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{{Short description|Persian-speaking Armenian mystic and poet}}
⚫ ] ].]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox religious biography
⚫ | image = File:Indian - Single Leaf of Shah Sarmad and Prince Dara Shikoh - Walters W912.jpg
| image_size =
⚫ | alt =
| caption = Shah Sarmad (centre) seated with ] (right) – a single leaf from a manuscript
| name =
| birth_date = c. 1590
| birth_place = ], ]
⚫ | death_date = 1661
| death_place = ], ], ]
| religion = Unknown<ref name=SarmadLifeAndDeath/><ref name=CourtOfTheMoghulEmperors/><ref name=Sufism:HermeneuticsAndDoctrines/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Poetry Chaikhana {{!}} Sarmad - Muslim/Sufi - Poetry, Biography, Books |url=http://www.poetry-chaikhana.com/Poets/S/Sarmad/index.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=www.poetry-chaikhana.com}}</ref>
| school_tradition = ]<ref name=ArmeniaAResumé/>
| main_interests = {{hlist|]|]|]|]|]}}
| influences = ], ]
| influenced = ], ]
⚫ }}


'''Muhammad Sa'id''', mostly known as '''Sarmad Kashani''' or simply as '''Sarmad''' ({{lang-fa|سرمد کاشانی}}) (ca 1590 - 1661) was a ] mystic, poet and saint who travelled to and made the ] his permanent home during the 17th century. Originally a ], some claim he renounced his religion to adopt ]. Sarmad described himself in his poetry as a Sufi, a Hindu priest, a ] monk, a ], an infidel and a Muslim. Since he was known for ridiculing the major religions of his day as well as writing ] affirming his religious identity, modern scholarship remains divided on Sarmad's ambiguous religious affiliation.<ref name=poetry/> For these religious views and outrageous statements ('']''), Sarmad is often counted among the ]. '''Sarmad Kashani''' (c. 1590–1661) was a ]-speaking ] mystic and poet who travelled to and made the ] his permanent home during the 17th century. Originally ], he may have renounced his religion to adopt ].<ref name=SarmadLifeAndDeath>{{cite web|last1=Prigarina|first1=Natalia|title=SARMAD: LIFE AND DEATH OF A SUFI|url=http://iph.ras.ru/uplfile/smirnov/ishraq/3/24_prig.pdf|website=Institute of Oriental Studies, Russia|access-date=24 May 2016}}</ref> However his conversion was probably only nominal and superficial, since he himself later warned the Jews not to convert themselves.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Prigarina|first1=Natalia|title=SARMAD: LIFE AND DEATH OF A SUFI|url=http://iph.ras.ru/uplfile/smirnov/ishraq/3/24_prig.pdf|website=Institute of Oriental Studies, Russia|access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=CourtOfTheMoghulEmperors> Fischel, Walter J. “Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Moghul Emperors in Medieval India.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, vol. 18, 1948, pp. 137–77, https://doi.org/10.2307/3622197. Accessed 1 May 2022.</ref> Sarmad, in his poetry, states that he is neither Jewish, nor Muslim, nor Hindu.<ref name=poetry/>


==Biography== ==Early life==
Sarmad was born in ] around 1590, to a family of Jewish Persian-speaking Armenian merchants.<ref name="Biography" />{{NoteTag|] suggests that Kashani was born in ] to a ].<ref name="je">{{cite web |last1=Singer |first1=Isidore |last2=Gray |first2=Louis H. |title=SARMAD, MOHAMMED SA'ID - JewishEncyclopedia.com |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13206-sarmad-mohammed-sa-id |website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com |publisher=] |access-date=1 October 2024}}</ref>|name=jenote}} Sarmad had an excellent command of ], essential for his work as a merchant, and composed most of his works in this language.<ref name="poetry" /> He produced a translation of the ] in Persian.<ref>Fishel, Walter. "Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Mugal Emperors in Medieval India," Islamic Culture, 25:105-31.</ref> He studied under ] and ] before migrating to the ] as a merchant.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Puri|first1=Rakshat|last2=Akhtar|first2=Kuldip|date=1993|title=Sarmad, The Naked Faqir|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=20|pages=65–78|via=JSTOR}}</ref>
===Early life===
Sarmad was born in Armenia around 1590, to a family of Jewish Persian-speaking Armenian merchants.<ref name=Biography/>


===Travels in the Mughal Empire=== ==Travels in the Mughal Empire==
Hearing that precious items and works of art were being purchased in India at high prices, Sarmad gathered together his wares and traveled to the ] where he intended to sell them. In ], in present day ], one of his close disciples was a Hindu called Abhay Chand.<ref name="je" /> Although there is debate on the nature of their relationship<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBkwnoDPKgUC|title=Sacred Spaces: Exploring Traditions of Shared Faith in India|last=Sikand|first=Yoginder|date=2003|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143029311|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b7-bAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32|title=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman|author=V. N. Datta|date=27 November 2012|isbn=9788129126627|quote=''Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love ; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship''}}</ref> very little is known about the life of Abhay Chand and no historical records to confirm the details of their encounter, except Sarmad's own poetry. Some scholars have argued that, while Sarmad employed Abhay Chand to translate the Torah<ref name="je" /> as well as Old Testament and New Testament,<!-- What exactly? The Torah is part of the "Old Testament" (Christian) / the "Tanakh" (Jewish). Is there proof that he knew and translated the Christian New Testament, too? --> it is possible that Abhay Chand converted to Islam or Judaism.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GR4vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33|title=The Jewish Encounter with Hinduism: History, Spirituality, Identity|last=Goshen-Gottstein|first=Alon|date=2017-08-01|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137455291|language=en}}</ref><ref name="je" /> It is important to note that, in later years, Sarmad grew critical of all religions and took a more "]" position.<ref name=Sufism:HermeneuticsAndDoctrines>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NpIQAQAAIAAJ|title=Sufism: Hermeneutics and doctrines|last=Ridgeon|first=Lloyd V. J.|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415426244|language=en}}</ref>
Hearing that precious items and works of art were being purchased in India at high prices, Sarmad gathered together his wares and traveled to the ] where he intended to sell them. Having arrived in ], in present day ], he fell in love with a boy named Abhai Chand, whom Sarmad instructed in ], Persian and ]. During this time he abandoned his wealth, let his hair grow, stopped clipping his nails and began to wander the city streets and emperor's courts a naked ].<ref name=faqir/>


Both moved first to ], then ], settling finally in ]. At some stage, he abandoned his wealth, let his hair grow, stopped clipping his nails and began to wander the city streets.<ref name="faqir" /> Although it is widely speculated that Sarmad and Abhay Chand moved to ], then to ], settling finally in ], however there are no credible sources to confirm the events.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}


====Life in Delhi==== ==Life in Delhi==
The reputation as a poet and mystic he had acquired during the time the two travelled together, caused ] crown prince ] to invite Sarmad at ]'s court. On this occasion, Sarmad so deeply impressed the royal heir that he vowed to become his disciple. The reputation as a poet and mystic he had acquired during the time the two travelled together, caused the ] crown prince ] to invite Sarmad at ]'s court. On this occasion, Sarmad so deeply impressed the imperial heir that he vowed to become his disciple.


Sarmad has been witnessed by the French physician and traveler, ], who reported Sarmad as a ''naked ]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oGHt7Z8o4sC|title=Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656-1668|last=Bernier|first=Francois|date=1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120611696|language=en}}</ref>
Sarmad had an excellent command of ], essential for his work as a merchant, and composed most of his work in this language.<ref name=poetry/> He produced a translation of the ] in Persian.<ref>Fishel, Walter. “Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Mugal Emperors in Medieval India,” Islamic Culture, 25:105-31.</ref>


====Death==== ==Death==
After the ] with his brother Dara Shikoh, ] (1658-1707) emerged victorious, killed his former adversary and ascended the imperial throne. He had Sarmad arrested and tried for heresy. Sarmad was put to death by beheading in 1661.<ref name="Katz trial"/><ref name=Cook/> His grave is located near the ] in ], India. Aurangzeb ordered his mullahs to ask Sarmad why he repeated only the first half of the Kalima "There is no God" and not "but God".<ref>{{cite|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0BI8kFya06UC&pg=PT100|}}</ref> To that he replied that "I am still absorbed with the negative part. Why should I tell a lie?" Thus he sealed his death sentence. Ali Khan-Razi, Aurangzeb's court chronicler, was present at the execution. He relates some of the mystic's verses uttered at the execution stand: After the ] with his brother Dara Shikoh, ] (1658-1707) emerged victorious, killed his former adversary and ascended the imperial throne. He had Sarmad arrested and tried for heresy.<ref name="je" /> Sarmad was put to death by beheading in 1661.<ref name="Katz trial"/><ref name=Cook/> His grave is located near the ] in ], India.
]
<blockquote>The Mullahs say Ahmed went to heaven,
Sarmad was accused and convicted of atheism and unorthodox religious practice.<ref>{{cite news|title=Votary of freedom: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarmad|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071007/spectrum/book1.htm|work=Tribune India|date=7 October 2007}}</ref>
Sarmad says that heaven came down to Ahmed.</blockquote>
]
<blockquote>"There was an uproar and we opened our eyes from the eternal sleep.
Aurangzeb ordered his ] to ask Sarmad why he repeated only "There is no God", and ordered him to recite the second part, "but Allah".<ref name=ArmeniaAResumé>{{cite book|last=Najmuddin|first=Shahzad Z.|title=Armenia: a Resumé: with Notes on Seth's Armenians in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BI8kFya06UC&pg=PT100|year=2005|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4120-4039-6}}</ref> To that he replied that "I am still absorbed with the negative part. Why should I tell a lie?" Thus he sealed his death sentence.<ref name=ArmeniaAResumé/> Ali Khan-Razi, Aurangzeb's court chronicler, was present at the execution. He relates some of the mystic's verses uttered at the execution stand: "The ] say ] went to ], Sarmad says that heaven came down to Ahmed."... "There was an uproar and we opened our eyes from the eternal sleep. Saw that the night of wickedness endured, so we slept again."<ref name=ArmeniaAResumé/>
Saw that the night of wickedness endured, so we slept again."</blockquote>


==Maulana Azad and Sarmad== ==Abul Kalam Azad on Sarmad==
], one of the leading political personalities involved in the ], compared himself to Sarmad, for his freedom of thought and expression.<ref>, ], October 7, 2007</ref> ], one of the leading political personalities involved in the ], compared himself to Sarmad, for his freedom of thought and expression.<ref>, ], 7 October 2007</ref> the book of the romances of an outlaw, including the rereading of the life, poetry and thoughts of Saeed Sarmad Kashani, edited by ], was published in 2009

==In Popular Culture==
In 2022, the ] premiered a cinematic piece by Iranian artist ], which is partly based on the life of Sarmad, and is titled "Port Saïd, Santa Cruz, Sarmad Kashani"<ref></ref><ref></ref>. The ] in Korea and the ] in Australia presented the work later in the year<ref></ref>.

==See also==
* '']''
*]


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|refs= {{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=Cook>Cook 2007.</ref> <ref name=Cook>Cook 2007.</ref>
<ref name=Biography>See mainly: Katz (2000) 148-151. But also: ; .</ref> <ref name=Biography>See mainly: Katz (2000) 148-151. But also: ; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916124329/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/opinion/2007/August/opinion_August54.xml&section=opinion&col= |date=16 September 2012 }}.</ref>
<ref name=faqir>See the account .</ref> <ref name=faqir>See the account {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418163505/http://www.poetry-chaikhana.com/S/Sarmad/index.htm |date=2009-04-18 }}.</ref>
<ref name="Katz2">For discussion on his religious identity, see: Katz (2000).</ref> <!-- <ref name="Katz2">For discussion on his religious identity, see: Katz (2000).</ref> -->
<ref name="Katz trial">For the motivations behind his trial as well as a detailed explanation of proceedings, see: Katz (2000) 151-153.</ref> <ref name="Katz trial">For the motivations behind his trial as well as a detailed explanation of proceedings, see: Katz (2000) 151-153.</ref>
<ref name=poetry>For some examples of his poetry, see: Poetry Chaikhana .</ref> <ref name=poetry>For some examples of his poetry, see: Poetry Chaikhana .</ref>
}} }}
{{reflist|group=note}}


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==

⚫ *Cook, D. (2007) ''Martyrdom in Islam'' (Cambridge) ISBN 9780521850407.
*''Rubā‘iyyāt-i Sarmad'', ed. Fazl Mahmud Asiri, with a preface by S. Qazvini, Prabhat Kumar Mukherjee Shantiniketan (Visva Bharati Series 11), Shantiniketan 1950.
⚫ * {{cite web |title=The Rubaiyat of Sarmad|author=Tr. by Syeda Sayidain Hameed| url = http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/rubayat-sarmad/rubayat-sarmad.pdf |publisher= Indian Council for Cultural Relations|year=1991|ref=Ha}}
*Abul Kalam Azad, ''Sarmad Shahid'' IN: S. S. Hameed, ''The Rubayat of Sarmad'', New Delhi 1991, p.18-41.
⚫ *Cook, D. (2007) ''Martyrdom in Islam'' (Cambridge) {{ISBN|9780521850407}}.
⚫ * {{cite web |title=The Rubaiyat of Sarmad|author=Tr. by ]| url = http://www.apnaorg.com/books/english/rubayat-sarmad/rubayat-sarmad.pdf |publisher= Indian Council for Cultural Relations|year=1991|ref=Ha}}
*Ezekial, I.A. (1966) ''Sarmad: Jewish Saint of India'' (Beas) ASIN B0006EXYM6. *Ezekial, I.A. (1966) ''Sarmad: Jewish Saint of India'' (Beas) ASIN B0006EXYM6.
*Gupta, M.G. (2000) ''Sarmad the Saint: Life and Works'' (Agra) ISBN 81-85532-32-X. *Gupta, M.G. (2000) ''Sarmad the Saint: Life and Works'' (Agra) {{ISBN|81-85532-32-X}}.
*Katz, N. (2000) ''The Identity of a Mystic: The Case of Sa'id Sarmad, a Jewish-Yogi-Sufi Courtier of the Mughals'' in: ''Numen'' 47: 142-160. *Katz, N. (2000) ''The Identity of a Mystic: The Case of Sa'id Sarmad, a Jewish-Yogi-Sufi Courtier of the Mughals'' in: ''Numen'' 47: 142-160.
*Rai, L. (1978) ''Sarmad. His Life and Rubais'', Hanumanprasad Poddar Smarak Samita, Gorakhpur.
*Schimmel, A. ''And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration Of the Prophet In Islamic Piety'' (Chapel Hill & London). *Schimmel, A. ''And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration Of the Prophet In Islamic Piety'' (Chapel Hill & London).
*Sarmad di Kashan. ''Dio ama la bellezza del mio peccato. Le quartine di un poeta mistico della tradizione indo-persiana'', ed. Carlo Saccone, Centro Essad Bey-Amazon IP, Seattle 2022
* Sarmad er Rubai, Edited, Compiled and Translated in Bengali by Abdul Kafi with an Afterword (posthomously) by Rejaul Karim, Ekalavya Publishing, 2022.


==External resources== ==External resources==
{{Wikiquote}}
* *
*
* *
* *

{{Persondata
{{Authority control}}
⚫ | name = Kashani, Sarmad
| alternative names =
| short description = Persian mystic, poet and saint
| date of birth =
| place of birth =
⚫ | date of death = 1661
| place of death =
⚫ }}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashani, Sarmad}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kashani, Sarmad}}
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{{Jewish Encyclopedia|title=SARMAD, MOHAMMED SA'ID}}

Latest revision as of 02:58, 23 December 2024

Persian-speaking Armenian mystic and poet

Sarmad Kashani
Shah Sarmad (centre) seated with Dara Shikoh (right) – a single leaf from a manuscript
Personal life
Bornc. 1590
Armenia, Safavid Armenia
Died1661
Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
Main interest(s)
Religious life
ReligionUnknown
CreedAtheism
Senior posting
Influenced by
Influenced

Sarmad Kashani (c. 1590–1661) was a Persian-speaking Armenian mystic and poet who travelled to and made the Indian subcontinent his permanent home during the 17th century. Originally Jewish, he may have renounced his religion to adopt Islam. However his conversion was probably only nominal and superficial, since he himself later warned the Jews not to convert themselves. Sarmad, in his poetry, states that he is neither Jewish, nor Muslim, nor Hindu.

Early life

Sarmad was born in Armenia around 1590, to a family of Jewish Persian-speaking Armenian merchants. Sarmad had an excellent command of Persian, essential for his work as a merchant, and composed most of his works in this language. He produced a translation of the Torah in Persian. He studied under Mulla Sadra and Mir Findiriski before migrating to the Mughal Empire as a merchant.

Travels in the Mughal Empire

Hearing that precious items and works of art were being purchased in India at high prices, Sarmad gathered together his wares and traveled to the Mughal Empire where he intended to sell them. In Thatta, in present day Sindh, Pakistan, one of his close disciples was a Hindu called Abhay Chand. Although there is debate on the nature of their relationship very little is known about the life of Abhay Chand and no historical records to confirm the details of their encounter, except Sarmad's own poetry. Some scholars have argued that, while Sarmad employed Abhay Chand to translate the Torah as well as Old Testament and New Testament, it is possible that Abhay Chand converted to Islam or Judaism. It is important to note that, in later years, Sarmad grew critical of all religions and took a more "spiritual but not religious" position.

At some stage, he abandoned his wealth, let his hair grow, stopped clipping his nails and began to wander the city streets. Although it is widely speculated that Sarmad and Abhay Chand moved to Lahore, then to Hyderabad, settling finally in Delhi, however there are no credible sources to confirm the events.

Life in Delhi

The reputation as a poet and mystic he had acquired during the time the two travelled together, caused the Mughal crown prince Dara Shikoh to invite Sarmad at his father's court. On this occasion, Sarmad so deeply impressed the imperial heir that he vowed to become his disciple.

Sarmad has been witnessed by the French physician and traveler, François Bernier, who reported Sarmad as a naked faqir.

Death

After the War of Succession with his brother Dara Shikoh, Aurangzeb (1658-1707) emerged victorious, killed his former adversary and ascended the imperial throne. He had Sarmad arrested and tried for heresy. Sarmad was put to death by beheading in 1661. His grave is located near the Jama Masjid in Delhi, India.

The grave of Sarmad Kashani in Old Delhi

Sarmad was accused and convicted of atheism and unorthodox religious practice.

A devotee inside the tomb of Sarmad

Aurangzeb ordered his Ulema to ask Sarmad why he repeated only "There is no God", and ordered him to recite the second part, "but Allah". To that he replied that "I am still absorbed with the negative part. Why should I tell a lie?" Thus he sealed his death sentence. Ali Khan-Razi, Aurangzeb's court chronicler, was present at the execution. He relates some of the mystic's verses uttered at the execution stand: "The Mullahs say Ahmed went to heaven, Sarmad says that heaven came down to Ahmed."... "There was an uproar and we opened our eyes from the eternal sleep. Saw that the night of wickedness endured, so we slept again."

Abul Kalam Azad on Sarmad

Abul Kalam Azad, one of the leading political personalities involved in the Indian independence movement, compared himself to Sarmad, for his freedom of thought and expression. the book of the romances of an outlaw, including the rereading of the life, poetry and thoughts of Saeed Sarmad Kashani, edited by Abdolhamid Ziaei, was published in 2009

In Popular Culture

In 2022, the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen premiered a cinematic piece by Iranian artist Lior Shamriz, which is partly based on the life of Sarmad, and is titled "Port Saïd, Santa Cruz, Sarmad Kashani". The National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art in Korea and the National Gallery of Victoria in Australia presented the work later in the year.

See also

References

  1. ^ Prigarina, Natalia. "SARMAD: LIFE AND DEATH OF A SUFI" (PDF). Institute of Oriental Studies, Russia. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  2. ^ Fischel, Walter J. “Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Moghul Emperors in Medieval India.” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, vol. 18, 1948, pp. 137–77, https://doi.org/10.2307/3622197. Accessed 1 May 2022.
  3. ^ Ridgeon, Lloyd V. J. (2008). Sufism: Hermeneutics and doctrines. Routledge. ISBN 9780415426244.
  4. "Poetry Chaikhana | Sarmad - Muslim/Sufi - Poetry, Biography, Books". www.poetry-chaikhana.com. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  5. ^ Najmuddin, Shahzad Z. (2005). Armenia: a Resumé: with Notes on Seth's Armenians in India. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4120-4039-6.
  6. Prigarina, Natalia. "SARMAD: LIFE AND DEATH OF A SUFI" (PDF). Institute of Oriental Studies, Russia. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  7. ^ For some examples of his poetry, see: Poetry Chaikhana Sarmad: Poems and Biography.
  8. See mainly: Katz (2000) 148-151. But also: Sarmad the Armenian and Dara Shikoh; Khaleej Times Online - The Armenian Diaspora: History as horror and survival Archived 16 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. ^ Singer, Isidore; Gray, Louis H. "SARMAD, MOHAMMED SA'ID - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. The Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
  10. Fishel, Walter. "Jews and Judaism at the Court of the Mugal Emperors in Medieval India," Islamic Culture, 25:105-31.
  11. Puri, Rakshat; Akhtar, Kuldip (1993). "Sarmad, The Naked Faqir". India International Centre Quarterly. 20: 65–78 – via JSTOR.
  12. Sikand, Yoginder (2003). Sacred Spaces: Exploring Traditions of Shared Faith in India. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780143029311.
  13. V. N. Datta (27 November 2012), Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarman, ISBN 9788129126627, Walderman Hansen doubts whether sensual passions played any part in their love ; puri doubts about their homosexual relationship
  14. Goshen-Gottstein, Alon (1 August 2017). The Jewish Encounter with Hinduism: History, Spirituality, Identity. Springer. ISBN 9781137455291.
  15. See the account here Archived 2009-04-18 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. Bernier, Francois (1996). Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656-1668. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120611696.
  17. For the motivations behind his trial as well as a detailed explanation of proceedings, see: Katz (2000) 151-153.
  18. Cook 2007.
  19. "Votary of freedom: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarmad". Tribune India. 7 October 2007.
  20. Votary of freedom - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarmad by V. N. Datta, Tribune India, 7 October 2007
  21. DesistFilm Magazine Oberhausen 2022 Report
  22. Oberhausen Film Festival 2022 - Catalogue
  23. MMCA Korea
  1. The Jewish Encyclopedia suggests that Kashani was born in Kashan, Iran to a rabbinical family.

Bibliography

  • Rubā‘iyyāt-i Sarmad, ed. Fazl Mahmud Asiri, with a preface by S. Qazvini, Prabhat Kumar Mukherjee Shantiniketan (Visva Bharati Series 11), Shantiniketan 1950.
  • Abul Kalam Azad, Sarmad Shahid IN: S. S. Hameed, The Rubayat of Sarmad, New Delhi 1991, p.18-41.
  • Cook, D. (2007) Martyrdom in Islam (Cambridge) ISBN 9780521850407.
  • Tr. by Syeda Sayidain Hameed (1991). "The Rubaiyat of Sarmad" (PDF). Indian Council for Cultural Relations.
  • Ezekial, I.A. (1966) Sarmad: Jewish Saint of India (Beas) ASIN B0006EXYM6.
  • Gupta, M.G. (2000) Sarmad the Saint: Life and Works (Agra) ISBN 81-85532-32-X.
  • Katz, N. (2000) The Identity of a Mystic: The Case of Sa'id Sarmad, a Jewish-Yogi-Sufi Courtier of the Mughals in: Numen 47: 142-160.
  • Rai, L. (1978) Sarmad. His Life and Rubais, Hanumanprasad Poddar Smarak Samita, Gorakhpur.
  • Schimmel, A. And Muhammad Is His Messenger: The Veneration Of the Prophet In Islamic Piety (Chapel Hill & London).
  • Sarmad di Kashan. Dio ama la bellezza del mio peccato. Le quartine di un poeta mistico della tradizione indo-persiana, ed. Carlo Saccone, Centro Essad Bey-Amazon IP, Seattle 2022
  • Sarmad er Rubai, Edited, Compiled and Translated in Bengali by Abdul Kafi with an Afterword (posthomously) by Rejaul Karim, Ekalavya Publishing, 2022.

External resources

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "SARMAD, MOHAMMED SA'ID". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

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