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{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Austria}}
{{Redirect|Wien||Wien (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect-distinguish-for|Wien|Vienne (disambiguation)|other uses|Vienna (disambiguation)|and|Wien (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the capital of Austria}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{pp-move-indef}} {{pp-move}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement {{Infobox settlement
|name =Vienna | name = Vienna
|native_name =Wien | native_name = {{native name|de|Wien}}<br/>{{native name|bar|Wean}}
| settlement_type = Capital city, ] and ]
|image_skyline =Montage of Vienna.jpg
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
|imagesize =290px
|total_width = 305
|image_caption = From top, left to right: ], ], ], ], and ]
|border = infobox
|image_flag =Flag of Wien.svg
|perrow = 1/2/3/2
|image_shield =Wien 3 Wappen.svg
|caption_align = center
|shield_size =80px
|image1 = Vienna Austria Skyline Aerial, October 2024.jpg
|image_seal =Wien Wappen.svg
|caption1 = Skyline of Vienna
|image_map =
|image2 = Schoenbrunn philharmoniker 2012.jpg
|map_caption =Location of Vienna in Austria
|caption2 = ]
|pushpin_map =Austria
|image3 = Wien - Stephansdom (1).JPG
|pushpin_label_position= left
|caption3 = ]
|coordinates_region=AT
|image4 = 20180109 Vienna State Opera at blue hour 850 9387.jpg
|subdivision_type=Country
|caption4 = ]
|subdivision_type1=]
|image5 = Ayuntamiento de Viena - panoramio.jpg
|subdivision_name={{flag|Austria}}
|caption5 = ]
|subdivision_name1= Vienna
|image6 = Wien, Hofburg -- 2018 -- 3185.jpg
|leader_title =]
|caption6 = ]
|leader_name =] (])
|image7 = Karlskirche Vienna, September 2016.jpg
|leader_title1 =Vice-Mayor and Vice-Governor
|caption7 = ]
|leader_name1 =] (]),<br/> ] (SPÖ);
|image8 = Palacio Belvedere, Viena, Austria, 2020-02-01, DD 93-95 HDR.jpg
|area_magnitude =2 chaiz
|caption8 = ]
|area_total_km2 =414.65
}}
|area_land_km2 =395.26
| image_flag = Flag of Vienna.svg
|area_water_km2 =19.39
| image_seal = Vienna seal 1926.svg
|population_as_of=2014
| image_shield = Wien 3 Wappen.svg
|population_total=1793667 {{increase}}
| shield_size = 80
|population_blank2_title=Ethnicity<ref name="statistik.at">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_migrationshintergrund/033241.html|title=Statistik Austria, Mikrozensus-Arbeitskräfteerhebung 2011 (Durchschnitt aller Wochen eines Jahres)|accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="wien.gv.at">{{cite web|url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf|title=Vienna in figures 2012, Vienna City Administration Municipal Department 23 Economic Affairs, Labour and Statistics Responsible for the contents: Gustav Lebhart, page 6|format=PDF|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref>
| image_blank_emblem = Logo Stadt Wien 04-2019.svg
|population_blank2 = 61.2% ]<br/>38.8% ]
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
|population_density_km2= 4002.2
| blank_emblem_size =
|population_metro =ca. 2419000
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Austria##Location within Europe
|population_note =Statistik Austria,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/023582.html|title=Statistik Austria – Bevölkerung zu Quartalsbeginn seit 2002 nach Bundesland|publisher=Statistik.at|date=14 February 2013|accessdate=22 May 2013}}</ref> VCÖ – Mobilität mit Zukunft<ref name="nahverkehrsoffensive1">{{cite web|url=http://www.vcoe.at/start.asp?ID=4176&b=92|title=VCÖ.at: VCÖ fordert Nahverkehrsoffensive gegen Verkehrskollaps in den Städten|publisher=vcoe.at|year=2008|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref>
| pushpin_map = Austria#Europe
|population_demonym = Viennese, Wiener
| pushpin_relief = 1
|timezone =]
| image_map = Reliefkarte Wien.png
|utc_offset =+1
| map_alt = Map of Vienna
|timezone_DST =]
| map_caption = Map of Vienna
|utc_offset_DST =+2
| image_map1 = Wien in Austria.svg
|latd=48|latm=12|latNS=N
| map_caption1 = Vienna highlighted in Austria
|longd=16|longm=22|longEW=E
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q1741|type:adm1st_region:AT-9|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_m = 151 (]) – 542 (])
| subdivision_type = Country
|elevation_ft = 495–1778
| subdivision_name = Austria
|blank_name =]
| subdivision_type1 = ]
|blank_info = W
| subdivision_name1 = Vienna
|website =
| governing_body = ]
|footnotes =
| leader_name = ]
| leader_title = ]
| leader_party = ]
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 414.78
| area_land_km2 = 395.25
| area_water_km2 = 19.39
| elevation_m = 151 (]) – 542 (])
| elevation_ft = 495–1778
| population_as_of = 2024
| population = 2014614
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Population 01.04.2024 |url=https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/bevoelkerung-zu-jahres-/-quartalsanfang |access-date=30 May 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607224935/https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/bevoelkerung-zu-jahres-/-quartalsanfang |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 4,856.6/km²
| population_urban = 2223236 ("Kernzone")<ref name="stadtregionen.at h225">{{cite web |title=Bevölkerung Stadtregion Wien |website=stadtregionen.at |url=https://www.stadtregionen.at/wien/bev%C3%B6lkerung |language=de |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203052809/https://www.stadtregionen.at/wien/bev%C3%B6lkerung |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_metro = 2890577
| population_rank = ] in Europe<br/>] in Austria
| population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bamproject.eu/cities/vienna |title=Vienna – BAM – Becoming a Minority |author=Becoming a Minority Project |work=bamproject.eu |access-date=21 August 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821205648/https://www.bamproject.eu/cities/vienna |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_blank2 = {{ubl|46% Austrian|54% ]}}
| population_demonyms = {{langx|de|link=no|Wiener (m), Wienerin (f)}}<br />''Viennese''
| iso_code = AT-9
| registration_plate = ]
| postal_code_type = ]
| postal_code = {{unbulleted list|1xx0 (xx {{=}} district number)|1300 (])|1400 (])|other 1yyy (postal boxes)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.post.at/geschaeftlich_werben_produkte_und_services_adressen_postlexikon.php |title=Postlexikon |publisher=Post AG |year=2018 |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201040554/https://www.post.at/geschaeftlich_werben_produkte_und_services_adressen_postlexikon.php |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| timezone = ]
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = ]
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| blank_name = ]
| blank_info = W
| demographics_type1 = GDP
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Vienna in Figures 2024|url=https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures-2024.pdf|access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 = €110.9 billion (2024)
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 = €56.600
| blank_name_sec1 = ] (2022)
| blank_info_sec1 = 0.948<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/AUT/?levels=1+4&years=2021&extrapolation=0 |department=Subnational HDI (v7.0) |title=Austria |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |lang=en |access-date=24 May 2024 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524212031/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/AUT/?levels=1+4&years=2021&extrapolation=0 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />{{color|green|very high}} · ]
| blank3_name = Seats in the ]
| blank3_info = {{Composition bar|10|60|hex=#000}}
| blank_name_sec2 = ]
| blank_info_sec2 = ]
| module = {{designation list
|embed = yes
|designation1 = WHS
|designation1_offname = Historic Centre of Vienna
|designation1_date = 2001 (25th ])
|designation1_type = Cultural
|designation1_criteria = ii, iv, vi
|designation1_number =
|designation1_free1name = Area
|designation1_free1value = 371 ha
|designation1_free2name = UNESCO Region
|designation1_free2value = ]
|designation1_free3name = ]
|designation1_free3value = {{start date|2017}}–present<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1684/ |title=Historic Centre of Vienna inscribed on List of World Heritage in Danger |first=UNESCO World Heritage |last=Centre |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003182507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1684// |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
| website = {{URL|wien.gv.at}} {{in lang|de}}
}} }}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
|WHS =Historic Centre of Vienna
|Image =
|State Party= ]
|Type =Cultural
|Criteria =ii, iv, vi
|ID =1033
|Region =]
|Year =2001
|Session =
|Link =http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033
}}
'''Vienna ''' ({{IPAc-en|v|iː|ˈ|ɛ|n|ə}}; {{lang-de|{{noitalic|{{audio|Wien1.ogg|'''''Wien'''''}} {{IPA-de|viːn|}}}}|links=no}}) is the capital and largest city of ], and one of the nine ]. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.757&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/index.html|title=Statistik Austria – Bevölkerung zu Jahres-/Quartalsanfang|publisher=Statistik.at|date=14 May 2012|accessdate=24 July 2012}}</ref> (2.4&nbsp;million within the ],<ref name="nahverkehrsoffensive1" /> more than 20% of Austria's population), and ], ], and ] centre. It is the ] by population within city limits in the ]. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest ] city in the world, and before the splitting of the ] in ] the city had 2 million inhabitants.<ref>, '']'', 29 December 1918 (])</ref> Today it is the second only to Berlin in German speakers.<ref>{{de icon}}</ref><ref name="Population11">{{cite web|url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/|title=Ergebnisse Zensus 2011|publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder|date=31 May 2013|accessdate=31 May 2013|language=German}}</ref> Vienna is host to many major ]s, including the United Nations and ]. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the ], ], and ]. These regions work together in a European ] border region. Along with nearby ], Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3&nbsp;million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1033 |title=Historic Centre of Vienna |publisher=]}}</ref>


'''Vienna''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Vienna.ogg|v|i|ˈ|ɛ|n|ə}} {{respell|vee|EN|ə}};<ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-15253-2 }}</ref> {{langx|de|link=no|Wien}} {{IPA|de|viːn||Wien1.ogg}}; {{langx|bar|Wean|label=]}} {{IPA|bar|veɐ̯n|}}) is the capital, ], and one of ] of ]. It is Austria's ], with just over two million inhabitants.<ref name="Pop2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/bevoelkerung-zu-jahres-/-quartalsanfang |title=Bevölkerung zu Jahres-/Quartalsanfang |language=de |trans-title=Population at beginning of year/quarter |publisher=] |date=8 November 2023 |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607224935/https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand/bevoelkerung-zu-jahres-/-quartalsanfang |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Statistik Austria-2022">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/023582.html |title=Bevölkerung zu Jahres-/Quartalsanfang |trans-title=Population at the beginning of the year/quarter |work=] |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=12 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612161754/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstand_und_veraenderung/bevoelkerung_zu_jahres-_quartalsanfang/023582.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Its larger ] has a population of nearly 2.9&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title=Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions |publisher=] |date=4 May 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124124910/https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> representing nearly one-third of the country's population. Vienna is the ], ], and ] center of the country, the ] in the ], and the most-populous of the ].
Apart from being regarded as the ''City of Music''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wien.info/en/music-stage-shows/city-of-music |title=Vienna – the City of Music – VIENNA – NOW OR NEVER |publisher=Wien.info |accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be "The City of Dreams" because it was home to the world's first psycho-analyst – ].<ref>] Documentary – Vienna – The City of Dreams</ref> The city's roots lie in early ] and ] settlements that transformed into a ] and ] city, the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstrasse lined with grand buildings, monuments and parks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033 |title=Historic Centre of Vienna |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref>


The city lies on the eastern edge of the ] (''Wienerwald''), the northeasternmost foothills of the ], that separate Vienna from the more western parts of Austria, at the transition to the ]. It sits on the ], and is traversed by the highly regulated ] (''Vienna River''). Vienna is completely surrounded by ], and lies around 50&nbsp;km (31&nbsp;mi) west of ] and its capital ], 60&nbsp;km (37&nbsp;mi) northwest of ], and 60&nbsp;km (37&nbsp;mi) south of ] (]).
In a 2005 study of 127 ], the ] ranked the city first (in a tie with ], Canada) for ] (in the 2012 survey of 140 cities Vienna was ranked number two, behind ]).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4306936.stm |title=Vancouver is 'best place to live' |date=4 October 2005 |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Liveability Ranking Report August 2012|url=http://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2012|publisher=Economist Intelligence Unit|accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref> For four consecutive years (2009–2012), the human-resource-consulting firm ] ranked Vienna first in its annual ] of hundreds of cities around the world, a title the city has reclaimed in 2014.<ref>http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/quality-of-living-report-2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mercer press release: Quality of Living global city rankings—2009|url=http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1345570|accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mercer Quality of LIfe Worldwide City Rankings, 2010 from resourceshelf.com|url=http://web.resourceshelf.com/go/resourceblog/58958|accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/referencecontent.htm?idContent=1173105#Top_50_cities:_Quality_of_living |title=Mercer's Survey 2011 |date=29 November 2011 |publisher=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/12/04/business/global-city-quality-life/index.html |title=What city has world's best quality of life? |date=4 December 2012 |newspaper=CNN | author=Inocencio, Ramy}}</ref> ] 2012 "Quality of Life Survey" ranked Vienna fourth on a list of the top 25 cities in the world "to make a base within" (up from sixth in 2011 and eighth in 2010).<ref>{{cite web|title=Quality of Life Survey 2012|url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Web-Articles/The-Monocle-Quality-of-Life-Survey-2012/|publisher=Monocle|accessdate=1 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monocle's top 25 cities for 2011, on businessinsider.com|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/monocle-quality-of-life-2011-6?op=1|accessdate=2 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monocle's 2011 "Quality of LIfe" summary|url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Web-Articles/Most-liveable-city-Helsinki/|accessdate=3 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monocle.com/sections/affairs/Magazine-Articles/08-Vienna/ |title=08 Vienna |publisher=Monocle.com |date=15 June 2010 |accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref>


The once ] settlement of ''Vedunia'' was converted by the ] into the ] '']'' (province of ]) in the 1st century, and was elevated to a ] with Roman city rights in 212. This was followed by a time in the sphere of influence of the ] and later the ], when ] formed the majority of the region's population.{{efn|some Viennese boroughs have Slavic-derived names: ], ], ], ]}} From the 8th century on, the region was settled by the ]. In 1155, Vienna became the seat of the ], who ruled Austria from 976 to 1246. In 1221, Vienna was granted city rights. During the 16th century, the ], who had succeeded the Babenbergs, established Vienna as the seat of the ] of the ], a position it held until the empire's dissolution in 1806, with only a brief interruption. With the formation of the ] in 1804, Vienna became the capital of it and all its successor states.
The city was ranked 1st globally for its culture of innovation in 2007 and 2008, and fifth globally (out of 256 cities) in the 2011 Innovation Cities Index, which analyzed 162 indicators in covering three areas: culture, infrastructure, and markets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/2thinknow-innovation-cities-global-256-index/ |title=2thinknow Innovation Cities Global 256 Index – worldwide innovation city rankings: Innovation Cities Program |publisher=Innovation-cities.com |date=30 July 2009 |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref> Vienna regularly hosts ] conferences and is often used as a case study by urban planners.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/19728 |title=Vienna knows how |publisher=wieninternational.at |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the world's number one destination for international congresses and conventions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/content/vienna-world%E2%80%99s-number-one-congress-destination-en |title=Vienna is the world's number one congress destination |publisher=wieninternational.at |date=1 June 2011 |accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref> It attracts about five million tourists a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/wirtschaft/tabellen/ankuenfte-laender-zr.html |title=Tourism Statistics – Arrivals in Vienna by countries of origin |publisher=wien.gv.at |date=11 October 2011 |accessdate=15 October 2011}}</ref>


Throughout the ], Vienna has been among the largest German-speaking cities in the world. It was the largest in the 18th and 19th century, peaking at two million inhabitants before it was overtaken by ] at the beginning of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/12/29/98276500.pdf |title=Vienna after the war |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215021436/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/12/29/98276500.pdf |archive-date=15 February 2020 |work=] |date=29 December 1918 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ots.at/touch/presseaussendung/OTS_20130720_OTS0012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130720222437/http://www.ots.at/touch/presseaussendung/OTS_20130720_OTS0012 |title=Wien nun zweitgrößte deutschsprachige Stadt |website=touch.ots.at |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-date=20 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/ |title=Ergebnisse Zensus 2011 |publisher=Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder |date=31 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |language=de |archive-date=5 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605031517/https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Vienna is host to many major ]s, including the United Nations, ] and the ]. In 2001, the city center was designated a ]. In July 2017, it was moved to the list of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1033 |title=Historic Centre of Vienna |publisher=] |access-date=12 July 2017 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610034833/https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=1033 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Name ==
{{Hatnote|See also ]}}
The English name ''Vienna'' is borrowed from the Italian name ''Vienna''. "Vienna" and the official German name ''Wien'', and the names of the city in most languages, are thought to be derived from the ] word "windo-", meaning bright or fair – as in the Irish "fionn" and the Welsh "gwyn" – but opinions vary on the precise origin. Some claim that the name comes from ''Vedunia'', meaning "forest stream," which subsequently became Venia, Wienne and Wien. Others claim that the name comes from the Roman settlement of Celtic name '']'' (Celtic "windo-bona"), probably meaning "white base/bottom ," which became Vindovina, Vídeň (]) and Wien.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/3857 |title=Wien International website: History |publisher=Wieninternational.at |date=15 May 2008 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref>


Vienna has been called the "City of Music"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.info/en/music-stage-shows/city-of-music |title=Vienna – the City of Music – Vienna – Now or Never |publisher=Wien.info |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512202540/http://www.wien.info/en/music-stage-shows/city-of-music |url-status=live }}</ref> due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] lived and worked there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna's musical heritage - Mozart, Strauss, Haydn and Schubert |url=https://www.musicofvienna.com/musical-heritage.htm |access-date=17 March 2024 |website=Music of Vienna |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225203402/https://www.musicofvienna.com/musical-heritage.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of ] through the early part of the 20th century. Vienna was home to the world's first psychoanalyst, ].<ref>] Documentary – Vienna – The City of Dreams</ref> The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century {{lang|de|]}}, which is lined with grand buildings, monuments, and parks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033 |title=Historic Centre of Vienna |work=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=2 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102143945/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1033 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The name of the city in Hungarian (''Bécs''), ] and ] (''Beč'') and ] (''Beç'') appears to have a different, ] origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|title=Vienna|url=https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediabri28chisrich#page/52/mode/2up|volume=28|page=52}}</ref> In ], the city is called ''Dunaj'', which in other Slavic languages means the ], on which it is located.


In 2024, Vienna retained its position as ] per the ], and has spent every year since 2015 in the top 2 places, bar 2021 due to the ].
== History ==
{{Main|History of Vienna|Timeline of Vienna}}


=== Early history === == Etymology==
{{See also|Names of European cities in different languages: U–Z#V|Vindobona}}
]'', 1493]]
The place is mentioned as ''Οϋιόβονα (Ouiobona)'' in the 2nd century AD (Ptolemy, ''Geography'', II, 14, 3); ''Vindobona'' in the 3rd century (''Itinerarium Antonini Augusti'' 233, 8); ''Vindobona'' in the 4th century ({{lang|la|]}}, V, 1); ''Vindomana'' ab. 400 ({{lang|la|]}}, 145, 16); ''Vindomina, Vendomina'' in the 6th century (], '']'', 50, 264).
]

Evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the ]. In 15 BC, the ]s fortified the frontier city they called ] to guard the empire against ] to the north.
The English name ''Vienna'' is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The German name {{lang|de|Wien}} comes from the name of the river ''Wien'', mentioned ''ad UUeniam'' in 881 (''Wenia-'' in modern writing).<ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Csendes |contribution=Das Werden Wiens – Die siedlungsgeschichtlichen Grundlagen |language=de |editor1-last=Csendes |editor1-first=Peter |editor2-first=F. |editor2-last=Oppl |title=Wien&nbsp;– Geschichte einer Stadt von den Anfängen zur Ersten Türkenbelagerung |publisher=Böhlau |location=Vienna |year=2001 |pages=55–94, here p. 57 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Pleyel |title=Das römische Österreich |publisher=Pichler |location=Vienna |year=2002 |isbn=3-85431-270-9 |page=83 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor-first1=Martin |editor-last1=Mosser |editor-first2=Karin |editor-last2=Fischer-Ausserer |title=Judenplatz. Die Kasernen des römischen Legionslagers |language=de |series=Wien Archäologisch |volume=5 |publisher=Stadtarchäologie Wien |location=Vienna |year=2008 |page=11 }}</ref>

The name of the Roman settlement on the same emplacement is of Celtic extraction {{lang|la|]}}, probably meaning "white village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, {{lang|cel|vindo-}}, meaning "white" (Old Irish {{lang|sga|find}} "white", Welsh {{lang|cy|gwyn}} / {{lang|cy|gwenn}}, Old Breton {{lang|br|guinn}} "white, bright" > Breton {{lang|br|gwenn}} "white"), and {{lang|cel|-bona}} "foundation, settlement, village",<ref>{{cite web |title=Vienna |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Vienna&allowed_in_frame=0 |work=Online Etymology Dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922014129/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Vienna&allowed_in_frame=0 |archive-date=22 September 2017 |access-date=18 May 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Delamarre">], ''Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise : une approche linguistique du vieux celtique continental'', éditions Errance, Paris, 2003, p. 82-319-320</ref> related to Old Irish ''bun'' "base, foundation" and Welsh ''bon'', same meaning.<ref name="Delamarre"/> The Celtic word {{lang|cel|vindos}} may reflect a widespread prehistorical ], a Celtic ] who survives in ] as the warrior and ] Fionn mac Cumhaill.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=20522282 |title=Fianaigecht in the Pre-Norman Period |last1=Mac Cana |first1=Proinsias |journal=Béaloideas |year=1986 |volume=54/55 |pages=75–99 |doi=10.2307/20522282 |issn=0332-270X }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=FitzPatrick |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Hennessy |first2=Ronan |date=2017 |title=Finn's Seat: topographies of power and royal marchlands of Gaelic polities in medieval Ireland |journal=Landscape History |volume=38 |issue=2 |page=31 |doi=10.1080/01433768.2017.1394062 |hdl=10379/7087 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the ], ], ] and ] names of the city ({{lang|cs|Vídeň}}, {{lang|sk|Viedeň}}, {{lang|pl|Wiedeń}} and {{lang|uk|Відень}} respectively) and in that of the city's district ].<ref>{{cite book |first=Johanna |last=Haberl |title=Favianis, Vindobona und Wien, eine archäologisch-historische Illustration zur Vita S. Severini des Eugippius |language=de |publisher=Brill Academic |location=Leiden |year=1976 |isbn=90-04-04548-1 |page=125 }}</ref>

The name of the city in ] ({{lang|hu|Bécs}}), ] ({{lang-hbs-Latn-Cyrl|Beč|Беч|label=none}}) and ] ({{lang|ota|بچ|}}, ''Beç'') has a different, probably ] origin, and originally referred to an ] fort in the area.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Vienna |volume=28 |page=52 }}</ref> ] speakers call the city {{lang|sl|Dunaj}}, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river ], on which the city stands.

== History==

{{Main|History of Vienna}}
{{For timeline}}
{{Quote box
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| quote = ] ] 1156–1453<br />
] ] 1453–1485<br />
{{flag|Principality of Hungary}} 1485–1490<br />
] ] 1490–1804<br />
{{flag|Austrian Empire}} 1804–1867<br />
{{flag|Austria-Hungary}} 1867–1918<br />
{{flag|First Austrian Republic}} 1919–1934<br />
{{flag|Federal State of Austria}} 1934–1938<br />
{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1938–1945<br />
] ] 1945–1955<br />
{{flagcountry|Austria}} 1955–present
| align = right
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=== Roman period===
{{Main|Vindobona}}
In the 1st century, the ] set up the ] of ] in ] on the site of today's Vienna city center near the Danube with an adjoining civilian town to secure the ]. Construction of the legionary camp began around 97 AD. At its peak, Vindobona had a population of around 15,000 people. It was a part of a trade and communications network across the Empire. Roman emperor ] may have died here in 180 AD during a campaign against the ].


After a Germanic invasion in the second century the city was rebuilt. It served as a seat of the Roman government until the fifth century, when the population fled due to the ] invasion of Pannonia. The city was abandoned for several centuries.
Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk ] (or Koloman, Irish ''Colmán'', derived from ''colm'' "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (]) was Bishop of Salzburg for forty years, and twelfth-century monastic settlements were founded by Irish Benedictines. Evidence of these ties is still evident in Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery, once home to many Irish monks.


Evidence of the Romans in the city is plentiful. Remains of the military camp have been found under the city, as well as fragments of the ] and figurines.
], 1758]]
In 976, ] became count of the ], a 60-mile district centering on the ] on the eastern frontier of ]. This initial district grew into the ]. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1145, ] moved the Babenberg family residence from Klosterneuburg to Vienna. Since that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.<ref name="langelbach">{{cite book|last=Lingelbach |first=William E. |title=The History of Nations: Austria-Hungary |publisher=P. F. Collier & Son Company |location=New York |year=1913 |pages=91–92 |isbn= |asin=B000L3E368}}</ref>


=== Middle Ages ===
In 1440, Vienna became the resident city of the ] dynasty. It eventually grew to become the ''de facto'' capital of the ] (1483–1806) and a cultural centre for arts and science, music and fine cuisine. ] occupied the city between 1485–1490.
Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk ] (or Koloman, Irish ''Colmán'', derived from ''colm'' "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and ] (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great ] monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.
In 976, ] became count of the ], a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of ]. This initial district grew into the ]. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1155, ] moved the Babenberg family residence with the founding of the ] from ] in Lower Austria to Vienna.<ref name="y233">{{cite book |last1=Loinig |first1=Elisabeth |last2=Eminger |first2=Stefan |last3=Weigl |first3=Andreas |title=Wien und Niederösterreich - eine untrennbare Beziehung? |publisher=Verlag NÖ Institut für Landeskunde |publication-place=St. Pölten |date=2017 |isbn=978-3-903127-07-4 |language=de |page= }}</ref> From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lingelbach |first=William E. |title=The History of Nations: Austria-Hungary |publisher=P. F. Collier & Son Company |location=New York |year=1913 |pages=91–92 |asin=B000L3E368 }}</ref> ] occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.]'', 1493]]Vienna became at the turn to the 16th century the seat of the ]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pihlajamäki |first1=Heikki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg5jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT762 |title=The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History |last2=Dubber |first2=Markus D. |last3=Godfrey |first3=Mark |date=4 July 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-1910-8838-4 |page=762 |access-date=6 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055612/https://books.google.com/books?id=dg5jDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT762#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and subsequently later in the 16th century of the ] emperors of the ] with an interruption between at the turn to the 17th century until 1806, becoming an important center in the empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmitt |first=Oliver Jens |title=Herrschaft und Politik in Südosteuropa von 1300 bis 1800 |date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-1107-4443-9 |page= |language=de }}</ref>


In the 16th and 17th centuries, the ] armies were stopped twice outside Vienna (see ], 1529 and ], 1683). A ] epidemic ravaged Vienna in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spielman|first=John Philip|title=The city & the crown: Vienna and the imperial court, 1600–1740|publisher=Purdue University Press|location=West Lafayette, Indiana|year=1993|isbn=1-55753-021-1|page=141}}</ref> In the 16th and 17th centuries, Christian forces twice stopped ] armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 ] and the 1683 ]. The ] ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Spielman |first=John Philip |title=The city & the crown: Vienna and the imperial court, 1600–1740 |publisher=Purdue University Press |location=West Lafayette, Indiana |year=1993 |isbn=1-55753-021-1 |page=141 }}</ref>
]]]
=== Austrian Empire and early 20th century===
{{Further|Austrian Empire}}
In 1804, during the ], Vienna became the capital of the newly formed ]. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the ] in 1814–15. The city also saw major uprisings against Habsburg rule in ], which were suppressed. After the ], Vienna remained the capital of what became the ]. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the ] (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.]During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the ]s and ] into the {{lang|de|]}}, a new ] surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after ], Vienna became capital of the ], and then in 1919 of the ].


From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of ]. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as ], ], ], and ].
=== Austro-Hungarian Empire ===
The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the ] movement in art, the ], the architecture of ], the philosophy of ], and the ].
]
===Red Vienna===
In 1804, during the ], Vienna became the capital of the ] and continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the ] in 1814/15. After the ], Vienna remained the capital of what was then the ]. The city was a centre of classical music, for which the title of the ] is sometimes applied.
], a '']'' building and a symbol of ]]]
{{Main|Red Vienna}}
The city of Vienna became the center of ] politics from 1919 to 1934, a period referred to as ] (''Das rote Wien''). After a new breed of socialist politicians won the local elections they engaged in a brief but ambitious municipal experiment.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard Cockett |title=Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2023 |page=71 |isbn=9780300266535 }}</ref> Social democrats had won an absolute majority in the May 1919 municipal election and commanded the city council with 100 of the 165 seats. ] was appointed by the city council as city mayor.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard Cockett |title=Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2023 |page=77 |isbn=9780300266535 }}</ref> The theoretical foundations of so-called ] were established by ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard Cockett |title=Vienna: How the City of Ideas Created the Modern World |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2023 |page=78 |isbn=9780300266535 }}</ref>


Red Vienna is perhaps most well known for its '']'', public housing buildings. Between 1925 and 1934, over 60,000 new apartments were built in the Gemeindebauten. Apartments were assigned on the basis of a point system favoring families and less affluent citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wiener Wohnen - Gemeindewohnungen |url=https://www.wienerwohnen.at/wiener-gemeindebau/geschichte.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=wiener-wohnen.at |language=de |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912115136/https://www.wienerwohnen.at/wiener-gemeindebau/geschichte.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
During the latter half of the 19th century, the city developed what had previously been the ]s and ] into the ], a new ] surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the ], and then in 1919 of the ].


=== July Revolt and Civil War ===
From the late 19th century to 1938, the city remained a centre of high culture and ]. A world capital of music, the city played host to composers such as ], ], ] and ]. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the ] movement, ], the ], the architecture of ] and the philosophy of ] and the ]. In 1913, ], ], ], ] and ] all lived within a few miles of each other in central Vienna, with some of them being regulars at the same ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21859771|title=1913: When Hitler, Trotsky, Tito, Freud and Stalin all lived in the same place|website=BBC News|date=18 April 2013|accessdate=11 November 2013}}</ref> Within Austria, Vienna was seen as a centre of socialist politics, for which it was sometimes referred to as "]". The city was a stage to the ] of 1934, when Chancellor ] sent the ] to shell civilian housing occupied by the socialist militia.
]
In ], after three nationalist far-right paramilitary members were acquitted of the killing of two social democratic '']'' members, a riot broke out in the city. The protestors, enraged by the decision, set the ] ablaze. The police attempted to end the revolt with force and killed at least 84 protestors, with 5 policemen also dying.<ref>{{Cite web |title=30 January 1927 - prologue of a fateful day |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/justice-palace.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718062420/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/justice-palace.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1933, right-wing Chancellor ] ], essentially letting him run the country as a ], banned the ] and severely limited the influence of the ]. This led to a ] between the right-wing government and socialist forces the following year, which started in ] and quickly spread to Vienna. Socialist members of the '']'' barricaded themselves inside the housing estates and exchanged fire with the police and paramilitary groups. The fighting in Vienna ended after the ] shelled the ], a civilian housing estate, and the ''Schutzbund'' surrendered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=February 1934 - Austrians take up Arms |website=www.wien.gv.at |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/february-1934.html |access-date=12 September 2024 |language=en |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055620/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/february-1934.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== The Anschluss and World War II === === Anschluss and World War II===
] ] as he rides in an open car in Vienna following the March 1938 annexation of Austria by ]]]
{{Main|Anschluss}} {{Main|Anschluss}}
On 15 March 1938, three days after German troops had first entered Austria, ] arrived in Vienna. 200,000 Austrians greeted him at the ], where he held a speech from a balcony in the Neue Burg, in which he announced that Austria would be absorbed into ]. The persecution of ] started almost immediately, Viennese Jews were harassed and hounded, their homes and businesses plundered. Some were forced to scrub pro-independence slogans off the streets. This culminated in the ], a nationwide ] against the Jews carried out by the ] and the ], with support of the ] and German civilians. All ] and prayer houses in the city were destroyed, bar the ], due to its proximity to residential buildings.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Erlanger |first1=Steven |title=Vienna Skewered as a Nazi-Era Pillager of Its Jews |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/07/world/vienna-skewered-as-a-nazi-era-pillager-of-its-jews.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=11 May 2017 |date=7 March 2002 |url-status=live |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702054818/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/07/world/vienna-skewered-as-a-nazi-era-pillager-of-its-jews.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Expulsion, Deportation to concentration camps and mass murder – History of the Jews in Vienna From racist mania to genocide |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/history/nationalsocialism.html |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=wien.gv.at |quote=The entry of Hitler's army into Austria in March 1938 triggered unprecedented suffering and hardship for Vienna's Jews. Grave acts of violence against the Jewish population began to proliferate. |archive-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320223715/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/history/nationalsocialism.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vienna lost its status as a capital to ], as Austria had ceased to exist. The few ] in the city were arrested.
In 1938, after a triumphant entry into Austria, Austrian-born ] spoke to the ] from the balcony of the Neue Burg, a part of the ] at the ]. Between 1938 (after the Anschluss) and the end of the Second World War, Vienna lost its status as a capital to ] as Austria ceased to exist and became a part of Nazi Germany. It was not until 1955 that Austria regained full sovereignty.


] held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was only about 5,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.doew.at/erkennen/ausstellung/1938/die-verfolgung-der-oesterreichischen-juden |title=DÖW – Erkennen – Ausstellung – 1938 – Die Verfolgung der österreichischen Juden |website=www.doew.at |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=6 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706103854/https://www.doew.at/erkennen/ausstellung/1938/die-verfolgung-der-oesterreichischen-juden |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/u-z/2087-wien-oesterreich |title=Jüdische Gemeinde – Wien (Österreich) |website=www.xn—jdische-gemeinden-22b.de |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610035119/https://www.xn--jdische-gemeinden-22b.de/index.php/gemeinden/u-z/2087-wien-oesterreich |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/ |title=Jewish Vienna |website=www.wien.gv.at |access-date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=19 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619120020/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture/jewishvienna/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.zeit.de/2018/11/nationalsozialismus-oesterreich-anschluss-antisemitismus-adolf-eichmann/komplettansicht |title=Hitlers willige Vasallen |newspaper=Die Zeit |date=12 March 2018 |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505105703/https://www.zeit.de/2018/11/nationalsozialismus-oesterreich-anschluss-antisemitismus-adolf-eichmann/komplettansicht |url-status=live |last1=Riedl |first1=Joachim }}</ref>
On 2 April 1945, the Soviets launched the ] against the Germans holding the city and besieged it. British and American air raids and artillery duels between the ] and ] and the ] crippled infrastructure, such as tram services and water and power distribution, and destroyed or damaged thousands of public and private buildings. Vienna fell eleven days later. Austria was separated from Germany, and Vienna was restored as the republic's capital city, but the Soviet hold on the city remained until 1955.
].|left]]
In 1942 the city suffered its first ], carried out by the ]. Only after the ] did the next raids commence. From 17 March 1944, 51 air raids were carried out in Vienna. Targets of the bombings were primarily the city's ]. However, around a third of the city center was destroyed, and culturally important buildings such as the State Opera and the Burgtheater were burned, and the Albertina was heavily damaged. These air raids lasted until March 1945, just before the Soviet troops started the ].


The ], who had previously ], first entered Vienna on 6 April. They first attacked the eastern and southern suburbs, before moving on to the western suburbs. By the 8th they had the center of the city surrounded. The following day the Soviets started with the infiltration of the city center. Fighting continued for a few more days until the ]’s ] naval force arrived with reinforcements. The remaining defending soldiers surrendered that same day.
=== Four-power Vienna ===
] ]
=== Four-power Vienna===
After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. As in Berlin, Vienna in September 1945 was divided into sectors by the four powers: the USA, the UK, France and the Soviet Union and supervised by an ]. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an international zone in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The control was policed by the four powers on a ''de facto'' day-to-day basis, the famous "four soldiers in a jeep" method. The ] of 1948 raised allied concerns that the Soviets might repeat the blockade in Vienna. The matter was raised in the UK ]:
] zones in Vienna between 1945 and 1955 following ]|left]]
{{quote|What plans have the Government for dealing with a similar situation in Vienna? Vienna is in exactly a similar position to Berlin. It is surrounded by a Soviet Zone of occupation and we have our sector of responsibility in Vienna the same as the Americans and the French. What plans have the Government to deal with a similar situation arising in Vienna in the near future? I hope we shall have an answer, because this is of vital importance. – Sir ], Honourable Member for ], 30 June 1948, House of Commons, London.}}
{{further|Allied-occupied Austria}}
After the war, Vienna was part of ] until September 1945. That month, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the ] and supervised by an ]. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an ''international zone'' in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The city was policed by the four powers on a day-to-day basis using the "four soldiers in a jeep" method, which had one soldier from each nation sitting together. The four powers all had separate headquarters, the Soviets in ] next to the Parliament, the French in Hotel Kummer on Mariahilferstraße, the Americans in the ], and the British in ]. The division of the city was not comparable to that of ]. Although the borders between the sectors were marked, travel between them was freely possible.


During the ten years of the four-power occupation, Vienna was a hotbed for international espionage between the ] and ]s, which deeply distrusted each other. The city experienced an economic upturn due to the ].
There was a lack of airfields in the Western sectors, and authorities drafted contingency plans to deal with such a blockade. Plans included the laying down of metal landing mats at Schönbrunn. The Soviets did not blockade the city. The ] included written rights of land access to the western sectors, whereas no such written guarantees had covered the western sectors of Berlin. During the 10 years of the four-power occupation, Vienna became a hot-bed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs. In the wake of the Berlin Blockade, the Cold War in Vienna took on a different dynamic. While accepting that Germany and Berlin would be divided, the Soviets had decided against allowing the same state of affairs to arise in Austria and Vienna. Here the Soviet forces controlled the districts 2, 4, 10, 20, 21 and 22 and all areas incorporated into Vienna in 1938.


The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for ]'s screenplay for the film '']'' (1949). The film's ] was composed and performed by Viennese musician ] using a ]. Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 ] novel, '']''.
They put up barbed wire fences around the perimeter of West Berlin in 1953, but not in Vienna. By 1955, the Soviets, by signing the State Treaty, agreed to relinquish their occupation zones in Eastern Austria as well as their sector in Vienna. In exchange they required that Austria declare its permanent neutrality after the allied powers had left the country. Thus they ensured that Austria would not be a member of ] and that NATO forces would therefore not have direct communications between Italy and West Germany.


=== Austrian State Treaty and subsequent sovereignty ===
The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for ]'s screenplay for the film '']'' (1949). Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the ] novel, '']''.
] square in 1966]]
{{Main|Austrian State Treaty}}
The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the ] was signed in May 1955 and came into force on 27 July 1955. By October, all soldiers had left the country. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the ] and the ], both on the {{lang|de|Ringstraße|italic=no}}, reopened to the public.


In the Autumn of 1956, Vienna accepted many Hungarian ], who had fled Hungary after an ]. The city experienced another wave of refugees after the ] in ] in 1968, as well as after the ] in 1991.
=== Austrian State Treaty and afterwards ===
The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the ] was signed in May 1955. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public. The Soviet Union signed the State Treaty only after having been provided with the political guarantee by the federal government to declare Austria's neutrality after the withdrawal of the allied troops. This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither ] nor the ], and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's late entry into the European Union.


In the 1970s, ] ] inaugurated the ], a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organizations, such as the United Nations (], ] and ]), the ], the ], the ], and the ] and the United European Gastroenterology Federation.{{clarify|date=May 2013|reason=United European Gastroenterology?}} In 1972 the construction of the ''] and'' the excavation of the ] began. In the same decade, ] ] inaugurated the ], a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organisations, such as the United Nations.


== Demographics == == Demographics==
{{Historical populations {{Historical populations
|1637|60,000
|align=right
|1683|90,000
|1710|113,800
|1754|175,460 |1754|175,460
|1800|271,800 |1783|247,753
|1793|271,800
|1830|401,200
|1840|469,400
|1850|551,300 |1850|551,300
|1857|683,000
|1869|900,998
|1880|1,162,591
|1890|1,430,213
|1900|1,769,137 |1900|1,769,137
|1910|2,083,630 |1910|2,083,630
|33=1923|34=1,918,720|35=1934|36=1,935,881|37=1939|38=1,770,938|39=1951|40=1,616,125|41=1961|42=1,627,566|43=1971|44=1,619,885|45=1981|46=1,531,346|47=1991|48=1,539,848|49=2001|50=1,550,123|51=2011|52=1,714,227|53=2021|54=1,926,960|footnote=Source for 1869-2021:<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Censuses - STATISTICS AUSTRIA |url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses |publisher=Statistics Austria |access-date=2 August 2024 |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802182504/https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/population-and-society/population/population-stock/historic-censuses |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1923|1,918,720
|1939|1,770,938
|1951|1,616,125
|1961|1,627,566
|1971|1,619,885
|1981|1,535,145
|1985|1,494,874
|1990|1,492,636
|1995|1,542,667
|2000|1,548,537
|2005|1,632,569
|2010|1,689,995
|2013|1,741,246
|2014|1,793,667
}} }}
{|class="wikitable floatright"
<div style="float:right;">]</div>
|+ Significant foreign resident groups<ref name=":0">{{cite report |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Wien 2024|trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of the City of Vienna 2024|url=https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/jahrbuch.pdf#page=70 |page=70 |date=November 2024 |publisher=Stadt Wien (City of Vienna) }}</ref>
Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of ] (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants, and was the fourth ] in Europe after London, Paris and Berlin.<ref>{{cite book |title=Frommer's Vienna & the Danube Valley |last=Porter |first=Darwin |authorlink= |author2=Prince, Danforth |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location= |isbn= |page=16 |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b6jLTn7cN3oC&pg=PA16}}</ref> Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna (Czech ''Vídeň'', Hungarian ''Bécs'', Slovak Viedeň) was the city with the second-largest ] population in the world (after ]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/3586 |title=Czech and Slovak roots in Vienna |publisher=Wieninternational.at |accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> At the height of the migration, about one-third of the Viennese population was of ] or Hungarian origin. After World War I, many ] and ] returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.
|-
! Country of birth||Population as of<br />1 January 2024
|-
|{{flag|Serbia}}||88,279
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}||66,414
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}||62,418
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}||48,712
|-
|{{flag|Syria}}||47,483
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}||46,727
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}||40,035
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}||36,402
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}||25,048
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}||22,941
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}||23,218
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}||20,563
|}
Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of ] (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants and was the third ] in Europe after London and Paris.<ref>{{cite book |title=Frommer's Vienna & the Danube Valley |last=Porter |first=Darwin |author2=Prince, Danforth |year=2009 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-49488-2 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b6jLTn7cN3oC&pg=PA16 |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055617/https://books.google.com/books?id=b6jLTn7cN3oC&pg=PA16 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest ] population in the world (after ]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/3586 |title=Czech and Slovak roots in Vienna |publisher=Wieninternational.at |access-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512221406/http://www.wieninternational.at/en/node/3586 |archive-date=12 May 2014 }}</ref> After World War I, many ] and ] returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} The population of Vienna generally stagnated or declined through the remainder of the 20th century, not demonstrating significant growth again until the census of 2000. In 2020, Vienna's population remained significantly below its reported peak in 1916.


Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jewish people were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_20409.html |title=Vienna |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 ] were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_20409.html |title=Vienna |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113005420/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0020_0_20409.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former ];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/bevoelkerung_2001_nach_umgangssprache_staatsangehoerigkeit_und_geburtsland_022896.pdf |title=Bevölkerung 2001 nach Umgangssprache, Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-date=13 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113171636/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/static/bevoelkerung_2001_nach_umgangssprache_staatsangehoerigkeit_und_geburtsland_022896.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dw.com/sr/be%C4%8D-bo%C5%BEi%C4%87-na-gastarbajterski-na%C4%8Din/a-5096611?maca=ser-TB_ser_politka1-3157-html-cb |title=Beč: Božić na gastarbajterski način &#124; Evropa &#124; Deutsche Welle &#124; 7 January 2010 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=22 January 2010 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705002924/http://www.dw.com/sr/be%C4%8D-bo%C5%BEi%C4%87-na-gastarbajterski-na%C4%8Din/a-5096611?maca=ser-TB_ser_politka1-3157-html-cb |url-status=live }}</ref> the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were ] (39,000; 2.5%), ] (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%).
ethnic groups 2014


{{As of|2012}}, an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.<ref name="Statistik Austria-2022" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |title=Vienna in figures 2012, Vienna City Administration Municipal Department 23 Economic history, Labour and Statistics Responsible for the contents: Gustav Lebhart, page 6 |access-date=21 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018165619/http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2012 }}</ref>
*{{flag|Serbia}}: 70.810
*{{flag|Turkey}}: 44.816
*{{flag|Germany}}: 37.982
*{{flag|Poland}}: 34.993
*{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}: 20.410
*{{flag|Romania}}: 20.050
*{{flag|Croatia}}: 18.789
*{{flag|Hungary}}: 14.263
*{{flag|Russia}}: 12.986
*{{flag|Slovakia}}: 12.046


From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |title=Vienna in figures |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501085024/http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2015 }}</ref> According to ], Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhabitat.org.jo/en/inp/Upload/1052216_Data%20tables.pdf |publisher=UN-Habitat |title=City population by country |access-date=21 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925074331/http://www.unhabitat.org.jo/en/inp/Upload/1052216_Data%20tables.pdf |archive-date=25 September 2015 }}</ref>
As of 2012, an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey and Germany.<ref name="statistik.at" /><ref name="wien.gv.at" /> This is reflected today in the telephone list of the city where there is an eclectic list of surnames.


{| class="wikitable"
From 2002 to 2012 the city's population grew by over ten percent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/english/administration/statistics/index.html | publisher=City of Vienna |year=2012 | title=Vienna in Figures |accessdate=12 October 2013}}</ref> In 2012 alone it added 25,000 people, making it the fastest growing city in German-speaking countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/english/transportation-urbanplanning/vienna2025.html | publisher=City of Vienna |year=2012 | title=Developing strategies for Vienna 2025 |accessdate=12 October 2013}}</ref>
|+Population by migration background (2023)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Migrationshintergrund |url=https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/migration-und-einbuergerung/migrationshintergrund |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=STATISTIK AUSTRIA |language=de-AT |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925113415/https://www.statistik.at/statistiken/bevoelkerung-und-soziales/bevoelkerung/migration-und-einbuergerung/migrationshintergrund |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Background
!Nos.
|-
|Native born
|style="text-align:right;"|970,900
|-
|1st generation migration background
|style="text-align:right;"|739,500
|-
|2nd generation migration background
|style="text-align:right;"|242,900
|-
!Total
!1,953,300
|}


=== Religion===
== Geography and climate ==
{{Pie chart
Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the ] in the ]. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's ], was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from {{convert|151|to|524|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}.
|thumb = right
]
|caption = Religion in Vienna (2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000136038218/mehr-orthodoxe-christen-muslime-und-konfessionslose-in-wien |title=Mehr orthodoxe Christen, Muslime und Konfessionslose in Wien |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723125449/https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000136038218/mehr-orthodoxe-christen-muslime-und-konfessionslose-in-wien |url-status=live }}</ref>
Vienna lies within a transition of ] and ], and features, according to the ], a Cfb (oceanic) -climate. The city has warm summers with average high temperatures of {{convert|24|to|33|C|F|abbr=on}}, with maximum exceeding {{convert|38|°C|0|abbr=on}} and lows of around {{convert|15|°C|0|abbr=on}}. Winters are relatively dry and cold with average temperatures at about freezing point. Spring and autumn are mild. Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging {{convert|620|mm|1|abbr=on}} annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ({{convert|700|to|800|mm|0|abbr=on}} annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ({{convert|500|to|550|mm|0|abbr=on}} annually). Snow in the winter is not uncommon, but rare compared to Western and Southern regions in Austria.
|label2 = ]
|value2 = 32
|color2 = #2243B6
|label3 = ]
|value3 = 11
|color3 = Orchid
|label4 = ]
|value4 = 15
|color4 = Green
|label5 = Other
|value5 = 8
|color5 = WhiteSmoke
|label1 = Unaffiliated
|value1 = 34
|color1 = Yellow
}}

According to the 2021 census, 49.0% of Viennese were Christian. Among them, 31.8% were ], 11.2% were ], and 3.7% were ], mostly ], 34.1% had no religious affiliation, 14.8% were ], and 2% were of other religions, including Jewish.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KLIMONT |first=Jeannette |date=5 May 2022 |title=Religionszugehörigkeit 2021: drei Viertel bekennen sich zu einer Religion |url=https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/announcement/2022/05/20220525Religionszugehoerigkeit2021.pdf |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Statistik Austria |archive-date=24 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224001630/https://www.statistik.at/fileadmin/announcement/2022/05/20220525Religionszugehoerigkeit2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> One sources estimates that Vienna's Jewish community is of 8,000 members meanwhile another suggest 15,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ikg-wien.at/en/about-the-jewish-community-of-vienna |title=About the Jewish Community of Vienna |language=en |access-date=14 May 2023 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514134526/https://www.ikg-wien.at/en/about-the-jewish-community-of-vienna }}</ref><ref name="Vienna Direct d705">{{cite web |title=Synagogues in Vienna |website=Vienna Direct |url=https://www.viennadirect.com/living/synagogues.php |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055620/https://www.viennadirect.com/living/synagogues.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 200,000 (10.4%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions.<ref>{{cite report |title=Statistisches Jahrbuch der Stadt Wien 2019 |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of the City of Vienna 2019 |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/jahrbuch-2019.pdf#page=172 |page=174 |date=November 2019 |language=de |publisher=Magistrat der Stadt Wienn – Stadt Wien Wirtschaft, Arbeit und Statistik |access-date=29 June 2020 |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701040527/https://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/jahrbuch-2019.pdf#page=172 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A study conducted by the ] estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.<ref>{{cite report |first1=Anne |last1=Goujon |first2=Claudia |last2=Reiter |first3=Michaela |last3=Potančoková |title=Vienna Institute of Demography Working Papers 13/2018 – Religious Affiliations in Austria at the Provincial Level: Estimates for Vorarlberg, 2001–2018 |url=https://www.oeaw.ac.at/fileadmin/subsites/Institute/VID/IMG/Publications/Working_Papers/WP2018_13.pdf#page=19 |pages=18–19 |publisher=] – ] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehr orthodoxe Christen, Muslime und Konfessionslose in Wien |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000136038218/mehr-orthodoxe-christen-muslime-und-konfessionslose-in-wien |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=DER STANDARD |language=de-AT |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723125449/https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000136038218/mehr-orthodoxe-christen-muslime-und-konfessionslose-in-wien |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of the spring of 2014, Muslims made up 30% of the total proportion of schoolchildren in Vienna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The European capital where there are more Muslim than Catholic children in state primary schools |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/muslim-catholic-children-viennas-state-primary-schools-102432801.html |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=uk.news.yahoo.com |date=27 September 2017 |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106154721/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/muslim-catholic-children-viennas-state-primary-schools-102432801.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2017 |title='Islamic' kindergartens: Vienna's Muslim preschools cause a stir in Austria |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/islamic-kindergartens-vienna-s-muslim-preschools-cause-a-stir-in-austria/story-oVNNlceakLKR4iNAf9NvnI.html |access-date=6 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=6 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106154720/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/islamic-kindergartens-vienna-s-muslim-preschools-cause-a-stir-in-austria/story-oVNNlceakLKR4iNAf9NvnI.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan ], in which is also vested the exempt ] for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria; its ] is ] ]. Many ]es in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the ] (''Stephansdom''), ], ] and the ]. On the banks of the Danube is a Buddhist ], built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of ].

== Geography ==
] of Vienna by ]]]
Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the ] in the ]. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's ], was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from {{cvt|151|to|542|m|ft|0}}. The city has a total area of 414.78 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.

=== Climate ===
Whereas the higher elevated north/western edges of Vienna have a borderline ] (]: ''Cfb'') and ] (]: ''Dfb''), most parts of the urban core are warm enough for a ] (]: ''Cfa'') classification with dozens of days exceeding {{cvt|30|°C|0}} and night temperatures not dropping below {{cvt|20|°C|0}}.

The city has warm to hot showery summers, with average high temperatures ranging between {{cvt|27|to|32|C|F}} and a record maximum exceeding {{cvt|38|°C|0}}. Winters are relatively dry and cool to cold with daily mean temperatures at or well above freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with a chance of snow in or after November. Snowfall and frequent frost have become rare though in the last decades, with snow cover mostly ranging from zero to a few inches for a short period of time.

Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around {{cvt|600|mm|1}} annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part ({{cvt|700|to|800|mm|0}} annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part ({{cvt|500|to|550|mm|0}} annually). Snow in winter is not common anymore and not so frequent compared to the mostly alpine Western and Southern regions of Austria.


{{Weather box|location= Vienna {{Weather box|location= Vienna (]) 1991–2020, extremes 1775–present
|metric first= Y |metric first= Y
|single line= Y |single line= Y
|Jan record high C = 16.7 |Jan record high C = 18.7
|Feb record high C = 19.1 |Feb record high C = 20.6
|Mar record high C = 25.5 |Mar record high C = 25.5
|Apr record high C = 27.8 |Apr record high C = 29.5
|May record high C = 30.7 |May record high C = 34.0
|Jun record high C = 35.9 |Jun record high C = 36.5
|Jul record high C = 39.5<!--See info here: https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2596922/ Moreover, in all of Austria has never ever reached 41 degrees, absolute highest registered temperature in the history of Austria is just 40.2 degrees (Bad Deutsch Altenburg, always in 2013)-->
|Jul record high C = 36.0
|Aug record high C = 37.0 |Aug record high C = 38.4
|Sep record high C = 31.1 |Sep record high C = 34.0
|Oct record high C = 26.4 |Oct record high C = 27.8
|Nov record high C = 20.8 |Nov record high C = 21.7
|Dec record high C = 16.1 |Dec record high C = 18.6
|year record high C = 37.0 |year record high C = 39.5
|Jan high C= 2.9 |Jan high C = 3.5
|Feb high C= 5.1 |Feb high C = 6.5
|Mar high C= 10.3 |Mar high C = 10.7
|Apr high C= 15.2 |Apr high C = 17.2
|May high C= 20.5 |May high C = 20.7
|Jun high C= 23.4 |Jun high C = 25.1
|Jul high C= 25.6 |Jul high C = 26.4
|Aug high C= 25.4 |Aug high C = 26.1
|Sep high C= 20.3 |Sep high C = 21.1
|Oct high C= 14.2 |Oct high C = 14.3
|Nov high C= 7.5 |Nov high C = 8.8
|Dec high C= 4.0 |Dec high C = 4.0
|year high C= 14.5 |year high C = 15.4
|Jan mean C = 0.1 |Jan mean C = 1.1
|Feb mean C = 1.6 |Feb mean C = 2.8
|Mar mean C = 5.7 |Mar mean C = 6.9
|Apr mean C = 10.0 |Apr mean C = 11.9
|May mean C = 15.2 |May mean C = 16.3
|Jun mean C = 18.2 |Jun mean C = 20.0
|Jul mean C = 20.2 |Jul mean C = 21.9
|Aug mean C = 19.8 |Aug mean C = 21.6
|Sep mean C = 15.3 |Sep mean C = 16.6
|Oct mean C = 9.9 |Oct mean C = 11.2
|Nov mean C = 4.6 |Nov mean C = 6.2
|Dec mean C = 1.5 |Dec mean C = 1.8
|year mean C = 10.2 |year mean C = 11.5
|Jan low C= -2.0 |Jan low C = -1.3
|Feb low C= -0.9 |Feb low C = -0.5
|Mar low C= 2.4 |Mar low C = 2.6
|Apr low C= 5.8 |Apr low C = 6.7
|May low C= 10.5 |May low C = 10.7
|Jun low C= 13.5 |Jun low C = 14.7
|Jul low C= 15.4 |Jul low C = 15.9
|Aug low C= 15.3 |Aug low C = 15.6
|Sep low C= 11.7 |Sep low C = 12.0
|Oct low C= 7.0 |Oct low C = 7.3
|Nov low C= 2.4 |Nov low C = 3.7
|Dec low C= -0.5 |Dec low C = -0.4
|year low C= 6.7 |year low C = 7.2
|Jan record low C = -18.9 |Jan record low C = -23.8
|Feb record low C = -17.2 |Feb record low C = -26.0
|Mar record low C = -15.3 |Mar record low C = -16.3
|Apr record low C = -2.7 |Apr record low C = -8.1
|May record low C = 1.0 |May record low C = -1.8
|Jun record low C = 4.8 |Jun record low C = 3.2
|Jul record low C = 8.4 |Jul record low C = 6.9
|Aug record low C = 7.0 |Aug record low C = 6.5
|Sep record low C = 3.1 |Sep record low C = -0.6
|Oct record low C = -4.5 |Oct record low C = -9.1
|Nov record low C = -9.6 |Nov record low C = -14.3
|Dec record low C = -18.1 |Dec record low C = -20.7
|year record low C = -18.9 |year record low C = -26.0
|precipitation colour = green |precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm= 37.2 |Jan precipitation mm = 42.1
|Feb precipitation mm= 39.4 |Feb precipitation mm = 38.1
|Mar precipitation mm= 46.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 51.6
|Apr precipitation mm= 51.7 |Apr precipitation mm = 41.8
|May precipitation mm= 61.8 |May precipitation mm = 78.9
|Jun precipitation mm= 70.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 70.0
|Jul precipitation mm= 68.2 |Jul precipitation mm = 77.7
|Aug precipitation mm= 57.8 |Aug precipitation mm = 69.1
|Sep precipitation mm= 53.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 64.1
|Oct precipitation mm= 40.0 |Oct precipitation mm = 46.9
|Nov precipitation mm= 50.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 46.0
|Dec precipitation mm= 44.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 46.8
|Jan snow cm = 18.6 |year precipitation mm = 673.1
|Feb snow cm = 15.6 |Jan snow cm = 15.9
|Mar snow cm = 8.3 |Feb snow cm = 13.6
|Apr snow cm = 1.5 |Mar snow cm = 5.2
|Apr snow cm = 1.1
|May snow cm = 0.0 |May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0 |Jun snow cm = 0.0
Line 264: Line 422:
|Aug snow cm = 0.0 |Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0 |Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.0 |Oct snow cm = 0.4
|Nov snow cm = 7.9 |Nov snow cm = 3.2
|Dec snow cm = 16.4 |Dec snow cm = 10.8
|year snow cm = 68.3 |year snow cm =
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days= 7.3 |Jan precipitation days = 8.7
|Feb precipitation days= 7.6 |Feb precipitation days = 7.1
|Mar precipitation days= 8.3 |Mar precipitation days = 8.7
|Apr precipitation days= 7.5 |Apr precipitation days = 6.5
|May precipitation days= 8.5 |May precipitation days = 9.4
|Jun precipitation days= 9.1 |Jun precipitation days = 8.4
|Jul precipitation days= 9.0 |Jul precipitation days = 8.9
|Aug precipitation days= 8.0 |Aug precipitation days = 7.9
|Sep precipitation days= 7.0 |Sep precipitation days = 7.4
|Oct precipitation days= 6.0 |Oct precipitation days = 7.2
|Nov precipitation days= 8.3 |Nov precipitation days = 7.6
|Dec precipitation days= 8.2 |Dec precipitation days = 8.6
|unit snow days = 1.0 cm |year precipitation days = 96.4
|Jan snow days = 13.9 |unit snow days = 1.0&nbsp;cm
|Feb snow days = 10.0 |Jan snow days = 11.4
|Mar snow days = 4.0 |Feb snow days = 8.8
|Apr snow days = 0.4 |Mar snow days = 3.4
|Apr snow days = 0.3
|May snow days = 0.0 |May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jun snow days = 0.0
Line 291: Line 450:
|Aug snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 2.7 |Nov snow days = 1.6
|Dec snow days = 8.3 |Dec snow days = 6.2
|year snow days = 39.3 |year snow days = 31.8
|Jan sun= 60.9 |time day= 14:00
|Feb sun= 90.1 |Jan humidity = 73.4
|Mar sun= 131.5 |Feb humidity = 64.9
|Apr sun= 173.8 |Mar humidity = 57.7
|May sun= 228.0 |Apr humidity = 51.6
|Jun sun= 222.8 |May humidity = 54.6
|Jul sun= 241.8 |Jun humidity = 54.4
|Aug sun= 239.2 |Jul humidity = 53.3
|Sep sun= 167.6 |Aug humidity = 52.8
|Oct sun= 131.2 |Sep humidity = 58.4
|Nov sun= 65.5 |Oct humidity = 66.2
|Dec sun= 52.0 |Nov humidity = 74.3
|year sun = 1804.4 |Dec humidity = 76.6
|year humidity = 61.5
|source 1= ]<ref name = ZAMG>{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm|title=Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Wien-Hohe Warte|language = German| publisher= Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics|accessdate=6 September 2012}}</ref>
|Jan sun = 70.2
|date = September 2012}}
|Feb sun = 104.9
|Mar sun = 155.1
|Apr sun = 216.5
|May sun = 248.3
|Jun sun = 260.5
|Jul sun = 273.6
|Aug sun = 266.3
|Sep sun = 191.7
|Oct sun = 129.9
|Nov sun = 67.7
|Dec sun = 57.1
|year sun = 2041.8
|Jan percentsun = 26.4
|Feb percentsun = 37.5
|Mar percentsun = 43.0
|Apr percentsun = 54.1
|May percentsun = 54.4
|Jun percentsun = 56.3
|Jul percentsun = 58.6
|Aug percentsun = 62.1
|Sep percentsun = 52.2
|Oct percentsun = 40.0
|Nov percentsun = 25.1
|Dec percentsun = 22.6
|year percentsun = 44.4
|source 1 = ]<ref name="Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics">
{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605200319/https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_klimauebersichten/copy_of_klimanormalperiode_19912020.xlsx |archive-date=5 June 2023 |url=https://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/dokumente/klima/dok_klimauebersichten/copy_of_klimanormalperiode_19912020.xlsx |title=Klimamittelwerte 1991–2020 |publisher=Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics |language=de |access-date=11 April 2023 }}</ref>
|source 2= Meteo Climat (record highs and lows),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=299 |title=Station Vienne |publisher=Météo Climat |language=fr |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224012427/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=299 |url-status=live }}</ref> wien.orf.at<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2596922/ |title=Hitzerekord: 39,5 Grad in Wien |publisher=wien.orf.at |access-date=21 October 2019 |language=de |date=8 August 2013 |archive-date=22 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022001407/https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2596922/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box|location= Vienna (]) 1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|collapsed = Y
|Jan record high C = 19.5
|Feb record high C = 20.0
|Mar record high C = 25.4
|Apr record high C = 31.2
|May record high C = 34.1
|Jun record high C = 37.7
|Jul record high C = 38.4
|Aug record high C = 39.5
|Sep record high C = 34.5
|Oct record high C = 28.5
|Nov record high C = 21.3
|Dec record high C = 16.4
|year record high C = 39.5
|Jan high C = 4.2
|Feb high C = 7.0
|Mar high C = 11.0
|Apr high C = 17.4
|May high C = 21.1
|Jun high C = 25.7
|Jul high C = 26.9
|Aug high C = 26.6
|Sep high C = 21.6
|Oct high C = 15.0
|Nov high C = 9.5
|Dec high C = 4.7
|year high C = 15.9
|Jan mean C = 2.1
|Feb mean C = 3.8
|Mar mean C = 7.7
|Apr mean C = 13.0
|May mean C = 17.3
|Jun mean C = 21.0
|Jul mean C = 23.0
|Aug mean C = 22.8
|Sep mean C = 17.7
|Oct mean C = 12.3
|Nov mean C = 7.2
|Dec mean C = 2.8
|year mean C = 12.6
|Jan low C = -0.1
|Feb low C = 1.1
|Mar low C = 4.0
|Apr low C = 8.6
|May low C = 12.3
|Jun low C = 16.4
|Jul low C = 17.7
|Aug low C = 17.5
|Sep low C = 13.8
|Oct low C = 8.9
|Nov low C = 5.0
|Dec low C = 0.7
|year low C = 8.8
|Jan record low C = -17.6
|Feb record low C = -16.4
|Mar record low C = -11.0
|Apr record low C = -2.4
|May record low C = 3.0
|Jun record low C = 6.8
|Jul record low C = 10.9
|Aug record low C = 10.1
|Sep record low C = 5.1
|Oct record low C = -2.1
|Nov record low C = -7.0
|Dec record low C = -15.4
|year record low C = -17.6
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 37.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 33.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 46.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 39.6
|May precipitation mm = 78.3
|Jun precipitation mm = 82.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 80.3
|Aug precipitation mm = 73.8
|Sep precipitation mm = 67.3
|Oct precipitation mm = 47.7
|Nov precipitation mm = 42.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 39.9
|year precipitation mm = 669.2
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 7.5
|Feb precipitation days = 6.3
|Mar precipitation days = 7.7
|Apr precipitation days = 6.4
|May precipitation days = 9.3
|Jun precipitation days = 9.0
|Jul precipitation days = 8.9
|Aug precipitation days = 8.0
|Sep precipitation days = 7.2
|Oct precipitation days = 7.0
|Nov precipitation days = 6.9
|Dec precipitation days = 7.7
|year precipitation days = 91.9
|time day= 14:00
|Jan humidity = 75.0
|Feb humidity = 67.6
|Mar humidity = 62.1
|Apr humidity = 53.9
|May humidity = 54.3
|Jun humidity = 56.9
|Jul humidity = 54.4
|Aug humidity = 54.4
|Sep humidity = 61.0
|Oct humidity = 64.9
|Nov humidity = 74.9
|Dec humidity = 78.4
|year humidity = 63.2
|Jan sun = 70.4
|Feb sun = 103.7
|Mar sun = 154.9
|Apr sun = 216.6
|May sun = 248.5
|Jun sun = 259.1
|Jul sun = 273.3
|Aug sun = 266.3
|Sep sun = 194.0
|Oct sun = 133.3
|Nov sun = 70.7
|Dec sun = 57.1
|year sun = 2047.9
|Jan percentsun = 26.7
|Feb percentsun = 37.1
|Mar percentsun = 42.8
|Apr percentsun = 53.8
|May percentsun = 53.9
|Jun percentsun = 55.2
|Jul percentsun = 57.9
|Aug percentsun = 61.7
|Sep percentsun = 52.6
|Oct percentsun = 40.9
|Nov percentsun = 26.4
|Dec percentsun = 23.0
|year percentsun = 44.3
|source 1= ]<ref name="Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm |title=Klimadaten von Österreich 1971–2000 – Wien-Innere-Stadt |language=de |publisher=Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012234750/http://www.zamg.ac.at/fix/klima/oe71-00/klima2000/klimadaten_oesterreich_1971_frame1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|date= February 2015}}

{{Weather box
|collapsed = Y
|location= Vienna (]) 1961–1990{{efn-lr|Afternoon humidity measured at 14:00 local time}}
|metric first= Y
|single line= Y
<!-- Average monthly absolute maximum temperatures (that is, on average, the highest temperature to be observed in a month). It is important to note that this data is not very prominent in most climate data archives. -->
| Jan avg record high C = 10.2
| Feb avg record high C = 11.9
| Mar avg record high C = 19.6
| Apr avg record high C = 23.5
| May avg record high C = 26.6
| Jun avg record high C = 30.1
| Jul avg record high C = 31.8
| Aug avg record high C = 31.5
| Sep avg record high C = 27.6
| Oct avg record high C = 21.6
| Nov avg record high C = 16.0
| Dec avg record high C =11.3
| Jan high C =2.9
| Feb high C =5.1
| Mar high C =10.3
| Apr high C =15.2
| May high C =20.5
| Jun high C =23.4
| Jul high C =25.6
| Aug high C =25.4
| Sep high C =20.3
| Oct high C =14.2
| Nov high C =7.5
| Dec high C =4.0
| year high C =
| Jan mean C =-0.6
| Feb mean C =1.6
| Mar mean C =5.8
| Apr mean C =10.5
| May mean C =15.1
| Jun mean C =18.2
| Jul mean C =20.1
| Aug mean C =19.7
| Sep mean C =16.0
| Oct mean C =10.6
| Nov mean C =5.1
| Dec mean C =1.2
| year mean C =10.3
| Jan low C =-2.0
| Feb low C =-0.9
| Mar low C =2.4
| Apr low C =5.8
| May low C =10.5
| Jun low C =13.5
| Jul low C =15.4
| Aug low C =15.3
| Sep low C =11.7
| Oct low C =7.0
| Nov low C =2.4
| Dec low C =-0.5
| year low C =6.7
<!-- Average monthly absolute minimum temperatures (that is, on average, the lowest temperature to be observed in a month). It is important to note that this data is not very prominent in most climate data archives. -->
| Jan avg record low C = -10.2
| Feb avg record low C = -8.3
| Mar avg record low C = -4.8
| Apr avg record low C = 0.0
| May avg record low C = 4.2
| Jun avg record low C = 8.0
| Jul avg record low C = 10.3
| Aug avg record low C = 9.6
| Sep avg record low C = 5.9
| Oct avg record low C = 0.3
| Nov avg record low C = -3.8
| Dec avg record low C = -9.1

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm =38.0
| Feb precipitation mm =42.0
| Mar precipitation mm =41.0
| Apr precipitation mm =51.0
| May precipitation mm =61.0
| Jun precipitation mm =74.0
| Jul precipitation mm =63.0
| Aug precipitation mm =58.0
| Sep precipitation mm =45.0
| Oct precipitation mm =41.0
| Nov precipitation mm =50.0
| Dec precipitation mm =43.0
| year precipitation mm =
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| precip days colour =
| Jan precipitation days =8
| Feb precipitation days =8
| Mar precipitation days =8
| Apr precipitation days =8
| May precipitation days =9
| Jun precipitation days =9
| Jul precipitation days =9
| Aug precipitation days =8
| Sep precipitation days =6
| Oct precipitation days =6
| Nov precipitation days =8
| Dec precipitation days =8
| year precipitation days =

| Jan humidity =79
| Feb humidity =76
| Mar humidity =69
| Apr humidity =64
| May humidity =66
| Jun humidity =66
| Jul humidity =64
| Aug humidity =68
| Sep humidity =74
| Oct humidity =78
| Nov humidity =80
| Dec humidity =80
| year humidity =
| Jan afthumidity =73
| Feb afthumidity =68
| Mar afthumidity =57
| Apr afthumidity =51
| May afthumidity =53
| Jun afthumidity =55
| Jul afthumidity =52
| Aug afthumidity =53
| Sep afthumidity =58
| Oct afthumidity =64
| Nov afthumidity =72
| Dec afthumidity =75
| year afthumidity =
| Jan dew point C =-3.5
| Feb dew point C =-2.3
| Mar dew point C =-0.2
| Apr dew point C =3.1
| May dew point C =8.2
| Jun dew point C =11.4
| Jul dew point C =12.6
| Aug dew point C =12.7
| Sep dew point C =10.4
| Oct dew point C =6.3
| Nov dew point C =1.5
| Dec dew point C =-1.8

| Jan sun =56
| Feb sun =78
| Mar sun =126
| Apr sun =170
| May sun =221
| Jun sun =223
| Jul sun =246
| Aug sun =228
| Sep sun =171
| Oct sun =137
| Nov sun =63
| Dec sun =52
| year sun =

|source 1 = ]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_110350_kt.pdf |title=Klimatafel von Wien-Hohe Warte / Österreich |access-date=16 February 2024 |publisher=Deutscher Wetterdienst |no-pp=y |language=German |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216111615/https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_110350_kt.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|source 2 = ](mean monthly max/min-Sun-Dew Point)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/OS/11035.TXT |title=Wien - Hohe Warte Climate Normals for 1961-1990 |access-date=16 February 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration |no-pp=y |archive-date=14 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214081204/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/RA-VI/OS/11035.TXT |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
{{notelist-lr}}


== Districts and enlargement == == Districts and enlargement==
{{Main|Districts of Vienna}} {{Main|Districts of Vienna}}
] ] with numbers]]
=== Districts ===
Vienna is composed of 23 districts (''Bezirke''). Administrative district offices in Vienna (called Magistratische Bezirksämter) serve functions similar to those in the other states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the Landeshauptmann (which in Vienna is the mayor); with the exception of the police, which in Vienna is governed by the President of the Police (at the same time one of the nine Directors of Security of Austria), a federal office, directly responsible to the Minister of the Interior.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!No.
!District
!class="unsortable" | Coat of<br>arms
!Area<br>(km<sup>2</sup>)
!Population<br>(2023)
!Density<br>per km<sup>2</sup>
!class="unsortable" | Map
|-
|1
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|2.869
|16,538
|5,764
|]
|-
|2
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|19.242
|110,100
|5,707
|]
|-
|3
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|7.403
|98,398
|13,292
|]
|-
|4
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|1.776
|33,155
|18,668
|]
|-
|5
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|2.012
|54,400
|27,038
|]
|-
|6
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|1.455
|31,386
|21,571
|]
|-
|7
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|1.608
|31,513
|19,598
|]
|-
|8
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|1.090
|24,499
|22,476
|]
|-
|9
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|2.976
|41,631
|13,989
|]
|-
|10
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|31.823
|220,324
|6,923
|]
|-
|11
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|23.256
|110,559
|4,754
|]
|-
|12
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|8.103
|101,714
|12,556
|]
|-
|13
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|37.713
|55,505
|1,472
|]
|-
|14
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|33.760
|98,161
|2,908
|]
|-
|15
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|3.918
|76,381
|19,495
|]
|-
|16
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|8.673
|102,770
|11,849
|]
|-
|17
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|11.396
|56,671
|4,973
|]
|-
|18
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|6.347
|51,395
|8,098
|]
|-
|19
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|24.944
|75,400
|3,023
|]
|-
|20
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|5.710
|85,930
|15,049
|]
|-
|21
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|44.443
|186,233
|4,190
|]
|-
|22
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|102.299
|220,794
|2,158
|]
|-
|23
|]
| style=text-align:center | ]
|32.061
|121,303
|3,784
|]
|}
Vienna is composed of 23 districts (''Bezirke''). Administrative district offices in Vienna, called Magistratische Bezirksämter, serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.


As had been planned in 1919 for all of Austria but not introduced, district residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung), which chooses the District Head (Bezirksvorsteher) as political representative of the district on city level. City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that they are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councillor (amtsführender Stadrat). District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).


=== Enlargement ===
]
]]]
The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's ], was a fortress surrounded by fields in order to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages,<ref>Felix Czeike: ''Historisches Lexikon Wien'', volume 5, Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 1997, ISBN 3-218-00547-7, p. 289</ref> called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently the walls were razed after 1857,<ref>Decision of Emperor Franz Joseph I, published in the official newspaper ‘‘Wiener Zeitung’’ on 25 December 1857, p. 1</ref> making it possible for the city centre to expand.
]
The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's ], was a fortress surrounded by fields to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages,<ref>]: ''Historisches Lexikon Wien'', volume 5, Kremayr & Scheriau, Vienna 1997, {{ISBN|3-218-00547-7}}, p. 289</ref> called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857,<ref>Decision of Emperor Franz Joseph I, published in the official newspaper ''Wiener Zeitung'' on 25 December 1857, p. 1</ref> making it possible for the city center to expand.


In their place, a broad boulevard called the ] was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the ] (town hall), the ], the ], the ], the twin museums of ] and ], and the ]. It is also the location of New Wing of the ], the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly ] ] is located at the centre of the city, on ]. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works. In their place, a broad boulevard called the {{lang|de|]|italic=no}} was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the ] (town hall), the ], the ], the ], the twin museums of ] and ], and the ]. It is also the location of the New Wing of the ], the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly ] ] is located at the center of the city, on ]. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.


From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called '']'' at which a ] called the '']'' was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ] called ] was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892<ref name="Czeike">Czeike, volume 5, p. 290</ref> and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894.<ref>Czeike, volume 4, Vienna 1995, {{ISBN|3-218-00546-9}}, p. 69</ref> In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.
]]]
From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called ]. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ] called ] was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892<ref name=vol5p290>Czeike, volume 5, p. 290</ref> and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894.<ref>Czeike, volume 4, Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-218-00546-9, p. 69</ref> In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.


From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the right bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938 the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding ] in 1954.<ref name=vol5p290 /> Since then Vienna has 23 districts. From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the eastern bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, and in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938, the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding ] in 1954.<ref name="Czeike" /> Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.


Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The ] is situated away from the main flow of the ], but is bounded by the '']'' ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the ]. Across the Danube, where the ] is located, and in the southern areas are the newest parts of the city (districts 21–23). Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The ] is situated away from the main flow of the ], but is bounded by the '']'' ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Centre is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.


== Politics == == Politics==
===Political history===
]s Debating Chamber of the former House of Deputies of Austria]]
{{Further|First Austrian Republic|Red Vienna}}
]
] (''City Hall''), the seat of the local government.]]
In the twenty years before the First World War and until 1918, Viennese politics were shaped by the ], in particular long-term mayor ]; he managed not to apply the general voting rights for men introduced by and for the parliament of imperial Austria, the ''Reichsrat'', in 1907, thereby excluding most of the working class from taking part in decisions. For ], who spent some years in Vienna, Lueger was a remarkable teacher of how to use ] in politics.
In the provinces represented in the ], men had had universal ] at the national level since 1907. Mayor ] of the ] prevented the adoption of this right to vote in municipal council elections, which excluded many working-class people. The first elections in which ] were entitled to vote took place in 1919 after the end of the monarchy. Since 1919, the ] (SPÖ) has provided the mayor in all free elections and the Vienna City Council (the city parliament) has had a Social Democratic majority.


On 10 November 1920, the day on which the ] came into force, which defined Vienna as a separate ] and made its separation from ] possible. Since then, the ] has also been the governor of the state, the city senate the state government and the municipal council the state parliament. Vienna was used as the seat of the Lower Austrian government until 1997 when they moved to ].
Vienna is today considered the centre of the ]. During the period of the ] (1918–1934), the Vienna ] undertook many overdue social reforms. At that time, Vienna's municipal policy was admired by Socialists throughout Europe, who therefore referred to the city as "]" (''Rotes Wien''). In February 1934 troops of the Conservative Austrian federal government under ], who had closed down the first chamber of the federal parliament, the ''Nationalrat'', in 1933, and paramilitary socialist organisations were engaged in the Austrian civil war, which led to the ban of the Social Democratic party.


From 1934 to 1945, during the period of ] and ], no democratic elections were held and the city was run as a dictatorship. During this time the SPÖ was banned and many of its members were imprisoned. Vienna's city constitution was reinstated in 1945.
For most of the time since after the First World War, the city has been governed by the ] (SPÖ) with absolute majorities in the city parliament. Only between 1934 and 1945, when the Social Democratic Party was illegal, mayors were appointed by the ] and later by the ] authorities. The current mayor of Vienna is ] of the SPÖ. As rural Austria is dominated by conservative citizens, if the Social Democrats would not maintain their nearly unbreakable hold on Vienna, the rival ] (ÖVP) would dominate Austrian politics.


The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The '']ten'' are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the first or "inner" district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after WW II on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard. The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The '']ten'' are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the inner district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after ] on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard. The social housing in Vienna provides living for more than 500,000 people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Housing in Vienna |url=https://www.wienerwohnen.at/wiener-gemeindebau/municipal-housing-in-vienna.html |website=www.wienerwohnen.at |publisher=City of Vienna |access-date=10 August 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230349/https://www.wienerwohnen.at/wiener-gemeindebau/municipal-housing-in-vienna.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Government===
Since Vienna obtained federal state (''Bundesland'') status of its own by the federal constitution of 1920, the mayor (except 1934–1945) also holds the function of the state governor (''Landeshauptmann''). The Rathaus accommodates the offices of the mayor (''Magistrat der Stadt Wien'') and the state government (''Landesregierung''). The city is administered by a multitude of departments (''Magistratsabteilungen''), politically supervised by ''amtsführende Stadträte'' (members of the city government leading offices; according to the Vienna constitution opposition parties have the right to designate members of the city government not leading offices).
{{Main|Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna}}
]
In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996, the ] (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the ] – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakt unterzeichnet: Rot-Grün in Wien nun offiziell |website=news.ORF.at |date=15 November 2010 |url=http://orf.at/stories/2025548/ |access-date=3 January 2011 |archive-date=18 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101118193210/http://www.orf.at/stories/2025548 |url-status=live }}</ref> This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election. Following the 2020 election, the SPÖ forged a coalition with ]. The ] will take place in 2025.


==== Current government ====
In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. In 1996 the ] (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996–2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005 this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In course of the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the ] – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orf.at/stories/2025548/ |title=Pakt unterzeichnet: Rot-Grün in Wien nun offiziell – news.ORF.at |publisher=Orf.at |date=15 November 2010 |accessdate=3 January 2011}}</ref>


The latest elections were held on 11 October 2020. It resulted in an SPÖ-NEOS coalition and ] was re-elected as mayor.
==Religion==
{{Seats diagram
], Vienna]]
| float = right
]
| title= Seats
Vienna is the seat of the ]; its current ] is ] ]. According to the 2001 census, 49.2% of Viennese were Roman Catholics, while 25.7% were of no religion, 7.8% were Muslim, 6.0% were members of an Orthodox denomination, 4.7% were Protestant (mostly Lutheran), 0.5% were Jewish, and 6.3% were either of other religions or did not reply.<ref name="census" /> In 2011 the shares of religious bodies have significantly changed:<ref>http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/religion/3857289/Wien_Anteil-der-Katholiken-seit-1970ern-halbiert?_vl_backlink=/home/index.do</ref>
| width= 200
* 41.3 % Roman Catholics
|n1=46|p1=SPÖ|c1=#FF0000
* 31.6 % no religion
|n2=8|p2=NEOS|c2=#CB1967
* 11.6% Muslim
|n3=22|p3=ÖVP|c3=#5FC3D0
* 8.4% Orthodox
|n4=16|p4=Greens|c4=#92D050
* 4.2% Protestant
|n5=8|p5=FPÖ|c5=#0066FF
* 2.9% others
}}

{{Main|2020 Viennese state election}}
{| class="wikitable zebra" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Party
!Votes!! %
!+/–!! Seats
!+/–
|-
| style="text-align:left"| ] (SPÖ)
|301,967|| 41.62
| +2.03|| 46
| +2
|-
| style="text-align:left"| ] (ÖVP)
|148,238|| 20.43
| +11.19|| 22
| +15
|-
| style="text-align:left"| ] (GRÜNE)
|107,397|| 14.80
| +2.96|| 16
| +6
|-
| style="text-align:left"| ] (NEOS)
|54,173|| 7.47
| +1.31|| 8
| +3
|-
| style="text-align:left"| ] (FPÖ)
|51,603|| 7.11
|–23.68|| 8
|–26
|-
| style="text-align:left"| Other
|62,132|| 8.56
| +6.19|| 0
| +0
|-
| style="text-align:left"| '''Total'''
|725,510|| '''100'''
|'''–'''|| '''100'''
|'''0'''
|}

== Economy==
]
]
Vienna generates 25.1% of Austria's GDP, making it the highest performing ]. It has a GDP per capita of €56,600€ as of 2024. The unemployment rate in Vienna is 9.6% as of 2022, which is the highest of all the states.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unemployed, seeking work |url=https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/labour-market/unemployment/unemployed-seeking-work |access-date=11 September 2024 |website=STATISTICS AUSTRIA |language=en-GB |archive-date=11 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911210321/https://www.statistik.at/en/statistics/labour-market/unemployment/unemployed-seeking-work |url-status=live }}</ref> The private service sector provides 75% of all jobs.<ref name="Taylor & Francis">{{cite book |author1=Leo van den Berg |author2=Erik Braun |title=Growth Clusters in European Metropolitan Cities |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2017 |page= |isbn=9781351739665 }}</ref> The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the list in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/#slide21 |title=The 25 Most Economically Powerful Cities in the World |newspaper=Bloomberg |publisher=The Atlantic CityLab |date=15 September 2011 |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203195432/http://www.citylab.com/work/2011/09/25-most-economically-powerful-cities-world/109/#slide21 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/03/sorry-london-new-york-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/386315 |title=Sorry, London: New York Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City |newspaper=Bloomberg |publisher=The Atlantic CityLab |date=3 March 2015 |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627222624/http://www.citylab.com/work/2015/03/sorry-london-new-york-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/386315/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Of the top 500 Austrian firms measured by ], 203 are headquartered in Vienna.<ref name="Taylor & Francis"/> As of 2015, 175 international firms maintained offices in Vienna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wieder Rekordergebnis bei Betriebsansiedlungen |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/betriebe/ansiedlungsrekord.html |publisher=Vienna City Administration |language=de |access-date=21 August 2016 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822210628/https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/betriebe/ansiedlungsrekord.html }}</ref>

Since the ] in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as a gateway to Eastern Europe. 300 international companies have their ] headquarters in Vienna, including ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://investinaustria.at/en/downloads/brochures/headquarters-2015.pdf |title=Headquarters Location Austria |publisher=Austrian Business Agency |date=December 2014 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232322/http://investinaustria.at/en/downloads/brochures/headquarters-2015.pdf }}</ref>

===Research and development===
Bioscience is a major research and development sector in Vienna. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, ] and ] with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12&nbsp;billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4&nbsp;billion euros).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lisavienna.at/life-sciences-in-vienna/interesting-facts/ |title=Interesting Facts |website=LISAvienna – life science austria |language=en |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103130446/https://www.lisavienna.at/life-sciences-in-vienna/interesting-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lifescienceaustria.at/ |title=Home- LISA: Advancing Austrian life science at the heart of Europe |website=LISA: Advancing Austrian life science |language=en |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103130446/https://www.lifescienceaustria.at/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update inline|date=February 2022}}

Vienna is home to ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lisavienna.at/fileadmin/user_upload/LISAvienna/Downloads/LISAvienna_Highlights_Spring_and_Summer_2019.pdf |title=Vienna Highlights Spring & Summer 2019 |last=LISAvienna |access-date=10 October 2019 |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010113213/https://www.lisavienna.at/fileadmin/user_upload/LISAvienna/Downloads/LISAvienna_Highlights_Spring_and_Summer_2019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate in Vienna.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisoncoleman/2019/09/10/why-vienna-is-the-best-place-to-start-a-business/ |title=Focusing on Life Sciences in Vienna |last1=Halwachs |first1=Peter |date=Spring 2019 |work=European Biotechnology |access-date=10 October 2019 |last2=Sarx |first2=Johannes |archive-date=10 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010113211/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisoncoleman/2019/09/10/why-vienna-is-the-best-place-to-start-a-business/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ], a cooperative international medical research association, was founded in the city.

===Information technologies===
The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with those of ], Milan, or ], and ranks among Europe's largest locations for information technology. In 2012 8,962 information technology businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna region. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are ], ] Engineering & Informatics, ], ] Austria, ] Austria, ] Austria and ] Austria.<ref name="Vienna City Administration Municipal Department 23 Economic Affairs, Labour and Statistic-2015">{{cite book |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/standort/pdf/vienna-digital-city-en.pdf |title=Vienna Digital City |publisher=Vienna City Administration Municipal Department 23 Economic Affairs, Labour and Statistic |date=March 2015 |access-date=13 October 2015 |isbn=9783901945175 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081223/https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/standort/pdf/vienna-digital-city-en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KMU Forschung Austria and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft-2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/standort/pdf/ikt.pdf |title=IKT Standort Wien im Vergleich Endbericht |language=de |publisher=KMU Forschung Austria and Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft |date=December 2007 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101559/https://www.wien.gv.at/wirtschaft/standort/pdf/ikt.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The British company ] has rated Vienna one of the ''Top 10 Internet Cities'' worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ubmfuturecities.com/document.asp?doc_id=525595 |title=Discover the World's Greatest Internet Cities |publisher=UBM LLC |date=26 August 2013 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905052917/http://www.ubmfuturecities.com/document.asp?doc_id=525595 |archive-date=5 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Many Roman ] in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Roman Catholic churches, including the ] (''Stephansdom''), ], ], and the ].


===Conferences===
The proportion of Viennese who identify as Roman Catholic has dropped over the last fifty years, from 90% in 1961 to 39.8% in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/religion/624480/Bis-2031-nur-noch-jeder-Zweite-katholisch |title=Bis 2031 nur noch jeder Zweite katholisch |publisher=Diepresse.com |accessdate=3 June 2011}}</ref>
In 2022, the ] ranked Vienna 1st in the world for association meetings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2023 |title=The welcome return of the ICCA Country – and City – Rankings for 2022 |url=https://www.iccaworld.org/news/post/the-welcome-return-of-the-icca-country-and-city-rankings-for-2022/ |access-date=20 March 2024 |website=www.iccaworld.org |language=en-us |archive-date=20 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320223802/https://www.iccaworld.org/news/post/the-welcome-return-of-the-icca-country-and-city-rankings-for-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna takes fifth place in global UIA congress statistics |url=https://www.vienna.convention.at/en/press/news-en/uia-2019-platz-5-362238 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=Vienna Convention Bureau |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622090022/https://www.vienna.convention.at/en/press/news-en/uia-2019-platz-5-362238 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acv.at/index.en.html |title=Austria Center Vienna |publisher=Austria Center Vienna |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204202737/https://www.acv.at/index.en.html |archive-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).


===Tourism===
On the banks of the Danube, there is a Buddhist ], built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of ].
There were 17.3 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2023. The top ten incoming markets in 2023 were Germany, the rest of ], the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankünfte & Nächtigungen 2023 |url=https://b2b.wien.info/de/statistik/daten/ankuenfte-naechtigungen-2023-444984 |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=b2b.wien.info |language=de |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319225932/https://b2b.wien.info/de/statistik/daten/ankuenfte-naechtigungen-2023-444984 |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Culture == == Culture ==
=== Music, theatre and opera === === Classical Music, theater, and opera ===
{{See also|Music of Austria|Vienna State Opera Ballet}} {{See also|Music of Vienna|Music of Austria}}
] at ]]] ] on the Ring]]
Art and culture have had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The ] is considered one of the premier theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the ]. The ] and the ] also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern or experimental plays, as well as ].
Music is one of Vienna's legacies. Musical prodigies including ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] have worked there.


The city is also home to a number of opera houses, including the ], the ] and the ], the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese ]. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the ], home of the ] known across the world for its annual, widely broadcast "]", as well as the ], home of the internationally renowned ]. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of ], ], and ].
Art and culture had a long tradition in Vienna, including theatre, opera, classical music and fine arts. The ] is considered one of the best theatres in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The ] and the ] also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theatres, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern, experimental plays or ].


Notable classical musicians born in Vienna include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].] in the ].]]Famous classical musicians who moved to the city to work were ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
]
Operas that premiered in the capital include '']'', '']'', '']'', '']'', and '']''.
Vienna is also home to a number of opera houses, including the ], the ] and the ], the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese ]. Classical concerts are performed at world famous venues such as the ], home of the ] Orchestra known across the world for the annual widely broadcast "New Year's Day Concert", also the ]. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of ], Johann Strauss the father, and Johann Strauss the son.


Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller-sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was '']'', which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The ] is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The ] ("House of Music") opened in the year 2000.
]]]
Up until 2005, the ] has hosted premieres of musicals, although with the year of the Mozart celebrations 2006 it has devoted itself to the opera again and has since become a stagione opera house offering one new production each month, thus quickly becoming one of Europe's most interesting and advanced opera houses. Since 2012 Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theatre in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical by far was "]",{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The ] is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The ] ("house of music") opened in the year 2000.


The ] (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.
The ] is a unique song genre from Vienna. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.<ref name="VLW">{{cite web|url=http://www.wvlw.at/ |title=Wiener Volksliederwerk, '&#39;Zum Wienerlied'&#39; |publisher=Wvlw.at |accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref>
] in the Burggarten.]]
=== Popular Music ===
Vienna has also produced some well-known pop music artists. Pioneers of ], ], ], ], and ] all hail from the capital. ] lived in the city from the age of three. The internationally best-known Viennese artist was ], whose song ”]” is the only German-language song to reach ] on the ], which it held for three weeks in ]. His other hits, such as “]” and “]” also charted internationally. The founder of the American ] band ] and ] ], ], was born in Vienna and studied music at the ]. ] in 2007.]]Current artists include ] ], who grew up in the district of ] and often emphasizes his ties to his home in his lyrics, as well as ] ] and ] ].


Multiple popular songs have been written about Vienna, such as ] by ], ] by ], and "]" by ].
In 1981 the popular British new romantic group ] paid a tribute to Vienna on an album and an artful music video recording called "Vienna". The inspiration for this work arose from the cinema production called "]" with the title ] music of ].


The ] is a unique song genre from Vienna. They are sung in ] and often center around the city. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.
The ] (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in Europe outside the UK.


Every year the Donauinsel stages the '']'', the largest open-air music festival in the world, with approximately 3 million attendees over three days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2018 |title=Music festivals: What's the world's biggest? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-44697302 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921205721/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-44697302 |url-status=live }}</ref> The festival is organized by the ] and is free to enter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Willkommen |url=https://donauinselfest.at/willkommen/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=Donauinselfest 2023 vom 23. – 25. Juni 2023 |language=de |archive-date=30 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055720/https://donauinselfest.at/willkommen/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The ] has taken place almost every year since 1991 and has featured artists such as ], ], ], and ].
In May 2015, Vienna will be the host city for the ] following Austria's victory in the ].


=== Musicians from Vienna === === Cinema ===
]
Notable musicians were born in Vienna, including: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].
Films set in Vienna include ], '']'', '']'', '']'' and ''].''


Notable actors born in Vienna include ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and, ]. Filmmakers include ] and ], and ], who lived in Vienna during his teenage years.
Famous musicians who came here to work from other parts of Austria and Germany were ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].

Vienna's cinemas include the Apollo Kino and '']'' and many ] cinemas, including the Haydn Kino, Artis International and the Burg Kino, which screens '']'', a 1949 film set in Vienna, three times a week.

Every October since 1960 the city has staged the ], an international film festival which screens several different ], including ].

=== Literature ===
Notable writers from Vienna include ], ], and ].

Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].

=== Science ===
]
Scientists and intellectuals who were born, lived or worked in Vienna include:

* ]: ], ], ]
* ]: ]
* ]: ], ], ] and ], ]
* Economics: ], ], ], ], ]
* Engineering: ], ], ], ]
* ]: ], ]
* Mathematics: ]
* Medicine: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
* Philosophy: ], ], ], ]
* ]: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
* ]: ], ], ]
* Sociology: ], ], ]


=== Museums === === Museums ===
]
] with ''Enzi'' seating furniture]]
The majority of museums in Vienna are located in an area on the border of Innere Stadt and Neubau in the center of the city, from the museums inside the ] to the ], with the twin Naturhistorisches and Kunsthistorisches Museum in between. This area is home to many museums such as:
The ] is the location of the ] (''Schatzkammer''), holding the imperial jewels of the Habsburg dynasty. The Sisi Museum (a museum devoted to ]) allows visitors to view the imperial apartments as well as the silver cabinet. Directly opposite the Hofburg are the ], which houses many paintings by ], ancient and classical artifacts, and the ].
* In and around the ]:
** ]: a collection of European treasures, such as the ] of the ] and the ]
** Sisi Museum: dedicated to ], it allows visitors to view the imperial apartments.
** ]: an ] museum, which houses many ] objects from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, such as ].
** House of Austrian History
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]
** ]: an art museum featuring approximately 65,000 ] and 1 million ], with works from ], ] and ]. '']'' by ] is perhaps the most well-known painting in the museum.


] on Maria-Theresien-Platz.]]
A number of ] are located in the ] (museum quarter), the former Imperial Stalls which were converted into a museum complex in the 1990s. It houses the Museum of Modern Art, commonly known as the ] (Ludwig Foundation), the ] (featuring the largest collection of paintings in the world by ], as well as works by the ], ] and ]), the ] (museum of architecture), additional halls with feature exhibitions, and the Tanzquartier. The Liechtenstein Palace contains much of one of the world's ], especially strong in the ]. ], built under ], has ] containing paintings by ] (The Kiss), Egon Schiele, and other painters of the early 20th century, also sculptures by ], and changing exhibitions too.


* On ]: Two almost identical buildings were completed in 1891 and opened by Emperor ].
There are a multitude of other museums in Vienna, including the ], the ], the ], the Burial Museum, the ], the ], the ], and the ]. The museums on the history of the city, including the former ] on ], the ], the residences and birthplaces of various composers, the ], and the ], are now gathered together under the group umbrella ]. In addition there are museums dedicated to Vienna's individual districts. They provide a record of individual struggles, achievements and tragedy as the city grew and survived two world wars. For readers seeking family histories these are good sources of information.
** ]: an art museum featuring paintings from artists such as ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Notable works exhibited in the museum include '']'' and '']'' (both ])'',''
** ]: A natural history museum with 30 million objects in its collection, of which 100,000 are on display. A notable exhibit is the ], a 25,000-year-old statue found in Austria.
]. ]]

* In the ]: The former imperial stalls were converted to a group of museums in the late 1990s and opened in 2001.
** ] (Museum of Modern Art): a modern and contemporary art museum housing works from ], ], and ].
** ]: a collection of modern Austrian art with works from ] and ], as well as works of the ], ] and Austrian Expressionism.
** ]
** ''ZOOM Kindermuseum''
** ]

The ] at the ] presents art from Austria from the ] through the ] to the early 20th century, including ], Gustav Klimt's most famous work. It also houses the Baroque Museum with ]'s famous character heads. In 2011, Belvedere 21 (formerly 21er Haus) was reopened in its immediate vicinity as a branch of contemporary art.

]'' in the ].]]

The ] documents the history of Vienna with temporary exhibitions and a permanent presentation and presents the memorials to Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert and Johann Strauss. Other branches of the museum include the ] in the ], the Vienna Clock Museum, the Roman Museum and the Prater Museum.

The former imperial summer residence at ], Vienna's most visited attraction, is functionally set up as a museum with the palace's showrooms and the ].

The ] in the ] is the leading museum of the ] and documents the history of the ] with exhibits including ], ], ], aircraft, ], ], ], ], photographs, ] and documents.
]

Other museums in the city include:
* ]: a music museum in the former palace of ], where ], founder of the ], once lived.
* '']'': a public aquarium in a ] ].
* ]
* '']''
* ]
* ]
* ]: a museum about ]' life at his old residence.
* ]
* '']'', about the 1949 British film '']'', set in post-World War Ii Vienna
* ]
* ]: founded in 1896, the oldest of its kind.
* Money Museum: owned by the ]
* Museum of ]


=== Architecture === === Architecture ===
], designed in ] style.]]
{{See also|Category:Buildings and structures in Austria}}
A variety of architectural styles have been preserved in Vienna, including ] and ]. ] has left many architectural traces in Vienna. The ], ], and the ] by ] rank among the best-known examples of Art Nouveau in the world.
]
A variety of architectural styles can be found in Vienna, such as the ] ] and the ] ]. Styles range from ] buildings to ]. ] left many architectural traces in Vienna. The ], ], and the ] by ] rank among the best known examples of Art Nouveau in the world.


Concurrent to the Art Nouveau movement was the ], during which some architects shunned the use of extraneous adornment. A key architect of this period was ], whose works include the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar or American Bar (1908) and the ] (1910). The ] shunned the use of extraneous adornment. Architect ] is responsible for the ] (1909), the Kärntner Bar (1908), and the ] (1910).


The ] by ], designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular ]s. Another example of unique architecture is the ] by sculptor ]. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt (north of the Danube) and Wienerberg (in southern Vienna). The ] by ], designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular ]s. Hundertwasser also designed the ] and the District Heating Plant in Alsergrund.


The 220-meter high ] located on the Northern bank of the Danube, completed in 2013, is the talltest skyscraper in Vienna.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/vienna.htm |title=Vienna's 10 tallest skyscrapers |publisher=Skyscraperpicture.com |date=13 May 2008 |accessdate=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=millenniumtower-vienna-austria |title=Millennium Tower &#124; Buildings |location=Vienna / |publisher=Emporis |accessdate=19 May 2012}}</ref> In recent years, Vienna has seen numerous architecture projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodelling and revitalisation of the old ] in 2001. In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around ] and ]. Vienna has seen numerous architectural projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old ] in 2001.
]
Most buildings in Vienna are relatively low; in early 2006 there were around 100 buildings higher than 40 m. The number of high-rise buildings is kept low by building legislation aimed at preserving green areas and districts designated as ]. Strong rules apply to the planning, authorisation and construction of high-rise buildings. Consequently, much of the inner city is a high-rise free zone.
The ] are located on the northern bank of the Danube and were completed in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/vienna.htm |title=Vienna's 10 tallest skyscrapers |publisher=Skyscraperpicture.com |date=13 May 2008 |access-date=13 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130015638/http://skyscraperpicture.com/vienna.htm |archive-date=30 November 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=millenniumtower-vienna-austria |access-date=19 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217064200/http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=millenniumtower-vienna-austria |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 February 2007 |title=Millennium Tower &#124; Buildings |location=Vienna |publisher=Emporis }}</ref>
=== Places of worship ===
]
Due to the prevalence of Christianity in the city, most places of worship are churches and ]. Most notable are:
* ] (ca. 800), the presumed oldest church in the city.
* ] (1137), the Gothic ] of the ], one of the city's most recognizable symbols. It sits in the ] in the center of town and is a popular tourist attraction.
* ] (12th century), founded by Irish ] as the ] of the ].
* ] (1414), it is one of the oldest churches in the city and an example of ].
* ] (1632), it contains the ], where many members of the ] family are buried.
* ] (1737), it sits in the ] and is a popular tourist attraction.
* ] (early 18th century), it sits just off the ] and is a popular tourist attraction.
* ] (1879), this church on the Ring was built as a thanks to God after ] survived an assassination attempt in 1853.
* ] (1910), a ]-style church on the bank of the Danube on the ], it is administered by the ].


Other churches include the ], the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ].
=== Vienna balls ===
Vienna is the last great capital of the nineteenth-century ]. There are over 200 significant balls per year, some featuring as many as nine live orchestras. Balls are held in the many beautiful palaces in Vienna, with the principal venue being the Hofburg Palace at ]. While the ] is the best known internationally of all the Austrian balls, ] such as the Kaffeesiederball (Cafe Owners Ball), the Jägerball (Hunter's Ball) or the ] (AIDS Charity Event) are almost as well known within Austria and even better appreciated for their cordial atmosphere. Viennese of at least middle class may visit a number of balls in their lifetime. For many, the ball season lasts three months and can include up to ten or fifteen separate appearances.


Vienna's biggest mosque is the ] in Kaisermühlen, which is financed by the ]. The mosque has a 32-meter-high ] and a 16-meter-high ] with a 20-meter radius.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islamic Center - Mosque |url=https://www.wien.info/en/see-do/sights-from-a-to-z/islamic-center-349172 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=vienna.info |language=en |archive-date=15 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915211754/https://www.wien.info/en/see-do/sights-from-a-to-z/islamic-center-349172 |url-status=live }}</ref> There are over 100 further mosques in the city.<ref>{{Cite web |last=LL |date=26 June 2024 |title=108 Moscheen in Wien – dieser Bezirk hat die meisten |url=https://www.heute.at/s/108-moscheen-in-wien-dieser-bezirk-hat-die-meisten-120044669 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=Heute.at |language=de |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914110510/https://www.heute.at/s/108-moscheen-in-wien-dieser-bezirk-hat-die-meisten-120044669 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Dancers and opera singers from the Vienna Staatsoper often perform at the openings of the larger balls.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}


Before the ], there were 24 ] and 78 prayer houses in the city. Only one synagogue, the ], survived.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die ehemaligen Synagogen Wiens |url=https://www.derstandard.at/consent/tcf/story/2000140603751/die-ehemaligen-synagogen-wiens |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=DER STANDARD |language=de-AT |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211203631/https://www.derstandard.at/consent/tcf/story/2000140603751/die-ehemaligen-synagogen-wiens |url-status=live }}</ref>
A Vienna ball is an all-night cultural attraction. Major Viennese balls generally begin at 9&nbsp;pm and last until 5&nbsp;am, although many guests carry on the celebrations into the next day.


=== Ball dances ===
{{wide image|Panorama vienna.jpg|800px|Panoramic view Vienna at night}}
The first ] in Vienna were held in the 18th century. The ball season runs during ] from 11 November to ]. Many balls are held in the ], ] and ]. Guests adhere to a strict dress code, men wear ] or ] while women wear a ]. Debutants of the ball wear white.<ref name="Vienna Tourist Board">{{cite web |url=http://b2b.wien.info/media/files-b2b/artikel-db-baelle-en.doc |title=Balls in Vienna |author=Vienna Tourist Board |access-date=21 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906093826/http://b2b.wien.info/media/files-b2b/artikel-db-baelle-en.doc |archive-date=6 September 2015 }}</ref>
]

The balls are opened with dances, traditionally including a Viennese waltz, at around 22:00, and close at about 05:00 the next morning. Food served at the balls includes sausages with bread or ].

Notable Viennese balls include the ], the ], the Wiener Akademikerball and the Hofburg SIlvesterball.

The Wiener Akademikerball in the Hofburg has attracted lots of controversy for being a gathering for far-right politicians and groups. The ball is hosted by the ], the right-wing populist party of Austria and has attracted multiple right-wing and far-right personalities, such as ] and ]. Since 2008, there have been annual demonstrations by various organizations against the ball. Former leader of the FPÖ ] compared the ] protesters to a ] mob, claiming the ball goers were "new ]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shields |first=Michael |date=6 February 2012 |title=Austria far-right leader hurt by "new Jews" comment |website=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE8150UF/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shields |first=Michael |date=24 January 2014 |title=Protesters arrested at right-wing party's Vienna ball |website=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/vienna-ball-right/protesters-arrested-at-right-wing-partys-vienna-ball-idUKL5N0KY3E820140124/ }}</ref>

=== Language ===
Vienna is part of the ] language area, in particular ] (''Mittelbairisch'').<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wiesinger |first1=Peter |title=Strukturelle historische Dialektologie des Deutschen |date=2017 |publisher=Georg Olms Verlag |isbn=9783487421995 |page=50 }}</ref> The Viennese dialect takes many loanword from languages of the former Habsburg Monarchy, especially Czech. The dialect differs from the west of Austria in its pronunciation and grammar. Features typical of Viennese German include ], the transformation of a ] into a ] (German ''heiß'' (hot) into Viennese ''haas'') and the lengthening of vowels (''Heeaasd, i bin do ned bleeed, wooos waaasn ii, wea des woooa'' (Standard German ''Hörst du, ich bin doch nicht blöd, was weiß denn ich, wer das war''): "Listen, I'm not stupid; what do I know, who that was?"). Speakers of the dialect tend to avoid the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phonetics and Phonology of the Viennese Dialect |url=https://www.oeaw.ac.at/isf/forschung/projekte/phonetik/abgeschlossene-projekte/phonetics-and-phonology-of-the-viennese-dialect |access-date=5 April 2024 |website=www.oeaw.ac.at |archive-date=5 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405224625/https://www.oeaw.ac.at/isf/forschung/projekte/phonetik/abgeschlossene-projekte/phonetics-and-phonology-of-the-viennese-dialect |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== LGBT ===
]
Vienna is considered the center of ] ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=For LGBT |url=https://www.wien.info/en/all-of-vienna/gay-lesbian |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=vienna.info |url-status=live |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813190713/https://www.wien.info/en/all-of-vienna/gay-lesbian }}</ref> The city has an action plan against ] and, since 1998, has had an anti-discrimination unit within the city's administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Viennese Antidiscrimination Unit for Lesbian, Gay and Transgender Issues |url=https://rm.coe.int/1680488fd3 |access-date=8 August 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807161020/https://rm.coe.int/1680488fd3 }}</ref> The city has several cafés, bars and clubs frequented by ] people. Among the most prominent is ], which is a traditional coffee house built in 1896. In 2015, the city introduced traffic lights with same-sex couples before hosting the ] that year, which attracted media attention internationally.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vienna's traffic lights are now gay-themed |newspaper=] |issn=0190-8286 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/12/viennas-traffic-lights-are-now-gay-themed/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=6 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306052500/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/05/12/viennas-traffic-lights-are-now-gay-themed/ }}</ref> ] is held every ]. In 2019, when the pride parade also hosted ], it attracted 500.000 visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=red |first=wien ORF at/Agenturen |date=15 June 2019 |title=Halbe Million bei Regenbogenparade |url=https://wien.orf.at/stories/3000508/ |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=wien.ORF.at |language=de |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926020137/https://wien.orf.at/stories/3000508/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 }}</ref>


== Education == == Education ==

Vienna is Austria's main centre of education and home to many universities, professional colleges and ].
=== Schools ===
]]]
]]] ]
As of the 22/23 school year there were 457 compulsory education schools in Vienna, including 303 primary schools and 140 middle schools. Additionally, there are 98 high schools, 90 of which include a middle school. Around 250,000 children are enrolled in the Viennese school system, which is staffed by almost 29,000 teachers.<ref name=":0" />
]'s main building]]
]]]


=== Universities === === Universities ===
]]]No other city in the German-speaking world has more students than Vienna.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wien ist die größte Uni-Stadt im deutschen Sprachraum |url=https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20130908_OTS0009/wien-ist-die-groesste-uni-stadt-im-deutschen-sprachraum |access-date=2025-01-10 |website=OTS.at |language=de}}</ref> According to official figures from the City of Vienna, 197,209 people were studying in the capital in the winter semester 2023/2024.<ref name=":0" />
*]

*]
The ], the oldest and largest university in the German-speaking world today, was founded in 1365 by ]. In 2004, its medical faculty separated to form an independent institution known as the ]. The ] was founded in 1692 as the private academy of the court chamber painter ]. In 1765, ] founded the ] and, in 1767, the ] emerged from ] singing school. In the 19th century, Vienna saw the establishment of the ], the ], and the ]. The ], founded in 1867, gained university status in 1970. ] in front of the ]]]In addition to these public universities, Vienna also hosts several private universities, including the ], the ] and, since 2019, the ], as well as several universities of applied sciences.
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*] (in Laxenburg, {{convert|24|km|0|abbr=on}} south of Vienna)


=== International schools === === International schools ===
Vienna, partly due to its numerous international offices, is home to many international schools, including the ], the ], the ], and the ].
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


== Leisure activities == == Green spaces ==
=== Parks and gardens ===
{{Wide image|Panorama-donaupark-2002.jpg|800px|Panoramic view of park in ]}}
]
Vienna possesses many parks, including the '']'', the ''Burggarten'', the ''Volksgarten'' (part of the ''Hofburg''), the ''Schlosspark'' at Schloss Belvedere (home to the ]), the ''Donaupark'', the ''Schönbrunner Schlosspark'', the '']'', the ''Augarten'', the ''Rathauspark'', the '']'', the ''Dehnepark'', the ''Resselpark'', the ''Votivpark'', the ''Kurpark Oberlaa'', the ''Auer-Welsbach-Park'' and the ''Türkenschanzpark''. Green areas include ''Laaer-Berg'' (including the Bohemian Prater) and the foothills of the '']'', which reaches into the outer areas of the city. Small parks, known by the Viennese as ''Beserlparks'', are everywhere in the inner city areas.


=== Parks ===
Many of Vienna's famous parks include monuments, such as the ] with its statue of ], and the gardens of the ] ], where the ] was signed. Vienna's principal park is the ] which is home to the ], a ]. The imperial ]'s grounds contain an 18th-century park which includes ], founded in 1752.
]
The ], part of Vienna's flood defences, is a {{convert|21.1|km|1|abbr=on}} long ] between the Danube and Neue Donau dedicated to leisure activities.
On the southeastern outer border of the Ringstraße is the ]. The park covers an area of about 28 acres and is split in half by the ]. It contains monuments to various Viennese artists, most notably the ] ] monument of ].<ref name="The Prater: amusement park">{{Cite web |title=The Prater: amusement park |url=https://www.visitingvienna.com/entertainment/wurstelprater-amusement-park/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.visitingvienna.com }}</ref> On the other side of the Ring is the Burggarten, just behind the Hofburg, which features a ] as well as a ]. On the other side of the Hofburg is the ], home to a small-scale replica of the ] and a cultivated flower garden. On the other side of the road, in front of the Rathaus, is the ], which hosts the Christmas Christkindlmarkt.
]]]
The ] is a large public park in ]. Within the park is the ] (which is commonly referred to as just “the Prater”), a public amusement park which contains the ], a 64.75 meter tall ], as well as various rides, roller coasters, carousels and a ].<ref name="The Prater: amusement park"/> The rest of the park is covered in by the forest. The ''Hauptallee'', a wide, car-free alley lined with ], runs through the park.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ktv_creitmayr |title=Grüner Prater |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/parks/anlagen/prater.html |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=de |archive-date=8 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808200855/https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/parks/anlagen/prater.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ] broke the marathon distance record on this road in the ] in October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2019 |title=Eliud Kipchoge breaks two-hour marathon mark by 20 seconds |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/50025543 |access-date=18 March 2024 |work=BBC Sport |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012082335/https://www.bbc.com/sport/athletics/50025543 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Prater also is home to the ], a railway line primarily used by tourists, and a planetarium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilis Welt – Vergnügungsbetriebe seit 1928 |url=https://www.liliswelt.at/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |language=de-DE |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319203934/https://www.liliswelt.at/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna Planetarium |url=https://www.wien.info/en/see-do/sights-from-a-to-z/planetarium-355388 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=vienna.info |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318184226/https://www.wien.info/en/see-do/sights-from-a-to-z/planetarium-355388 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the location of the ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=1873 Vienna |url=https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/1873-vienna |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.bie-paris.org |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318184226/https://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/1873-vienna |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1931, the ], formerly known as the Praterstadion, was opened in the Prater.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=Ernst-Happel-Stadion - Sportstätte der Stadt Wien |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/freizeit/sportamt/sportstaetten/stadien/happel.htm |access-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616063204/http://www.wien.gv.at/freizeit/sportamt/sportstaetten/stadien/happel.htm |archive-date=16 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schreef |first=Wojciech |date=14 September 2017 |title=Ernst Happel Stadion - Vienna - The Stadium Guide |url=https://www.stadiumguide.com/ernsthappel/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |language=nl |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227031903/http://www.stadiumguide.com/ernsthappel/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]]
The ], a ] in the southeast of the city, is a part of the wider ]. It is used for recreation and has many ] areas. It is home to multiple ] of animals:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geschützte Tierarten in der Lobau |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/wald/erholung/nationalpark/lebensraum/tiere.html |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=de |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630035305/https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/wald/erholung/nationalpark/lebensraum/tiere.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


* ]s: ], ], ]s, ]s
=== Sport ===
* Reptiles: ]s, ], ]
] in the Prater]]
* ]s: ]s, ]
Austria's capital is home to numerous ] teams. The best known are the local football clubs include ] (21 ] titles and record 27-time cup winners), ] (record 32 ] titles), and the oldest team, ]. Other important ]s include the ] (]), who won the ] title between 2004 and 2007 4 times in a row and had a perfect season in 2013, the ], one of Europe's premier Volleyball organisations, the Vienna Wanderers (baseball) who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the ] (]). Vienna was also where the European Handball Federation (EHF) was founded. There are also three ] clubs; ], the oldest rugby club in Austria, ], and ]
* Fish: ], ], ]
* Birds: ]s, ]s, ]s, ]s
In the west of the city is the ], a 24.5km² public ], of which 19.5 km² is ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2006 |title=Lage, Größe, Geologie und Klima des Lainzer Tiergartens |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/wald/lainz-tg/lage.htm |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060706124041/http://www.wien.gv.at/wald/lainz-tg/lage.htm |archive-date=6 July 2006 }}</ref> The park was created in 1561 by ], who used it as a private hunting ground. After the fall of the monarchy, the Austrian government declared it a public nature reserve. Since 1973, admission has been free of charge. The reserve is home to many ], ], ], ], as well as 18 species of ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lainzer Tiergarten - Lebensraum für Wildtiere |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/wald/erholung/lainzertiergarten/lebensraum/wildtiere.html |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=de }}</ref>


The grounds of the imperial ] contain an 18th-century park which includes the ], which was founded in 1752, making it the world's oldest zoo still in operation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=The Oldest Zoos in the World You Can Still Visit Today - tiqets.com |url=https://www.tiqets.com/blog/oldest-zoos-in-the-world/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318184227/https://www.tiqets.com/blog/oldest-zoos-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The zoo is one of the few to house ]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A trip to Schönbrunn Zoo – Vienna Zoo |url=https://www.zoovienna.at/en/zoo-and-visitors/trip-schonbrunn-zoo/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.zoovienna.at |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521032825/https://www.zoovienna.at/en/zoo-and-visitors/trip-schonbrunn-zoo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The park also features the ], a large ] with around 4,500 plant species.
Vienna hosts many different sporting events including the ], which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year and normally takes place in May. In 2005 the ] World Championships took place in ] and the final was played in Vienna. Vienna's ] was the venue of four ] and European Champion Clubs' Cup finals (1964, 1987, 1990 and 1995) and on 29 June it hosted the final of ] which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany.
]
The ] in ], on the border of ], is a 129-acre French Baroque-style public park open during the day. The park is home to flower gardens and multiple tree-lined avenues. The park was opened in 1775 by ] and is surrounded by a wall with five gates, which are shut at night. The ] ], in the south of the park, is home to the ]. Towering over the park are two ] ], built by the Nazis in 1944. After the war, as the towers were unable to be destroyed, so they were left standing. They now stand empty and serve no function, though various other such towers in the city were repurposed, such as the ] in Esterhazy Park.


The ], part of Vienna's flood defences, is a {{cvt|21.1|km|1}} long ] between the ] and ] dedicated to leisure activities. It was constructed from 1972 to 1988 as a measure for ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danube Island |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/environment/waterbodies/danube-island/ |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318184229/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/environment/waterbodies/danube-island/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sporting amenities, such as ], ], ], ], and multiple toilet facilities, some with showers, are available on the island. In order to turn the island into a green space, about 1.8 million trees and shrubs plus about 170 hectares of forest were planted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2007 |title=Archivmeldung: MA 22: Artenparadies Donauinsel |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/vtx/vtx-rk-xlink?SEITE=020060612016 |access-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123312/http://www.wien.gv.at/vtx/vtx-rk-xlink?SEITE=020060612016 |archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> A few hundred ] were planted as a symbol of friendship between Austria and Japan. Animals on the island include ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donauinsel als Lebensraum für seltene Pflanzen und Tiere |website=www.wien.gv.at |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/gewaesser/donauinsel/oekologie/nischen.html |access-date=14 September 2024 |language=de |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914120711/https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/gewaesser/donauinsel/oekologie/nischen.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Culinary specialities ==
]
=== Food ===
The Donaupark is a 63-hectare park in Kaisermühlen, ], between the ] and the Old Danube, next to the ]. The park features the ], the ] at 252 meters, as well as a 40-meter tall ], erected in 1983 on the occasion of a ] held by ] during his visit to Austria. In the park is the ]-] Square, which features memorials to multiple Latin American figures such as ], ], and ].
{{See also|Austrian cuisine}}
]'']]
]'']]
Vienna is well known for '']'', a cutlet of ] (Kalbs Schnitzel) or pork (Schweins Schnitzel) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in ]. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves ] and can be eaten hot or cold. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include '']'' (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with ''Geröstete Erdäpfel'' (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, ''Apfelkren'' (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and ''Schnittlauchsauce'' (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).


Other parks include the Türkenschanzpark, the Schweizergarten, and the Waldmüllerpark.
Vienna has a long tradition of producing the finest cakes and desserts. These include '']'' (hot apple strudel), '']'' (milk-cream strudel), '']'' (sweet pancakes), and ''Knödel'' (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ('']''). ], a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the ], is world famous.
=== Cemeteries ===
]
Vienna is home to 55 cemeteries, 46 of which are run by the city, the others by religious communities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cemeteries in Vienna |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture-history/religion/cemeteries.html |access-date=14 September 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=en |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808233211/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/culture-history/religion/cemeteries.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


The biggest cemetery in the city is the ] (''Zentralfriedhof''). It is 2.4 km² large with over 330,000 graves and about 3,000,000 interments. It was opened in 1874 and contains Catholic, Protestant, Muslim and Jewish sectors. Notable interments include ], ], ], ], as well as every deceased ] since WWII. Deer, ], ], and, most notably, ] roam the park, eating the plants growing around the ]. There are numerous memorials on the cemetery grounds, such as for the casualties of the ] and the ], and for the ].
In winter, small street stands sell traditional ''Maroni'' (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.


The now closed ] contains the grave of ]. Others include the cemeteries of Grinzing and Hietzing, as well as the ] in Roßau.
Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ('']'') throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as ''Wiener'' (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is in Vienna called a ''Frankfurter''. Other popular sausages are ''Burenwurst'' (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), '']'' (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and ''Bratwurst'' (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).


== Danube ==
Kebab and pizza are, increasingly, the snack foods most widely available from small stands.
Vienna is the ] on the ], which runs from the north, through the city, and out the south-east. In Vienna, the river is split into 4 parts:


* The main Danube is the widest of these and is used primarily for shipping.
The '']'' is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, meat, etc., from around the world. The city has many coffee and breakfast stores.
* The ] (New Danube) is a side channel on the east of the river. It was built in 1972 for flood protection measures and is separated from the Danube by the man-made ]. It runs for about 21 kilometers. The river flows slower than the main Danube and can be used for watersports such as swimming, ] or sailing. Motorboats are forbidden on this part of the river.
* The Alte Donau (Old Danube) is a lake to the east of the New Danube, which cuts off Kaisermühlen from the rest of the city. The lake is the hub for swimmers in Vienna, with freely available piers and beaches. ]s and ]s are permitted on the lake and can be rented from nearby vendors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entspannen an der Wiener Donau |url=https://www.wien.info/de/lebenswertes-wien/wasser-in-wien/entspannen-an-der-wiener-donau-345184 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=wien.info |language=de |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406175154/https://www.wien.info/de/lebenswertes-wien/wasser-in-wien/entspannen-an-der-wiener-donau-345184 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The ] splits off and rejoins the Danube close to the southern and northern edges of the city. Unlike the main river, it flows through the city center. The waterway itself is used mostly by boats, while the paths on both sides of the Donaukanal are regularly used by pedestrians, ] and cyclists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2012 |title=Donaukanal |url=http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.d/d687058.htm%3Binternal%26action%3D_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en |access-date=15 April 2024 |archive-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121230080933/http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.d/d687058.htm;internal&action=_setlanguage.action?LANGUAGE=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Der Donaukanal |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/gewaesser/donaukanal/ |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=www.wien.gv.at |language=de |archive-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406175151/https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt/gewaesser/donaukanal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Gallery
| title =
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| height =
| width =
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| File:Wien - Neue Donau.JPG
|The New Danube in the front, the main Danube in the back, with the Donauinsel in-between.
| alt1=
|File:Alte Donau Wien.jpg
|The Old Danube
| alt2=
|File:Schwedenbrücke Donaukanal Wien 2012 04.jpg
|The Donaukanal by Schwedenplatz at night
}}

== Sport ==

=== Football ===
]
The city is home to numerous ] ]. The two biggest teams are ] (21 ] titles and record 27-time ]), who play at the ] in Favoriten, and ] (record 32 ] titles), who play at the ] in Penzing. The oldest team in Austria, ], and ] both play in the ], and the football team of the ], one of the oldest athletics clubs in the country, play in the ], the third division.

]
The ] is the ] with 50,865 seats and is the home stadium of the ]. It has hosted multiple ] finals (], ], ], ]), as well as seven games at the ], including the ], which saw a ] 1–0 victory over ].

=== Other sports ===
Other ]s include the ] (]), who won the ] title 4 times in a row between 2004 and 2007 and had a perfect season in 2013. The ] (volleyball), the Vienna Wanderers (baseball), who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the ] (]). ] is headquartered in Vienna. There are also three ] clubs in the city; ], the oldest rugby club in Austria, ], and Stade Viennois.

] in 2015]]
In addition to team sports, Vienna also offers a wide range of individual sports. The paths in the Prater or on the Donauinsel are popular running routes. The ], which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year, typically takes place in May. Cyclists can choose from over 1,000 kilometers of cycle paths and numerous mountain bike trails in the Viennese mountains. ] are available on the ] or in the Prater.

The ] tennis tournament has taken place in the city since 1974. The matches are played on indoor ] in the ].

The City of Vienna also operates two ] on Hohen-Wand-Wiese and on the Dollwiese.

== Culinary specialities==
=== Food ===
]
Vienna is well known for ], a cutlet of ] ''(Kalbsschnitzel)'' (sometimes also made with pork (''Schweinsschnitzel'') or chicken (''Hühnerschnitzel'')) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in ]. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves ] and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include '']'' (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with ''Geröstete Erdäpfel'' (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, ''Apfelkren'' (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and ''Schnittlauchsauce'' (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).

Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include '']'' (hot apple strudel), '']'' (milk-cream strudel), '']n'' (sweet pancakes), and '']'' (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots ('']''). ], a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the ], is world-famous.
]
In winter, small street stands sell traditional '']'' (hot chestnuts) and ].

Sausages are popular and available from street vendors ('']'') throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as '']'' (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a ''Frankfurter'' in Vienna. Other popular sausages are ''Burenwurst'' (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), '']'' (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and '']'' (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).

Vienna ranked 10th in vegan friendly European cities in a study by Alternative Traveler.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.alternativetravelers.com/vegan-friendly-cities-in-europe/ |title=Top 10 Vegan-Friendly Cities in Europe in 2020 |date=20 February 2020 |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525171749/https://www.alternativetravelers.com/vegan-friendly-cities-in-europe/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The '']'' is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, and meat.


=== Drinks === === Drinks ===
]
Vienna, along with Paris, ], ], ] and London, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as ], which are especially numerous in the wine growing areas of ] (], ], ], ], ]), ] (], ]), ] (]) and Favoriten (Oberlaa). The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The ], a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner |title=Gruner Veltliner Wine |publisher=Wine-Searcher}}</ref>
Vienna, along with ], ], ], ], Paris, Prague, ] and ], is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.austria.info/uk/things-to-do/food-and-drink/wine/vienna-the-wine-capital |title=Vienna: The Wine Capital |website=www.austria.info |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230111323/https://www.austria.info/uk/things-to-do/food-and-drink/wine/vienna-the-wine-capital |url-status=live }}</ref> The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as ]. The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The ], a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner |title=Gruner Veltliner Wine |publisher=Wine-Searcher |access-date=2 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301165955/http://www.wine-searcher.com/grape-209-gruner-veltliner |archive-date=1 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vienna wine: Gemischter Satz |url=https://www.wien.info/en/shopping-wining-dining/wine/gemischter-satz-awarded-346738 |website=Wien.info |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604153753/https://www.wien.info/en/shopping-wining-dining/wine/gemischter-satz-awarded-346738 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, ], and more than ten ]. Ottakringers' most popular drink is the ''Ottakringer Helles'', a beer with an ] of 5.2%. A "''Beisl''" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.


Local soft drinks such as ] are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing them on the top spots alongside American counterparts such as ] in terms of market share. Other popular drinks are the ], a mix between cola and orange lemonade, and ], a German carbonated orange drink.
Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, ], and more than ten ]. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.


=== Viennese cafés === === Viennese cafés ===
]
<!-- This section is linked from ] -->
The ] (''Kaffeehaus'') dates back to the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Vienna ] treated Viennese cafés like a living room.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Rick Rodgers |title=Kaffeehaus |publisher=Echo Point Books |year=2020 |page= |isbn=9781635619683 }}</ref> The first Viennese café was opened in 1685 by Armenian businessman Johannes Diodato. Café culture flourished in Vienna in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Alysa Levene |title=Cake: A Slice of History |publisher=Headline |year=2016 |page= |isbn=9781472226839 }}</ref> Notable patrons included political figures ], ], ] and ], who all lived in Vienna in 1913, as well as scientists, writers and artists such as ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2013 |title=1913: When Hitler, Trotsky, Tito, Freud and Stalin all lived in the same place |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21859771 |access-date=24 March 2024 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319160752/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-21859771 |url-status=live }}</ref>
]
]s have an extremely long and distinguished history that dates back centuries, and the caffeine addictions of some famous historical patrons of the oldest are something of a local legend. These coffee houses are unique to Vienna and many cities have unsuccessfully sought to copy them. Traditionally, the coffee comes with a glass of water. Viennese cafés claim to have invented the process of ] from booty captured after the second ] in 1683. Viennese cafés claim that when the invading Turks left Vienna, they abandoned hundreds of sacks of ]. The Polish King Jan III Sobieski, the commander of the anti-Turkish coalition of Poles, Germans, and Austrians, gave ] (Polish – ]) some of this coffee as a reward for providing information that allowed him to defeat the Turks. Kolschitzky then opened Vienna's first ]. ] set up a modern roasting plant in the same premises where the coffee sacks were found, in 1891.


Notable coffee houses include:
== Tourist attractions ==
{{further|Tourist attractions in Vienna}}
Major tourist attractions include the imperial palaces of the ] and ] (also home to the world's oldest zoo, ]) and the ] in the Prater. Cultural highlights include the ], the ], the ]er horses at the ], and the ], as well as excursions to Vienna's Heurigen district Döbling.
{{wide image|Schönbrunn, Viedeň, Rakúsko.jpg|800px|]}}
{{wide image|Schlosspark Schoenbrunn Panorama.jpg|800px|] at the ]}}


* ]: frequented by Hitler, Stalin, Tito, Trotsky and Zweig
There are also more than 100 art museums, which together attract over eight million visitors per year.<ref name="population">{{cite web |url=http://www.wien.gv.at/statistik/pdf/viennainfigures.pdf |page=10|format=PDF |title=Vienna in figures: Special Issue for the EU Presidency 2006 |publisher=City of Vienna |accessdate=23 September 2011}}</ref> The most popular ones are ], ], ] in the ], ], ], the twin '']'' and '']'', and the ], each of which receives over a quarter of a million visitors per year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/travel/city-guides/vienna-must-dos/ |format=] |title=Top 30 Sights, Museums, Exhibition Halls 2005 |publisher=Vienna Tourist Board}}</ref>
* ]: frequented by Freud
* Café Sacher: part of the ]


=== Heuriger ===
There are many popular sites associated with composers who lived in Vienna including ] various residences and grave at ] (Central Cemetery) which is the largest cemetery in Vienna and the burial site of many ]. ] has a memorial grave at the Habsburg gardens and at ] (where his grave was lost). Vienna's many churches also draw large crowds, famous of which are ], the ], the ], the ], the ], ], the ], the ], the ], ] and the ].
]
Vienna is one of the few major cities with its own ]. This wine is sold in taverns, so-called '']'', by the local winemakers during the growing season. The wine is often served as a ], a mix of wine and ]. The meals are simple and homemade, usually consisting of fresh bread, typically ], with local ] and cheese, or ]. The Heurigers are especially numerous in the areas of ] (], ], ], ], ]), ] (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), ] (]) and ] (Oberlaa).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Best Heuriger Vienna: An epic guide to the wine taverns of Vienna |url=https://austrianadaptation.com/blog/the-best-heuriger-vienna-an-epic-guide-to-the-wine-taverns-of-vienna |access-date=19 March 2024 |website=Austrian Adaptation |language=en-US |archive-date=19 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319224907/https://austrianadaptation.com/blog/the-best-heuriger-vienna-an-epic-guide-to-the-wine-taverns-of-vienna |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Transport==
Modern attractions include the ], the ] and the view from the ].
{{Main|Transport in Vienna}}
<gallery>
File:Albertina 2.JPG|]
File:Austria Parlament Athena.jpg|]
File:Belveder - widok od frontu - Vienna.jpg|]
File:Graben Vienna June 2006 283.jpg|]
File:Wien Kunsthistorisches Museum Nov2006.jpg|]
File:Naturhistorisches Museum Vienna June 2006 241.jpg|]
File:Palais Augarten Vienna.jpg|]
File:Rathaus Vienna June 2006 165.jpg|]
File:Spanische Hofreitschule3, Vienna.jpg|]
File:Wien - Stephansdom (1).JPG|]
File:Sttephanplatz, Graben, Vienna, Austria.jpg|]
File:Secession Vienna June 2006 006.jpg|] building
File:Wien - Staatsoper (1).JPG|]
File:20080215-18 Wenen (460).jpg|]
</gallery>


=== Public transport ===
== Transportation ==
Vienna has an extensive public transportation network. It consists predominantly of the ] network (subway, tram and bus lines) and the ] lines belonging to the ]. As of 2023, 32% of the population of the city uses public transit as their main mode of transit.<ref name="Anteil-Radfahrer">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Anteil der Radfahrer in Wien steigt |url=https://wien.orf.at/stories/3250117/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=wien.ORF.at |language=de }}</ref>
]]]
{{Main|Transportation in Vienna}}


]
Vienna has an extensive transportation network with a unified fare system that integrates municipal, regional and railway systems under the umbrella of the ] (VOR). Public transport is provided by buses, trams and 5 underground metro lines (]). Trains are operated by the ].
==== U-Bahn ====
The ] consists of five lines (], ], ], ], ]) with the ] currently under construction. The metro currently serves ] and covers a distance of 83.5 kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U-Bahn |url=https://www.wien.info/de/reiseinfos/verkehr/ubahn-362202 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=wien.info |language=de |archive-date=24 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324054137/https://www.wien.info/de/reiseinfos/verkehr/ubahn-362202 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The services run from 05:00 to about 01:00 with intervals of two to five minutes during the day and up to eight minutes after 20:00. On Friday and Saturday evenings and on evenings before a public holiday they operate a 24-hour service at 15-minute intervals.{{cn|date=September 2024}}<!--Personally I would remove this sentence.-->
{| class="wikitable"
! Line
! Colour
! Route
! Length
! Stations
|-
| {{ric|Wiener Linien|U1}}
| Red
| {{stl|Wiener Linien|Oberlaa}} – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Leopoldau}}
| 19.2&nbsp;km (11.9&nbsp;mi)
| 24
|-
| {{ric|Wiener Linien|U2}}
| Purple
| ] – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Seestadt}}
| 17.2&nbsp;km (10.7&nbsp;mi)
| 20
|-
| {{ric|Wiener Linien|U3}}
| Orange
| {{stl|Wiener Linien|Ottakring}} – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Simmering}}
| 13.4&nbsp;km (8.3&nbsp;mi)
| 21
|-
| {{ric|Wiener Linien|U4}}
| Green
| {{stl|Wiener Linien|Hütteldorf}} – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Heiligenstadt}}
| 16.4&nbsp;km (10.2&nbsp;mi)
| 20
|-
| {{ric|Wiener Linien|U6}}
| Brown
| {{stl|Wiener Linien|Siebenhirten}} – {{stl|Wiener Linien|Floridsdorf}}
| 17.3&nbsp;km (10.7&nbsp;mi)
| 24
|}
{{Gallery|File:U-bahn-wien.jpg|Logo|File:Donaustadtbrücke rigardate de la stacio Donaumarina.jpg|The U2 crossing the Danube|File:U-Bahn, Linie U4, Schönbrunn (47951150056).jpg|]|File:Wien U1.12 Nestroyplatz AG b.jpg|Entrance to ]|File:U2 Krieau AG ost innen 01.jpg|Interior of ] |title=|align=center|footer=|style=|height=170|width=|mode=packed}}


==== Buses ====
Vienna has multiple road connections including motorways.
]
Buses were first introduced to the city in 1907. Currently, 117 bus lines operate in Vienna during the day. 47 of these are run by the Wiener Linien, who also set the routes and timetables, the rest by subcontractors such as ''Dr. Richard'', ''Gschwindl'' and ''Blaguss''. The Wiener Linien also operate 20 night buses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Städtischer Autobus |website=www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at |url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/St%C3%A4dtischer_Autobus |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718103810/https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/St%C3%A4dtischer_Autobus |url-status=live }}</ref>
==== Trams ====
]
The ] has existed since 1865; the first line was electrified in 1897. There are currently 28 lines with 1071 stops that operate on a network of 176,9&nbsp;km. The trams move at about 15&nbsp;km/h. The fleet consists of both ] and ] vehicles, however the high-floor models, which are not air-conditioned, are in the process of being replaced by more modern, accessible trams. The modern models are air-conditioned and suitable for disabled users.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daten zur Geschichte des öffentlichen Stadtverkehrs in Wien. "Vom Sesseltrager zur U-Bahn" |trans-title=Data on the history of public transport in Vienna. “From the chair carrier to the subway” |url=https://tram.at/stadtverkehrsgeschichte-wien/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |publisher=WTM – Wiener Tramwaymuseum – Sonderfahrten mit historischen Straßenbahnen |language=de-DE |archive-date=23 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423051444/https://tram.at/stadtverkehrsgeschichte-wien/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Straßenbahn |website=www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at |url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Stra%C3%9Fenbahn |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614060339/https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Stra%C3%9Fenbahn |url-status=live }}</ref>


==== Trains ====
Vienna is served by ], located {{convert|18|km|0|abbr=on}} southeast of the city centre next to the town of ].
]
The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station ] with other European cities, including ], ], ], Munich, ], Venice, ], ], ], and ]. Other train stations include:


* ], the starting point of the ]
== International relations ==
* ] on the ]
=== International organisations in Vienna ===
* ] on the ]. This is Vienna's most frequented transit station.
] in the nearby Donaupark before the extensive building work]]]]]
* ] (Landstraße) on the S-Bahn line; it is the closest railway station to the center of the city.
* ] (Formerly known as Wien Nord or Wien Nord-Praterstern) on the ]
* ], starting point of the ]


=== Cycling ===
Vienna is the seat of a number of United Nations offices and various international institutions and companies, including the ] (IAEA), the ] (UNIDO), the ] (UNODC), the ] (OPEC), the ] (CTBTO), the ] (OSCE), the ] (UNOOSA) and the ] (FRA). Currently Vienna is the world's third "UN city", next to ], ], and ]. Additionally, Vienna is the seat of the ] secretariat (]). In conjunction, the ] annually hosts the prestigious ], an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.
]
The cycling network in the city spans 1.721 kilometers, however, this figure counts bidirectional ]s twice and includes on-road cycle-lanes which are also shared with motor vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radfahren in Wien |url=https://www.wien.info/de/lebenswertes-wien/sport/radfahren |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=wien.info |language=de |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325204127/https://www.wien.info/de/lebenswertes-wien/sport/radfahren |url-status=live }}</ref> The network is constantly being expanded and upgraded, especially in the outer areas, such as Donaustadt.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radwegoffensive: Ausbau des Radverkehrsnetzes 2023 |url=https://www.fahrradwien.at/radwegoffensive-2023/ |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=Fahrrad Wien |language=de-DE |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325204129/https://www.fahrradwien.at/radwegoffensive-2023/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bike use in the city has been rising, from just 3% in 1993 to 10% in 2023.<ref name="Anteil-Radfahrer" />


The city operates a ], ''WienMobil Radverleih'', with 3000 bikes at 185 station, available at all times. The bikes are 7-] ] with an adjustable saddel.
Various special diplomatic meetings have been held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in various documents bearing the name ] or Vienna Document. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 ], as well as the 1990 ].


=== Airport ===
=== Charitable organisations in Vienna ===
]
Alongside international and intergovernmental organisations, there are dozens of charitable organisations based in Vienna.. One such organisation is the network of ], founded by ] in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include ].
Vienna is served by ], located 18&nbsp;km southeast of the city center near the town of ]. The airport handled approximately 29.5 million passengers in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Viennaairport - Press Releases & News |url=https://www.viennaairport.com/en/company/press__news/press_releases__news_1 |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=www.viennaairport.com |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421091512/https://www.viennaairport.com/en/company/press__news/press_releases__news_1 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers. Another possibility is to use ], Slovakia, located approximately 60&nbsp;km away.


== Viennese people==
Another extremely popular international event is the annual ], which supports people with ] or ]. Guests such as ] and ] were recent attendees.
{{Main|List of people from Vienna}}


== International relations==
=== Twin towns and sister cities ===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria}}
Vienna is ] with the following cities:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|rules=yes}}
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} ], Turkey <small>''(since 2012)''<ref name="Ankara twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114033014/http://www.ankara-bel.gov.tr/AbbSayfalari/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/avrupa_gunu_kutlamasi.aspx|title=Kardeş Kentleri Listesi ve 5 Mayıs Avrupa Günü Kutlaması ''''|publisher= Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi – Tüm Hakları Saklıdır|archivedate=14 January 2009|accessdate=21 July 2013|language=Turkish}}</ref></small>
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} ], Serbia
*{{flagicon|Germany}} ], Germany
*{{flagicon|Switzerland}} ], Switzerland
*{{flagicon|Slovakia}} ], Slovakia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|title=Partner (Twin) towns of Bratislava|accessdate=5 August 2013|work=Bratislava-City.sk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183628/http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns|archivedate=28 July 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} ] in Czech Republic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/index.php?nav02=1985&nav01=34&nav03=1010&nav04=1016&nav05=1249&nav06=1272|title=Brno – Partnerská města|publisher=2006–2009 |language=Czech|accessdate=17 July 2009}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} ], Hungary<ref>{{cite web|url=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|title=Budapest – Testvérvárosok|accessdate=14 August 2013|work=Budapest Főváros Önkormányzatának hivatalos oldala |language=Hungarian|trans_title=Budapest – Twin Cities|archiveurl=http://budapest.hu/Lapok/Fovaros/Testvervarosok.aspx|archivedate=9 August 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Turkey}} ], Turkey <small>''(since 2007)''</small>
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} ], Ukraine
*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} ], Slovenia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ljubljana.si/si/ljubljana/pobratena-mesta-zdruzenja/|title=Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje|accessdate=27 July 2013|work=Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City)|language=Slovenian}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Russia}} ], Russia
*{{flagicon|Czech Republic}} ], Czech Republic<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html#|title=Partnerská města HMP|accessdate=5 August 2013|date=18 July 2013|work = Portál „Zahraniční vztahy“ |language=Czech|trans_title=Prague – Twin Cities HMP|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html|archivedate =25 June 2013}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Iran}} ], Iran <small>''(since 2009)''</small><ref>{{Wayback |df=yes|date=20110706090041 |url=http://www.azembassy.at/en/azau.htm }}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Israel}} ], Israel
*{{flagicon|Tunisia}} ], Tunisia
*{{flagicon|Liechtenstein}} ], Liechtenstein
*{{flagicon|Poland}} ], Poland <small>''(since 2001)''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.um.warszawa.pl/node/2920?page=0,0 |title=Miasta partnerskie Warszawy |work=um.warszawa.pl |publisher=Biuro Promocji Miasta |date=4 May 2005 |accessdate=29 August 2008|language=pl}}</ref></small>
*{{flagicon|Indonesia}} ], Indonesia <small>''(since 2012)''</small>
*{{flagicon|Croatia}} ], Croatia <small>''(since 1994)''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb|publisher=2006–2009 City of Zagreb|accessdate=23 June 2009}}</ref></small>
*{{flagicon|Bulgaria}} ], Bulgaria
{{Div col end}}


=== International organizations in Vienna===
=== Partnerships ===
] in the nearby Donaupark before the extensive building work]]
Other forms of cooperation and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes:
In 1980 Vienna became a UN headquarters, alongside New York City and ], later joined by ]. The city hosts many international organizations, many of them in the ] in ], including:
*{{flagicon|Serbia}} ], Serbia
*{{flagicon|Croatia}} ], Croatia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pula.hr/index.php?id=123|title=Međunarodna suradnja Grada Pule|accessdate = 28 July 2013|work=Grad Pula|language = Croatian, Italian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505091330/http://www.pula.hr/index.php?id=123|archivedate=5 May 2012}}</ref>


* ] – European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
In addition, individual Viennese districts are twinned with Japanese cities/districts:
* ] – International Atomic Energy Agency
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|rules=yes}}
* ] – International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
*] with ], ]. <small>''(since 1994)''</small>
* ] – Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
*] with ], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1985)''</small>
** ]– OPEC Fund for International Development
*] with ], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1996)''</small>
* ] – Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
*] with ], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1987)''</small>
* UN – United Nations
*] with ], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1992)''</small>
** ] – United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
*] with ], ]. <small>''(since 1995)''</small>
** ] – United Nations Industrial Development Organization
*] with ], Tokyo. <small>''(since 1989)''</small>
** ] – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
*] with ], ]. <small>''(since 1992)''</small>
** ] – United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
{{Div col end}}
** ] – United Nations Postal Administration
Further, the Viennese district ] and the New York City borough ] entered into a partnership in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://diepresse.com/home/politik/aussenpolitik/289167/index.do?from=suche.intern.portal |title=Brooklyn und Leopoldstadt sind nun Partner |publisher=Diepresse.com |accessdate=6 May 2009}}</ref>
** ] – United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
]
In addition, the ] hosts the annual ], an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.


Diplomatic meetings were often held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in multiple documents bearing the name ]. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 ], as well as the 1990 ]. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 ] on Iran's nuclear program as well as the ].
== See also ==

{{portal|Vienna|Austria|European Union}}
=== Charitable organizations in Vienna===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em|rules=yes}}
Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of ], founded by ] in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include ] (HASCO).
* ]

* ]
===International city cooperations===
* ]
The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any ] agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.<ref>{{cite web |title=City-to-city cooperation |publisher=City of Vienna |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/networks/city-cooperation.html |access-date=16 January 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209170615/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/networks/city-cooperation.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ]
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ]
* {{flagdeco|TUR}} ], Turkey
* ]
* {{flagdeco|SER}} ], Serbia
* ]
* {{flagdeco|SVK}} ], Slovakia
* ]
* {{flagdeco|CZE}} ], Czech Republic
* ]
* {{flagdeco|HUN}} ], Hungary
* ]
* {{flagdeco|GER}} ], Germany
* ]
* {{flagdeco|POL}} ], Poland
* {{flagdeco|SLO}} ], Slovenia
* {{flagdeco|FRA}} Paris, France
* {{flagdeco|CZE}} ], Czech Republic
* {{flagdeco|CAN}} ], Canada
* {{flagdeco|CRO}} ], Croatia
* {{flagdeco|SWI}} ], Switzerland
{{div col end}}

===District to district partnerships===

In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.<ref>{{cite web |title=City-to-city cooperation |publisher=City of Vienna |url=https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/networks/city-cooperation.html#district |access-date=28 August 2020 |archive-date=9 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209170615/https://www.wien.gv.at/english/politics/international/networks/city-cooperation.html#district |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|rules=yes}}
*{{Lang|de|]|italic=no}}
*]
*]
*]
*] *]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
{{div col end}} {{div col end}}


== References == ==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}


== Further reading == ==Further reading==
*]: ''A short History of Art in Vienna'', Munich: C.H. Beck 2000, ISBN 978-3-406-46789-9, provides a concise overview. *]: ''A Short History of Art in Vienna'', Munich: C.H. Beck 2000, {{ISBN|978-3-406-46789-9}}, provides a concise overview.
*] ed, : "World Film Locations: Vienna", London: Intellect/Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2012, ISBN 9781841505695. International films about Vienna or Austria shot on location throughout cinema history. *] ed.: "World Film Locations: Vienna", London: Intellect/Chicago: U of Chicago Press, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-84150-569-5}}. International films about Vienna or Austria shot on location throughout cinema history.


== External links == ==External links==
{{Sister project links|v=no|voy=Vienna|Vienna}} {{Sister project links|v=no|voy=Vienna|Vienna}}

'''Official websites'''
===Official websites===
* – Official site of the municipality, with interactive map. * – Official site of the municipality, with interactive map.
* – Official site of the tourism board: events, sightseeing, cultural information, etc. * – Official site of the tourism board: events, sightseeing, cultural information, etc.
* *
*
* – Vienna History Wiki operated by the city of Vienna


'''Pictures and videos of Vienna''' ===History of Vienna===
*
*
* *
*
* – a collection of georeferenced photos of Vienna
* A collection of photos of Vienna (willypuchner.com)
*
* (VRVienna.com)
* "Wiener Christkindlmarkt" (butkaj.com)
* Sightseeings (butkaj.com)
*
* {{YouTube|He94o57J4CA|Josef Hoffmann and the Wiener Werkstaette, WOKA VIDEO 1995, Screenwriter and director Wolfgang Karolinsky 40 min }}

'''History of Vienna'''
*
*.
*
* *


'''Further information on Vienna''' ===Further information on Vienna===
* Sorted by categories. Choose from 5 Languages * Sorted by categories. Choose from 5 Languages
* *
*
*
*
*English Guide to Events and Contemporary Culture in Vienna
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Latest revision as of 02:31, 12 January 2025

Capital and largest city of Austria "Wien" redirects here. Not to be confused with Vienne (disambiguation). For other uses, see Vienna (disambiguation) and Wien (disambiguation).

Place in Austria
Vienna Wien (German)
Wean (Bavarian)
Capital city, federal state and municipality
Skyline of ViennaSchönbrunn PalaceStephansdomVienna State OperaVienna City HallNeue HofburgKarlskircheUpper Belvedere
Flag of ViennaFlagOfficial seal of ViennaSealCoat of arms of ViennaCoat of armsOfficial logo of ViennaLogo
Map of ViennaMap of Vienna
Vienna highlighted in AustriaVienna highlighted in Austria
Vienna is located in AustriaViennaViennaLocation within AustriaShow map of AustriaVienna is located in EuropeViennaViennaLocation within EuropeShow map of Europe
Coordinates: 48°12′30″N 16°22′21″E / 48.20833°N 16.37250°E / 48.20833; 16.37250
CountryAustria
Federal stateVienna
Government
 • BodyState and Municipality
 • Mayor and GovernorMichael Ludwig (SPÖ)
Area
 • Total414.78 km (160.15 sq mi)
 • Land395.25 km (152.61 sq mi)
 • Water19.39 km (7.49 sq mi)
Elevation151 (Lobau) – 542 (Hermannskogel) m (495–1,778 ft)
Population2,014,614
 • Rank10th in Europe
1st in Austria
 • Urban2,223,236 ("Kernzone")
 • Metro2,890,577
 • Ethnicity
DemonymsGerman: Wiener (m), Wienerin (f)
Viennese
GDP
 • Total€110.9 billion (2024)
 • Per capita€56.600
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
ISO 3166 codeAT-9
Vehicle registrationW
HDI (2022)0.948
very high · 1st of 9
Seats in the Federal Council10 / 60
GeoTLD.wien
Websitewien.gv.at (in German)
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official nameHistoric Centre of Vienna
TypeCultural
Criteriaii, iv, vi
Designated2001 (25th session)
Reference no.1033
Area371 ha
UNESCO RegionEurope and North America
Endangered2017 (2017)–present

Vienna (/viˈɛnə/ vee-EN-ə; German: Wien [viːn] ; Austro-Bavarian: Wean [veɐ̯n]) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. Its larger metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.9 million, representing nearly one-third of the country's population. Vienna is the cultural, economic, and political center of the country, the fifth-largest city by population in the European Union, and the most-populous of the cities on the Danube river.

The city lies on the eastern edge of the Vienna Woods (Wienerwald), the northeasternmost foothills of the Alps, that separate Vienna from the more western parts of Austria, at the transition to the Pannonian Basin. It sits on the Danube, and is traversed by the highly regulated Wienfluss (Vienna River). Vienna is completely surrounded by Lower Austria, and lies around 50 km (31 mi) west of Slovakia and its capital Bratislava, 60 km (37 mi) northwest of Hungary, and 60 km (37 mi) south of Moravia (Czech Republic).

The once Celtic settlement of Vedunia was converted by the Romans into the castrum Vindobona (province of Pannonia) in the 1st century, and was elevated to a municipium with Roman city rights in 212. This was followed by a time in the sphere of influence of the Lombards and later the Pannonian Avars, when Slavs formed the majority of the region's population. From the 8th century on, the region was settled by the Baiuvarii. In 1155, Vienna became the seat of the Babenbergs, who ruled Austria from 976 to 1246. In 1221, Vienna was granted city rights. During the 16th century, the Habsburgs, who had succeeded the Babenbergs, established Vienna as the seat of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, a position it held until the empire's dissolution in 1806, with only a brief interruption. With the formation of the Austrian Empire in 1804, Vienna became the capital of it and all its successor states.

Throughout the modern era, Vienna has been among the largest German-speaking cities in the world. It was the largest in the 18th and 19th century, peaking at two million inhabitants before it was overtaken by Berlin at the beginning of the 20th century. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations, OPEC and the OSCE. In 2001, the city center was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In July 2017, it was moved to the list of World Heritage in Danger.

Vienna has been called the "City of Music" due to its musical legacy, as many famous classical musicians such as Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner, Haydn, Mahler, Mozart, Schoenberg, Schubert, Johann Strauss I and Johann Strauss II lived and worked there. It played a pivotal role as a leading European music center, from the age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. Vienna was home to the world's first psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud. The historic center of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque palaces and gardens, and the late-19th-century Ringstraße, which is lined with grand buildings, monuments, and parks.

In 2024, Vienna retained its position as most livable city per the Economist Intelligence Unit, and has spent every year since 2015 in the top 2 places, bar 2021 due to the COVID-19 lockdowns.

Etymology

See also: Names of European cities in different languages: U–Z § V, and Vindobona

The place is mentioned as Οϋιόβονα (Ouiobona) in the 2nd century AD (Ptolemy, Geography, II, 14, 3); Vindobona in the 3rd century (Itinerarium Antonini Augusti 233, 8); Vindobona in the 4th century (Tabula Peutingeriana, V, 1); Vindomana ab. 400 (Notitia Dignitatum, 145, 16); Vindomina, Vendomina in the 6th century (Jordanes, De origine actibusque Getarum, 50, 264).

The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian name. The German name Wien comes from the name of the river Wien, mentioned ad UUeniam in 881 (Wenia- in modern writing).

The name of the Roman settlement on the same emplacement is of Celtic extraction Vindobona, probably meaning "white village, white settlement" from Celtic roots, vindo-, meaning "white" (Old Irish find "white", Welsh gwyn / gwenn, Old Breton guinn "white, bright" > Breton gwenn "white"), and -bona "foundation, settlement, village", related to Old Irish bun "base, foundation" and Welsh bon, same meaning. The Celtic word vindos may reflect a widespread prehistorical cult of Vindos, a Celtic deity who survives in Irish mythology as the warrior and seer Fionn mac Cumhaill. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech, Slovak, Polish and Ukrainian names of the city (Vídeň, Viedeň, Wiedeń and Відень respectively) and in that of the city's district Wieden.

The name of the city in Hungarian (Bécs), Serbo-Croatian (Beč, Беч) and Ottoman Turkish (بچ, Beç) has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the river Danube, on which the city stands.

History

Main article: History of Vienna For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Vienna. Historical affiliations

Duchy of Austria 1156–1453
Archduchy of Austria 1453–1485
 Principality of Hungary 1485–1490
Archduchy of Austria 1490–1804
 Austrian Empire 1804–1867
 Austria-Hungary 1867–1918
 First Austrian Republic 1919–1934
 Federal State of Austria 1934–1938
 Nazi Germany 1938–1945
Allied-occupied Austria 1945–1955
 Austria 1955–present

Roman period

Main article: Vindobona

In the 1st century, the Romans set up the military camp of Vindobona in Pannonia on the site of today's Vienna city center near the Danube with an adjoining civilian town to secure the borders of the Roman Empire. Construction of the legionary camp began around 97 AD. At its peak, Vindobona had a population of around 15,000 people. It was a part of a trade and communications network across the Empire. Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius may have died here in 180 AD during a campaign against the Marcomanni.

After a Germanic invasion in the second century the city was rebuilt. It served as a seat of the Roman government until the fifth century, when the population fled due to the Huns invasion of Pannonia. The city was abandoned for several centuries.

Evidence of the Romans in the city is plentiful. Remains of the military camp have been found under the city, as well as fragments of the canal system and figurines.

Middle Ages

Close ties with other Celtic peoples continued through the ages. The Irish monk Saint Colman (or Koloman, Irish Colmán, derived from colm "dove") is buried in Melk Abbey and Saint Fergil (Virgil the Geometer) served as Bishop of Salzburg for forty years. Irish Benedictines founded twelfth-century monastic settlements; evidence of these ties persists in the form of Vienna's great Schottenstift monastery (Scots Abbey), once home to many Irish monks.

In 976, Leopold I of Babenberg became count of the Eastern March, a district centered on the Danube on the eastern frontier of Bavaria. This initial district grew into the duchy of Austria. Each succeeding Babenberg ruler expanded the march east along the Danube, eventually encompassing Vienna and the lands immediately east. In 1155, Henry II, Duke of Austria moved the Babenberg family residence with the founding of the Schottenstift from Klosterneuburg in Lower Austria to Vienna. From that time, Vienna remained the center of the Babenberg dynasty. Hungary occupied the city between 1485 and 1490.

Depiction of Vienna in the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493

Vienna became at the turn to the 16th century the seat of the Aulic Council and subsequently later in the 16th century of the Habsburg emperors of the Holy Roman Empire with an interruption between at the turn to the 17th century until 1806, becoming an important center in the empire.

In the 16th and 17th centuries, Christian forces twice stopped Ottoman armies outside Vienna, in the 1529 siege of Vienna and the 1683 Battle of Vienna. The Great Plague of Vienna ravaged the city in 1679, killing nearly a third of its population.

Vienna from Belvedere a 1758 portrait by Bernardo Bellotto

Austrian Empire and early 20th century

Further information: Austrian Empire

In 1804, during the Napoleonic Wars, Vienna became the capital of the newly formed Austrian Empire. The city continued to play a major role in European and world politics, including hosting the Congress of Vienna in 1814–15. The city also saw major uprisings against Habsburg rule in 1848, which were suppressed. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, Vienna remained the capital of what became the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The city functioned as a center of classical music, for which the title of the First Viennese School (Haydn/Mozart/Beethoven) is sometimes applied.

Vienna's Ringstraße and the State Opera in around 1870

During the latter half of the 19th century, Vienna developed what had previously been the bastions and glacis into the Ringstraße, a new boulevard surrounding the historical town and a major prestige project. Former suburbs were incorporated, and the city of Vienna grew dramatically. In 1918, after World War I, Vienna became capital of the Republic of German-Austria, and then in 1919 of the First Republic of Austria.

From the late-19th century to 1938, the city remained a center of high culture and of modernism. A world capital of music, Vienna played host to composers such as Johannes Brahms, Anton Bruckner, Gustav Mahler, and Richard Strauss. The city's cultural contributions in the first half of the 20th century included, among many, the Vienna Secession movement in art, the Second Viennese School, the architecture of Adolf Loos, the philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, and the Vienna Circle.

Red Vienna

Karl-Marx-Hof, a Gemeindebau building and a symbol of Red Vienna
Main article: Red Vienna

The city of Vienna became the center of socialist politics from 1919 to 1934, a period referred to as Red Vienna (Das rote Wien). After a new breed of socialist politicians won the local elections they engaged in a brief but ambitious municipal experiment. Social democrats had won an absolute majority in the May 1919 municipal election and commanded the city council with 100 of the 165 seats. Jakob Reumann was appointed by the city council as city mayor. The theoretical foundations of so-called Austromarxism were established by Otto Bauer, Karl Renner, and Max Adler.

Red Vienna is perhaps most well known for its Gemeindebauten, public housing buildings. Between 1925 and 1934, over 60,000 new apartments were built in the Gemeindebauten. Apartments were assigned on the basis of a point system favoring families and less affluent citizens.

July Revolt and Civil War

The Palace of Justice burning, 1927

In July 1927, after three nationalist far-right paramilitary members were acquitted of the killing of two social democratic Republikanischer Schutzbund members, a riot broke out in the city. The protestors, enraged by the decision, set the Palace of Justice ablaze. The police attempted to end the revolt with force and killed at least 84 protestors, with 5 policemen also dying. In 1933, right-wing Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss dissolved the parliament, essentially letting him run the country as a dictatorship, banned the Communist Party and severely limited the influence of the Social Democratic Party. This led to a civil war between the right-wing government and socialist forces the following year, which started in Linz and quickly spread to Vienna. Socialist members of the Republikanischer Schutzbund barricaded themselves inside the housing estates and exchanged fire with the police and paramilitary groups. The fighting in Vienna ended after the Austrian Armed Forces shelled the Karl-Marx-Hof, a civilian housing estate, and the Schutzbund surrendered.

Anschluss and World War II

Crowds greet German Chancellor Adolf Hitler as he rides in an open car in Vienna following the March 1938 annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany
Main article: Anschluss

On 15 March 1938, three days after German troops had first entered Austria, Adolf Hitler arrived in Vienna. 200,000 Austrians greeted him at the Heldenplatz, where he held a speech from a balcony in the Neue Burg, in which he announced that Austria would be absorbed into Nazi Germany. The persecution of Jews started almost immediately, Viennese Jews were harassed and hounded, their homes and businesses plundered. Some were forced to scrub pro-independence slogans off the streets. This culminated in the Kristallnacht, a nationwide pogrom against the Jews carried out by the Schutzstaffel and the Sturmabteilung, with support of the Hitler Youth and German civilians. All synagogues and prayer houses in the city were destroyed, bar the Stadttempel, due to its proximity to residential buildings. Vienna lost its status as a capital to Berlin, as Austria had ceased to exist. The few resistors in the city were arrested.

Adolf Eichmann held office in the expropriated Palais Rothschild and organized the expropriation and persecution of the Jews. Of the almost 200,000 Jews in Vienna, around 120,000 were driven to emigrate and around 65,000 were killed. After the end of the war, the Jewish population of Vienna was only about 5,000.

The Judenplatz Holocaust Memorial.

In 1942 the city suffered its first air raid, carried out by the Soviet air force. Only after the Allies had taken Italy did the next raids commence. From 17 March 1944, 51 air raids were carried out in Vienna. Targets of the bombings were primarily the city's oil refineries. However, around a third of the city center was destroyed, and culturally important buildings such as the State Opera and the Burgtheater were burned, and the Albertina was heavily damaged. These air raids lasted until March 1945, just before the Soviet troops started the Vienna offensive.

The Red Army, who had previously marched through Hungary, first entered Vienna on 6 April. They first attacked the eastern and southern suburbs, before moving on to the western suburbs. By the 8th they had the center of the city surrounded. The following day the Soviets started with the infiltration of the city center. Fighting continued for a few more days until the Soviet Navy’s Danube Flotilla naval force arrived with reinforcements. The remaining defending soldiers surrendered that same day.

Soviet soldiers entering Vienna in Spring 1945

Four-power Vienna

Allied-occupied zones in Vienna between 1945 and 1955 following World War II
Further information: Allied-occupied Austria

After the war, Vienna was part of Soviet-occupied Eastern Austria until September 1945. That month, Vienna was divided into sectors by the four powers: the US, the UK, France, and the Soviet Union and supervised by an Allied Commission. The four-power occupation of Vienna differed in one key respect from that of Berlin: the central area of the city, known as the first district, constituted an international zone in which the four powers alternated control on a monthly basis. The city was policed by the four powers on a day-to-day basis using the "four soldiers in a jeep" method, which had one soldier from each nation sitting together. The four powers all had separate headquarters, the Soviets in Palais Epstein next to the Parliament, the French in Hotel Kummer on Mariahilferstraße, the Americans in the National Bank, and the British in Schönnbrunn Palace. The division of the city was not comparable to that of Berlin. Although the borders between the sectors were marked, travel between them was freely possible.

During the ten years of the four-power occupation, Vienna was a hotbed for international espionage between the Western and Eastern blocs, which deeply distrusted each other. The city experienced an economic upturn due to the Marshall Plan.

The atmosphere of four-power Vienna is the background for Graham Greene's screenplay for the film The Third Man (1949). The film's theme music was composed and performed by Viennese musician Anton Karas using a zither. Later he adapted the screenplay as a novel and published it. Occupied Vienna is also depicted in the 1991 Philip Kerr novel, A German Requiem.

Austrian State Treaty and subsequent sovereignty

The Graben square in 1966
Main article: Austrian State Treaty

The four-power control of Vienna lasted until the Austrian State Treaty was signed in May 1955 and came into force on 27 July 1955. By October, all soldiers had left the country. That year, after years of reconstruction and restoration, the State Opera and the Burgtheater, both on the Ringstraße, reopened to the public.

In the Autumn of 1956, Vienna accepted many Hungarian refugees, who had fled Hungary after an attempted revolution. The city experienced another wave of refugees after the Prague Spring in Czechoslovakia in 1968, as well as after the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991.

In 1972 the construction of the Donauinsel and the excavation of the New Danube began. In the same decade, Austrian Chancellor Bruno Kreisky inaugurated the Vienna International Centre, a new area of the city created to host international institutions. Vienna has regained much of its former international stature by hosting international organisations, such as the United Nations.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
163760,000—    
168390,000+50.0%
1710113,800+26.4%
1754175,460+54.2%
1783247,753+41.2%
1793271,800+9.7%
1830401,200+47.6%
1840469,400+17.0%
1850551,300+17.4%
1857683,000+23.9%
1869900,998+31.9%
18801,162,591+29.0%
18901,430,213+23.0%
19001,769,137+23.7%
19102,083,630+17.8%
19231,918,720−7.9%
19341,935,881+0.9%
19391,770,938−8.5%
19511,616,125−8.7%
19611,627,566+0.7%
19711,619,885−0.5%
19811,531,346−5.5%
19911,539,848+0.6%
20011,550,123+0.7%
20111,714,227+10.6%
20211,926,960+12.4%
Source for 1869-2021:
Significant foreign resident groups
Country of birth Population as of
1 January 2024
 Serbia 88,279
 Turkey 66,414
 Germany 62,418
 Poland 48,712
 Syria 47,483
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 46,727
 Romania 40,035
 Ukraine 36,402
 Hungary 25,048
 Russia 22,941
 Afghanistan 23,218
 Bulgaria 20,563

Because of the industrialization and migration from other parts of the Empire, the population of Vienna increased sharply during its time as the capital of Austria-Hungary (1867–1918). In 1910, Vienna had more than two million inhabitants and was the third largest city in Europe after London and Paris. Around the start of the 20th century, Vienna was the city with the second-largest Czech population in the world (after Prague). After World War I, many Czechs and Hungarians returned to their ancestral countries, resulting in a decline in the Viennese population. After World War II, the Soviets used force to repatriate key workers of Czech, Slovak and Hungarian origins to return to their ethnic homelands to further the Soviet bloc economy. The population of Vienna generally stagnated or declined through the remainder of the 20th century, not demonstrating significant growth again until the census of 2000. In 2020, Vienna's population remained significantly below its reported peak in 1916.

Under the Nazi regime, 65,000 Jews were deported and murdered in concentration camps by Nazi forces; approximately 130,000 fled.

By 2001, 16% of people living in Austria had nationalities other than Austrian, nearly half of whom were from former Yugoslavia; the next most numerous nationalities in Vienna were Turks (39,000; 2.5%), Poles (13,600; 0.9%) and Germans (12,700; 0.8%).

As of 2012, an official report from Statistics Austria showed that more than 660,000 (38.8%) of the Viennese population have full or partial migrant background, mostly from Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Germany, Poland, Romania and Hungary.

From 2005 to 2015 the city's population grew by 10.1%. According to UN-Habitat, Vienna could be the fastest growing city out of 17 European metropolitan areas until 2025 with an increase of 4.65% of its population, compared to 2010.

Population by migration background (2023)
Background Nos.
Native born 970,900
1st generation migration background 739,500
2nd generation migration background 242,900
Total 1,953,300

Religion

Religion in Vienna (2021)

  Unaffiliated (34%)  Catholic Church (32%)  Eastern Orthodoxy (11%)  Islam (15%)  Other (8%)

According to the 2021 census, 49.0% of Viennese were Christian. Among them, 31.8% were Catholic, 11.2% were Eastern Orthodox, and 3.7% were Protestant, mostly Lutheran, 34.1% had no religious affiliation, 14.8% were Muslim, and 2% were of other religions, including Jewish. One sources estimates that Vienna's Jewish community is of 8,000 members meanwhile another suggest 15,000.

Based on information provided to city officials by various religious organizations about their membership, Vienna's Statistical Yearbook 2019 reports in 2018 an estimated 610,269 Roman Catholics, or 32.3% of the population, and 200,000 (10.4%) Muslims, 70,298 (3.7%) Orthodox, 57,502 (3.0%) other Christians, and 9,504 (0.5%) other religions. A study conducted by the Vienna Institute of Demography estimated the 2018 proportions to be 34% Catholic, 30% unaffiliated, 15% Muslim, 10% Orthodox, 4% Protestant, and 6% other religions.

As of the spring of 2014, Muslims made up 30% of the total proportion of schoolchildren in Vienna.

Vienna is the seat of the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vienna, in which is also vested the exempt Ordinariate for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria; its Archbishop is Cardinal Christoph Schönborn. Many Catholic Churches in central Vienna feature performances of religious or other music, including masses sung to classical music and organ. Some of Vienna's most significant historical buildings are Catholic churches, including the St. Stephen's Cathedral (Stephansdom), Karlskirche, Peterskirche and the Votivkirche. On the banks of the Danube is a Buddhist Peace Pagoda, built in 1983 by the monks and nuns of Nipponzan Myohoji.

Geography

A 2018 satellite photo of Vienna by Sentinel-2

Vienna is located in northeastern Austria, at the easternmost extension of the Alps in the Vienna Basin. The earliest settlement, at the location of today's inner city, was south of the meandering Danube while the city now spans both sides of the river. Elevation ranges from 151 to 542 m (495 to 1,778 ft). The city has a total area of 414.78 square kilometers (160.1 sq mi), making it the largest city in Austria by area.

Climate

Whereas the higher elevated north/western edges of Vienna have a borderline oceanic (Köppen: Cfb) and humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), most parts of the urban core are warm enough for a humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa) classification with dozens of days exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) and night temperatures not dropping below 20 °C (68 °F).

The city has warm to hot showery summers, with average high temperatures ranging between 27 to 32 °C (81 to 90 °F) and a record maximum exceeding 38 °C (100 °F). Winters are relatively dry and cool to cold with daily mean temperatures at or well above freezing point. Spring is variable and autumn cool, with a chance of snow in or after November. Snowfall and frequent frost have become rare though in the last decades, with snow cover mostly ranging from zero to a few inches for a short period of time.

Precipitation is generally moderate throughout the year, averaging around 600 mm (23.6 in) annually, with considerable local variations, the Vienna Woods region in the west being the wettest part (700 to 800 mm (28 to 31 in) annually) and the flat plains in the east being the driest part (500 to 550 mm (20 to 22 in) annually). Snow in winter is not common anymore and not so frequent compared to the mostly alpine Western and Southern regions of Austria.

Climate data for Vienna (Hohe Warte) 1991–2020, extremes 1775–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.7
(65.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		25.5
(77.9) 		29.5
(85.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		36.5
(97.7) 		39.5
(103.1) 		38.4
(101.1) 		34.0
(93.2) 		27.8
(82.0) 		21.7
(71.1) 		18.6
(65.5) 		39.5
(103.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.5
(38.3) 		6.5
(43.7) 		10.7
(51.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		20.7
(69.3) 		25.1
(77.2) 		26.4
(79.5) 		26.1
(79.0) 		21.1
(70.0) 		14.3
(57.7) 		8.8
(47.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		15.4
(59.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		6.9
(44.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		21.6
(70.9) 		16.6
(61.9) 		11.2
(52.2) 		6.2
(43.2) 		1.8
(35.2) 		11.5
(52.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		2.6
(36.7) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.7
(51.3) 		14.7
(58.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		15.6
(60.1) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.3
(45.1) 		3.7
(38.7) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		7.2
(45.0)
Record low °C (°F) −23.8
(−10.8) 		−26.0
(−14.8) 		−16.3
(2.7) 		−8.1
(17.4) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		3.2
(37.8) 		6.9
(44.4) 		6.5
(43.7) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−14.3
(6.3) 		−20.7
(−5.3) 		−26.0
(−14.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42.1
(1.66) 		38.1
(1.50) 		51.6
(2.03) 		41.8
(1.65) 		78.9
(3.11) 		70.0
(2.76) 		77.7
(3.06) 		69.1
(2.72) 		64.1
(2.52) 		46.9
(1.85) 		46.0
(1.81) 		46.8
(1.84) 		673.1
(26.50)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 15.9
(6.3) 		13.6
(5.4) 		5.2
(2.0) 		1.1
(0.4) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.4
(0.2) 		3.2
(1.3) 		10.8
(4.3) 		50.2
(19.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8.7 7.1 8.7 6.5 9.4 8.4 8.9 7.9 7.4 7.2 7.6 8.6 96.4
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 11.4 8.8 3.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.6 6.2 31.8
Average relative humidity (%) (at 14:00) 73.4 64.9 57.7 51.6 54.6 54.4 53.3 52.8 58.4 66.2 74.3 76.6 61.5
Mean monthly sunshine hours 70.2 104.9 155.1 216.5 248.3 260.5 273.6 266.3 191.7 129.9 67.7 57.1 2,041.8
Percent possible sunshine 26.4 37.5 43.0 54.1 54.4 56.3 58.6 62.1 52.2 40.0 25.1 22.6 44.4
Source 1: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics
Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows), wien.orf.at
Climate data for Vienna (Innere Stadt) 1991–2020, extremes 1961–2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.5
(67.1) 		20.0
(68.0) 		25.4
(77.7) 		31.2
(88.2) 		34.1
(93.4) 		37.7
(99.9) 		38.4
(101.1) 		39.5
(103.1) 		34.5
(94.1) 		28.5
(83.3) 		21.3
(70.3) 		16.4
(61.5) 		39.5
(103.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.2
(39.6) 		7.0
(44.6) 		11.0
(51.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		21.1
(70.0) 		25.7
(78.3) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		21.6
(70.9) 		15.0
(59.0) 		9.5
(49.1) 		4.7
(40.5) 		15.9
(60.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		3.8
(38.8) 		7.7
(45.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		17.3
(63.1) 		21.0
(69.8) 		23.0
(73.4) 		22.8
(73.0) 		17.7
(63.9) 		12.3
(54.1) 		7.2
(45.0) 		2.8
(37.0) 		12.6
(54.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.1
(31.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		4.0
(39.2) 		8.6
(47.5) 		12.3
(54.1) 		16.4
(61.5) 		17.7
(63.9) 		17.5
(63.5) 		13.8
(56.8) 		8.9
(48.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		0.7
(33.3) 		8.8
(47.8)
Record low °C (°F) −17.6
(0.3) 		−16.4
(2.5) 		−11.0
(12.2) 		−2.4
(27.7) 		3.0
(37.4) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		5.1
(41.2) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−15.4
(4.3) 		−17.6
(0.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.6
(1.48) 		33.5
(1.32) 		46.3
(1.82) 		39.6
(1.56) 		78.3
(3.08) 		82.0
(3.23) 		80.3
(3.16) 		73.8
(2.91) 		67.3
(2.65) 		47.7
(1.88) 		42.9
(1.69) 		39.9
(1.57) 		669.2
(26.35)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.5 6.3 7.7 6.4 9.3 9.0 8.9 8.0 7.2 7.0 6.9 7.7 91.9
Average relative humidity (%) (at 14:00) 75.0 67.6 62.1 53.9 54.3 56.9 54.4 54.4 61.0 64.9 74.9 78.4 63.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 70.4 103.7 154.9 216.6 248.5 259.1 273.3 266.3 194.0 133.3 70.7 57.1 2,047.9
Percent possible sunshine 26.7 37.1 42.8 53.8 53.9 55.2 57.9 61.7 52.6 40.9 26.4 23.0 44.3
Source: Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics
Climate data for Vienna (Hohe Warte) 1961–1990
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean maximum °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		11.9
(53.4) 		19.6
(67.3) 		23.5
(74.3) 		26.6
(79.9) 		30.1
(86.2) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		27.6
(81.7) 		21.6
(70.9) 		16.0
(60.8) 		11.3
(52.3) 		31.8
(89.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.9
(37.2) 		5.1
(41.2) 		10.3
(50.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		25.6
(78.1) 		25.4
(77.7) 		20.3
(68.5) 		14.2
(57.6) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.0
(39.2) 		14.5
(58.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −0.6
(30.9) 		1.6
(34.9) 		5.8
(42.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		18.2
(64.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		16.0
(60.8) 		10.6
(51.1) 		5.1
(41.2) 		1.2
(34.2) 		10.3
(50.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.0
(28.4) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		2.4
(36.3) 		5.8
(42.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		13.5
(56.3) 		15.4
(59.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.0
(44.6) 		2.4
(36.3) 		−0.5
(31.1) 		6.7
(44.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −10.2
(13.6) 		−8.3
(17.1) 		−4.8
(23.4) 		0.0
(32.0) 		4.2
(39.6) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		9.6
(49.3) 		5.9
(42.6) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−10.2
(13.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 38.0
(1.50) 		42.0
(1.65) 		41.0
(1.61) 		51.0
(2.01) 		61.0
(2.40) 		74.0
(2.91) 		63.0
(2.48) 		58.0
(2.28) 		45.0
(1.77) 		41.0
(1.61) 		50.0
(1.97) 		43.0
(1.69) 		607
(23.88)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 6 6 8 8 95
Average relative humidity (%) 79 76 69 64 66 66 64 68 74 78 80 80 72
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 73 68 57 51 53 55 52 53 58 64 72 75 61
Average dew point °C (°F) −3.5
(25.7) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		3.1
(37.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		11.4
(52.5) 		12.6
(54.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		10.4
(50.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		1.5
(34.7) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		4.9
(40.8)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 56 78 126 170 221 223 246 228 171 137 63 52 1,771
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst
Source 2: NOAA(mean monthly max/min-Sun-Dew Point)
  1. Afternoon humidity measured at 14:00 local time

Districts and enlargement

Main article: Districts of Vienna
Map of the districts of Vienna with numbers

Districts

No. District Coat of
arms 		Area
(km) 		Population
(2023) 		Density
per km 		Map
1 Innere Stadt Innere Stadt 2.869 16,538 5,764
2 Leopoldstadt Leopoldstadt 19.242 110,100 5,707
3 Landstraße Landstraße 7.403 98,398 13,292
4 Wieden Wieden 1.776 33,155 18,668
5 Margareten Margareten 2.012 54,400 27,038
6 Mariahilf Mariahilf 1.455 31,386 21,571
7 Neubau Neubau 1.608 31,513 19,598
8 Josefstadt Josefstadt 1.090 24,499 22,476
9 Alsergrund Alsergrund 2.976 41,631 13,989
10 Favoriten Favoriten 31.823 220,324 6,923
11 Simmering Simmering 23.256 110,559 4,754
12 Meidling Meidling 8.103 101,714 12,556
13 Hietzing Hietzing 37.713 55,505 1,472
14 Penzing Penzing 33.760 98,161 2,908
15 Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus 3.918 76,381 19,495
16 Ottakring Ottakring 8.673 102,770 11,849
17 Hernals Hernals 11.396 56,671 4,973
18 Währing Währing 6.347 51,395 8,098
19 Döbling Döbling 24.944 75,400 3,023
20 Brigittenau Brigittenau 5.710 85,930 15,049
21 Floridsdorf Floridsdorf 44.443 186,233 4,190
22 Donaustadt Donaustadt 102.299 220,794 2,158
23 Liesing Liesing 32.061 121,303 3,784

Vienna is composed of 23 districts (Bezirke). Administrative district offices in Vienna, called Magistratische Bezirksämter, serve functions similar to those in the other Austrian states (called Bezirkshauptmannschaften), the officers being subject to the mayor of Vienna; with the notable exception of the police, which is under federal supervision.

District residents in Vienna (Austrians as well as EU citizens with permanent residence here) elect a District Assembly (Bezirksvertretung). City hall has delegated maintenance budgets, e.g., for schools and parks, so that the districts are able to set priorities autonomously. Any decision of a district can be overridden by the city assembly (Gemeinderat) or the responsible city councilor (amtsführender Stadtrat).

Enlargement

The Albertina Terrace at Innere Stadt
The Ringstraße with the Natural History Museum to the left.

The heart and historical city of Vienna, a large part of today's Innere Stadt, was a fortress surrounded by fields to defend itself from potential attackers. In 1850, Vienna with the consent of the emperor annexed 34 surrounding villages, called Vorstädte, into the city limits (districts no. 2 to 8, after 1861 with the separation of Margareten from Wieden no. 2 to 9). Consequently, the walls were razed after 1857, making it possible for the city center to expand.

In their place, a broad boulevard called the Ringstraße was built, along which imposing public and private buildings, monuments, and parks were created by the start of the 20th century. These buildings include the Rathaus (town hall), the Burgtheater, the University, the Parliament, the twin museums of natural history and fine art, and the Staatsoper. It is also the location of the New Wing of the Hofburg, the former imperial palace, and the Imperial and Royal War Ministry finished in 1913. The mainly Gothic Stephansdom is located at the center of the city, on Stephansplatz. The Imperial-Royal Government set up the Vienna City Renovation Fund (Wiener Stadterneuerungsfonds) and sold many building lots to private investors, thereby partly financing public construction works.

From 1850 to 1890, city limits in the West and the South mainly followed another wall called Linienwall at which a road toll called the Liniengeld was charged. Outside this wall from 1873 onwards a ring road called The Gürtel was built. In 1890 it was decided to integrate 33 suburbs (called Vororte) beyond that wall into Vienna by 1 January 1892 and transform them into districts no. 11 to 19 (district no. 10 had been constituted in 1874); hence the Linienwall was torn down beginning in 1894. In 1900, district no. 20, Brigittenau, was created by separating the area from the 2nd district.

From 1850 to 1904, Vienna had expanded only on the eastern bank of the Danube, following the main branch before the regulation of 1868–1875, i.e., the Old Danube of today. In 1904, the 21st district was created by integrating Floridsdorf, Kagran, Stadlau, Hirschstetten, Aspern and other villages on the left bank of the Danube into Vienna, and in 1910 Strebersdorf followed. On 15 October 1938, the Nazis created Great Vienna with 26 districts by merging 97 towns and villages into Vienna, 80 of which were returned to surrounding Lower Austria in 1954. Since then Vienna has had 23 districts.

Industries are located mostly in the southern and eastern districts. The Innere Stadt is situated away from the main flow of the Danube, but is bounded by the Donaukanal ("Danube canal"). Vienna's second and twentieth districts are located between the Donaukanal and the Danube. Across the Danube, where the Vienna International Centre is located (districts 21–22), and in the southern areas (district 23) are the newest parts of the city.

Politics

Political history

Further information: First Austrian Republic and Red Vienna
The Rathaus (City Hall), the seat of the local government.

In the provinces represented in the Imperial Council, men had had universal suffrage at the national level since 1907. Mayor Karl Lueger of the Christian Social Party prevented the adoption of this right to vote in municipal council elections, which excluded many working-class people. The first elections in which all adult men and women were entitled to vote took place in 1919 after the end of the monarchy. Since 1919, the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) has provided the mayor in all free elections and the Vienna City Council (the city parliament) has had a Social Democratic majority.

On 10 November 1920, the day on which the Federal Constitution of Austria came into force, which defined Vienna as a separate federal state and made its separation from Lower Austria possible. Since then, the mayor of Vienna has also been the governor of the state, the city senate the state government and the municipal council the state parliament. Vienna was used as the seat of the Lower Austrian government until 1997 when they moved to St. Pölten.

From 1934 to 1945, during the period of Austrofascist and Nazi, no democratic elections were held and the city was run as a dictatorship. During this time the SPÖ was banned and many of its members were imprisoned. Vienna's city constitution was reinstated in 1945.

The city has enacted many social democratic policies. The Gemeindebauten are social housing assets that are well integrated into the city architecture outside the inner district. The low rents enable comfortable accommodation and good access to the city amenities. Many of the projects were built after World War II on vacant lots that were destroyed by bombing during the war. The city took particular pride in building them to a high standard. The social housing in Vienna provides living for more than 500,000 people.

Government

Main article: Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna
Michael Ludwig (SPÖ), mayor of Vienna

In the 1996 City Council election, the SPÖ lost its overall majority in the 100-seat chamber, winning 43 seats and 39.15% of the vote. The SPÖ had held an outright majority at every free municipal election since 1919. In 1996, the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ), which won 29 seats (up from 21 in 1991), beat the ÖVP into third place for the second time running. From 1996 to 2001, the SPÖ governed Vienna in a coalition with the ÖVP. In 2001 the SPÖ regained the overall majority with 52 seats and 46.91% of the vote; in October 2005, this majority was increased further to 55 seats (49.09%). In the 2010 city council elections the SPÖ lost their overall majority again and consequently forged a coalition with the Green Party – the first SPÖ/Green coalition in Austria. This coalition was maintained following the 2015 election. Following the 2020 election, the SPÖ forged a coalition with NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum. The next elections will take place in 2025.

Current government

The latest elections were held on 11 October 2020. It resulted in an SPÖ-NEOS coalition and Michael Ludwig was re-elected as mayor.

Seats46822168Total 100 seats
  • SPÖ: 46
  • NEOS: 8
  • ÖVP: 22
  • Greens: 16
  • FPÖ: 8
Main article: 2020 Viennese state election
Party Votes % +/– Seats +/–
Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) 301,967 41.62 +2.03 46 +2
Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) 148,238 20.43 +11.19 22 +15
The Greens – The Green Alternative (GRÜNE) 107,397 14.80 +2.96 16 +6
NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum (NEOS) 54,173 7.47 +1.31 8 +3
Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) 51,603 7.11 –23.68 8 –26
Other 62,132 8.56 +6.19 0 +0
Total 725,510 100 – 100 0

Economy

Messe Wien Congress Center
Austria Center Vienna (ACV)

Vienna generates 25.1% of Austria's GDP, making it the highest performing regional economy of the country. It has a GDP per capita of €56,600€ as of 2024. The unemployment rate in Vienna is 9.6% as of 2022, which is the highest of all the states. The private service sector provides 75% of all jobs. The city improved its position from 2012 on the ranking of the most economically powerful cities reaching number nine on the list in 2015. Of the top 500 Austrian firms measured by turnover, 203 are headquartered in Vienna. As of 2015, 175 international firms maintained offices in Vienna.

Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, Vienna has expanded its position as a gateway to Eastern Europe. 300 international companies have their Eastern European headquarters in Vienna, including Hewlett-Packard, Henkel, Baxalta, and Siemens.

Research and development

Bioscience is a major research and development sector in Vienna. The Vienna Life Science Cluster is Austria's major hub for life science research, education and business. Throughout Vienna, five universities and several basic research institutes form the academic core of the hub with more than 12,600 employees and 34,700 students. Here, more than 480 medical device, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies with almost 23,000 employees generate around 12 billion euros in revenue (2017). This corresponds to more than 50% of the revenue generated by life science companies in Austria (22.4 billion euros).

Vienna is home to Boehringer Ingelheim, Octapharma, Ottobock and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. Companies such as Apeiron Biologics, Hookipa Pharma, Marinomed, mySugr, Themis Bioscience and Valneva operate in Vienna. The Central European Diabetes Association, a cooperative international medical research association, was founded in the city.

Information technologies

The Viennese sector for information and communication technologies is comparable in size with those of Helsinki, Milan, or Munich, and ranks among Europe's largest locations for information technology. In 2012 8,962 information technology businesses with a workforce of 64,223 were located in the Vienna region. Among the biggest IT firms in Vienna are Kapsch, Beko Engineering & Informatics, Frequentis, Cisco Systems Austria, Microsoft Austria, IBM Austria and Samsung Electronics Austria.

The British company UBM has rated Vienna one of the Top 10 Internet Cities worldwide, by analyzing criteria like connection speed, WiFi availability, innovation spirit and open government data.

Conferences

In 2022, the International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) ranked Vienna 1st in the world for association meetings. The Union of International Associations (UIA) ranked Vienna 5th in the world for 2019 with 306 international meetings, behind Singapore, Brussels, Seoul and Paris. The city's largest conference center, the Austria Center Vienna (ACV) has a total capacity for around 22,800 people and is situated next to the United Nations Office at Vienna. Other centers are the Messe Wien Exhibition & Congress Center (up to 3,000 people) and the Hofburg Palace (up to 4,900 people).

Tourism

There were 17.3 million overnight stays in Vienna in 2023. The top ten incoming markets in 2023 were Germany, the rest of Austria, the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Poland, Switzerland, and Romania.

Culture

Classical Music, theater, and opera

See also: Music of Vienna and Music of Austria
The Burgtheater on the Ring

Art and culture have had a long tradition in Vienna, including theater, opera, classical music and fine arts. The Burgtheater is considered one of the premier theaters in the German-speaking world alongside its branch, the Akademietheater. The Volkstheater and the Theater in der Josefstadt also enjoy good reputations. There is also a multitude of smaller theaters, in many cases devoted to less mainstream forms of the performing arts, such as modern or experimental plays, as well as cabaret.

The city is also home to a number of opera houses, including the Theater an der Wien, the Staatsoper and the Volksoper, the latter being devoted to the typical Viennese operetta. Classical concerts are performed at venues such as the Wiener Musikverein, home of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra known across the world for its annual, widely broadcast "New Year's Concert", as well as the Wiener Konzerthaus, home of the internationally renowned Vienna Symphony. Many concert venues offer concerts aimed at tourists, featuring popular highlights of Viennese music, particularly the works of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Johann Strauss I, and Johann Strauss II.

Notable classical musicians born in Vienna include Louie Austen, Alban Berg, Fritz Kreisler, Joseph Lanner, Arnold Schoenberg, Franz Schubert, Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II and Anton Webern.

A monument of Johann Strauss II in the Stadtpark.

Famous classical musicians who moved to the city to work were Kurt Adler, Johann Joseph Fux, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Ferdinand Ries, Johann Sedlatzek, Antonio Salieri, Carl Czerny, Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Franz Liszt, Franz von Suppé, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms, and Gustav Mahler.

Operas that premiered in the capital include Fidelio, Die Fledermaus, The Gypsy Baron, The Magic Flute, and The Marriage of Figaro.

Up until 2005, the Theater an der Wien hosted premieres of musicals, but since 2006 (a year dedicated to the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth), has devoted itself to opera again, becoming a stagione opera house offering one new production each month. Since 2012, Theater an der Wien has taken over the Wiener Kammeroper, a historical small theater in the first district of Vienna seating 300 spectators, turning it into its second venue for smaller-sized productions and chamber operas created by the young ensemble of Theater an der Wien (JET). Before 2005 the most successful musical was Elisabeth, which was later translated into several languages and performed all over the world. The Wiener Taschenoper is dedicated to stage music of the 20th and 21st century. The Haus der Musik ("House of Music") opened in the year 2000.

The Vienna's English Theater (VET) is an English theater in Vienna. It was founded in 1963 and is located in the 8th Vienna's district. It is the oldest English-language theater in continental Europe.

The Mozart Monument in the Burggarten.

Popular Music

Vienna has also produced some well-known pop music artists. Pioneers of Austropop, Georg Danzer, Rainhard Fendrich, Wolfgang Ambros, and Peter Cornelius all hail from the capital. Willi Resetarits lived in the city from the age of three. The internationally best-known Viennese artist was Falco, whose song ”Rock Me Amadeus” is the only German-language song to reach number 1 on the American Billboard Hot 100, which it held for three weeks in 1986. His other hits, such as “Der Kommissar” and “Jeanny” also charted internationally. The founder of the American jazz fusion band Weather Report and Miles Davis collaborator, Joe Zawinul, was born in Vienna and studied music at the Conservatory of Vienna.

Rainhard Fendrich, Georg Danzer, and Wolfgang Ambros (L-R) performing in the Stadthalle in 2007.

Current artists include Rapper RAF Camora, who grew up in the district of Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus and often emphasizes his ties to his home in his lyrics, as well as hip-hop-musician Yung Hurn and indie pop band Wanda.

Multiple popular songs have been written about Vienna, such as "Vienna" (1977) by Billy Joel, "Vienna" (1981) by Ultravox, and "Vienna Calling" by Falco.

The Wienerlied is a unique song genre from Vienna. They are sung in Viennese dialect and often center around the city. There are approximately 60,000 – 70,000 Wienerlieder.

Every year the Donauinsel stages the Donauinselfest, the largest open-air music festival in the world, with approximately 3 million attendees over three days. The festival is organized by the SPÖ Wien and is free to enter. The Vienna Jazz Festival has taken place almost every year since 1991 and has featured artists such as Nina Simone, Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and Ravi Shankar.

Cinema

The entrance to the Burg Kino on the Ring.

Films set in Vienna include Amadeus, Before Sunrise, The Third Man, The Living Daylights and Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation.

Notable actors born in Vienna include Hedy Lamarr, Christoph Waltz, Christiane Hörbiger, Eric Pohlmann, Boris Kodjoe, Christine Buchegger, Senta Berger and, Christine Ostermayer. Filmmakers include Michael Haneke and Fritz Lang, and Billy Wilder, who lived in Vienna during his teenage years.

Vienna's cinemas include the Apollo Kino and Cineplexx Donauzentrum and many English language cinemas, including the Haydn Kino, Artis International and the Burg Kino, which screens The Third Man, a 1949 film set in Vienna, three times a week.

Every October since 1960 the city has staged the Viennale, an international film festival which screens several different genres of films, including premieres.

Literature

Notable writers from Vienna include Carl Julius Haidvogel, Karl Leopold von Möller, and Stefan Zweig.

Writers who lived and worked in Vienna include Ingeborg Bachmann, Thomas Bernhard, Elias Canetti, Ernst von Feuchtersleben, Elfriede Jelinek, Franz Kafka, Karl Kraus, Robert Musil, Arthur Schnitzler, and Bertha von Suttner.

Science

A monument to Sigmund Freud at the Medical University of Vienna.

Scientists and intellectuals who were born, lived or worked in Vienna include:

Museums

The Imperial Crown, Orb, and Sceptre of Austria in the Imperial Treasury.

The majority of museums in Vienna are located in an area on the border of Innere Stadt and Neubau in the center of the city, from the museums inside the Hofburg to the MuseumsQuartier, with the twin Naturhistorisches and Kunsthistorisches Museum in between. This area is home to many museums such as:

Kunsthistorisches Museum on Maria-Theresien-Platz.
The MuseumsQuartier.

The Österreichische Galerie Belvedere at the Belvedere presents art from Austria from the Middle Ages through the Baroque to the early 20th century, including The Kiss, Gustav Klimt's most famous work. It also houses the Baroque Museum with Franz Xaver Messerschmidt's famous character heads. In 2011, Belvedere 21 (formerly 21er Haus) was reopened in its immediate vicinity as a branch of contemporary art.

The Kiss in the Belvedere.

The Vienna Museum documents the history of Vienna with temporary exhibitions and a permanent presentation and presents the memorials to Ludwig van Beethoven, Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert and Johann Strauss. Other branches of the museum include the Hermesvilla in the Lainzer Tiergarten, the Vienna Clock Museum, the Roman Museum and the Prater Museum.

The former imperial summer residence at Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna's most visited attraction, is functionally set up as a museum with the palace's showrooms and the Imperial Carriage Museum.

The Museum of Military History in the Arsenal is the leading museum of the Austrian Armed Forces and documents the history of the Austrian military with exhibits including weapons, armour, tanks, aircraft, uniforms, battle flags, paintings, medals and decorations, photographs, battleship models and documents.

The Museum of Military History in the Arsenal.

Other museums in the city include:

Architecture

Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, designed in Art Nouveau style.

A variety of architectural styles have been preserved in Vienna, including Romanesque architecture and Baroque architecture. Art Nouveau has left many architectural traces in Vienna. The Secession building, Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, and the Kirche am Steinhof by Otto Wagner rank among the best-known examples of Art Nouveau in the world.

The Wiener Moderne shunned the use of extraneous adornment. Architect Adolf Loos is responsible for the Looshaus (1909), the Kärntner Bar (1908), and the Steiner House (1910).

The Hundertwasserhaus by Friedensreich Hundertwasser, designed to counter the clinical look of modern architecture, is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions. Hundertwasser also designed the KunstHausWien and the District Heating Plant in Alsergrund.

In the 1990s, a number of quarters were adapted and extensive building projects were implemented in the areas around Donaustadt and Wienerberg. Vienna has seen numerous architectural projects completed which combine modern architectural elements with old buildings, such as the remodeling and revitalization of the old Gasometer in 2001.

Gasometer in Simmering.

The DC Towers are located on the northern bank of the Danube and were completed in 2013.

Places of worship

St. Rupert's Church, the oldest in Vienna.

Due to the prevalence of Christianity in the city, most places of worship are churches and cathedrals. Most notable are:

Other churches include the Augustinian Church, the Church of St. Maria Rotunda, the Church of St. Leopold, the Franciscan Church, the Jesuit Church and the Minoritenkirche.

Vienna's biggest mosque is the Vienna Islamic Center in Kaisermühlen, which is financed by the Muslim World League. The mosque has a 32-meter-high minaret and a 16-meter-high dome with a 20-meter radius. There are over 100 further mosques in the city.

Before the November pogroms of 1938, there were 24 synagogues and 78 prayer houses in the city. Only one synagogue, the Stadttempel, survived.

Ball dances

The first balls in Vienna were held in the 18th century. The ball season runs during Carnival from 11 November to Shrove Tuesday. Many balls are held in the Hofburg, Rathaus and Musikverein. Guests adhere to a strict dress code, men wear black or white tie while women wear a ball gown. Debutants of the ball wear white.

The balls are opened with dances, traditionally including a Viennese waltz, at around 22:00, and close at about 05:00 the next morning. Food served at the balls includes sausages with bread or Gulaschsoups.

Notable Viennese balls include the Vienna Opera Ball, the Vienna Ball of Sciences, the Wiener Akademikerball and the Hofburg SIlvesterball.

The Wiener Akademikerball in the Hofburg has attracted lots of controversy for being a gathering for far-right politicians and groups. The ball is hosted by the FPÖ, the right-wing populist party of Austria and has attracted multiple right-wing and far-right personalities, such as Martin Sellner and Marie Le Pen. Since 2008, there have been annual demonstrations by various organizations against the ball. Former leader of the FPÖ Heinz-Christian Strache compared the anti-fascist protesters to a Nazi mob, claiming the ball goers were "new Jews".

Language

Vienna is part of the Austro-Bavarian language area, in particular Central Bavarian (Mittelbairisch). The Viennese dialect takes many loanword from languages of the former Habsburg Monarchy, especially Czech. The dialect differs from the west of Austria in its pronunciation and grammar. Features typical of Viennese German include Monophthongization, the transformation of a diphthong into a monophtong (German heiß (hot) into Viennese haas) and the lengthening of vowels (Heeaasd, i bin do ned bleeed, wooos waaasn ii, wea des woooa (Standard German Hörst du, ich bin doch nicht blöd, was weiß denn ich, wer das war): "Listen, I'm not stupid; what do I know, who that was?"). Speakers of the dialect tend to avoid the genetive case.

LGBT

Vienna Pride 2021

Vienna is considered the center of LGBTQ+ life in Austria. The city has an action plan against homophobic discrimination and, since 1998, has had an anti-discrimination unit within the city's administration. The city has several cafés, bars and clubs frequented by LGBTQ+ people. Among the most prominent is Café Savoy, which is a traditional coffee house built in 1896. In 2015, the city introduced traffic lights with same-sex couples before hosting the Eurovision Song Contest that year, which attracted media attention internationally. Vienna's Pride Parade is held every June. In 2019, when the pride parade also hosted Europride, it attracted 500.000 visitors.

Education

Schools

Gymnasium Rosasgasse, Meidling

As of the 22/23 school year there were 457 compulsory education schools in Vienna, including 303 primary schools and 140 middle schools. Additionally, there are 98 high schools, 90 of which include a middle school. Around 250,000 children are enrolled in the Viennese school system, which is staffed by almost 29,000 teachers.

Universities

Main building of the University of Vienna

No other city in the German-speaking world has more students than Vienna. According to official figures from the City of Vienna, 197,209 people were studying in the capital in the winter semester 2023/2024. The University of Vienna, the oldest and largest university in the German-speaking world today, was founded in 1365 by Duke Rudolph IV. In 2004, its medical faculty separated to form an independent institution known as the Medical University of Vienna. The Academy of Fine Arts Vienna was founded in 1692 as the private academy of the court chamber painter Peter Strudel. In 1765, Maria Theresa founded the University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna and, in 1767, the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna emerged from Antonio Salieri’s singing school. In the 19th century, Vienna saw the establishment of the Vienna University of Technology (TU), the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), and the Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU). The University of Applied Arts, founded in 1867, gained university status in 1970.

A statue of Friedrich Schiller in front of the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna

In addition to these public universities, Vienna also hosts several private universities, including the Webster Vienna Private University, the Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna and, since 2019, the Central European University, as well as several universities of applied sciences.

International schools

Vienna, partly due to its numerous international offices, is home to many international schools, including the Vienna International School, the American International School, the International Christian School, and the Lycée Français de Vienne.

Green spaces

Parks

The Burggarten, facing the back of the Hofburg.

On the southeastern outer border of the Ringstraße is the Stadtpark. The park covers an area of about 28 acres and is split in half by the Wien river. It contains monuments to various Viennese artists, most notably the gilded bronze monument of Johann Strauß II. On the other side of the Ring is the Burggarten, just behind the Hofburg, which features a monument to Mozart as well as a greenhouse. On the other side of the Hofburg is the Volksgarten, home to a small-scale replica of the Temple of Hephaestus and a cultivated flower garden. On the other side of the road, in front of the Rathaus, is the Rathauspark, which hosts the Christmas Christkindlmarkt.

Locomotive D4 of Prater Liliputbahn

The Prater is a large public park in Leopoldstadt. Within the park is the Wurstelprater (which is commonly referred to as just “the Prater”), a public amusement park which contains the Wiener Riesenrad, a 64.75 meter tall Ferris Wheel, as well as various rides, roller coasters, carousels and a Madame Tussauds. The rest of the park is covered in by the forest. The Hauptallee, a wide, car-free alley lined with horse chestnut trees, runs through the park. Eliud Kipchoge broke the marathon distance record on this road in the INEOS 1:59 Challenge in October 2019. The Prater also is home to the Liliputbahn, a railway line primarily used by tourists, and a planetarium. It was the location of the 1873 Vienna World's Fair. In 1931, the Ernst-Happel-Stadion, formerly known as the Praterstadion, was opened in the Prater.

An entrance to the Lobau by Essling

The Lobau, a floodplain in the southeast of the city, is a part of the wider Danube-Auen National Park. It is used for recreation and has many nudist areas. It is home to multiple species of animals:

In the west of the city is the Lainzer Tiergarten, a 24.5km² public nature reserve, of which 19.5 km² is woodland. The park was created in 1561 by Emperor Ferdinand I, who used it as a private hunting ground. After the fall of the monarchy, the Austrian government declared it a public nature reserve. Since 1973, admission has been free of charge. The reserve is home to many wild boar, fallow deer, red deer, European mouflons, as well as 18 species of bats.

The grounds of the imperial Schönbrunn Palace contain an 18th-century park which includes the Schönbrunn Zoo, which was founded in 1752, making it the world's oldest zoo still in operation. The zoo is one of the few to house giant pandas. The park also features the Palmenhaus Schönbrunn, a large greenhouse with around 4,500 plant species.

A Flak Tower in the Augarten

The Augarten in Leopoldstadt, on the border of Brigittenau, is a 129-acre French Baroque-style public park open during the day. The park is home to flower gardens and multiple tree-lined avenues. The park was opened in 1775 by Joseph II and is surrounded by a wall with five gates, which are shut at night. The baroque Palais Augarten, in the south of the park, is home to the Vienna Boys' Choir. Towering over the park are two anti-aircraft flak towers, built by the Nazis in 1944. After the war, as the towers were unable to be destroyed, so they were left standing. They now stand empty and serve no function, though various other such towers in the city were repurposed, such as the Haus des Meeres in Esterhazy Park.

The Donauinsel, part of Vienna's flood defences, is a 21.1 km (13.1 mi) long artificial island between the Danube and New Danube dedicated to leisure activities. It was constructed from 1972 to 1988 as a measure for flood protection. Sporting amenities, such as volleyball courts, playgrounds, skate spots, dog parks, and multiple toilet facilities, some with showers, are available on the island. In order to turn the island into a green space, about 1.8 million trees and shrubs plus about 170 hectares of forest were planted. A few hundred Japanese cherry trees were planted as a symbol of friendship between Austria and Japan. Animals on the island include sand lizards and Danube crested newts.

The Donauturm in the Donaupark.

The Donaupark is a 63-hectare park in Kaisermühlen, Donaustadt, between the New Danube and the Old Danube, next to the Vienna International Centre. The park features the Donauturm, the tallest structure in Austria at 252 meters, as well as a 40-meter tall steel cross, erected in 1983 on the occasion of a holy mass held by Pope John Paul II during his visit to Austria. In the park is the Latin America-Caribbean Square, which features memorials to multiple Latin American figures such as Salvador Allende, Simón Bolívar, and Che Guevara.

Other parks include the Türkenschanzpark, the Schweizergarten, and the Waldmüllerpark.

Cemeteries

The grave of Ludwig van Beethoven in the Central Cemetery.

Vienna is home to 55 cemeteries, 46 of which are run by the city, the others by religious communities.

The biggest cemetery in the city is the Vienna Central Cemetery (Zentralfriedhof). It is 2.4 km² large with over 330,000 graves and about 3,000,000 interments. It was opened in 1874 and contains Catholic, Protestant, Muslim and Jewish sectors. Notable interments include Ludwig van Beethoven, Falco, Bruno Kreisky, Hedy Lamarr, as well as every deceased president since WWII. Deer, badgers, martens, and, most notably, European hamsters roam the park, eating the plants growing around the headstones. There are numerous memorials on the cemetery grounds, such as for the casualties of the Revolutions of 1848 and the July Revolt of 1927, and for the victims of the Nazi regime.

The now closed St. Marx Cemetery contains the grave of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Others include the cemeteries of Grinzing and Hietzing, as well as the Jewish cemetery in Roßau.

Danube

Vienna is the largest city on the Danube, which runs from the north, through the city, and out the south-east. In Vienna, the river is split into 4 parts:

  • The main Danube is the widest of these and is used primarily for shipping.
  • The Neue Donau (New Danube) is a side channel on the east of the river. It was built in 1972 for flood protection measures and is separated from the Danube by the man-made Donauinsel. It runs for about 21 kilometers. The river flows slower than the main Danube and can be used for watersports such as swimming, rowing or sailing. Motorboats are forbidden on this part of the river.
  • The Alte Donau (Old Danube) is a lake to the east of the New Danube, which cuts off Kaisermühlen from the rest of the city. The lake is the hub for swimmers in Vienna, with freely available piers and beaches. Motorboats and pedalos are permitted on the lake and can be rented from nearby vendors.
  • The Donaukanal splits off and rejoins the Danube close to the southern and northern edges of the city. Unlike the main river, it flows through the city center. The waterway itself is used mostly by boats, while the paths on both sides of the Donaukanal are regularly used by pedestrians, joggers and cyclists.
  • The New Danube in the front, the main Danube in the back, with the Donauinsel in-between. The New Danube in the front, the main Danube in the back, with the Donauinsel in-between.
  • The Old Danube The Old Danube
  • The Donaukanal by Schwedenplatz at night The Donaukanal by Schwedenplatz at night

Sport

Football

Allianz Stadion, home of Rapid Wien

The city is home to numerous football clubs. The two biggest teams are FK Austria Wien (21 Austrian Bundesliga titles and record 27-time cup winners), who play at the Generali Arena in Favoriten, and SK Rapid Wien (record 32 Austrian Bundesliga titles), who play at the Allianz Stadion in Penzing. The oldest team in Austria, First Vienna FC, and Floridsdorfer AC both play in the 2. Liga, and the football team of the Wiener Sport-Club, one of the oldest athletics clubs in the country, play in the Austrian Regionalliga East, the third division.

Ernst-Happel-Stadion in the Prater

The Ernst-Happel-Stadion is the largest stadium in Austria with 50,865 seats and is the home stadium of the Austria national football team. It has hosted multiple European Cup finals (1963–64, 1986–87, 1989–90, 1994–95), as well as seven games at the 2008 Euros, including the final, which saw a Spanish 1–0 victory over Germany.

Other sports

Other sports clubs include the Vikings Vienna (American football), who won the Eurobowl title 4 times in a row between 2004 and 2007 and had a perfect season in 2013. The Hotvolleys Vienna (volleyball), the Vienna Wanderers (baseball), who won the 2012 and 2013 Championship of the Austrian Baseball League, and the Vienna Capitals (ice hockey). European Handball Federation (EHF) is headquartered in Vienna. There are also three rugby clubs in the city; Vienna Celtic, the oldest rugby club in Austria, RC Donau, and Stade Viennois.

Vienna City Marathon in 2015

In addition to team sports, Vienna also offers a wide range of individual sports. The paths in the Prater or on the Donauinsel are popular running routes. The Vienna City Marathon, which attracts more than 10,000 participants every year, typically takes place in May. Cyclists can choose from over 1,000 kilometers of cycle paths and numerous mountain bike trails in the Viennese mountains. Golf courses are available on the Wienerberg or in the Prater.

The Vienna Open tennis tournament has taken place in the city since 1974. The matches are played on indoor hardcourts in the Wiener Stadthalle.

The City of Vienna also operates two ski slopes on Hohen-Wand-Wiese and on the Dollwiese.

Culinary specialities

Food

A Wiener schnitzel at a restaurant
A Wiener schnitzel

Vienna is well known for Wiener schnitzel, a cutlet of veal (Kalbsschnitzel) (sometimes also made with pork (Schweinsschnitzel) or chicken (Hühnerschnitzel)) that is pounded flat, coated in flour, egg and breadcrumbs, and fried in clarified butter. It is available in almost every restaurant that serves Viennese cuisine and can be eaten hot or cold. The traditional 'Wiener Schnitzel' though is a cutlet of veal. Other examples of Viennese cuisine include Tafelspitz (very lean boiled beef), which is traditionally served with Geröstete Erdäpfel (boiled potatoes mashed with a fork and subsequently fried) and horseradish sauce, Apfelkren (a mixture of horseradish, cream and apple) and Schnittlauchsauce (a chives sauce made with mayonnaise and stale bread).

Vienna has a long tradition of producing cakes and desserts. These include Apfelstrudel (hot apple strudel), Milchrahmstrudel (milk-cream strudel), Palatschinken (sweet pancakes), and Knödel (dumplings) often filled with fruit such as apricots (Marillenknödel). Sachertorte, a delicately moist chocolate cake with apricot jam created by the Sacher Hotel, is world-famous.

Sachertorte

In winter, small street stands sell traditional Maroni (hot chestnuts) and potato fritters.

Sausages are popular and available from street vendors (Würstelstand) throughout the day and into the night. The sausage known as Wiener (German for Viennese) in the U.S. and in Germany, is called a Frankfurter in Vienna. Other popular sausages are Burenwurst (a coarse beef and pork sausage, generally boiled), Käsekrainer (spicy pork with small chunks of cheese), and Bratwurst (a white pork sausage). Most can be ordered "mit Brot" (with bread) or as a "hot dog" (stuffed inside a long roll). Mustard is the traditional condiment and usually offered in two varieties: "süß" (sweet) or "scharf" (spicy).

Vienna ranked 10th in vegan friendly European cities in a study by Alternative Traveler.

The Naschmarkt is a permanent market for fruit, vegetables, spices, fish, and meat.

Drinks

A yellow can of Ottakringer Helles
A can of Ottakringer Helles

Vienna, along with Barcelona, Bratislava, Canberra, Cape Town, Paris, Prague, Santiago and Warsaw, is one of the few remaining world capital cities with its own vineyards. The wine is served in small Viennese pubs known as Heuriger. The wine is often drunk as a Spritzer ("G'spritzter") with sparkling water. The Grüner Veltliner, a dry white wine, is the most widely cultivated wine in Austria. Another wine very typical for the region is "Gemischter Satz", which is typically a blend of different types of wines harvested from the same vineyard.

Beer is next in importance to wine. Vienna has a single large brewery, Ottakringer, and more than ten microbreweries. Ottakringers' most popular drink is the Ottakringer Helles, a beer with an alcohol content of 5.2%. A "Beisl" is a typical small Austrian pub, of which Vienna has many.

Local soft drinks such as Almdudler are popular around the country as an alternative to alcoholic beverages, placing them on the top spots alongside American counterparts such as Coca-Cola in terms of market share. Other popular drinks are the Spezi, a mix between cola and orange lemonade, and Frucade, a German carbonated orange drink.

Viennese cafés

Cafe Landtmann

The Viennese coffee house (Kaffeehaus) dates back to the Austro-Hungarian empire. The Vienna intelligentsia treated Viennese cafés like a living room. The first Viennese café was opened in 1685 by Armenian businessman Johannes Diodato. Café culture flourished in Vienna in the early 19th century. Notable patrons included political figures Joseph Stalin, Adolf Hitler, Leon Trotsky and Josip Broz Tito, who all lived in Vienna in 1913, as well as scientists, writers and artists such as Sigmund Freud, Stefan Zweig, Egon Schiele and Gustav Klimt.

Notable coffee houses include:

Heuriger

A Heuriger in Grinzing
Typical Heuriger in Grinzing

Vienna is one of the few major cities with its own wine-growing region. This wine is sold in taverns, so-called Heuriger, by the local winemakers during the growing season. The wine is often served as a Schorle, a mix of wine and carbonated water. The meals are simple and homemade, usually consisting of fresh bread, typically semmels, with local coldcuts and cheese, or Liptauer spread. The Heurigers are especially numerous in the areas of Döbling (Grinzing, Neustift am Walde, Nußdorf, Salmannsdorf, Sievering), Floridsdorf (Stammersdorf, Strebersdorf), Liesing (Mauer) and Favoriten (Oberlaa).

Transport

Main article: Transport in Vienna

Public transport

Vienna has an extensive public transportation network. It consists predominantly of the Wiener Linien network (subway, tram and bus lines) and the S-Bahn lines belonging to the Austrian Federal Railways (ÖBB). As of 2023, 32% of the population of the city uses public transit as their main mode of transit.

Vienna U-Bahn network

U-Bahn

The Vienna metro system consists of five lines (U1, U2, U3, U4, U6) with the U5 currently under construction. The metro currently serves 98 stations and covers a distance of 83.5 kilometers. The services run from 05:00 to about 01:00 with intervals of two to five minutes during the day and up to eight minutes after 20:00. On Friday and Saturday evenings and on evenings before a public holiday they operate a 24-hour service at 15-minute intervals.

Line Colour Route Length Stations
Red Oberlaa – Leopoldau 19.2 km (11.9 mi) 24
Purple Karlsplatz – Seestadt 17.2 km (10.7 mi) 20
Orange Ottakring – Simmering 13.4 km (8.3 mi) 21
Green Hütteldorf – Heiligenstadt 16.4 km (10.2 mi) 20
Brown Siebenhirten – Floridsdorf 17.3 km (10.7 mi) 24

Buses

The 57a bus at the Anschützgasse stop

Buses were first introduced to the city in 1907. Currently, 117 bus lines operate in Vienna during the day. 47 of these are run by the Wiener Linien, who also set the routes and timetables, the rest by subcontractors such as Dr. Richard, Gschwindl and Blaguss. The Wiener Linien also operate 20 night buses.

Trams

The 62 tram, an A1 model, in Hietzing

The Viennese tram network has existed since 1865; the first line was electrified in 1897. There are currently 28 lines with 1071 stops that operate on a network of 176,9 km. The trams move at about 15 km/h. The fleet consists of both high-floor and low-floor vehicles, however the high-floor models, which are not air-conditioned, are in the process of being replaced by more modern, accessible trams. The modern models are air-conditioned and suitable for disabled users.

Trains

The Hauptbahnhof

The city forms the hub of the Austrian railway system, with services to all parts of the country and abroad. The railway system connects Vienna's main station Vienna Hauptbahnhof with other European cities, including Bratislava, Budapest, Ljubljana, Munich, Prague, Venice, Wrocław, Warsaw, Zagreb, and Zürich. Other train stations include:

Cycling

Citybikes in Vienna

The cycling network in the city spans 1.721 kilometers, however, this figure counts bidirectional bike paths twice and includes on-road cycle-lanes which are also shared with motor vehicles. The network is constantly being expanded and upgraded, especially in the outer areas, such as Donaustadt. Bike use in the city has been rising, from just 3% in 1993 to 10% in 2023.

The city operates a bicycle-sharing system, WienMobil Radverleih, with 3000 bikes at 185 station, available at all times. The bikes are 7-speed city bikes with an adjustable saddel.

Airport

Vienna International Airport

Vienna is served by Vienna International Airport, located 18 km southeast of the city center near the town of Schwechat. The airport handled approximately 29.5 million passengers in 2023. Following lengthy negotiations with surrounding communities, the airport will be expanded to increase its capacity by adding a third runway. The airport is undergoing a major expansion, including a new terminal building that opened in 2012 to prepare for an increase in passengers. Another possibility is to use Bratislava Airport, Slovakia, located approximately 60 km away.

Viennese people

Main article: List of people from Vienna

International relations

International organizations in Vienna

UN complex in Vienna, with the Austria Center Vienna in front, taken from the Danube Tower in the nearby Donaupark before the extensive building work

In 1980 Vienna became a UN headquarters, alongside New York City and Geneva, later joined by Nairobi. The city hosts many international organizations, many of them in the Vienna International Centre in Donaustadt, including:

  • FRA – European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
  • IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency
  • ICPDR – International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River
  • OPEC – Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
    • OPEC Fund– OPEC Fund for International Development
  • OSCE – Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
  • UN – United Nations
    • UNCITRAL – United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
    • UNIDO – United Nations Industrial Development Organization
    • UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
    • UNOOSA – United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs
    • UNPA – United Nations Postal Administration
    • UNSCEAR – United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
OPEC Secretariat in Innere Stadt

In addition, the University of Vienna hosts the annual Willem C. Vis Moot, an international commercial arbitration competition for students of law from around the world.

Diplomatic meetings were often held in Vienna in the latter half of the 20th century, resulting in multiple documents bearing the name Vienna Convention. Among the more important documents negotiated in Vienna are the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, as well as the 1990 Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. Vienna also hosted the negotiations leading to the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action on Iran's nuclear program as well as the Vienna peace talks for Syria.

Charitable organizations in Vienna

Alongside international and intergovernmental organizations, there are dozens of charitable organizations based in Vienna. One such organization is the network of SOS Children's Villages, founded by Hermann Gmeiner in 1949. Today, SOS Children's Villages are active in 132 countries and territories worldwide. Others include Help Afghan School Children Organization (HASCO).

International city cooperations

The general policy of the City of Vienna is not to sign any twin town agreements with other cities. Instead Vienna has only cooperation agreements in which specific cooperation areas are defined.

District to district partnerships

In addition, individual Viennese districts have international partnerships all over the world. A detailed list is published on the website of the City of Vienna.

See also

Notes

  1. some Viennese boroughs have Slavic-derived names: Döbling, Lainz, Liesing, Währing

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