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{{Short description|British social reformer (1829–1903)}}
⚫ {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
{{No footnotes|date=September 2024}}
⚫ '''Maria Susan Rye''', (31 March 1829 – 12 November 1903), was an English social reformer and a promoter of emigration, especially of young women living in Liverpool ]s.
⚫ {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}


⚫ '''Maria Susan Rye''' (31 March 1829 – 12 November 1903) was a British social reformer and a promoter of emigration from England, especially of young women living in Liverpool ]s, to the colonies of the ], especially Canada.
==Life==
She was born at 2 Lower James Street, Golden Square, London, on 31 March 1829, was eldest of the nine children of ], solicitor and bibliophile of Golden Square, London, and Maria Tuppen of Brighton. Edward Rye of Baconsthorpe, Norfolk, was her grandfather. Of her brothers, ] was an entomologist, and Walter, solicitor, antiquary, and athlete, published works on Norfolk history and topography and was mayor of Norwich in 1908–9.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}


==Early life==
⚫ Miss Rye received her education at home and read for herself in the large library of her father. Coming under the influence of Charles Kingsley's father, then vicar of St. Luke's, Chelsea, she devoted herself at the age of sixteen to parochial work in Chelsea. She was impressed by the lack of opportunity of employment outside the teaching profession. In succession to ], she soon became secretary of the association for promoting the married women's property bill, which was brought forward by Sir ] in 1856 but was not fully passed till 1882.
She was born in ], on 31 March 1829. She was the eldest of the nine children of Edward Rye (1803–1876), a solicitor and ], and his wife, Maria Rye née Tuppen (1804–1882). Maria Susan's siblings were Elizabeth (b. 1830), Edward (b. 1832), George (b. 1834), Mary Ann (b. 1837), Charles (b. 1840), Walter (b. 1843), Clara Louise (b. 1843), Clara Louisa (b. 1846) and Francis (b. 1848).<ref name="TheHerald1874">{{cite book |title=The Herald and Genealogist |date=1874 |page=413 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDI9AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA413 |access-date=10 September 2023 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref><ref name="familysearch">{{cite web |title=Maria Susan Rye Female 31 March 1829–12 November 1903 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LWTX-KYH |website=www.familysearch.org |access-date=10 September 2023}}</ref> Edward Rye (1774–1843) of ], Norfolk, was her grandfather. Of her brothers, ] was an entomologist, and ], solicitor, antiquary, and athlete, published works on ] and topography and was ] in 1908–1909.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}


Maria Rye received her education at home and read for herself in the large library of her father.
⚫ She joined the ] on its foundation, but, disapproving of the women's franchise movement which the leading members supported, soon left it. In 1859, she undertook a private law-stationer's business at 12 Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn, in order to give employment to middle class girls. At the same time, she helped to establish the Victoria printing press in association with her business in 1860 (under the charge of Miss Emily Faithfull), and the registry office and telegraph school in Great Coram St., with Miss ] as secretary. The telegraph school anticipated the employment of girls as telegraph clerks.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}


==Career==
⚫ Miss Rye's law-stationer's business prospered, but the applications for employment were far in excess of the demands of the concern. With Miss Jane Lewin, Miss Rye consequently raised a fund for assisting middle class girls to emigrate, and to the question of emigration she devoted the rest of her life.
⚫ Coming under the influence of ]'s father, then vicar of ], she devoted herself at the age of sixteen to parochial work in ]. She was impressed by the lack of opportunity of employment for women outside the teaching profession. In succession to ], she soon became secretary of the ] which promoted the ], which was brought forward by Sir ] in 1856 but was not fully passed ].
She founded, in 1861, the ] (absorbed since 1884 in the United British Women's Emigration Association.
Between 1860 and 1868, she was instrumental in sending girls of the middle class and domestic servants to Australia, New Zealand, and Canada, and she visited these colonies to form committees for the protection of the emigrants.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}


⚫ Rye joined the ] on its foundation, but, disapproving of the ] which the leading members supported, soon left it. In 1859, she undertook a private law-stationer's business at 12 Portugal Street, ], in order to give employment to middle-class girls.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macdonald |first1=Charlotte |title=Rye, Maria Susan |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1r22/rye-maria-susan |website=Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, first published in 1990 |access-date=27 November 2022}}</ref> At the same time, she helped to establish the ] in association with her business in 1860 (under the charge of ]), and the ] and telegraph school in Great Coram Street, with ] as secretary. The telegraph school anticipated the employment of girls as telegraph clerks.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}
From 1868, when she handed over her law business to Miss Lewin, Miss Rye devoted herself exclusively to the emigration of pauper children, or, in a phrase which she herself coined, 'gutter children.'
After visiting in New York the ] for the training of derelict children for emigrant life which Mr. Van Meter, a Baptist minister from Ohio, had founded, she resolved to give the system a trial in London.
⚫ Encouraged by the ] and ''The Times'' newspaper and with the financial support of ], M.P., she purchased in 1869 Avenue House, High Street, Peckham, and with her two younger sisters, in spite of public opposition and prejudice, took there from the streets or the workhouses waifs and strays from the ages of three to sixteen. Fifty girls from Kirkdale industrial school, Liverpool, were soon put under her care ; they were trained in domestic economy and went through courses of general and religious instruction.
At ], ], Miss Rye also acquired a building which she called 'Our Western Home.' It was opened on 1 December 1869.
To this house Miss Rye drafted the children from ], and after further training they were distributed in Canada as domestic servants among respectable families.
The first party left England in October 1869.
⚫ Poor law children were subsequently received at Peckham from St. George's, Hanover Square, Wolverhampton, Bristol, Reading, and other towns. By 1891 Miss Rye had found homes in Canada for some five hundred children. She personally accompanied each batch of emigrants, and constantly visited the children already settled there. The work was continued with great success for over a quarter of a century, and did much to diminish the vicious habits and the stigma of pauperism. Lord Shaftesbury remained a consistent supporter, and in 1884 the duke of Argyll, then governor-general of Canada, warmly commended the results of Miss Rye's pioneer system, which ] and others subsequently adopted and extended.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}


⚫ The law-stationer's business prospered, but the applications for employment were far in excess of the demands of the concern. With ], she consequently raised a fund for assisting middle-class girls to emigrate, and to the question of emigration she devoted the rest of her life.
⚫ In 1895, owing to the continuous strain, Miss Rye transferred the two institutions in Peckham and Niagara with their funds to the ]. That society, which was founded in 1891, still carries on her work. In her farewell report of 1895 she stated that 4000 English and Scottish children then in Canada had been sent out from her home in England.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}


==Emigration==
⚫ She retired with her sister Elizabeth to 'Baconsthorpe,' Hemel Hempstead, where she spent the remainder of her life. There she died, after four years' suffering, of intestinal cancer on 12 November 1903, and was buried in the churchyard. She received a civil list pension of £10 in 1871.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}
In 1861, she founded the ] (absorbed since 1884 in the ]). Between 1860 and 1868, she was instrumental in sending girls of the middle class and domestic servants to Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sales |first1=Margaret |title='Redundant women' in the promised land: English middle class women's migration to Australia 1861-1881, Master of Arts thesis, Department of History |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/2168 |journal=University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 |access-date=27 November 2022 |date=1983}}</ref> She visited these colonies to form committees for the protection of the emigrants.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}

Together with several governesses and over 100 women traveling in steerage, Rye sailed to New Zealand in 1863.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Macdonald |first1=Charlotte |title=A Woman of Good Character, Single Women as Immigrant Settlers in Nineteenth-century New Zealand |date=1990 |publisher=Bridget Williams Books Ltd. |location=Wellington, NZ |pages=28-36, 176-178}}</ref> There in ], she found the terrible conditions in which immigrant single women had been housed—former military barracks with few amenities. She became the center of political and philanthropic controversies as she sought reform from the provincial government's immigration offices. Within two years, she had traveled across New Zealand and found few opportunities for skilled, educated single women. Even in the more settled Canterbury region, Rye realized the scheme was not going to work since the local populace emphasized their need for domestic servants or marriageable farmhands.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Macdonald |first1=Charlotte |title=Rye, Maria Susan |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1r22/rye-maria-susan |website=Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, first published in 1990 |publisher=e Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref>

⚫ From 1868, when she handed over her law business to Lewin, Rye devoted herself exclusively to the emigration of pauper children, or, in a phrase which she herself coined, 'gutter children.' After visiting in New York the ] for the training of derelict children for emigrant life which Mr. Van Meter, a Baptist minister from Ohio, had founded, she resolved to give the system a trial in London. Encouraged by ] and ''The Times'' newspaper and with the financial support of ], M.P., in 1869 she purchased Avenue House, High Street, Peckham, and with her two younger sisters, in spite of public opposition and prejudice, took there from the streets or the workhouses waifs and strays from the ages of three to sixteen. Fifty girls from Kirkdale ], Liverpool, were soon put under her care; they were trained in ] and went through courses of general and religious instruction.

At ], Canada, Rye also acquired a building which she called 'Our Western Home.' It was opened on 1 December 1869. To this house Miss Rye drafted the children from ], and after further training they were distributed in Canada as domestic servants among respectable families. The first party left England in October 1869. She received a ] of £10 in 1871.

⚫ ] children were subsequently received at Peckham from ], Wolverhampton, Bristol, Reading, and other towns. By 1891, Rye had found homes in Canada for some five hundred children. She accompanied each batch of emigrants, and visited the children already settled there. The work was continued with great success for over a quarter of a century, and did much to diminish the vicious habits and the stigma of pauperism. Lord Shaftesbury remained a consistent supporter, and in 1884 ], then ], warmly commended the results of her pioneer system, which ] and others subsequently adopted and extended.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}

==Later life==
⚫ In 1895, owing to the continuous strain, Rye transferred the two institutions in Peckham and Niagara with their funds to the Church of England Waifs and Strays Society (now ]). In her farewell report of 1895 she stated that 4000 English and Scottish children then in Canada had been sent out from her home in England.{{sfn|Owen|1912}}

⚫ She retired with her sister Elizabeth to 'Baconsthorpe,' ], where she spent the remainder of her life. There she died of intestinal cancer on 12 November 1903 after four years of suffering, and was buried in the churchyard. {{sfn|Owen|1912}}

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}

;
Attribution ===Attribution===
{{DNB12|wstitle=Rye, Maria Susan|first=William Benjamin|last=Owen}} {{DNB12|wstitle=Rye, Maria Susan|first=William Benjamin|last=Owen}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |title="Administrative/Biographical History." Records of the Female Middle Class Emigration Society |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/ff49e6b1-4d07-3f6f-b615-5dad50b16fb4 |website=Women's Library Archives. GB 106 1FME |publisher=Archives Hub |access-date=27 November 2022 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Banks |first1=J.A. |last2=Banks |first2=Olive |title=Feminism and Family Planning in Victorian England |date=1964 |publisher=Schocken Books |location=New York |ref=none}}
* {{cite web |last1=Parr | first1=Joy |title=Rye, Maria Susan |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/rye_maria_susan_13E.html |website=Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 13 |publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval |access-date=27 November 2022 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Parr |first1=Joy |title=Labouring Children: British Immigrant Apprentices to Canada, 1869-1924 |date=1980 |publisher=Croom Helm Ltd. |location=London |ref=none}}


==External links== ==External links==
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{{Authority control|VIAF=57475679}} {{Authority control}}


{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see ]. -->
| NAME = Rye, Maria Susan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British philanthropist
| DATE OF BIRTH = 31 March 1829
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 12 November 1903
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rye, Maria Susan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rye, Maria Susan}}
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 19:41, 18 December 2024

British social reformer (1829–1903)
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

Maria Susan Rye (31 March 1829 – 12 November 1903) was a British social reformer and a promoter of emigration from England, especially of young women living in Liverpool workhouses, to the colonies of the British Empire, especially Canada.

Early life

She was born in Golden Square, on 31 March 1829. She was the eldest of the nine children of Edward Rye (1803–1876), a solicitor and bibliophile, and his wife, Maria Rye née Tuppen (1804–1882). Maria Susan's siblings were Elizabeth (b. 1830), Edward (b. 1832), George (b. 1834), Mary Ann (b. 1837), Charles (b. 1840), Walter (b. 1843), Clara Louise (b. 1843), Clara Louisa (b. 1846) and Francis (b. 1848). Edward Rye (1774–1843) of Baconsthorpe, Norfolk, was her grandfather. Of her brothers, Edward Caldwell Rye was an entomologist, and Walter Rye, solicitor, antiquary, and athlete, published works on Norfolk history and topography and was mayor of Norwich in 1908–1909.

Maria Rye received her education at home and read for herself in the large library of her father.

Career

Coming under the influence of Charles Kingsley's father, then vicar of St Luke's Church, she devoted herself at the age of sixteen to parochial work in Chelsea. She was impressed by the lack of opportunity of employment for women outside the teaching profession. In succession to Mary Howitt, she soon became secretary of the Langham Place Group which promoted the Married Women's Property bill, which was brought forward by Sir Thomas Erskine Perry in 1856 but was not fully passed till 1882.

Rye joined the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women on its foundation, but, disapproving of the women's franchise movement which the leading members supported, soon left it. In 1859, she undertook a private law-stationer's business at 12 Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn, in order to give employment to middle-class girls. At the same time, she helped to establish the Victoria Press in association with her business in 1860 (under the charge of Emily Faithfull), and the employment bureau and telegraph school in Great Coram Street, with Isa Craig as secretary. The telegraph school anticipated the employment of girls as telegraph clerks.

The law-stationer's business prospered, but the applications for employment were far in excess of the demands of the concern. With Jane Lewin, she consequently raised a fund for assisting middle-class girls to emigrate, and to the question of emigration she devoted the rest of her life.

Emigration

In 1861, she founded the Female Middle Class Emigration Society (absorbed since 1884 in the United British Women's Emigration Association). Between 1860 and 1868, she was instrumental in sending girls of the middle class and domestic servants to Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. She visited these colonies to form committees for the protection of the emigrants.

Together with several governesses and over 100 women traveling in steerage, Rye sailed to New Zealand in 1863. There in Dunedin, she found the terrible conditions in which immigrant single women had been housed—former military barracks with few amenities. She became the center of political and philanthropic controversies as she sought reform from the provincial government's immigration offices. Within two years, she had traveled across New Zealand and found few opportunities for skilled, educated single women. Even in the more settled Canterbury region, Rye realized the scheme was not going to work since the local populace emphasized their need for domestic servants or marriageable farmhands.

From 1868, when she handed over her law business to Lewin, Rye devoted herself exclusively to the emigration of pauper children, or, in a phrase which she herself coined, 'gutter children.' After visiting in New York the Little Wanderers' Home for the training of derelict children for emigrant life which Mr. Van Meter, a Baptist minister from Ohio, had founded, she resolved to give the system a trial in London. Encouraged by Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury and The Times newspaper and with the financial support of William Rathbone VI, M.P., in 1869 she purchased Avenue House, High Street, Peckham, and with her two younger sisters, in spite of public opposition and prejudice, took there from the streets or the workhouses waifs and strays from the ages of three to sixteen. Fifty girls from Kirkdale industrial school, Liverpool, were soon put under her care; they were trained in domestic economy and went through courses of general and religious instruction.

At Niagara, Canada, Rye also acquired a building which she called 'Our Western Home.' It was opened on 1 December 1869. To this house Miss Rye drafted the children from Peckham, and after further training they were distributed in Canada as domestic servants among respectable families. The first party left England in October 1869. She received a civil list pension of £10 in 1871.

Poor law children were subsequently received at Peckham from St. George's, Hanover Square, Wolverhampton, Bristol, Reading, and other towns. By 1891, Rye had found homes in Canada for some five hundred children. She accompanied each batch of emigrants, and visited the children already settled there. The work was continued with great success for over a quarter of a century, and did much to diminish the vicious habits and the stigma of pauperism. Lord Shaftesbury remained a consistent supporter, and in 1884 Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne, then governor general of Canada, warmly commended the results of her pioneer system, which Thomas John Barnardo and others subsequently adopted and extended.

Later life

In 1895, owing to the continuous strain, Rye transferred the two institutions in Peckham and Niagara with their funds to the Church of England Waifs and Strays Society (now The Children's Society). In her farewell report of 1895 she stated that 4000 English and Scottish children then in Canada had been sent out from her home in England.

She retired with her sister Elizabeth to 'Baconsthorpe,' Hemel Hempstead, where she spent the remainder of her life. There she died of intestinal cancer on 12 November 1903 after four years of suffering, and was buried in the churchyard.

See also

References

  1. The Herald and Genealogist. 1874. p. 413. Retrieved 10 September 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. "Maria Susan Rye Female 31 March 1829–12 November 1903". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
  3. ^ Owen 1912.
  4. Macdonald, Charlotte. "Rye, Maria Susan". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, first published in 1990. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  5. Sales, Margaret (1983). "'Redundant women' in the promised land: English middle class women's migration to Australia 1861-1881, Master of Arts thesis, Department of History". University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  6. Macdonald, Charlotte (1990). A Woman of Good Character, Single Women as Immigrant Settlers in Nineteenth-century New Zealand. Wellington, NZ: Bridget Williams Books Ltd. pp. 28–36, 176–178.
  7. Macdonald, Charlotte. "Rye, Maria Susan". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, first published in 1990. e Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 29 November 2022.

Attribution

Wikisource This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Owen, William Benjamin (1912). "Rye, Maria Susan". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Further reading

External links

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