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{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
The '''Aro gTér''' is a lineage within the ] of ].{{sfn |Simmer-Brown | 2001| p = 346}} It has several rare characteristics. The ] on which it is based teaches all Buddhist topics from point of view of ], and so is characterized by uncommon simplicity. The lineage is entirely non-monastic (]), and so emphasizes householder practice and non-celibate ordination. All of its contemporary teachers are ethnically non-Tibetan.


== The terma ==


The Aro gTér lineage is based on a ] or "revelation" of ].{{sfn | Cousens | 2010| p=196
}} The Aro gTér has several distinctive characteristics: it treats all Buddhist subjects from point of view of Dzogchen; as a consequence its practices are simpler than the elaborate ]s typical of ]; and it includes practices of ] and ] as well as the more common ].{{sfn | Kapoor | 2001 | pages = 445-449}}
=== Pervasive Dzogchen approach ===
{{Main|Dzogchen}}


Dzogchen is the most important ] in Aro.{{sfn | Kapoor | 2001 | pages = 445-449}} The lower yanas (] and ]) are re-presented in Dzogchen terms, and take on its characteristic style of simplicity, clarity, and expansiveness. Enlightenment needs only to be recognized, and is not produced by artificial means. Aro is therefore primarily concerned with bringing meditative awareness into ordinary life, rather than with elaborate, intellectualized, and time-consuming liturgical chanting. {{sfn | Chögyam | 1988 | p=113}}
For Dzogchen, the ultimate practice is "living the view," i. e. experiencing and acting in the world as non-dual. {{sfn | Chögyam | Déchen | 2009a | p=154}}


''']''', is the "sky / space treasure" ] of the Tibetan Buddhist ] ] as revealed by ] ].
=== The Heart Sutra and the Sutra of the Owl-Headed Dakini ===


Known as ], KPC practices may involve a ] and spiritual commitments (]).
As in Dzogchen generally, understanding of the relationships between form, ], and non-duality is central to Aro. Unusually, Aro takes the '']'' (conventionally part of Mahayana rather than Dzogchen) as the central text on this topic. The ''Heart Sutra'''s statement that "form is emptiness and emptiness is form" is regarded as the essence of the matter.{{sfn | Chögyam | Déchen| 2009b | p=48}}


* ] practices
Within the Aro gTér, the ''Sutra of the Owl-Headed Dakini'' (]:'' 'ug gdong snying thig mkha' 'gro mdo''; Sanskrit: ''Ulukha-mukha Dakini Upadesha Sutra'') treats the major topics of Sutrayana from point of view of Dzogchen.{{sfn | Pamo | 2007 }} It includes unusual presentations of the ] and ], and of ]. The Five Precepts are said to have inner meanings at the level of Dzogchen, as follows:


* ] Prayer Book to the ] that strives toward ], empathy, and ] for ] benefit, acting as a ].<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Surya|authorlink=Surya Das|title=Awakening the Buddha Within: Tibetan Wisdom for the Western World|publisher=]|year=1998|pages=145-146|ISBN=0-76790157-6}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sutrayana presentation
! Aro presentation
|-
| To refrain from killing sentient beings.
| To refrain from killing the efflorescence of ] as it sparkles through the fabric of duality.
|-
| To refrain from stealing.
| To refrain from stealing opportunities for realization.
|-
| To refrain from sexual misconduct.
| To remain always in ecstatic embrace with the ] or ].
|-
| To refrain from lying.
| To refrain from expressing the lie of dualism.
|-
| To refrain from intoxicants.
| To refrain from the intoxication of duality, and to become drunken with primordial wisdom.
|}


* ]s: ]
=== Essential Tantric practice ===


* '''Nam Cho ]'''
Dzogchen practices are typically much simpler than those of Tantra.{{Citation needed|date=January 2015}} Aro describes its Tantric practices as "essential," meaning that they lack the typical complexities of Tantra (elaborate ] visualizations, extensive ] texts, and lengthy rituals). This is viewed as a reflection of the simple style of the Indian ] in the earliest days of Tantra.{{sfn | Dri’mèd | 2009 | p=xvi}}
** '''Contemplations that turn the mind to Dharma''' - Precious Human Rebirth, ], Benefits of Virtue, Faults of Non-Virtue, Faults of Cyclic Existence, Ship to Liberation
** '''Uncommon Preliminaries'''
*** ''']''' - Tree Visualization and Dissolution
*** ''']''' - ], Vow, Verses, Ship to Liberation, Meditation Upon Joy, ] Meditation, ]
*** '''] ]''' - Visualization
*** '''Long Mandala Offering''' - ], Root Termas:
**** ] - Ship to Liberation,
**** ] - Ship to Liberation,
**** ] - Ship to Liberation;
**** General Short Mandala, Dissolution
*** '''The Kusali Chod''':
***** Visualization (]),
***** ] Verses,
***** ] Visualization,
***** ],
***** ]
***** Short Confession, Dissolution, Short Confession, Root Terma - Short Confession - Dedication
*** ''']''' - Visualization, Vajra Verses, Ship to Liberation, Nam Cho Lineage Prayer, Terma Lineage Prayer, Blessings, Motherly Sentient Beings Prayer, Six Realms Gurus, Four Empowerment, Root Terma, Ship to Liberation, Prayer to Guru
*** ''']''' - Visualization, Three Deities, ] Prayer, Visualization (Impure ] Blocking), Prayer to be Reborn in ], Nectar Descent, Prayer to ], Dissolution
*** '''] Generation in the ]'''
** Nam Cho Dzogchen - Vajra Verses - The Space Treasures of the ]


* Jetsunma ]
In terms of the two ] not counting Dzogchen, Aro is concerned primarily with ], emphasizing ] and ] rather than with ], which emphasizes ritual performance and ]. As in the Anuyoga style generally, ] are practiced without a textual sadhana, but simply by ] with ].{{sfn | Chögyam | 1995 }} The practice of lhatong, from the semde ngöndro (see below), is also viewed as encompassing Tantra, so that accomplishing lhatong has the same value as accomplishing Tantric sadhana.


* ]
=== Vajrayana and the arts ===
* ]
* ]
* ]'s ] Rigzen Dupia and Great Bliss Queen (Awarness Holder Assemblies)
* Sponsored ''The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava'' <ref>Chonam, Lama and Khandro, Sangye. "The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava, The Indian Consort of Padmasambhava" Wisdom Publications 1998, Translator's Preface, pg x</ref>


*] Wisdom Preference
Aro teaches art and Tantra in terms of each other; "every Tantrika is an artist of some kind because we have sense fields, we have senses, and appreciating the sense fields makes you an artist."{{sfn | Niyego | Summer 2009 | pages=54-67}}.
** ] - Red Garden
** ] - White Garden


** ] - Blue Garden
Aro emphasizes "yogic song," a mainly Dzogchen practice.{{sfn | Pamo | 2008}}{{better source|date=January 2015}} Yogic songs are short texts (such as mantras) set to melodies, and sung repeatedly.
** ] - Yellow Garden
** ] - Green Garden


* ]
=== Emotions and Trekchöd ===
* ]


* ]
Aro teaches the Dzogchen system of the ] (territoriality, aggression, neediness, anxiety, and depression) and ] (generosity, clarity, compassionate appreciation, accomplishment, and unboundedness). {{sfn | Chögyam | Déchen | 2003 }}
{{sfn | Tongden | 1990 | pages = 188-196}}
It teaches both Tantric methods of transforming the neuroses into wisdoms and the Dzogchen ] method of liberating neuroses into their natural condition.


** ] ]
=== Semde ===
** ]s

** Peace park pathway to ]
Dzogchen encompasses three "series," or approaches: ], ], and ]. Historically all three were important, but in recent centuries men-ngag-de has largely displaced the other two, as it is considered more advanced. Men-ngag-de is also, however, the least approachable in its own terms, and typically therefore Dzogchen has been made available only to those who have mastered Tantra. Aro includes material in all three series.
** ] ]

** Garadua ] a rescue and lifelong sanctuary for parrots that have been neglected, abused, and abandoned.
Semde, the ''Series of the Nature of Mind'', is the most approachable series, because it contains a ] or "preparation" consisting of four meditation practices that bring the student to level of experience required to practice Dzogchen proper. {{sfn | Chögyam | 2002 | p = Appendix ii. }} These are shi-nè, lhatong, nyi-mèd, and lhundrüp. ] ("calm abiding") is the meditation practice that leads to the experience of emptiness, and corresponds to Sutrayana. ] ("further vision") leads to the experience of form arising from emptiness, and corresponds to Tantrayana. Nyi-mèd ("non-duality") produces the recognition of the sameness of emptiness and form. Lhundrüp ("spontaneity") is the experience of enlightenment itself. Together these may be summarized as "spacious appreciation of the sense fields."{{sfn | Ngak'chang Rinpoche | 1996 | pages = 134-139}}
** ]s. ]s waste management. ].

** ] ]
=== Longde and sKu-mNyé ===

Related Buddhist practices:
{{Main|Kum_Nye#Aro_gT.C3.A9r_sKu-mNy.C3.A9|l1=Aro sKu-mNyé}}
* ]

* ]
Longde, the Series of Space, is concerned primarily with the experience of the ] or "energetic body." It contains various systems of physical exercises that produce unusual sensations in which the practitioner may find ]. Aro sKu-mNyé is one such.{{sfn | Déchen | 2009 }}

Aro sKu-mNyé is a set of 111 exercises divided into six series, the movements of the lion, the vulture, the tiger, the eagle, the garuda, and the dragon. They range from simple and gentle to vigorous and extremely difficult. They disorient the conceptual mind and galvanize the body's subtle energies, in order to give access to non-ordinary experience. The system is also taught as a general exercise regimen to non-Buddhists, and for other non-religious benefits, rather as ] is.

=== Romance as Buddhist practice ===

One of the Tantric ] (vows) is for men always to regard women as the embodiment of wisdom and never to disparage them.{{sfn | Ray | 2001 }} Aro, with a predominance of female practitioners, makes the symmetry explicit: women vow to regard men as the embodiment of compassion and never to disparage them. The Aro ''Tantra of the Mirror that Reflects the Sun and Moon of the Khandros and Pawos'' discusses the consequences of this Tantric vow from point of view of men-ngag-de.{{sfn | Ngakpa Rinpoche |1996 | pages = 14-18 }} It describes perceptual practices that are possible only within the context of romantic relationship.{{sfn | Chögyam | Déchen | 2009b }}

=== Realms of rebirth as mind-states ===

The Aro gTér teaches the ] as states of mind, rather than physical places.{{sfn | Zhiming | 2007 | pages = 453-485}}

=== The name "Aro gTér" ===

''Aro'' means "taste of the primordial A" in Tibetan; this letter has special significance as a ] in ] Buddhism. ''gTér'' is a spelling of ''terma'' (]: gter ma). The Aro gTér is not known to have any connection with the much earlier Aro system of Dzogchen semde promulgated by ].{{sfn | Déchen | 2008 }}{{better source|date=January 2015}}

== Lineage history ==
According to the terma, Aro has antecedents in a "Mother Essence Lineage" of female ] stretching back to ], in the early days of Buddhism in Tibet,{{sfn | Chögyam | 1994 }} and forward to Aro Lingma (1886-1923), who discovered it.{{sfn | Rawlinson | 1998 | pages = 207 }}{{sfn | Cousens | 2010 | p=196 }} Aro Lingma, also sometimes called Jetsunma ], is said to have transmitted the lineage to her only son, named Aro Yeshe (1915-1951).

One of the present Aro gTér lineage holders,{{sfn | Simmer-Brown | 2001 | p=346}} {{sfn | Smith | 2003 | p=390-391 }} Ngak'chang Rinpoche, was recognized as the tulku of Aro Yeshe by ],{{sfn | Gyaltsen Rinpoche | 1995 | pages = xi-xvii }} and as the incarnation of Aro Yeshe's predecessor, 'a-Shul Pema Legden, by Khordong gTerchen Tulku Chhi'med Rig'dzin Rinpoche.{{sfn | Rawlinson | 1998 | pages = 207 }}{{sfn | Gyaltsen Rinpoche | 1995 | pages = xi-xvii }}

In the 1970s, Ngak'chang Rinpoche (who writes as Ngakpa Chögyam) studied with ],{{sfn | Cousens | 2010 | p =196 }}{{sfn | Chhi’-mèd Rig’dzin Rinpoche | 2003 }}
],{{sfn | Gyaltsen Rinpoche | 1995 | pages = xi-xvii }} ],{{sfn | Gyaltsen Rinpoche | 1995 | pages = xi-xvii }}],{{sfn | Gyaltsen Rinpoche | 1995 | pages = xi-xvii }} ]{{sfn | Ngakchang Yeshe Dorje Rinpoche | 1991 }} and ]. Ngak'chang Rinpoche has written of his experiences of these times in his 2011 book ]. {{sfn | Chögyam | 2011 }} Ngak'chang Rinpoche was the subject of an early neuroscience study of meditation, demonstrating the ability to retain relaxed alpha brain rhythm while performing arithmetic.{{sfn | Fontana | 1999 | p=26 }}

== Aro in the contemporary West ==

The current Aro lineage holders, Ngak'chang Rinpoche and Khandro Déchen, are ethnically non-Tibetan. Other ]s of the lineage were also Western-born, and teach in the United States and various European countries.{{sfn | Cousens | 2010 | p=196}} The lineage's primary legal organization, given the name Sang-ngak-chö-dzong by ],{{sfn | Gyaltsen Rinpoche | 1995 | pages = xi-xvii }} is located in Britain.{{sfn | Chögyam | 1994 }}{{sfn | Chögyam | 2003 | p=308 }}

In Tibet, Aro was a non-monastic lineage, practiced by lay people and by holders of ] (non-monastic, non-celibate) ordination.{{sfn | Chögyam | 1994 }}{{sfn | Rawlinson | 1998 | p=207 }}{{sfn | Simmer-Brown | 2001 | p=346}} Its modern structure reflects continuing commitment to these two groups. The Aro gTér emphasizes family life and the formulation of traditional teachings in a new way to suit Western culture.{{sfn | Cousens | 2010 | p=196 }}

Aro strongly upholds the centrality of the Lama-student relationship in Vajrayana.{{sfn| Dorje | 2001 }} Aro Lamas typically teach as married couples.

=== Apprenticeship ===

A journal article describes the evolution of the Aro "apprenticeship" program, an institutional form not found in Tibet.{{sfn |Chögyam | 1994 }} It was designed to make extensive interaction with Lamas possible for people with families – more than is typically possible either in Tibet or with Tibetan Lamas in the West.

Apprenticeship is an intermediate stage between typical householder religious adherence and ordination. For serious students, it provides the frequent personal guidance from Lamas that is generally unavailable to non-ordained people. On the other hand, it does not require Tantric samaya or the Ngak'phang commitments.

To ensure that close relationships with Lamas remain possible, Aro adopted limits on the number of students any Lama teaches. It has a "lateral" mode of growth, "with a greater number of teachers, rather than one teacher with an unwieldy number of students."

== References ==

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

= Sources =

* {{Citation | last = Cousens | first = Diana | year = 2010 | contribution = | title = Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and practices, second edition | editor-last1 = Melton | editor-first1 = J. Gordon | editor-last2 = Baumann | editor-first2 = Martin | volume = | place = Santa Barbara, California | publisher = ], LLC | id = }}
* {{Citation | last = Chhi’-mèd Rig’dzin Rinpoche | first = Kyabjé Khordong gTérchen Tulku | contribution = Foreword | contribution-url = http://approachingaro.org/crr-foreword | editor-last1 = Chögyam | editor-first1 = Ngakpa | editor-first2 = Khandro | editor-last2 = Déchen | title = Spectrum of Ecstasy: The Five Wisdom Emotions According to Vajrayana Buddhism | publisher = ] | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-59030-061-9}}
* {{Citation | last = Chögyam | first = Ngakpa | year = 1988 | title = Journey into Vastness: A Handbook of Tibetan Meditation Techniques | publisher = ] | isbn = 978-1852300173}}
* {{Citation | last = Chögyam | first = Ngakpa | year = 1994 | title = Sang-ngak-cho-dzong and the evolution of the apprentice programme | journal = Gassho | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | url = http://www.dharmaweb.org/index.php/Sang-Ngak-Cho-Dzong_And_The_Evolution_Of_The_Apprentice_Programme | accessdate = 2009-05-18| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20090629084806/http://www.dharmaweb.org/index.php/Sang-Ngak-Cho-Dzong_And_The_Evolution_Of_The_Apprentice_Programme| archivedate= 29 June 2009 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}
* {{Citation | last = Chögyam | first = Ngakpa | year = 1994 | title = The mother essence lineage | journal = Gassho | volume = 1 | issue = 5 | url =http://www.dharmaweb.org/index.php/The_Mother_Essence_Lineage,_by_Ngakpa_Chogyam_Rinpoche | accessdate = 2009-05-18}}
* {{Citation | last = Chögyam | first = Ngakpa | year = 1995 | title = Wearing the Body of Visions | publisher = Aro Books | isbn = 978-0-9653948-1-9}}
* {{Citation | last = Chögyam | first = Ngakpa | year = 2002 | author2 = Déchen, Khandro | title = Roaring Silence: Discovering the Mind of Dzogchen | publisher = ] | isbn = 978-1-57062-944-0}}
* {{Citation | last = Chögyam | first = Ngakpa | year = 2003 | first2 = Khandro | last2 = Déchen | title = Spectrum of Ecstasy: The Five Wisdom Emotions According to Vajrayana Buddhism | publisher = ] | isbn = 978-1-59030-061-9}}
* {{Citation | last = Chögyam | first = Ngakpa | year = 2009a | last2 = Déchen | first2 = Khandro | title = E-Mailing the Lamas From Afar | publisher = Aro Books Inc. | location = Ramsey, NJ | isbn = 978-0965394857}}
* {{Citation | last = Chögyam | first = Ngakpa | year = 2009b | last2 = Déchen | first2 = Khandro | title = Entering the Heart of the Sun and Moon | publisher = Aro Books Inc. | location = Ramsey, NJ | isbn = 978-0965394833}}
* {{Citation | last = Chögyam | first = Ngakpa | year= 2011 | title = Wisdom Eccentrics | publisher = Aro Books Inc. | location = Ramsey, NJ | isbn = 978-0965394864}}
* {{Citation | last = Déchen | first = Khandro | year= 2008 | url = http://arobuddhism.org/encyclopaedia/shared/text/s/semde_ar_eng.php | title = rDzogs Chen: the importance of Sem-dé | accessdate = 2008-01-22| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080121082757/http://arobuddhism.org/encyclopaedia/shared/text/s/semde_ar_eng.php| archivedate= 21 January 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}
* {{Citation | last= Déchen |first= Khandro |year= 2009| others= Pauline Williams (illustrator) |title= moving being |url= http://arobuddhism.org/books/moving-being.html |publisher= Aro Books worldwide |location= Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan |isbn= 978-1-898185-05-5}}
* {{Citation | last = Dorje | first = Rig'dzin | year = 2001 | title = Dangerous Friend: The Teacher-Student Relationship in Vajrayana Buddhism | publisher = ] | isbn = 978-1-57062-857-3}}
* {{Citation | last = Dri’mèd | first = Ngakma Zér-mé | year = 2009 | contribution = Editor's Preface | editor-last1 = Chögyam | editor-first1 = Ngakpa | editor-last2 = Déchen | editor-first2 = Khandro | title = E-Mailing the Lamas From Afar | publisher = Aro Books Inc. | location = Ramsey, NJ | isbn = 978-0965394857}}
* {{Citation | last = Fontana | first = David | year = 1999| author-link = David Fontana | title = The Meditation Handbook: The Practical Guide to Eastern and Western Meditation Techniques | publisher = Watkins | isbn = 978-1906787523 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ONvR8VaWFVwC&pg=PT36&lpg=PT36}}
* {{Citation | last = Gyaltsen Rinpoche | first = | year = 1995 | editor-last = Chögyam | editor-first = Ngakpa | contribution = Introduction | contribution-url = http://approachingaro.org/gyaltsen-rinpoche-introduction | title = Wearing the Body of Visions | publisher = Aro Books | isbn = 978-0-9653948-1-9}}
* {{Citation | editor-last = Kapoor | editor-first = Subodh | contribution = Dzogchen: The importance of Sem-dé in the Aro gTér | year = 2001 | title = The Buddhists: Encyclopaedia of Buddhism | volume = 2 | publisher = Cosmo Publications | isbn = 9788177550689}}
* {{Citation | last = Ngakchang Yeshe Dorje Rinpoche | first = The Seventh Khamtrül Lama | year = 1991 | contribution = Foreword | editor-last = Chögyam | editor-first = Ngakpa | title = Rainbow of Liberated Energy: Working With Emotions Through the Colour and Element Symbolism of Tibetan Tantra | publisher = ] | isbn = 978-0906540923 | contribution-url = http://approachingaro.org/lydr-foreword}}
* {{Citation | last = Ngak'chang Rinpoche | first = | year = 2015| contribution = An Afterword | editor-last = Bridgewater | editor-first = Peter | title = Mindfulness & the Journey of Bereavement: Restoring Hope after a Death | publisher = Leaping Hare Press | location = Lewes, East Sussex, UK | isbn = 978-1-78240-102-5 }}
* {{Citation | last = Ngakpa Rinpoche | first = | year = 2006| date = Spring 1996 | first2 = Khandro | last2 = Déchen | title = Tantric Psychology: Honey on the Razor's Edge | journal = Kindred Spirit | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | publisher = Kindred Spirit | location = Foxhole, Dartington, Totnes, Devon, TQ9 6EB, England | issn = 0955-7067 | url = | doi = | id = | accessdate = }}
* {{Citation | last = Niyego | first = Tchera | | date = Summer 2009 | title = Speaking With the Ravens | newspaper = NY Arts Magazine | location = New York, NY | url = http://www.nyartsmagazine.com/?p=5777}}
* {{Citation | last = Pamo | first = Nor'dzin | |year = 2007 | title = Spacious Passion | publisher = ] | isbn = 978-0-9653948-4-0 | url = http://spacious-passion.org/}}
* {{Citation | last = Pamo | first = Ngala Nor'dzinurl | year =2008 |url= http://arobuddhism.org/articles/yogic-song.html | title = Yogic song | accessdate = 2008-01-22}}
* {{Citation | last = Rawlinson | first = Andrew | year = 1998 | title = Book of Enlightened Masters: Western Teachers in Eastern Traditions | publisher = Open Court | location = Chicago | pages = 207 | url = http://www.payer.de/neobuddhismus/neobud05012.htm | isbn = 0-8126-9310-8}}
* {{Citation | first = Reginald A. | last = Ray | year = 2001 | title = Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet | publisher = ] | isbn = 978-1-57062-917-4}}
* {{Citation | last = Thondup Rinpoche | first = Tulku | year = 2001 |title = Hidden Teachings of Tibet: An Explanation of the Terma Tradition of Tibetan Buddhism | publisher = Wisdom Publications | date = 1994 | isbn = 978-0861711222}}
* {{Citation | last = Simmer-Brown | first = Judith | year = 2001 | author-link = Judith Simmer-Brown | title = Dakini's Warm Breath: The Feminine Principle in Tibetan Buddhism | publisher = ] | location = Boston, Massachusetts | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FZqiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA346 | isbn = 1-57062-720-7}}
* {{Citation | last = Smith | first = Kidder | year=2003 |date = October 2003 | title = Roaring Silence: Discovering the mind of Dzogchen | journal = ] | volume = 29 | issue = 4 | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rsr.2003.29.issue-4/issuetoc}}
* {{Citation | last = Tongden | first = Ven. Ngakpa Chogyam Ogyen | year = 1990 | contribution = The Intrinsic Spaciousness of Being: Working with Colours and Elements in Tantric Psychology | title = Space in Mind: East-West Psychology and Contemporary Buddhism (Based on a paper presented at a conference on "Eastern Approaches to Self and Mind" sponsored by the ] , Cardiff, 1986.) | editor-last1 = Crook | editor-first1 = John | editor1-link = John_Crook_(ethologist) | editor-last2 = Fontana | editor-first2 = David | editor2-link = David Fontana | isbn = 978-1852301545 | publisher = ] | | }}
* {{Citation | last = Zhiming | first = Dennis Tay | year = 2007| title = Investigating the universality of primary metaphors: A perspective from Buddhism | journal = Linguagem em (Dis)curso | volume = 7 | issue = 3 | url = http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dennis_Tay2/publication/235766435_Investigating_the_universality_of_primary_metaphor._A_perspective_from_Buddhism/links/0fcfd51356e35e720a000000.pdf | issn = 1518-7632}}

== External links ==
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Nam Cho, is the "sky / space treasure" terma of the Tibetan Buddhist Nyingma Palyul Lineage as revealed by Terton Migyur Dorje.

Known as Sadhana, KPC practices may involve a Wang (empowerment) and spiritual commitments (Samaya).

Related Buddhist practices:

  1. Das, Surya (1998). Awakening the Buddha Within: Tibetan Wisdom for the Western World. Broadway Books. pp. 145–146. ISBN 0-76790157-6.
  2. Chonam, Lama and Khandro, Sangye. "The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava, The Indian Consort of Padmasambhava" Wisdom Publications 1998, Translator's Preface, pg x