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{{Short description|Palestinian neighborhood in East Jerusalem}}
{{Infobox Israel municipality
{{Infobox settlement
|name=Sur Baher
| name = Sur Baher
|image_skyline=SurBaher.jpg
| native_name = {{Hlist
|image_caption=Sur Baher
| {{Lang|he|{{lang|he|צור באהר}}|rtl=yes}}
|hebname=
| {{Lang|ar|{{lang|ar|صور باهر}}|rtl=yes}}
|ISO=
}}
|arname=صور باهر
| translit_lang1 = Hebrew
|meaning=The wall of Bahir (Prominent)<ref>Palmer 1881, p. </ref>
| translit_lang1_type3 = Also spelled
|pushpin_map=Israel jerusalem
| translit_lang1_info3 = Tsur Baher (unofficial)
|pushpin_label_position=bottom
| image_skyline = SurBaherDec102022 05.jpg
|latd=31 |latm=44 |lats=14
| image_caption = Sur Baher
|longd=35 |longm=13 |longs=59
| pushpin_map_alt = Sur Baher is located in East Jerusalem
|palgrid=172/127
| pushpin_map = Palestine
|founded=
| pushpin_mapsize = 150
|type=
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
|typefrom=
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sur Baher within ]
|stdHeb=
| coordinates = {{coord|31|44|14|N|35|13|59|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|altOffSp=Sur Bahr
| grid_name = Grid&nbsp;position
|altUnoSp=
| grid_position = 172/127 ]
|district=jerusalem
| subdivision_type1 = ]
|population=15,000
| subdivision_name1 = ]
|popyear=2006
| subdivision_type2 =
|area_dunam=
| subdivision_name2 =
|mayor=

| unit_pref = dunam
| population_total = 15,000
| population_as_of = 2006
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 = Name meaning
| blank_info_sec1 = The wall of Bahir (Prominent)<ref>Palmer 1881, p. </ref>
}} }}


] ]


'''Sur Baher''' (] ], ] צור באהר) is a Palestinian neighborhood on the southeastern outskirts of ]. It is located east of ] and northeast of ]. In 2006, Sur Baher had a population of 15,000.<ref name="maic.jmu.edu"></ref> '''Sur Baher''' ({{langx|ar|صور باهر}}, {{langx|he|צור באהר}}), also ''Tsur Baher'', is a ] neighborhood on the southeastern outskirts of ]. It is located east of ] and northeast of ]. In 2006, Sur Baher had a population of 15,000.<ref name="maic.jmu.edu"></ref>


==History== ==History==
{{see also|Umm Leisun inscription}}
During a general survey of the southern part of Sur Baher, ancient stone cut olive presses, wine presses, ]s and a ] were found.<ref>Dagan, Barda and ‘Adawi, 2009, </ref> A cave, with remains dating to the ] (12-11th centuries B.C.E.) were excavated at Khirbat Za‛kuka, south of Sur Baher.<ref>‘Adawi, 2014, </ref>
During a general survey of the southern part of Sur Baher, ancient stone cut olive presses, wine presses, ]s and a ] were found.<ref>Dagan, Barda and ‘Adawi, 2009, </ref> A cave, with remains dating to the ] (12-11th centuries B.C.E.) were excavated at Khirbat Za‛kuka, south of Sur Baher.<ref>‘Adawi, 2014, </ref>


A burial cave, dating to the end of the first century BCE and the first century CE have also been excavated. The cave contained remains of several ], in addition to ] and benches.<ref>Ganor and Klein, 2011, </ref> A burial cave, dating to the end of the first century BCE and the first century CE have also been excavated. The cave contained remains of several ], in addition to ] and benches.<ref>Ganor and Klein, 2011, </ref>


Pottery vessels that dated to the Late Roman and ] periods were excavated from an ancient quarry at Sur Baher.<ref>‘Adawi, 2010, </ref> Pottery vessels that dated to the Late Roman and ] periods were excavated from an ancient quarry at Sur Baher.<ref>‘Adawi, 2010, </ref> One mile straight to the east of Sur Baher tombs from the Byzantine era have been found.<ref>Bliss, 1898, pp. −243</ref> They were probably connected with the Georgian monastery at ].<ref>Seligman, 2015, pp. 145–180</ref><ref>Umm el Âisûn, or Umm Leisûn, Umm Leisûn, p.n. according to Palmer 1881, p. </ref>


In the ] era it was known as ''Casale Sorbael''.<ref>Rey, 1883, p. </ref><ref>Röhricht, 1887, p. </ref> In 1179 the village was mentioned as being among the villages whose revenue were given to the Mt. ] by ].<ref>Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. -154, No. 576</ref>
===1517-1920: Ottoman era===
Sur Baher, like the rest of ], was incorporated into the ] in 1517, and in the ] of 1596 "Sur Bahir" appeared as being in the '']'' of Quds in the '']'' of Quds. It had a population of 29 households, all ], and paid taxes on wheat barley, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and beehives.<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 120.</ref><ref>Toledano, 1984, p. 299, gives Sur Bahir‘s position as 31°44′15″N 35°13′40″E</ref>


===1517–1920: Ottoman era===
In 1838, ] noted ''Sur Bahil'' N 13° E from ].<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. </ref> French explorer ] visited the place in 1863, and described Sur Baher as having about 400 inhabitants.<ref>Guérin, 1869, p. </ref> An Ottoman village list of about 1870 found 46 houses and a population of 154, though the population count included only men. It further noted that it was an old, well-built and nice-looking village.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. </ref> In 1883, the ]'s ''Survey of Western Palestine'' described ''Sur Bahir'' as "a stone village of moderate size, on a bare hill. On the north is a well in the valley, and there are rock-cut tombs above it to the west."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. </ref>
Sur Baher, like the rest of ], was incorporated into the ] in 1517, and in the ] of 1596 "Sur Bahir" appeared as being in the '']'' of Quds in the '']'' of Quds. It had a population of 29 households, all ]. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat barley, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and beehives; a total of 12,983 ]. 15/24 of the revenues went to a ].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 120.</ref><ref>Toledano, 1984, p. 299, gives Sur Bahir‘s position as 31°44′15″N 35°13′40″E</ref>


In 1838, ] noted ''Sur Bahil'' N 13° E from ].<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. </ref> It was further noted as a Muslim village.<ref>Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. </ref>
===1920-1948: British Mandate era===
In the ], conducted by the ], Sur Baher had an all Muslim population of 993 persons.<ref>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. </ref> In the ] the population of Sur Bahir was a total of 1529, still all Muslim, in 308 inhabited houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p </ref>


French explorer ] visited the place in 1863, and described Sur Baher as having about 400 inhabitants.<ref>Guérin, 1869, p. </ref> An Ottoman village list of about 1870 found 46 houses and a population of 154, though the population count only included men. It further noted that it was an old, well-built and nice-looking village.<ref>Socin, 1879, p. </ref><ref>Hartmann, 1883, p. also noted 46 houses</ref>
In 1945 the population of Sur Baher, together with ], was 2,450, all Arabs, who owned 8,915 ]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> 911 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,927 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> while 56 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref>


In 1883, the ]'s '']'' described ''Sur Bahir'' as "a stone village of moderate size, on a bare hill. On the north is a well in the valley, and there are rock-cut tombs above it to the west."<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. </ref>
===1948-1967: Jordanian control===
{{expand section|date=May 2015}}
During the ], Sur Baher, along with the rest of the West Bank, ] and later annexed by ].


In 1896 the population of Sur Bahir was estimated to be about 300 persons.<ref>Schick, 1896, p. </ref>
===1967-present: Israeli control===
Israel captured Sur Baher from Jordan in 1967, during the ]. Sur Baher has been ] ever since.


===1920–1948: British Mandate era===
In 1970, Israel expropriated land around the village used for livestock grazing and harvesting olive and citrus groves from its owners.<ref name=su>{{cite book|author1=Amir S. Cheshin|author2=Bill Hutman|author3=Avi Melamed|title=Separate and Unequal: The Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem|date=2001|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674005532|page=35-37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO0tafb62oEC&pg=PA36}}</ref> Part of ] was built on that expropriated land.<ref name=su/> According to ], a fifth of Sur Baher's land was expropriated for East Talpiot, available land in the village became insufficient to meet the growing needs of the population, and it was difficult for Sur Baher residents to obtain building permits from the ].<ref name=b>{{cite book|author1=Isabel Kershner|title=Barrier: The Seam of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|date=2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781403968012|page=143-145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuEVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143}}</ref> Residents constructed homes on the remaining land in the Wadi al-Ain and Wadi al-Humus valleys across what is designated by Israel as the municipal border.<ref name=b/>
In the ], conducted by the ], Sur Baher had an all Muslim population of 993 persons.<ref>Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. </ref> In the ] the population of Sur Bahir was a total of 1529, still all Muslim, in 308 inhabited houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. </ref>


In the ] the population of Sur Baher, together with ], was 2,450, all Muslims,<ref name="1945p25">Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. </ref> who owned 8,915 ]s of land according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> 911 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,927 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref> while 56 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. </ref>
In 2000, the Israeli government and Jerusalem municipality approved building plans for two new high schools and a youth center. In September 2005, the Jerusalem municipality, in cooperation with the ], cleared a Jordanian minefield in Sur Baher. The work, carried out by an Israeli company, was completed by October 2005.<ref name="maic.jmu.edu"/> In May 2007, the municipality built two schools on the cleared land: a girls school attended by 800 students, and Ibn Rushd, a boys school attended by 700 students.<ref>''Arnona 2008,'' newsletter published by the public relations department of the Jerusalem Municipality http://www.jerusalem.muni.il</ref> Since 2013, Palestinian residents of Sur Baher are entitled to the services of ] (the Israeli National Insurance Institute) and the associated state health care.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Social-benefits-for-Palestinians-in-Sur-Baher-Hadoar-310257 |title=Social benefits for Palestinians in Sur Baher, Hadoar |publisher=Jpost Inc. |date=18 April 2013 |accessdate=15 April 2015}}</ref>

===1948–1967: Jordanian era===
During the ], Sur Baher was ] by ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Yoram Dinstein|author2=Mala Tabory|title=Israel Yearbook on Human Rights: 1993|url={{Google books |id=gRmNCr7-EXQC |page=41 |plainurl=yes }} |access-date=14 October 2015|date=1 September 1994|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=978-0-7923-2581-9|page=41|quote=Israel considers Jordan’s annexation of the West Bank, recognised only by Great Britain and Pakistan, to have been illegal.}}</ref>

In the 1961 Jordanian census, the population of Sur Baher was 2,335.<ref>Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. </ref> Sur Baher's population together with Umm Tuba and ] amounted to 4,012 in the same census.<ref name="V6TA">, ]</ref>

===1967–present: Israeli occupation===
]
Since the 1967 ], Sur Baher came under ].
The 1967 Israeli census showed there were 4,710 inhabitants in Sur Baher and ], an increase with 17.4% from the 1961 census.<ref name="V6TA"/>

Parts of the village have differing status, some is within the East Jerusalem boundary and some within the West Bank and a part is outside the boundary but still on the Israeli controlled side of the ].

Israel has divided Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba in two main parts: the western part, called "J1", (about 6,476 dunums (78.5% of the towns’ total area)) is under the control of the Jerusalem Municipality. The eastern part (1,769 dunums (21.5% of the towns’ total area)), called "J2", is divided into:
*705 ]s, 40%, classified as ],<ref name=ARIJ13/>
*55 dunams, 3% as ],<ref name=ARIJ13/>
*1,009 dunams, 57% as ]<ref name=ARIJ13> pp. 13-14</ref>

Part of "J2" is inside the ], part of it is outside.<ref name=ARIJ13/>

According to ], Israel has confiscated land from Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba in order to construct two Israeli settlements: 1,343 dunams for ], and 354 dunams for ].<ref> p. 14</ref>

In 1970, Israel expropriated land around the village used for livestock grazing and harvesting olive and citrus groves from its owners.<ref name=su>{{cite book|author1=Amir S. Cheshin|author2=Bill Hutman|author3=Avi Melamed|title=Separate and Unequal: The Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem|date=2001|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674005532|pages=35–37|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RO0tafb62oEC&pg=PA36}}</ref> Most of that land was utilized in the building of the Jerusalem Jewish only neighborhood/settlement of ].<ref name=su/> According to ], a fifth of Sur Baher's land was expropriated for East Talpiot, available land in the village became insufficient to meet the growing needs of the population, and it was difficult for Sur Baher residents to obtain building permits from the ].<ref name=b>Kershner, 2005, p. -145</ref> Residents constructed homes on the remaining land in the Wadi al-Ain and Wadi al-Humus valleys across what is designated by Israel as the municipal border.<ref name=b/>

In 2000, the Israeli government and Jerusalem municipality approved building plans for two new high schools and a youth center. In September 2005, the Jerusalem municipality, in cooperation with the ], cleared a Jordanian minefield in Sur Baher. The work, carried out by an Israeli company, was completed by October 2005.<ref name="maic.jmu.edu"/> In May 2007, the municipality built two schools on the cleared land: a girls school attended by 800 students, and Ibn Rushd, a boys school attended by 700 students.<ref>''Arnona 2008,'' newsletter published by the public relations department of the Jerusalem Municipality http://www.jerusalem.muni.il {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110203614/http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/ |date=2006-11-10 }}</ref> Since 2013, even non-Israeli Palestinian residents of Sur Baher are entitled to the services of ] (the Israeli National Insurance Institute) and the associated state health care.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Social-benefits-for-Palestinians-in-Sur-Baher-Hadoar-310257 |title=Social benefits for Palestinians in Sur Baher, Hadoar |publisher=Jpost Inc. |date=18 April 2013 |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref>

In response to the demolition on July 22, 2019, of up to 16 residential buildings in the neighbourhood of Wadi al-Hummus in the village of Sur Baher, Amnesty condemned the action stating: "These demolitions are a flagrant violation of international law and part of a systematic pattern by the Israeli authorities to forcibly displace Palestinians in the occupied territories; such actions amount to war crimes."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/07/israel-continues-policy-of-systematic-forced-displacement-with-wave-of-home-demolitions-in-sur-baher/|title=Israel continues policy of systematic forced displacement with wave of home demolitions in Sur Baher |publisher=Amnesty International |date=July 22, 2019 |access-date = December 9, 2019 }}</ref> OCHA provided background information on the situation in Sur Baher where the Barrier has been routed around Sur Bahir so that parts of Area A, B and C fall on the Jerusalem side but have not been incorporated within the municipal boundary, although they are now physically separated from the remainder of the West Bank.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ochaopt.org/content/un-officials-call-israeli-authorities-halt-plans-demolitions-sur-bahir/|title=Threat of demolitions in East Jerusalem Houses to be demolished in Sur Bahir because of proximity to the Barrier |publisher=OCHA, UN|date=July 9, 2019 |access-date = December 9, 2019 }}</ref>

==Sights of Sur Baher==
<gallery widths="250" heights="250">
File:SurBaherFeb162022 04.jpg|
File:SurBaherDec102022 01.jpg|
File:SurBaherDec102022 02.jpg|
File:SurBaherDec102022 04.jpg|
File:SurBaherDec102022 08.jpg|
</gallery>


==References== ==References==
{{Reflist|2}} {{reflist|25em}}


==Bibliography== ==Bibliography==
{{Commons category}}
{{refbegin}} {{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |last= ‘Adawi |first=Zubair |date= 2010-01-19 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=1310&mag_id=117 |title=Jerusalem, Sur Bahir, Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=122}} *{{cite journal |last= ‘Adawi |first=Zubair |date= 2010-01-19 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1310&mag_id=117|title=Jerusalem, Sur Bahir, Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=122}}
*{{cite journal |last= ‘Adawi |first=Zubair |date= 2014-08-07 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=9563&mag_id=121 |title=Jerusalem, Khirbat Za‘kuka (Sur Bahir) Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=126}} *{{cite journal |last= ‘Adawi |first=Zubair |date= 2014-08-07 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=9563&mag_id=121 |title=Jerusalem, Khirbat Za'kuka (Sur Bahir) Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=126}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/PalestineCensus1922.pdf |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}} *{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite book |author =Bliss, F.J. |author-link =Frederick J. Bliss| title = Excavations at Jerusalem |url=https://archive.org/details/excavationsatjer00blis/page/239/mode/1up |location =London|publisher = Committee of the Palestine exploration fund| year = 1898}}
*{{cite book|last=Clermont-Ganneau|first=Charles Simon |authorlink=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|title= Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane|url=http://www.archive.org/details/archaeologicalre01cler|volume=1|year=1899|publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund|location=London}} (pp. -459)
*{{cite book|last=Clermont-Ganneau|first=C.S. |author-link=Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau|title= Archaeological Researches in Palestine 1873-1874, translated from the French by J. McFarlane|url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalre01cler|volume=1|year=1899|publisher=Palestine Exploration Fund|location=London}} (pp. -459)
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=Claude Reignier|authorlink1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H. H.|authorlink2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=3}}
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1883|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp03conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=]|volume=3}}
*{{cite journal |last1= Dagan |first1=Yehuda |last2= Barda |first2= Leticia |last3= ‘Adawi |first3=Zubair |date= 2009-12-13 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1288&mag_id=115 |title=Jerusalem, Sur Bahir, Survey Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=121}}
*{{cite journal |last1= Ganor |first1=Amir |last2= Klein |first2= Alon |date= 2011-09-12 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=1817&mag_id=118 |title=Sur Bahir, Survey Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=123}} *{{cite journal |last1= Dagan |first1=Yehuda |last2= Barda |first2= Leticia |last3= ‘Adawi |first3=Zubair |date= 2009-12-13 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1288&mag_id=115 |title=Jerusalem, Sur Bahir, Survey Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=121}}
*{{cite journal |last1= Ganor |first1=Amir |last2= Klein |first2= Alon |date= 2011-09-12 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1817&mag_id=118 |title=Sur Bahir, Survey Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=123}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=Victor|authorlink=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=http://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr06gugoog|volume=1: Judee, pt. 3|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=French}}
*{{cite book | title = First Census of Population and Housing. Volume I: Final Tables; General Characteristics of the Population | author = Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics | year = 1964|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/JordanCensus1961bits.pdf}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first1=Sami|last1=Hadawi|authorlink=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}} <!--p.83-->
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}
*{{cite book|last1=Hütteroth|first1=Wolf-Dieter|last2=Abdulfattah|first2=Kamal|title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century|year=1977|publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|ISBN=0-88728-224-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr06gugoog|volume=1: Judee, pt. 3|year=1869|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=http://ia701204.us.archive.org/15/items/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas/PalestineCensus1931.pdf | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|authorlink=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=http://www.archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}}
*{{cite journal | last = Hartmann | first =M.| author-link = Martin Hartmann | title = Die Ortschaftenliste des Liwa Jerusalem in dem türkischen Staatskalender für Syrien auf das Jahr 1288 der Flucht (1871) | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 6 | pages = 102–149 | url =https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BZobAQAAIAAJ | year = 1883}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Edward|authorlink1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=Eli|authorlink2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=http://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=2}}
*{{cite book | last1= Hütteroth |first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth |first2=K. | last2=Abdulfattah |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah | title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite journal | author = Socin, A. | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = http://www.archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
*{{cite book|first=I.|last= Kershner|author-link=Isabel Kershner|title=Barrier: The Seam of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict|date=2005|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=9781403968012|pages=143–145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuEVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143}}
*{{cite journal|last=Toledano |first=E. |title=The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population |journal =Archivum Ottomanicum|volume=9|pages=279–319 |date=1984}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite journal|last=Mizrahi|first=Sivan |date= 2013-12-08 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=5388 |title=Jerusalem, Khirbat Umm Leisun|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=125}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=]}}
*{{cite book|last=Rey|first=E.G.|author-link=:fr:Emmanuel Guillaume-Rey |title=Les colonies franques de Syrie aux XIIme et XIIIme siècles|url=https://archive.org/details/lescoloniesfran01reygoog|year=1883|publisher=A. Picard|location=Paris|language=fr}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearc00smitgoog |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=2}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=https://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft |title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838| location=Boston|publisher=]|volume=3}}
*{{cite journal|last=Röhricht|first=R.|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht|year=1887|title=Studien zur mittelalterlichen Geographie und Topographie Syriens|journal=Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins|publisher=K. Baedeker|location=Leipzig|volume=10|pages=195–344|url=https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde09deut|language=de}}
*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R.|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht|title= (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=la}}
*{{cite journal | last = Schick | first =C.| author-link = Conrad Schick | title = Zur Einwohnerzahl des Bezirks Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 19 | pages = 120–127 | url =https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde19deut | year = 1896}}
*{{cite journal |author=Seligman, J.|year=2015|url=https://www.academia.edu/19357189 |title=A Georgian Monastery from the Byzantine Period at Khirbat Umm Leisun, Jerusalem|journal='Atiqot|volume=83|pages=145–180}}
*{{cite journal | last = Socin | first =A.| author-link = Albert Socin | title = Alphabetisches Verzeichniss von Ortschaften des Paschalik Jerusalem | journal = Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins | volume = 2 | pages = 135–163 | url = https://archive.org/details/zeitschriftdesde01deut | year = 1879}}
*{{cite journal|last=Toledano |first=E. |author-link=Ehud R. Toledano |title=The Sanjaq of Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century: Aspects of Topography and Population |url=http://alkindi.ideo-cairo.org/manifestation/61348|journal =Archivum Ottomanicum|volume=9|pages=279–319 |date=1984}}
*{{cite journal|last=Yeger|first=David |date= 2015-12-31 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=24883 |title=Jerusalem, Khirbat Umm Leisun|publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=127}}
{{refend}} {{refend}}


==External links== ==External links==
* *
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: , *Survey of Western Palestine, Map 17: , ]
*, ARIJ *, ] (ARIJ)
*, ARIJ *, ARIJ
*, ARIJ *, ARIJ
* on ] * on ]
* on * on

{{Neighborhoods of Jerusalem}} {{Neighborhoods of Jerusalem}}
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] ]

Latest revision as of 16:38, 8 January 2025

Palestinian neighborhood in East Jerusalem Place in Jerusalem
Sur Baher
  • צור באהר
  • صور باهر
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • Also spelledTsur Baher (unofficial)
Sur BaherSur Baher
Sur Baher is located in East JerusalemSur Baher is located in East JerusalemSur BaherLocation of Sur Baher within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°44′14″N 35°13′59″E / 31.73722°N 35.23306°E / 31.73722; 35.23306
Grid position172/127 PAL
Jerusalem MunicipalityJerusalem
Population
 • Total15,000
Name meaningThe wall of Bahir (Prominent)
Sur Baher

Sur Baher (Arabic: صور باهر, Hebrew: צור באהר), also Tsur Baher, is a Palestinian neighborhood on the southeastern outskirts of East Jerusalem. It is located east of Ramat Rachel and northeast of Har Homa. In 2006, Sur Baher had a population of 15,000.

History

See also: Umm Leisun inscription

During a general survey of the southern part of Sur Baher, ancient stone cut olive presses, wine presses, cisterns and a limekiln were found. A cave, with remains dating to the Iron Age I (12-11th centuries B.C.E.) were excavated at Khirbat Za‛kuka, south of Sur Baher.

A burial cave, dating to the end of the first century BCE and the first century CE have also been excavated. The cave contained remains of several ossuaries, in addition to arcosolia and benches.

Pottery vessels that dated to the Late Roman and Byzantine periods were excavated from an ancient quarry at Sur Baher. One mile straight to the east of Sur Baher tombs from the Byzantine era have been found. They were probably connected with the Georgian monastery at Umm Leisun.

In the Crusader era it was known as Casale Sorbael. In 1179 the village was mentioned as being among the villages whose revenue were given to the Mt. Zion Abbey by Pope Alexander III.

1517–1920: Ottoman era

Sur Baher, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the tax registers of 1596 "Sur Bahir" appeared as being in the Nahiya of Quds in the Liwa of Quds. It had a population of 29 households, all Muslim. They paid a fixed tax-rate of 33.3% on agricultural products, including wheat barley, vineyards and fruit trees, goats and beehives; a total of 12,983 akçe. 15/24 of the revenues went to a waqf.

In 1838, Edward Robinson noted Sur Bahil N 13° E from Tuqu'. It was further noted as a Muslim village.

French explorer Victor Guérin visited the place in 1863, and described Sur Baher as having about 400 inhabitants. An Ottoman village list of about 1870 found 46 houses and a population of 154, though the population count only included men. It further noted that it was an old, well-built and nice-looking village.

In 1883, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Sur Bahir as "a stone village of moderate size, on a bare hill. On the north is a well in the valley, and there are rock-cut tombs above it to the west."

In 1896 the population of Sur Bahir was estimated to be about 300 persons.

1920–1948: British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sur Baher had an all Muslim population of 993 persons. In the 1931 census the population of Sur Bahir was a total of 1529, still all Muslim, in 308 inhabited houses.

In the 1945 statistics the population of Sur Baher, together with Umm Tuba, was 2,450, all Muslims, who owned 8,915 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey. 911 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 3,927 used for cereals, while 56 dunams were built-up (urban) land.

1948–1967: Jordanian era

During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Sur Baher was occupied and later annexed by Jordan.

In the 1961 Jordanian census, the population of Sur Baher was 2,335. Sur Baher's population together with Umm Tuba and Arab el Subeira amounted to 4,012 in the same census.

1967–present: Israeli occupation

Structures at risk of demolition

Since the 1967 Six-Day War, Sur Baher came under Israeli occupation. The 1967 Israeli census showed there were 4,710 inhabitants in Sur Baher and Umm Tuba, an increase with 17.4% from the 1961 census.

Parts of the village have differing status, some is within the East Jerusalem boundary and some within the West Bank and a part is outside the boundary but still on the Israeli controlled side of the barrier wall.

Israel has divided Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba in two main parts: the western part, called "J1", (about 6,476 dunums (78.5% of the towns’ total area)) is under the control of the Jerusalem Municipality. The eastern part (1,769 dunums (21.5% of the towns’ total area)), called "J2", is divided into:

Part of "J2" is inside the wall, part of it is outside.

According to ARIJ, Israel has confiscated land from Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba in order to construct two Israeli settlements: 1,343 dunams for East Talpiot, and 354 dunams for Har Homa.

In 1970, Israel expropriated land around the village used for livestock grazing and harvesting olive and citrus groves from its owners. Most of that land was utilized in the building of the Jerusalem Jewish only neighborhood/settlement of East Talpiot. According to Isabel Kershner, a fifth of Sur Baher's land was expropriated for East Talpiot, available land in the village became insufficient to meet the growing needs of the population, and it was difficult for Sur Baher residents to obtain building permits from the Jerusalem Municipality. Residents constructed homes on the remaining land in the Wadi al-Ain and Wadi al-Humus valleys across what is designated by Israel as the municipal border.

In 2000, the Israeli government and Jerusalem municipality approved building plans for two new high schools and a youth center. In September 2005, the Jerusalem municipality, in cooperation with the Israel Defense Forces, cleared a Jordanian minefield in Sur Baher. The work, carried out by an Israeli company, was completed by October 2005. In May 2007, the municipality built two schools on the cleared land: a girls school attended by 800 students, and Ibn Rushd, a boys school attended by 700 students. Since 2013, even non-Israeli Palestinian residents of Sur Baher are entitled to the services of Bituah Leumi (the Israeli National Insurance Institute) and the associated state health care.

In response to the demolition on July 22, 2019, of up to 16 residential buildings in the neighbourhood of Wadi al-Hummus in the village of Sur Baher, Amnesty condemned the action stating: "These demolitions are a flagrant violation of international law and part of a systematic pattern by the Israeli authorities to forcibly displace Palestinians in the occupied territories; such actions amount to war crimes." OCHA provided background information on the situation in Sur Baher where the Barrier has been routed around Sur Bahir so that parts of Area A, B and C fall on the Jerusalem side but have not been incorporated within the municipal boundary, although they are now physically separated from the remainder of the West Bank.

Sights of Sur Baher

References

  1. Palmer 1881, p. 329
  2. ^ Minefield as a School Ground: The Tzur Baher Minefield Clearance Project, by Bentzi Telefus
  3. Dagan, Barda and ‘Adawi, 2009, Jerusalem, Sur Bahir, Survey Final Report
  4. ‘Adawi, 2014, Jerusalem, Khirbat Za‘kuka (Sur Bahir) Final Report
  5. Ganor and Klein, 2011, Sur Bahir, Survey Final Report
  6. ‘Adawi, 2010, Jerusalem, Sur Bahir, Final Report
  7. Bliss, 1898, pp. 239−243
  8. Seligman, 2015, pp. 145–180
  9. Umm el Âisûn, or Umm Leisûn, Umm Leisûn, p.n. according to Palmer 1881, p. 330
  10. Rey, 1883, p. 391
  11. Röhricht, 1887, p. 221
  12. Röhricht, 1893, RRH, pp. 153-154, No. 576
  13. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 120.
  14. Toledano, 1984, p. 299, gives Sur Bahir‘s position as 31°44′15″N 35°13′40″E
  15. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 183
  16. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 122
  17. Guérin, 1869, p. 83
  18. Socin, 1879, p. 161
  19. Hartmann, 1883, p. 124 also noted 46 houses
  20. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p. 30
  21. Schick, 1896, p. 125
  22. Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  23. Mills, 1932, p. 44
  24. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 25
  25. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 58
  26. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 104
  27. Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 154
  28. Yoram Dinstein; Mala Tabory (1 September 1994). Israel Yearbook on Human Rights: 1993. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 41. ISBN 978-0-7923-2581-9. Retrieved 14 October 2015. Israel considers Jordan's annexation of the West Bank, recognised only by Great Britain and Pakistan, to have been illegal.
  29. Government of Jordan, Department of Statistics, 1964, p. 14
  30. ^ Volume 6 Table A - Comparison between 1967 (Israeli) and 1961 (Jordanian) census, Levy Economics Institute
  31. ^ Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba Town Profile pp. 13-14
  32. Sur Bahir & Umm Tuba Town Profile p. 14
  33. ^ Amir S. Cheshin; Bill Hutman; Avi Melamed (2001). Separate and Unequal: The Inside Story of Israeli Rule in East Jerusalem. Harvard University Press. pp. 35–37. ISBN 9780674005532.
  34. ^ Kershner, 2005, p. 143-145
  35. Arnona 2008, newsletter published by the public relations department of the Jerusalem Municipality http://www.jerusalem.muni.il Archived 2006-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
  36. "Social benefits for Palestinians in Sur Baher, Hadoar". Jpost Inc. 18 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  37. "Israel continues policy of systematic forced displacement with wave of home demolitions in Sur Baher". Amnesty International. July 22, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  38. "Threat of demolitions in East Jerusalem Houses to be demolished in Sur Bahir because of proximity to the Barrier". OCHA, UN. July 9, 2019. Retrieved December 9, 2019.

Bibliography

External links

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