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| {{ChineseText}} | |||
| {{Infobox Chinese | |||
| |t= {{linktext|宣傳}} | |||
| |s= {{linktext|宣传|}} | |||
| |l= spread transmit | |||
| |p= xuānchuán | |||
| |w= hsüan-ch'uan | |||
| |j= syun1 cyun4 | |||
| |h= siên-chhòn | |||
| |mc= sjwendrjwen | |||
| |oc-bs= *s-qʷarm-tron | |||
| |hangul= {{linktext|선전}} | |||
| |rr= sŏnjŏn | |||
| |mr= seonjeon | |||
| |kanji= {{linktext|宣傳}} | |||
| |hiragana= {{linktext|せんでん}} | |||
| |revhep= senden | |||
| }} | |||
| The ] word '''xuanchuan''' "dissemination; propaganda; publicity" originally meant "announcement; explanation" during the 3rd-century ] period, and was chosen to translate Russian ''propagánda'' {{linktext|пропаганда}} in the 20th-century ], adopting the ] concept of a "]" for "]" indoctrination and mass mobilization (Shambaugh 2007: 26). ''Xuanchuan'' is the keyword for ] and ]. | |||
| ==Terminology== | |||
| The ] term ''xuanchuan'' compounds ''xuan'' {{linktext|宣}} "declare; proclaim; announce" and ''chuan'' {{linktext|傳}} or {{linktext|传}} "pass (on); hand down; impart; teach; spread; infect; be contagious" (DeFrancis 2003: 1087, 124). | |||
| Numerous common Chinese words are based upon ''xuanchuan'', such as: ''xuānchuánpǐn'' 宣傳品 "propaganda/publicity material", ''xuānchuánduì'' 宣傳隊 "propaganda team", ''xuānchuánhuà'' 宣傳畫 "]", ''xuānchuándān'' 宣傳單 "propaganda slips/sheets", ''xuānchuángǔdòng'' 宣傳鼓動 "]", and ''xuānchuán diànyǐng'' 宣傳電影 "]". | |||
| The official names of two leading ] organizations also use ''xuanchuan'', the ] 中央宣传思想领导小组 or Central Propaganda Department, and the ] 中共中央宣传部. | |||
| In ] terminology, a ] provides "]" (rather than "definitions") between the ] and ]. Sometimes words have complete equivalents, such as translating French '']'' as English '']''; but other times have partial or alternative equivalents, such as translating French '']'' as either the animal '']'' or the meat '']'' (Svensén 1993: 143-157). English ''propaganda'' and ''publicity'' are alternative equivalents for Chinese ''xuanchuan''. The ] word ''qing'' ] "green; blue; black", representing the ], is a better known example of English alternative translation equivalency. Compare the color range across collocations like ''qīngcài'' 青菜 "green vegetables; greens", ''qīngjīn'' 青筋 "blue veins", ''qīngtiān'' 青天 "azure sky", ''qīngbù'' 青布 "black cloth", or ''qīngkèmǎ'' 青騍馬 "gray mare". | |||
| Translation equivalents of ''xuanchuan'' in major ] include: | |||
| *"to declare; propaganda" (Mathews 1943: 431) | |||
| *"propaganda; to carry on propaganda (for)" (Chao and Yang 1947: 61) | |||
| *"propagate; propagandize; publicize; propaganda (work, bureau, etc.)" (Lin 1972: 687) | |||
| *"conduct propaganda; propagate; disseminate; give publicity to" (Wu 1979: 782) | |||
| *"propagate; disseminate; propagandize; give publicity to; publicize" (Ding 1985: 1162) | |||
| *"to publicize; to promote; propaganda; promotion" (Liang and Chang 1992: 322) | |||
| *"publicize; propagate; advocated; advertise; preach; blaze sth. abroad ; whoop" (Wu 1993: 2886) | |||
| *"propagate; disseminate; give publicity to" (DeFrancis 2003: 1087) | |||
| Thus, the most frequent English lexicographical translations of ''xuanchuan'' are {{linktext|propaganda}}, {{linktext|propagate}}, {{linktext|publicize}}, {{linktext|disseminate}}, {{linktext|give publicity}}, and {{linktext|propagandize}}. | |||
| Many languages besides English have different words to distinguish "propaganda" and "publicity", for instance, German '']'' and '']'', or Russian ''propagánda'' '']'' and ''rekláma'' '']''. Few languages besides Chinese have one ] word; excluding ] loanwords from Chinese such as Japanese ''senden'' ] "propaganda; advertisement; publicity", one example is Irish '']'' "publicity; propaganda; claptrap''. | |||
| ==Historical usages== | |||
| The '']'' is a historical dictionary that gives chronologically arranged usage examples, comparable with the '']''. The ''xuanchuan'' entry distinguishes three meanings: 宣布传达 "convey an announcement", 向人讲解说明, 进行教育 "explain to people, conduct education", 传播, 宣扬 "spread publicity/propaganda". | |||
| First, the meaning of "convey an announcement" was originally recorded in the historian ]'s (3rd century) '']'' in contexts of transmitting (esp. military) orders. For example, the biography of ] dynasty General ] (d. 249) records that after defeating rebels in ], he was appointed General Who Pacifies the South and called back to the capital in ]. "In 242, when was returning to court, upon reaching ], he went to see Grand Marshall ], who conveyed an imperial decree that he was also appointed General in Chief of Zhennan Circuit ], ]]." Later usage examples are cited from historian ] (564–647), poet Cao Tang 曹唐 (fl. 860-874), and scholar Wang Mingqing 王明清 (1163-1224). | |||
| Second, the ''xuanchuan'' meaning of "explain to people; conduct education" first appeared in ]'s (c. 320) '']'' criticism of effete scholars who ] (r. 75-88) extravagantly rewarded. | |||
| <blockquote>These various gentlemen were heaped with honors, but not because they could breach walls or fight in the fields, break through an enemy's lines and extend frontiers, fall ill and resign office, pray for a plan of confederation and give the credit to others, or possess a zeal transcending all bounds. Merely because they expounded an interpretation of one solitary classic, such were the honors lavished upon them. And they were only lecturing upon words bequeathed by the dead. Despite their own high positions, emperors and kings deigned to serve these teachers. (tr. Ware 1966: 231) </blockquote> | |||
| Subsequent usages are quotes from monk-translator Pukong 不空 or ] (705–774), poet ] (954–1001), novelist ] (1904-2005), and ] (1893-1976). Mao's (1957) "The speech for the Chinese Communist party National Propaganda Work Meeting" (tr. Leung 1992: 379) says, "Our comrades who are engaged in propaganda work have the task of disseminating Marxism. This is a gradual propaganda and should be done well, so that people are willing to accept it." | |||
| Third, the modern ''xuanchuan'' meaning of "spread publicity/propaganda" occurred in ]'s (1937) ''Camel Xiangzi'' or '']'' (tr. Goldblatt 2010: 48), "As promised, Old Man Liu told no one of Xiangzi’s experiences ]''], but the camel story quickly spread from Haidian into the city." The ''Hanyu Da Cidian'' gives two other usage examples from novels by ] (1906-1970). | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *Chao, Yuen Ren and Yang, Lien-sheng, eds. (1947), ''Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese'', Harvard University Press. | |||
| *Chen Jianfu, Yuwen Li, Jan Michiel Otto, eds. (2002), ''Implementation of Law in the People's Republic of China'', Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. | |||
| *Chen Shirong, "," BBC News, 12 January 2009. | |||
| *DeFrancis, John, ed. (2003), ''ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary'', University of Hawaii Press. | |||
| *Ding Guangxun 丁光訓, ed. (1985), ''A New Chinese-English Dictionary'', Joint Publishing. | |||
| *Edney, Kingsley (2014), ''The Globalization of Chinese Propaganda: International Power and Domestic Political Cohesion'', Palgrave Macmillan. | |||
| *Feuerwerker, Yi-tsi Mei (1982), ''Ding Ling's Fiction: Ideology and Narrative in Modern Chinese Literature'', Harvard University Press. | |||
| *Goldblatt, Howard, tr. (2010), ''Rickshaw Boy: A Novel, Lao She'', HarperCollins. | |||
| *Hassid, Johnathan (2008), "Controlling the Chinese Media: An Uncertain Business", ''Asian Survey'' 48.3: 414-430. | |||
| *Kipnis, Andrew B. (1995), "Within and against Peasantness: Backwardness and Filiality in Rural China", ''Comparative Studies in Society and History'' 37.1: 110-135 | |||
| *Leung, John K., tr. (1992), '' The Writings of Mao Zedong, 1949-1976: January 1956-December 1957'', M.E. Sharpe. | |||
| *Liang Shih-chiu 梁實秋 and Chang Fang-chieh 張芳杰, eds. (1971), ''Far East Chinese-English Dictionary'', Far East Book Co. | |||
| *Lin Yutang, ed. (1972), '''', Chinese University of Hong Kong. | |||
| *Ling Yuan, ed. (2002), ''The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary (Chinese-English Edition)'', Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. | |||
| *MacKinnon, Stephen R. (1997), "Toward a History of the Chinese Press in the Republican Period", ''Modern China'' 23.1: 3-32. | |||
| *Mathews, Robert H., ed. (1943), ''Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary'', Rev. American ed., Harvard University Press. | |||
| *Room, Adrian (1991), ''NTC's Dictionary of Changes in Meanings'', National Textbook Company. | |||
| *Sahlins, Marshall (2014), , ''The Asia-Pacific Journal'', Vol. 12, Issue 45.1. | |||
| *Schoenhals, Michael (2008), "Abandoned or Merely Lost in Translation?", ''Inner Asia'' 10.1, ''Special Issue: Cadres and Discourse in Late Socialist Societies'', 113-130. | |||
| *Shambaugh, David (2007), "]", ''The China Journal'' 57: 25-58. | |||
| *Svensén, Bo (1993), ''Practical Lexicography: Principles and Methods of Dictionary-Making'', tr. by John Sykes and Kerstin Schofield, Oxford University Press. | |||
| *Wu Guanghua 吴光华, ed. (1993), ''Chinese-English Dictionary'', 2 vols. Shanghai Jiaotong University Press. | |||
| *Wu Jingrong 吴景荣, ed. (1979), ''The Chinese-English Dictionary'', Commercial Press. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| *, ''China Daily'', 13 May 2009. | |||
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| {{China-stub}} | |||
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