Misplaced Pages

Tumed: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 16:12, 5 March 2015 editNiceguyedc (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Page movers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers413,304 editsm WPCleaner v1.34 - Repaired 1 link to disambiguation page - (You can help) - Mongolian Khaganate← Previous edit Latest revision as of 01:48, 29 December 2024 edit undoAcolex2 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users2,551 editsNo edit summaryTags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit 
(45 intermediate revisions by 28 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox ethnic group {{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Tümed |group = Tümed
|image = |image = File:Mongolia XVI.png
|pop = |pop =
|region1 = {{flagcountry|China}} |region1 = {{flagcountry|China}}
Line 7: Line 7:
|ref1 = |ref1 =
|region2 = {{flagcountry|Mongolia}} |region2 = {{flagcountry|Mongolia}}
|pop2 = few hundreds? |pop2 = Unknown
|ref2 = |ref2 =
|region3 = |region3 =
Line 13: Line 13:
|ref3 = |ref3 =
|languages = West Tümed: ] of ]; many speak ]<br>East Tümed: ] (Tümed subdialect) of ] |languages = West Tümed: ] of ]; many speak ]<br>East Tümed: ] (Tümed subdialect) of ]
|religions = ], ] , ] |religions = ], ]
|related= ], ]ns |related= ], ]ns
}} }}
] ]
⚫ The '''Tümed''' ({{Langx|mn|Түмэд}}; {{zh|c=土默特部}}; "The many or ten thousands" derived from ]) are a ] subgroup. They live in ], district of ] and ], district of ] in China. Most engage in sedentary agriculture, living in mixed communities in the suburbs of ]. Parts of them live along ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Eastern Tumed Right Banner |url=https://onlineonly.christies.com/s/fine-printed-books-manuscripts-including-americana/eastern-tumed-right-banner-inner-mongolia-112/129794 |website=CHRISTIE'S |date=1907}}</ref> There are the Tumeds in the soums of Mandal-Ovoo, Bulgan, ], ], Manlai, Khurmen, ] and Sevrei of ], ].
] 2. ] 3. ] 4. ]]]
⚫ The '''Tümed''' (Tumad, "The many or ten thousands" derived from ]) are a ] subgroup. They live in ], district of ] and ], district of ]. Most engage in sedentary agriculture, living in mixed communities in the suburbs of ]. Part of them live along ], ]. There are the Tumeds in the soums of Mandal-Ovoo, Bulgan, Tsogt-Ovoo, Tsogttsetsii, Manlai, Khurmen, Bayandalai and Sevrei of Umnugovi Aimag, ].


At the beginning of the 9th – 13th Centuries, the Khori-Tumed lived near the western side of ]. They ruled southern ], some part of ] and southwestern ].<ref name="HM">History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003</ref> In 1207, ], after ], decided to move some of these groups south and these people eventually settled in the southern parts of the Great Gobi. But it seems that the Tumed people had no strong connection with those forest people in Siberia. From the beginning of the 9th century to the beginning of the 13th century, the {{ill|Khori-Tumed|ru|Хори-туматы}} lived near the western side of ]. They lived in what is now southern ], in some parts of ] and in southwestern ].<ref name="HM">History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003</ref> In 1207, ], after ], decided to move some of these groups south and these people eventually settled in the southern parts of the Great ]. But it seems that the Tumed people had no strong connection with those forest people in Siberia.


The Tumeds first appeared as the tribe of the Mongolian ] Dogolon ] in the mid-15th century. In Mongolian chronicles, they were called seven Tumeds or twelve Tumeds. Because the ] and other Mongol clans joined their league, they were probably called 12 Tumeds later. Under ] (1464-1517/1543) and his successors, the Tumeds formed right wing of the eastern Mongols. The Tumeds reached their peak under the rule of ] (1507–1582) in the mid-16th century. They raided the ] and looted the ]. The Tumeds under Altan Khan recaptured ] from the hands of the ]s but the outcome of the war was not decisive in the 16th century. They are also famous for being the first of the Mongol tribes converted to ]. The Tumeds first appeared as the tribe of the Mongolian ] Dogolon, who was ] in the mid-15th century. In Mongolian chronicles, they were called seven Tumeds or twelve Tumeds. Because the ] and other Mongol clans joined their league, they were probably called 12 Tumeds later on. Under ] (1464-1517/1543) and his successors, the Tumeds formed the right wing of the eastern Mongols. The Tumeds reached their peak under the rule of ] (1507–1582) in the mid-16th century. They raided the ] and attacked the ]. The Tumeds under Altan Khan recaptured ] from the hands of the ]s but the outcome of the war was not decisive in the 16th century. They are also famous for being the first of the Mongol tribes converted to ].


They submitted to the ] and allied against the ] in the early 17th century. They were included in ]. They submitted to the ] and allied against the ] in the early 17th century. They were included in ].


The Tumed were ] linguistically in the late 19th century, and by the early 20th century. Many of their leaders rose to the very top government, party, and military positions in the newly rounded ], and some attained leading national posts in Beijing and elsewhere. ] (1906–1988), a Tumed Mongol born near ], the capital of ], who dominated the politics of the region until his death in 1989, and was the highest-ranking ] in the ]. After the 1920s, as the Tumed began to interact with other Mongols, they began to feel an acute sense of inadequacy regarding their Mongolian language skills.<ref>Huhehaote 2000</ref> In the 1950s, they set up many nationality (minzu) primary schools and middle schools that recruited only Mongolian students. In these schools, Mongolian was taught as a subject, one considered of equal importance to Chinese, though all other subjects were taught in Chinese. During the ] years, 1966–76, Mongolian instruction was largely abolished. A new attempt to provide a Mongol education began in September 1979. The Tumed were ] linguistically in the late 19th century, and by the early 20th century. Many of their leaders rose to the very top government, party, and military positions in the newly founded ], and some attained leading national posts in Beijing and elsewhere. ] (1906–1988), a Tumed Mongol born near ], the capital of ], who dominated the politics of the region until his death in 1989, and was the highest-ranking ] in the ]. After the 1920s, as the Tumed began to interact with other Mongols, they began to feel an acute sense of inadequacy regarding their Mongolian language skills.<ref>Huhehaote 2000</ref> In the 1950s, they set up many nationality (]) primary schools and middle schools that recruited only Mongolian students. In these schools, Mongolian was taught as a subject, one considered of equal importance to Chinese, though all other subjects were taught in Chinese. During the ] years, 1966–1976, Mongolian instruction was largely abolished. A new attempt to provide a Mongol education began in September 1979.


The Tumed banner built a "Mongolian Nationality Primary School" in October 1982 in the banner center. The school then had eight classes divided into three grades, with 201 boarding pupils, all taught in Mongolian. Interestingly, Chinese was taught only from grade 5,<ref>Tumote 1987:634-659</ref> the students were not allowed to leave the compound without permission, and, during vacations, they were often sent to the grassland to learn directly from pure Mongol-speaking herders, lest they be contaminated by their Chinese-speaking parents and relatives or Chinese neighbors. The Tumed banner built a "Mongolian Nationality Primary School" in October 1982 in the banner center. The school had eight classes divided into three grades, with 201 boarding pupils, all taught in Mongolian, while Chinese was taught only starting from grade 5.<ref>Tumote 1987:634-659</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=Elizabeth J.|last2=Selden|first2=Mark|title=Chinese society : change, conflict and resistance|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=9780415560733|pages=273–274|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=041556073X|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref>


==Notes== ==Notes==
Line 39: Line 38:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tumed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tumed}}
] ]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 01:48, 29 December 2024

Ethnic group
Tümed
Regions with significant populations
 MongoliaUnknown
Languages
West Tümed: West Tümed-Ordos dialect of Mongolian; many speak Jin Chinese
East Tümed: Kharchin dialect (Tümed subdialect) of Mongolian
Religion
Tibetan Buddhism, Shamanism
Related ethnic groups
Mongols, Inner Mongolians
Mongol Empire c.1207

The Tümed (Mongolian: Түмэд; Chinese: 土默特部; "The many or ten thousands" derived from Tumen) are a Mongol subgroup. They live in Tumed Left Banner, district of Hohhot and Tumed Right Banner, district of Baotou in China. Most engage in sedentary agriculture, living in mixed communities in the suburbs of Hohhot. Parts of them live along Chaoyang, Liaoning. There are the Tumeds in the soums of Mandal-Ovoo, Bulgan, Tsogt-Ovoo, Tsogttsetsii, Manlai, Khurmen, Bayandalai and Sevrei of Ömnögovi Aimag, Mongolia.

From the beginning of the 9th century to the beginning of the 13th century, the Khori-Tumed [ru] lived near the western side of Lake Baikal. They lived in what is now southern Irkutsk Oblast, in some parts of Tuva and in southwestern Buryatia. In 1207, Genghis Khan, after conquering the Khori-Tumed, decided to move some of these groups south and these people eventually settled in the southern parts of the Great Gobi Desert. But it seems that the Tumed people had no strong connection with those forest people in Siberia.

The Tumeds first appeared as the tribe of the Mongolian warlord Dogolon, who was taishi in the mid-15th century. In Mongolian chronicles, they were called seven Tumeds or twelve Tumeds. Because the Kharchin and other Mongol clans joined their league, they were probably called 12 Tumeds later on. Under Dayan Khan (1464-1517/1543) and his successors, the Tumeds formed the right wing of the eastern Mongols. The Tumeds reached their peak under the rule of Altan Khan (1507–1582) in the mid-16th century. They raided the Ming dynasty and attacked the Four Oirats. The Tumeds under Altan Khan recaptured Karakorum from the hands of the Oirats but the outcome of the war was not decisive in the 16th century. They are also famous for being the first of the Mongol tribes converted to Buddhism.

They submitted to the Qing dynasty and allied against the Chahar Mongols in the early 17th century. They were included in Josotu league of the Qing.

The Tumed were Sinicized linguistically in the late 19th century, and by the early 20th century. Many of their leaders rose to the very top government, party, and military positions in the newly founded IMAR, and some attained leading national posts in Beijing and elsewhere. Ulanhu (1906–1988), a Tumed Mongol born near Huhhot, the capital of Inner Mongolia, who dominated the politics of the region until his death in 1989, and was the highest-ranking Mongol in the Chinese Communist Party. After the 1920s, as the Tumed began to interact with other Mongols, they began to feel an acute sense of inadequacy regarding their Mongolian language skills. In the 1950s, they set up many nationality (mínzú) primary schools and middle schools that recruited only Mongolian students. In these schools, Mongolian was taught as a subject, one considered of equal importance to Chinese, though all other subjects were taught in Chinese. During the Cultural Revolution years, 1966–1976, Mongolian instruction was largely abolished. A new attempt to provide a Mongol education began in September 1979.

The Tumed banner built a "Mongolian Nationality Primary School" in October 1982 in the banner center. The school had eight classes divided into three grades, with 201 boarding pupils, all taught in Mongolian, while Chinese was taught only starting from grade 5.

Notes

  1. "Eastern Tumed Right Banner". CHRISTIE'S. 1907.
  2. History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
  3. Huhehaote 2000
  4. Tumote 1987:634-659
  5. Perry, Elizabeth J.; Selden, Mark (2010). Chinese society : change, conflict and resistance (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 273–274. ISBN 9780415560733. Retrieved 30 November 2015.

External links

Mongolic peoples
History
Proto-Mongols
Medieval tribes
Ethnic groups
Mongols
Southern Mongols
Oirats
Buryats
Other
See also: Donghu and Xianbei · Turco-Mongol · Modern ethnic groups
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
Categories: