| Revision as of 05:47, 27 April 2015 editXtremedood (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users4,028 edits Did not find source of mass outflow of Hindus and forced conversion.← Previous edit | Latest revision as of 19:34, 15 October 2024 edit undoTrappist the monk (talk | contribs)Administrators479,893 editsm Task 20 (dev test): replace {lang-??} templates with {langx|??} ‹See Tfd› (Replaced 1);Tag: AWB | ||
| (59 intermediate revisions by 37 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}} | |||
| {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}} | |||
| {{Infobox ethnic group | {{Infobox ethnic group | ||
| |group=Goan Muslims | |group = Goan Muslims | ||
| | native_name = {{transliteration|gom|Moir}}, | |||
| ⚫ | |image= | ||
| {{transliteration|pt|Mouro}} | |||
| |caption='''Goan Muslims''' | |||
| ⚫ | |image = | ||
| |pop = | |||
| |caption = | |||
| ⚫ | |rels = ] | ||
| |pop = | |||
| ⚫ | |languages = ] and ] | ||
| ⚫ | |rels = ] | ||
| ⚫ | |related = ], ], ] | ||
| ⚫ | |languages = ] and ] | ||
| ⚫ | |related = ], ], ] | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | {{Islam in India}} | ||
| ⚫ | The '''Goan Muslims''' are a minority community who follow ] in the Indian coastal state of ], some are also present in the union territory of ]. They are native to Goa, unlike recent Muslim migrants from mainland India, and are commonly referred to as ''Moir'' ({{langx|knn|मैर}}) by ]s in ].{{Ref label|a|a|none}} ''Moir'' is derived from the ] word ''Mouro''. The Portuguese called them ''Mouros'' because they (and the ]) were in contact with the ], people of predominantly Muslim ] country, who had conquered and colonised the Iberian peninsula for centuries.<ref name=ASI>{{cite book|last1=Śiroḍakara, Mandal, Anthropological Survey of Indi|first1=Pra. Pā, H K.|title=People of India: Goa|date=1993|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn=9788171547609|page=167}}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | {{anchor|Exonym}} | ||
| The '''Goan Muslims''' are a minority community who follow ] in the western ]n coastal state of ]. They are native to Goa, unlike recent Muslim migrants from ]. | |||
| ⚫ | They are commonly referred as ''Moir'' ({{ |
||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| Although the advent of Muslims in Goa occurred later in history, ] geographers referred to Goa as ''Sindabur'' and believed that Goa had one of the best ports in ]. In 554 |
Although the advent of Muslims in Goa occurred later in history, ] geographers referred to Goa as ''Sindabur'' and believed that Goa had one of the best ports in ]. In 554 AH (1159 AD), Sidi Ali Kodupon wrote the ] book ''Mohit''. In the book, Goa is referred to as ''Kuvah-Sindabur'': a combination of the names ''Kuvah'' (Goa) and ''Sindabur'' (]).<ref name=kuvah>{{cite journal|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay|journal=Asiatic Society of Bombay|volume= 11|page=292}}</ref> | ||
| The copper plate of ] Jayakesi I refers to the Muslim Minister named ''Chadma''. While Kadamba ruler Gullhadeva I was sailing towards Somanath, his ship got involved in a naval accident and the mast of his ship broke. His grandson Jayakesi I gave Chadma, the privilege of levying the taxes on small and big boats. The amount collected by way of taxes was utilized for the maintenance of the mosques built in Goa at |
The copper plate of ] Jayakesi I refers to the Muslim Minister named ''Chadma''. While Kadamba ruler Gullhadeva I was sailing towards ], his ship got involved in a naval accident and the mast of his ship broke. His grandson Jayakesi I gave Chadma, the privilege of levying the taxes on small and big boats. The amount collected by way of taxes was utilized for the maintenance of the mosques built in Goa at ]).<ref name=madhumada>{{cite book|last1=Moraes|first1=George M.|title=The Kadamba Kula|date=1995|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120605954|page=400}}</ref> Later Muslim sultans from North India migrated to Goa by force of conquest and established their society; this was the first major influx of Muslims into Goa, which led some local Hindus to migrate elsewhere.<ref name=arab>{{cite book|last1=Kurzon|first1=Dennis|title=Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters|date=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=9781853596735|page=76}}</ref> After Malik Kafur invasion and subsequently during the rule of Sultanate, there were Muslim Officers in Goa like Malik Bahadur. After the downfall of the Goa Kadamba, some Muslims might have migrated to ] and ]. The ]s of Bhatkal are the descendant of Muslim community and once lived in Goa.<ref name=mitra>{{cite book|last1=Mitragotri|first1=Vithal Raghavendra|title=A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara|date=1999|publisher=Institute Menezes Braganza|pages=74–75}}</ref> | ||
| The ] took over Goa in 1312 |
The ] took over Goa in 1312.<ref name=teotonio>{{cite book|last1=De Souza|first1=Teotonio R.|title=Essays in Goan History|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170222637|pages=13–14}}</ref><ref name=arab1>{{cite book|last1=Bradnock|last2=Bradnock|first1=Robert W.|first2= Roma|title=Goa handbook|year=2000|publisher=Footprint Handbooks|isbn= 9781900949453|pages=214, 253}}</ref> In turn, they were forced to surrender Goa by 1370 to ] of ]. The Vijayanagara monarchs ruled Goa for the next hundred years (until 1469), before it passed to the ] of ]. After the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed the ]is of Bijapur took over, making ] their ancillary capital. During this era, Muslim pilgrims from all over India embarked on their journey to ] from Goa.<ref name=mecca>{{cite book|last=Kurzon|first=Dennis|title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast|url=https://archive.org/details/whereeastlookswe00kurz|url-access=limited|year=2004|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn= 9781853596735|page=}}</ref> Thus by this time Muslim community evolved in Goa.<ref name=force>{{cite book|last1=D'Souza|first1=Bento Graciano|title=Goan Society in Transition: A Study in Social Change|date=1975|publisher=Popular Prakashan|page=54}}</ref> | ||
| By the time the Portuguese arrived in 1510, the population of ] had a vast number of Muslim population.<ref name="Prabhu"> | |||
| A permanent settlement was established by the Portuguese in 1510 in Velha Goa (Old Goa), when the Portuguese admiral ] defeated the ruling Bijapur king ]. Efforts to suppress Islam were made by the Portuguese. From 1540 onwards, ] was established. The ] and forced to convert to Catholicism, killed or exiled. Many mosques were destroyed and churches were built on them. The inquisitor's one of the first act was to forbid any open practice of the Islam on pain of death. Most of the Goa Inquisition's records were ] after its abolition in 1812, and it is thus impossible to know the exact number of those put on trial and the punishments they were prescribed. From 1560 to 1774, a total of 16,172 persons were tried and condemned or acquitted by the tribunals of the Inquisition.<ref>{{cite news|title=Goa was birthplace of Indo-Western garments: Wendell Rodricks|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/222426/goa-birthplace-indo-western-garments.html|accessdate=31 October 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=27 January 2012|location=New Delhi, India}}</ref> | |||
| {{cite book | |||
| |title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians | |||
| |first=Alan | |||
| |last=Machado Prabhu | |||
| |publisher=I.J.A. Publications | |||
| |date=1999}}</ref> ] took the help of ] and defeated the ruling Bijapur king ] during the ]. The Muslim residents of Goa were exiled (e.g. ]) or killed (e.g. ]) by the Portuguese and the local Hindus. All the mosques were destroyed and churches were built on them.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |first=Roger | |||
| |last=Crowley | |||
| |year=2015 | |||
| |title=Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire | |||
| |publisher=Faber & Faber | |||
| |location=London}}</ref> | |||
| From 1560 to 1821, the ] was established. One of its primary targets were crypto-Muslims of North African origin who had immigrated to Goa from the Iberian peninsula following the Portuguese conquest. Of the 1,582 persons convicted between 1560 and 1623, 45.2% were convicted for offenses related to Judaism and Islam.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |first=João | |||
| |last=Delgado Figueira | |||
| |date=1623 | |||
| |publisher=Biblioteca National | |||
| |place=Lisbon | |||
| |title=Listas da Inquisição de Goa (1560-1623) | |||
| }}</ref> However, a compilation of the auto-da-fé statistics of the Goa Inquisition from 1560 to 1821 revealed that a grand total of only 57 persons were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i.e. a statue resembling the person). All the burnt were convicted as relapsed heretics or for sodomy.<ref>{{cite book | |||
| |first=Fortunato | |||
| |last=de Almeida | |||
| |title=História da Igreja em Portugal, vol. IV | |||
| |location=Porto | |||
| |publisher=Portucalense Editora | |||
| |date=1923 | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ==Demography== | ==Demography== | ||
| Muslims are concentrated in ], ], ], ] |
Native Goan Muslims are concentrated in the ] regions of ], ], ], ], Betul, Salcete, Tiswadi, Canacona, Pilar, Old Goa, Bardez and some areas of the coast of Vasco Da Gama.<ref>{{cite book|last=Śiroḍakara|first=Pra. Pā|title=Goa's external relations: seminar papers|year=1992|publisher=Rajhauns Vitaran}}</ref> Their language parallels ] of the ]. This dialect of ] has heavy ] influence and may be considered the "Konkani slang" of Goan Muslims.<ref name=kon>{{cite book|last=Śiroḍakara|first=Pra. Pā|title=Goa's external relations: seminar papers|year=1992|publisher=Rajhauns Vitaran|page=12}}</ref> Goan Muslims are ] (speaking Konkani outside the home); mostly are educated in Portuguese,<ref name=goa>{{cite book|last=Śiroḍakara, Mandal|first=Pra. Pā, H. K.|title=People of India: Goa|year=1993|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|isbn= 9788171547609|pages=167, xviii}}</ref><ref name=urdu>{{cite web|last=Fatihi|first=A. R.|title=URDU IN GOA|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/july2003/urduingoa.html|work=LANGUAGE IN INDIA|access-date=2 February 2012}}</ref> and they use the ] and ] scripts for written communication.<ref name=goa /> Muslims resident in Goa constituted 8.33% of Goa population in 2011, but of these only a tiny minority are native Goans.<ref name="THReligion">{{cite news | ||
| |url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece | |||
| |title = India's religions by numbers | |||
| |date = 29 March 2016 | |||
| |publication-date = 26 August 2015 | |||
| |work = ] | |||
| |access-date = 6 September 2017 | |||
| |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160110201326/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/religious-communities-census-2011-what-the-numbers-say/article7582284.ece# | |||
| |archive-date = 10 January 2016 | |||
| |url-status = live | |||
| }}</ref> | |||
| ==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
| ===Castes=== | |||
| The majority of Goan Muslims follow ],<ref name=goa /> the predominant groups being that of Mullas/Mujawars, Sayeds, Shaikhs (Xec in Portuguese), Khans/Pathans, Khojas, Bhatiars (cooks), Bhoras (merchants) and Manyars (bangle-makers).{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} | |||
| The majority of Goan Muslims follow ],<ref name=goa /> the predominant groups being that of: | |||
| They observe all Muslim holidays and festivals. | |||
| * Mulla's (Mulam/Mullam in Portuguese), | |||
| {{anchor|In popular culture}} | |||
| * Muzawar's (Muzavor in Portuguese), | |||
| ⚫ | Goan Muslims |
||
| * ]s (Soiada/Soid in Portuguese), | |||
| Goans have a history of peace and harmony, without religious violence; one exception was a ] riot on March 3–4, 2006.<ref name=violance>{{cite news|title=Communal violence in Goa|newspaper=Gomantak Times|date=3–4 March 2006|page=1}}</ref> | |||
| * ] (Xec in Portuguese), | |||
| * ] (Can in Portuguese), | |||
| * ]s (Xaa in Portuguese), | |||
| * ] (Cazi in Portuguese). | |||
| * Beig's (BEC in Portuguese), | |||
| ===Festivals=== | |||
| {{anchor|Food}} | |||
| They observe all Muslim holidays and festivals such as ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ===Inter-Communal Relations=== | |||
| Goan Muslims are vastly outnumbered in Goa by non-Goan Muslims, because of the mass immigration taking place from other states of India since the ] in 1961. Muslims have generally been tolerated in Goa until this century. Anti-Muslim riots broke out after a local Hindu mob demolished a ] on 2–3 March 2006, which had been constructed by Muslim immigrants from Karnataka on the outskirts of ]-]. The anti-Muslim violence, which continued for three days before the ] stepped in, saw property worth crores of rupees destroyed. Mostly the native Goans had to pay the price from the outnumbered non-goan muslims.<ref name=violance>{{cite news|title=Communal violence in Goa|newspaper=Gomantak Times|date=3–4 March 2006|page=1}}</ref> | |||
| ===Law=== | |||
| ⚫ | Goan Muslims as well as ] from other religions are governed by a based on the progressive old Portuguese Family Laws. Unsuccessful attempts were made for a change towards enforcing ] since the early 1970s.<ref name=law>{{cite book|last=Siddiqi, Zuberi|first=Zakia A., Anwar Jahan|title=Muslim women: problems and prospects|year=1993|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn= 9788185880044|page=31}}</ref> Personal law of Hindus and Muslims is not recognized in Goa. | ||
| ==Cuisine== | |||
| ⚫ | Like Goans of other faiths, Goan Muslims' staple foods are rice and fish. Sea food is preferred to ] and ] is a delicacy only during festivals like Eid.<ref name=food>{{cite book|last=Chapman|first=Pat|title=India: Food & Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine|year=2009|publisher=New Holland Publishers|isbn= 9781845376192|page=38}}</ref> | ||
| ==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
| {{Refbegin}} | {{Refbegin}} | ||
| *{{note label|a|a|none}} |
*{{note label|a|a|none}}''Hindu, Kristao, Moir, sogle bhau'' ({{translation|Hindus, Christians and Muslims are all brothers.}})<ref name=moir>{{cite book|last=Furtado|first=A. D.|title=Goa, yesterday, to-day, tomorrow: an approach to various socio-economic and political issues in Goan life & re-interpretation of historical facts|year=1981|publisher=Furtado's Enterprises|page=xviii}}</ref> | ||
| *{{note label|b|b|none}}...अरबांशी विवाह्....बळजबरिने बाटवून...स्वेच्छेने इस्लाम स्विकारुन...<ref>''Gomantak:Prakruti ani Sanskruti-Goa:Nature and Culture,volume I,by Satoskar B.D</ref> | |||
| {{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
| == |
==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| {{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and Konkan}} | {{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and Konkan}} | ||
| {{Indian Muslim}} | {{Indian Muslim}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{Islam in India}} | ||
| ⚫ | {{anchor|Exonym}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:34, 15 October 2024
Ethnic group
| Moir, Mouro | |
|---|---|
| Languages | |
| Urdu and Konkani | |
| Religion | |
| Sunni Islam | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Goans, Nawayath, Konkani Muslims |
The Goan Muslims are a minority community who follow Islam in the Indian coastal state of Goa, some are also present in the union territory of Damaon, Diu & Silvassa. They are native to Goa, unlike recent Muslim migrants from mainland India, and are commonly referred to as Moir (Konkani: मैर) by Goans in Goan Konkani. Moir is derived from the Portuguese word Mouro. The Portuguese called them Mouros because they (and the Spaniards) were in contact with the Moors, people of predominantly Muslim Maghreb country, who had conquered and colonised the Iberian peninsula for centuries.
History
Although the advent of Muslims in Goa occurred later in history, Arab geographers referred to Goa as Sindabur and believed that Goa had one of the best ports in western India. In 554 AH (1159 AD), Sidi Ali Kodupon wrote the Turkish-language book Mohit. In the book, Goa is referred to as Kuvah-Sindabur: a combination of the names Kuvah (Goa) and Sindabur (Chandor).
The copper plate of Kadamba Jayakesi I refers to the Muslim Minister named Chadma. While Kadamba ruler Gullhadeva I was sailing towards Somanath, his ship got involved in a naval accident and the mast of his ship broke. His grandson Jayakesi I gave Chadma, the privilege of levying the taxes on small and big boats. The amount collected by way of taxes was utilized for the maintenance of the mosques built in Goa at Merces). Later Muslim sultans from North India migrated to Goa by force of conquest and established their society; this was the first major influx of Muslims into Goa, which led some local Hindus to migrate elsewhere. After Malik Kafur invasion and subsequently during the rule of Sultanate, there were Muslim Officers in Goa like Malik Bahadur. After the downfall of the Goa Kadamba, some Muslims might have migrated to Bhatkal and Honavar. The Nawayaths of Bhatkal are the descendant of Muslim community and once lived in Goa.
The Delhi Sultanate took over Goa in 1312. In turn, they were forced to surrender Goa by 1370 to Harihara I of Vijayanagara. The Vijayanagara monarchs ruled Goa for the next hundred years (until 1469), before it passed to the Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga. After the Bahmani Sultanate collapsed the Adil Shahis of Bijapur took over, making Velha Goa their ancillary capital. During this era, Muslim pilgrims from all over India embarked on their journey to Mecca from Goa. Thus by this time Muslim community evolved in Goa.
By the time the Portuguese arrived in 1510, the population of Tiswadi had a vast number of Muslim population. Afonso de Albuquerque took the help of Timoji and defeated the ruling Bijapur king Yusuf Adil Shah during the Portuguese conquest of Goa. The Muslim residents of Goa were exiled (e.g. Benastarim) or killed (e.g. Velha Goa) by the Portuguese and the local Hindus. All the mosques were destroyed and churches were built on them.
From 1560 to 1821, the Goa Inquisition was established. One of its primary targets were crypto-Muslims of North African origin who had immigrated to Goa from the Iberian peninsula following the Portuguese conquest. Of the 1,582 persons convicted between 1560 and 1623, 45.2% were convicted for offenses related to Judaism and Islam. However, a compilation of the auto-da-fé statistics of the Goa Inquisition from 1560 to 1821 revealed that a grand total of only 57 persons were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i.e. a statue resembling the person). All the burnt were convicted as relapsed heretics or for sodomy.
Demography
Native Goan Muslims are concentrated in the Novas Conquistas regions of Sattari, Bicholim, Sanguem, Ponda, Betul, Salcete, Tiswadi, Canacona, Pilar, Old Goa, Bardez and some areas of the coast of Vasco Da Gama. Their language parallels Dakhini of the Deccan Plateau. This dialect of Urdu has heavy Konkani influence and may be considered the "Konkani slang" of Goan Muslims. Goan Muslims are bilingual (speaking Konkani outside the home); mostly are educated in Portuguese, and they use the Perso-Arabic and Devanagari scripts for written communication. Muslims resident in Goa constituted 8.33% of Goa population in 2011, but of these only a tiny minority are native Goans.
Culture
Castes
The majority of Goan Muslims follow Sunni Islam, the predominant groups being that of:
- Mulla's (Mulam/Mullam in Portuguese),
- Muzawar's (Muzavor in Portuguese),
- Sayyid's (Soiada/Soid in Portuguese),
- Shaikh's (Xec in Portuguese),
- Khan's (Can in Portuguese),
- Shaa's (Xaa in Portuguese),
- Kazi's (Cazi in Portuguese).
- Beig's (BEC in Portuguese),
Festivals
They observe all Muslim holidays and festivals such as Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr, Eid al-Adha and Eid-e-Milad.
Inter-Communal Relations
Goan Muslims are vastly outnumbered in Goa by non-Goan Muslims, because of the mass immigration taking place from other states of India since the Annexation of Goa in 1961. Muslims have generally been tolerated in Goa until this century. Anti-Muslim riots broke out after a local Hindu mob demolished a madrassa on 2–3 March 2006, which had been constructed by Muslim immigrants from Karnataka on the outskirts of Sanvordem-Curchorem. The anti-Muslim violence, which continued for three days before the Central Industrial Security Force stepped in, saw property worth crores of rupees destroyed. Mostly the native Goans had to pay the price from the outnumbered non-goan muslims.
Law
Goan Muslims as well as Goans from other religions are governed by a Portuguese Civil code based on the progressive old Portuguese Family Laws. Unsuccessful attempts were made for a change towards enforcing Muslim personal law since the early 1970s. Personal law of Hindus and Muslims is not recognized in Goa.
Cuisine
Like Goans of other faiths, Goan Muslims' staple foods are rice and fish. Sea food is preferred to mutton and biryani is a delicacy only during festivals like Eid.
Notes
References
- Śiroḍakara, Mandal, Anthropological Survey of Indi, Pra. Pā, H K. (1993). People of India: Goa. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 167. ISBN 9788171547609.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay". Asiatic Society of Bombay. 11: 292.
- Moraes, George M. (1995). The Kadamba Kula. Asian Educational Services. p. 400. ISBN 9788120605954.
- Kurzon, Dennis (2004). Where East Looks West: Success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast Volume 125 of Multilingual matters. Multilingual Matters. p. 76. ISBN 9781853596735.
- Mitragotri, Vithal Raghavendra (1999). A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara. Institute Menezes Braganza. pp. 74–75.
- De Souza, Teotonio R. (1989). Essays in Goan History. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9788170222637.
- Bradnock, Robert W.; Bradnock, Roma (2000). Goa handbook. Footprint Handbooks. pp. 214, 253. ISBN 9781900949453.
- Kurzon, Dennis (2004). Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast. Multilingual Matters. p. 76. ISBN 9781853596735.
- D'Souza, Bento Graciano (1975). Goan Society in Transition: A Study in Social Change. Popular Prakashan. p. 54.
- Machado Prabhu, Alan (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications.
- Crowley, Roger (2015). Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire. London: Faber & Faber.
- Delgado Figueira, João (1623). Listas da Inquisição de Goa (1560-1623). Lisbon: Biblioteca National.
- de Almeida, Fortunato (1923). História da Igreja em Portugal, vol. IV. Porto: Portucalense Editora.
- Śiroḍakara, Pra. Pā (1992). Goa's external relations: seminar papers. Rajhauns Vitaran.
- Śiroḍakara, Pra. Pā (1992). Goa's external relations: seminar papers. Rajhauns Vitaran. p. 12.
- ^ Śiroḍakara, Mandal, Pra. Pā, H. K. (1993). People of India: Goa. Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 167, xviii. ISBN 9788171547609.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Fatihi, A. R. "URDU IN GOA". LANGUAGE IN INDIA. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
- "India's religions by numbers". The Hindu (published 26 August 2015). 29 March 2016. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2017.
- "Communal violence in Goa". Gomantak Times. 3–4 March 2006. p. 1.
- Siddiqi, Zuberi, Zakia A., Anwar Jahan (1993). Muslim women: problems and prospects. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 31. ISBN 9788185880044.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Chapman, Pat (2009). India: Food & Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine. New Holland Publishers. p. 38. ISBN 9781845376192.
- Furtado, A. D. (1981). Goa, yesterday, to-day, tomorrow: an approach to various socio-economic and political issues in Goan life & re-interpretation of historical facts. Furtado's Enterprises. p. xviii.
| Ethnic groups, social groups and tribes of Goa and the Konkan region | |
|---|---|
| Maratha and associated groups | |
| Saraswats | |
| Karhades | |
| Konkanasthas | |
| Daivadnya | |
| Vaishya | |
| Prabhus | |
| Others | |
| Roman Catholics | |
| Islam | |
| Related articles | |
| Part of a series on |
| Islam in India |
|---|
 |
| History |
Architecture |
| Major figures |
Famous families and ethnicities
|
| Schools of law |
| Contemporary movements |
| Mosques in India |
| Universities |
Influential bodies
|
Categories: