Belief: Science, Religion, Reason and Survival symposium in November 2006.

Tyson promoting the Cosmos TV series in Australia for National Geographic, 2014

In May 2009, Tyson launched a one-hour radio talk show called StarTalk, which he co-hosted with comedian Lynne Koplitz. The show was syndicated on Sunday afternoons on KTLK AM in Los Angeles and WHFS in Washington DC. The show lasted for thirteen weeks, but was resurrected in December 2010 and then, co-hosted with comedians Chuck Nice and Leighann Lord instead of Koplitz. Guests range from colleagues in science to celebrities such as GZA, Wil Wheaton, Sarah Silverman, and Bill Maher. The show is available via the Internet through a live stream or in the form of a podcast.

In April 2011, Tyson was the keynote speaker at the 93rd International Convention of the Phi Theta Kappa International Honor Society of the Two-year School. He and James Randi delivered a lecture entitled Skepticism, which related directly with the convention's theme of The Democratization of Information: Power, Peril, and Promise.

In 2012, Tyson announced that he would appear in a YouTube series based on his radio show StarTalk. A premiere date for the show has not been announced, but it will be distributed on the Nerdist YouTube Channel. On February 28, 2014, Tyson was a celebrity guest at the White House Student Film Festival.

In 2014, Tyson helped revive Carl Sagan's Cosmos: A Personal Voyage television series, presenting Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey on both FOX and the National Geographic Channel. Thirteen episodes were aired in the first season, and Tyson has said that if a second season were produced, he would pass the role of host to someone else in the science world. On March 9, 2020, he returned with a follow-up season of Cosmos titled Cosmos: Possible Worlds.

On April 20, 2015, Tyson began hosting a late-night talk show entitled StarTalk on the National Geographic Channel, where he interviews pop culture celebrities and asks them about their life experiences with science. Around 2016, he was co-developing a sandbox video game with Whatnot Entertainment, Neil deGrasse Tyson Presents: Space Odyssey, which aimed to help provide players with a realistic simulation of developing a space-faring culture, incorporating educational materials about space and technology. The development was abandoned after April 2020.

Views

Spirituality and philosophy

most important feature is the analysis of the information that comes your way. And that's what I don't see enough of in this world. There's a level of gullibility that leaves people susceptible to being taken advantage of. I see science literacy as kind of a vaccine against charlatans who would try to exploit your ignorance.

— Neil deGrasse Tyson, from a transcript of an interview by Roger Bingham on The Science Network

Tyson has written and broadcast extensively about his views of science, spirituality, and the spirituality of science, including the essays "The Perimeter of Ignorance" and "Holy Wars", both appearing in Natural History magazine and the 2006 Beyond Belief workshop. In an interview with comedian Paul Mecurio, Tyson offered his definition of spirituality, "For me, when I say spiritual, I'm referring to a feeling you would have that connects you to the universe in a way that it may defy simple vocabulary. We think about the universe as an intellectual playground, which it surely is, but the moment you learn something that touches an emotion rather than just something intellectual, I would call that a spiritual encounter with the universe." He has argued that many great historical scientists' belief in intelligent design limited their scientific inquiries, to the detriment of the advance of scientific knowledge.

When asked during a question session at the University at Buffalo if he believed in a higher power, Tyson responded: "Every account of a higher power that I've seen described, of all religions that I've seen, include many statements with regard to the benevolence of that power. When I look at the universe and all the ways the universe wants to kill us, I find it hard to reconcile that with statements of beneficence." In an interview with Big Think, he said: "So, what people are really after is what is my stance on religion or spirituality or God, and I would say if I find a word that came closest, it would be 'agnostic'... at the end of the day I'd rather not be any category at all." Additionally, in the same interview with Big Think, Tyson mentioned that he edited Misplaced Pages's entry on him to include the fact that he is an agnostic:

I'm constantly claimed by atheists. I find this intriguing. In fact, on my Wiki page –I didn't create the Wiki page. Others did, and I'm flattered that people cared enough about my life to assemble it–and it said, "Neil deGrasse Tyson is an atheist." I said, "Well, that's not really true." I said, "Neil deGrasse Tyson is an agnostic." I went back a week later. It said, "Neil deGrasse Tyson is an atheist" again–within a week!–and I said, "What's up with that?" and I said, "All right, I have to word it a little differently." So I said, "Okay, Neil deGrasse Tyson, widely claimed by atheists, is actually an agnostic."

During the interview "Called by the Universe: A Conversation with Neil deGrasse Tyson" in 2009, Tyson said: "I can't agree to the claims by atheists that I'm one of that community. I don't have the time, energy, interest of conducting myself that way... I'm not trying to convert people. I don't care."

Tyson in conversation with Richard Dawkins at Howard University, 2010

In March 2014, philosopher and secularism proponent Massimo Pigliucci asked Tyson: "What is it you think about God?" Tyson replied: "I remain unconvinced by any claims anyone has ever made about the existence or the power of a divine force operating in the universe." Pigliucci then asked him why he expressed discomfort with the label "atheist" in his Big Think video. Tyson replied by reiterating his dislike for one-word labels, saying: "That's what adjectives are for. What kind of atheist are you? Are you an ardent atheist? Are you a passive atheist? An apathetic atheist? Do you rally, or do you just not even care? So I'd be on the 'I really don't care' side of that, if you had to find adjectives to put in front of the word 'atheist'."

Pigliucci contrasted Tyson with scientist Richard Dawkins: " really does consider, at this point, himself to be an atheist activist. You very clearly made the point that you are not." Tyson replied: "I completely respect that activity. He's fulfilling a really important role out there." Tyson has spoken about philosophy on numerous occasions. In March 2014, during an episode of The Nerdist Podcast, he said that philosophy is "useless" and that a philosophy major "can really mess you up", which was met with disapproval. Pigliucci, a philosopher, later criticized him for "dismiss philosophy as a useless enterprise".

Race and social justice

In 2005, at a conference at the National Academy of Sciences, Tyson responded to a question about whether genetic differences might keep women from working as scientists. He said that his goal to become an astrophysicist was "hands down the path of most resistance through the forces... of society... My life experience tells me, when you don't find Blacks in the sciences, when you don't find women in the sciences, I know these forces are real and I had to survive them in order to get where I am today. So before we start talking about genetic differences, you gotta come up with a system where there's equal opportunity. Then we can start having that conversation."

In a 2014 interview with Grantland, Tyson said that he related his experience on that 2005 panel in an effort to make the point that the scientific question about genetic differences can not be answered until the social barriers are dismantled. "I'm saying before you even have that conversation, you have to be really sure that access to opportunity has been level." In the same interview, Tyson said that race is not a part of the point he is trying to make in his career or with his life. According to Tyson, "hat then becomes the point of people's understanding of me, rather than the astrophysics. So it's a failed educational step for that to be the case. If you end up being distracted by that and not the message." He purposefully no longer speaks publicly about race. "I don't give talks on it. I don't even give Black History Month talks. I decline every single one of them. In fact, since 1993, I've declined every interview that has my being black as a premise of the interview."

Tyson has positively advocated for the freedoms of homosexual and transgender people and argued about the topic repeatedly against right-wing commentators.

NASA

Tyson, Bill Nye, and U.S. President Barack Obama take a selfie at the White House, 2014.

Tyson is an advocate for expanding the operations of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Arguing that "the most powerful agency on the dreams of a nation is currently underfunded to do what it needs to be doing". He has suggested that the general public has a tendency to overestimate how much revenue is allocated to the space agency. At a March 2010 address, referencing the proportion of tax revenue spent on NASA, he stated, "By the way, how much does NASA cost? It's a half a penny on the dollar. Did you know that? The people are saying, 'Why are we spending money up there...' I ask them, 'How much do you think we're spending?' They say 'five cents, ten cents on a dollar.' It's a half a penny."

In March 2012, Tyson testified before the United States Senate Science Committee, stating that:

Right now, NASA's annual budget is half a penny on your tax dollar. For twice that—a penny on a dollar—we can transform the country from a sullen, dispirited nation, weary of economic struggle, to one where it has reclaimed its 20th century birthright to dream of tomorrow.

Inspired by Tyson's advocacy and remarks, Penny4NASA, a campaign of the Space Advocates nonprofit was founded in 2012 by John Zeller and advocates doubling NASA's budget to one percent of the federal budget.

In his book Space Chronicles: Facing the Ultimate Frontier Tyson argues that large and ambitious space exploration projects, like getting humans to Mars, will probably require some sort of military or economic driver in order to get the appropriate funding from the United States federal government.

Media appearances

Neil deGrasse Tyson was the keynote speaker at TAM6 of the JREF.

As a science communicator, Tyson regularly appears on television, radio, and various other media outlets. He has been a regular guest on The Colbert Report, and host Stephen Colbert refers to him in his comedic book I Am America (And So Can You!), noting in his chapter on scientists that most scientists are "decent, well-intentioned people", but presumably tongue-in-cheek, that "Neil DeGrasse [sic] Tyson is an absolute monster."

He has appeared numerous times on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. He has made appearances on Late Night with Conan O'Brien, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, and The Rachel Maddow Show. He served as one of the central interviewees on the various episodes of the History Channel science program, The Universe. Tyson participated on the NPR radio quiz program Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! in 2007 and 2015. He appeared several times on Real Time with Bill Maher and he was also featured on an episode of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? as the ask-the-expert lifeline. He has spoken numerous times on the Philadelphia morning show, Preston and Steve, on 93.3 WMMR, as well as on SiriusXM's Ron and Fez and The Opie and Anthony Show.

Tyson has been featured as a podcast guest interviewee on The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe, Radiolab, Skepticality, and The Joe Rogan Experience, and he has he been in several of the Symphony of Science videos. He lived near the World Trade Center and was an eyewitness to the September 11, 2001, attacks. He wrote a widely circulated letter on what he saw. Footage he filmed on the day was included in the 2008 documentary film 102 Minutes That Changed America.

In 2007, Tyson was the keynote speaker during the dedication ceremony of Deerfield Academy's new science center, the Koch Center in Massachusetts, named for David H. Koch '59. He emphasized the impact science will have on the twenty-first century, as well as explaining that investments into science may be costly, but their returns in the form of knowledge gained and piquing interest is invaluable. He has also appeared as the keynote speaker at The Amazing Meeting, a science and skepticism conference hosted by the James Randi Educational Foundation.

Tyson made a guest appearance as a version of himself in the episode "Brain Storm" of Stargate Atlantis alongside Bill Nye and in the episode "The Apology Insufficiency" of The Big Bang Theory. Archive footage of him is used in the film Europa Report. Tyson also made an appearance in an episode of Martha Speaks as himself.

2010 Space Conference group portrait (from left): Tyson, Bill Nye, Jim Bell, Scott Hubbard, and Lou Friedman

In a May 2011 StarTalk Radio show, The Political Science of the Daily Show, Tyson said he donates all income earned as a guest speaker. he is a frequent participant in the website Reddit's AMAs (Ask Me Anythings) where he is responsible for three of the top ten most popular AMAs of all time.

In Action Comics #14 (January 2013), which was published November 7, 2012, Tyson appears in the story, in which he determines that Superman's home planet, Krypton, orbited the red dwarf LHS 2520 in the constellation Corvus 27.1 lightyears from Earth. He assisted DC Comics in selecting a real-life star that would be an appropriate parent star to Krypton, and picked Corvus, which is Latin for "Crow", and which is the mascot of Superman's high school, the Smallville Crows. Tyson also had a minor appearance as himself in the 2016 film Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.

In May 2013, the Science Laureates of the United States Act of 2013 (H.R. 1891; 113th Congress) was introduced into Congress. Tyson was listed by at least two commentators as a possible nominee for the position of Science Laureate, if the act were to pass. On March 8, 2014, Tyson made a SXSW Interactive keynote presentation at the Austin Convention Center. On June 3, 2014, he co-reviewed Gravity in a CinemaSins episode. He made two more appearances with CinemaSins, co-reviewing Interstellar on September 29, 2015, and The Martian on March 31, 2016.

In 2016, Tyson narrated and was a script supervisor for the science documentary Food Evolution, directed by Academy Award–nominated director Scott Hamilton Kennedy. In the same year, Tyson made a guest appearance on the Avenged Sevenfold album The Stage, where he delivered a monolog on the track "Exist". In 2017, Tyson appeared on Logic's album Everybody as God, uncredited on various tracks, and credited on the song "AfricAryaN" as well as on "The Moon" on Musiq Soulchild's album Feel the Real.

In 2018, Tyson made a second guest appearance on The Big Bang Theory as himself, together with fellow television personality Bill Nye, in the first episode of the show's final season ("The Conjugal Configuration"). He also had guest appearances in Gravity Falls, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, Zoolander 2, Ice Age: Collision Course, Family Guy, BoJack Horseman, The Simpsons, Salvation and Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?.

Personal life

Tyson lives in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan with his wife, Alice Young. They have two children, Miranda and Travis. Neil met his wife in a physics class at the University of Texas at Austin. They married in 1988 and named their first child Miranda after the smallest of Uranus' five major moons. Tyson is a wine enthusiast whose collection was featured in the May 2000 issue of the Wine Spectator and the Spring 2005 issue of The World of Fine Wine.

Sexual misconduct allegations

During November and December 2018, Tyson was accused of rape by a woman while an additional three women alleged inappropriate sexual advances. Thchiya Amet El Maat accused Tyson of drugging and raping her while both were graduate students at UT Austin in 1984. Katelyn Allers, a professor at Bucknell University, alleged Tyson touched her inappropriately at a 2009 American Astronomical Society gathering. Ashley Watson, Tyson's assistant on Cosmos, alleged Tyson made inappropriate sexual advances to her in 2018 which led her to resign from the position days later. In what Tyson described as a Native American handshake, he held her hand and looked her in the eye for 10 seconds. When she left, he told her he wanted to hug her but would rather not in case he wanted more. A fourth anonymous woman alleged Tyson made inappropriate comments to her during a 2010 holiday party at the American Museum of Natural History. Tyson denied El Maat's rape accusation, while corroborating the basic facts around the situation of Allers and Watson's assertions, but claimed his actions were misinterpreted and apologized for any misunderstanding or offense.

Fox, National Geographic, the Museum of Natural History, and the producers of Cosmos announced investigations, which Tyson said that he welcomed. The National Geographic Channel announced on January 3, 2019, that they were putting further episodes of StarTalk on hiatus so as "to allow the investigation to occur unimpeded". The premiere of Cosmos: Possible Worlds, initially scheduled for March 3, 2019, was also delayed while the investigation continued. On March 15, 2019, both National Geographic and Fox announced, "The investigation is complete, and we are moving forward with both StarTalk and Cosmos," and that: "There will be no further comment." The networks affirmed that both StarTalk and Cosmos would resume, but that no date had been set. In July, the American Museum of Natural History said that Neil deGrasse Tyson would keep his job as director of the Hayden Planetarium.

Recognition

List of awards received by Tyson:

Awards

Honors

  • 2000 Sexiest Astrophysicist Alive, People magazine
  • 2001 asteroid named: 13123 Tyson, renamed from Asteroid 1994KA by the International Astronomical Union
  • 2001 The Tech 100, voted by editors of Crain's Magazine to be among the 100 most influential technology leaders in New York
  • 2004 Fifty Most Important African-Americans in Research Science
  • 2007 Harvard 100: Most Influential, Harvard Alumni magazine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
  • 2007 The Time 100, voted by the editors of Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential persons in the world
  • 2008 Discover Magazine selected him as one of "The 10 Most Influential People in Science"
  • 2010 elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society

Honorary doctorates

Species

  • 2016 The leaping frog Indirana tysoni was named after him by Neelesh Dahanukar, Nikhil Modak, Keerthi Krutha, P. O. Nameer, Anand D. Padhye, and Sanjay Molur.

Filmography

Film

Year Title Role Notes
2016 Zoolander 2 Himself
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice
Lazer Team
Ice Age: Collision Course Neil deBuck Weasel Voice
Food Evolution Narrator Documentary
2018 The Last Sharknado: It's About Time Merlin Television film
2024 This Is Me... Now: A Love Story Taurus

Television

Year Title Role Notes
2006–2011 Nova ScienceNow Host
2008 Stargate: Atlantis Himself Episode: "Brain Storm"
2010 NOVA Host Episode: "The Pluto Files"
  • 2010;
  • 2018
The Big Bang Theory Himself 2 episodes:
"The Apology Insufficiency"
"The Conjugal Configuration"
2012 Martha Speaks Episode: "Eyes on the Skies"
2012 The Inexplicable Universe: Unsolved Mysteries 6-part lecture series from The Great Courses
2014 Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey Host
2014 Gravity Falls Waddles Episode: "Little Gift Shop of Horrors"
2015 Brooklyn Nine-Nine Himself Episode: "The Swedes"
  • 2015;
  • 2022
Family Guy 2 episodes:
"Scammed Yankees"
"Prescription Heroine"
2015–2019 StarTalk Host
2016 BoJack Horseman Planetarium Narrator Episode: "That's Too Much, Man!"
100 Things to Do Before High School Himself Episode: "Meet Your Idol Thing!"
Future-Worm! Episode: "Long Live Captain Cakerz!"
The Jim Gaffigan Show Episode: "Jim at the Museum"
Regular Show Episode: "Terror Tales of The Park VI"
Mars
2017 The Simpsons Episode: "The Caper Chase"
Super Science Friends Episode: "Nobel of the Ball"
2018 Last Week Tonight with John Oliver 2 episodes
2020 Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? Episode: "Space Station Scooby!"
Cosmos: Possible Worlds Host Documentary
2023 Pantheon Dr. Moore (voice) Episode: "Apokalypsis"
2025 Celebrity Jeopardy! Himself (Contestant)

Other

Year Title Role Notes
2017 Futurama: Worlds of Tomorrow Himself Mobile app game

Discography

List of non-single guest appearances, with other performing artists, showing year released and album name
Title Year Artist(s) Album
"Exist" 2016 Avenged Sevenfold The Stage
"AfricAryaN" 2017 Logic Everybody

Works

List of works by Tyson:

Books

Signing a copy of his book Origins at The Amazing Meeting by the James Randi Educational Foundation, 2008

Research publications

  • Twarog, Bruce A.; Tyson, Neil D. (1985). "UVBY Photometry of Blue Stragglers in NGC 7789". Astronomical Journal 90: 1247. doi:10.1086/113833.
  • Tyson, Neil D.; Scalo, John M. (1988). "Bursting Dwarf Galaxies: Implications for Luminosity Function, Space Density, and Cosmological Mass Density". Astrophysical Journal 329: 618. doi:10.1086/166408.
  • Tyson, Neil D. (1988). "On the possibility of Gas-Rich Dwarf Galaxies in the Lyman-alpha Forest". Astrophysical Journal (Letters) 329: L57. doi:10.1086/185176.
  • Tyson, Neil D.; Rich, Michael (1991). "Radial Velocity Distribution and Line Strengths of 33 Carbon Stars in the Galactic Bulge". Astrophysical Journal 367: 547. doi:10.1086/169651.
  • Tyson, Neil D.; Gal, Roy R. (1993). "An Exposure Guide for Taking Twilight Flatfields with Large Format CCDs". Astronomical Journal 105: 1206. doi:10.1086/116505.
  • Tyson, Neil D.; Richmond, Michael W.; Woodhams, Michael; Ciotti, Luca (1993). "On the Possibility of a Major Impact on Uranus in the Past Century". Astronomy & Astrophysics (Research Notes) 275: 630.
  • Schmidt, B. P., et al. (1994). "The Expanding Photosphere Method Applied to SN1992am at cz = 14600 km/s". Astronomical Journal 107: 1444.
  • Wells, L. A. et al. (1994). "The Type Ia Supernova 1989B in NGC3627 (M66)". Astronomical Journal 108: 2233. doi:10.1086/117236.
  • Hamuy, M. et al. (1996). "BVRI Light Curves For 29 Type Ia Supernovae". Astronomical Journal 112: 2408. doi:10.1086/118192.
  • Lira, P. et al. (1998). "Optical light curves of the Type IA supernovae SN 1990N and 1991T". Astronomical Journal 116: 1006. doi:10.1086/300175.
  • Scoville, N. et al. (2007). "The Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS): Overview". Astrophysical Journal Supplement 172: 1. doi:10.1086/516585.
  • Scoville, N. et al. (2007). "COSMOS: Hubble Space Telescope Observations". Astrophysical Journal Supplement 172: 38. doi:10.1086/516580.
  • Liu, C. T.; Capak, P.; Mobasher, B.; Paglione, T. A. D.; Scoville, N. Z.; Tribiano, S. M.; Tyson, N. D. (2008). "The Faint-End Slopes of Galaxy Luminosity Functions in the COSMOS Field". Astrophysical Journal Letters 672: 198. doi:10.1086/522361.

Notes

References

  1. ^ "About StarTalk". YouTube.
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