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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox political party {{Infobox political party
| colorcode = {{Gahal/meta/color}} | colorcode = {{party color|Gahal}}
| name_english = Herut-Liberals Bloc | name = Herut–Liberals Bloc
| native_name = {{lang-he|גוש חרות-ליברלים}} | native_name = {{Script/Hebrew|גוש חרות-ליברלים}}
| logo = Gahal.svg
| party_logo =
⚫ | chairperson = ]
| leader1_title = Chairperson
| foundation = {{Start date|1965|5|25|df=y}}
⚫ | leader1_name = ]
| foundation = {{Start date|1965|5|25}} | dissolution = {{End date|1973}}
| successor = ]
| dissolution = {{End date|1973}}
| successor = ] | headquarters = ], ]
| headquarters = ], ] | position = ] to ]
| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Gahal}}|border=darkgray}} ]
| position = ]
| symbol = ]
| colours = {{colorbox|{{Gahal/meta/color}}}} ]
⚫ | country = Israel
| symbol = חל
| ideology = ]<br />]<br />]<br />'''''Factions'''''<br />]<br />]
⚫ | country = Israel
| affiliation1_title = Member parties
⚫ | affiliation1 = {{nowrap|]<br />]}}
| seats1_title = Most MKs
| seats1 = {{nowrap|27 (1961)}}
| seats2_title = {{nowrap|Fewest MKs}}
| seats2 = 26 (1965, 1969)
}} }}


'''Gahal''' ({{lang-he|גח"ל}}, an acronym for ''Gush Herut-Liberalim'' (Hebrew: גוש חרות-ליברלים), ''lit.'' Herut-Liberals Bloc) was one of the major ] ] in ] led by ] from its founding in 1965 until it merged into ] in 1973. '''Gahal''' ({{langx|he|גח"ל}}, an acronym for ''Gush Herut–Liberalim'' (Hebrew: {{Script/Hebrew|גוש חרות-ליברלים}}), ''lit.'' ''Freedom–Liberals Bloc'') was the main ]-leaning ] in ], ranging from the ] to right-wing, from its founding in 1965 until the establishment of ] in 1973. It was led by ].


==History== ==History==
Gahal was formed by an alliance of ] and the ] towards the end of the ] in preparation for the ]. The alliance brought together the only two right-wing parties in the ], each with 17 seats at the time. The Liberal Party had only been formed in 1961 by a merger of the ] and the ]. The Gahal platform largely incorporated Herut's approach to security and foreign affairs and the Liberal Party's approach to economics and finance.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HKflRaTl0hQC&pg=PA66&#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Politics of Compromise: State and Religion in Israel |author=Ervin Birnbaum |year= 1970|isbn=08386 7567 0|page=64}}</ref> Gahal was formed by an alliance of ] and the ] towards the end of the ] in preparation for the ]. The alliance brought together the only two right-wing parties in the ], each with 17 seats at the time. The Liberal Party had only been formed in 1961, by a merger of the ] and the ]. The Gahal platform largely incorporated Herut's approach to security and foreign affairs and the Liberal Party's approach to economics and finance.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofcompro0000birn |url-access=registration |title=The Politics of Compromise: State and Religion in Israel |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |author=Ervin Birnbaum |year=1970 |isbn=08386-7567-0|page=}}</ref> Though Gahal was led by Begin, Herut and the Liberals initially had nearly equal strength in the alliance.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7NFMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT140 |title=The Government and Politics of Israel |author=Don Peretz and Gideon Doron |publisher=Perseus |year=1997 |edition=3 |page=140|isbn=9780429974120 }}</ref>


However, several former Liberal Party members were unhappy with the alliance, identifying Herut and its leader, Menachem Begin as too right-wing. As a result, seven MKs broke away from the Liberal Party to form the ], which later merged into the ] ]. Nevertheless, the new party went into the elections with 27 seats, just seven less than ], the party which had dominated Israeli politics since independence, although Mapai also had been reduced in size due to a breakaway of 8 MKs led by ] to found ]. However, several former Liberal Party members were unhappy with the alliance, identifying Herut and its leader, Menachem Begin, as too right-wing. As a result, seven MKs broke away from the Liberal Party to form the ], which later merged into the ] ]. Nevertheless, the new party went into the elections with 27 seats, just seven less than ], the party that had dominated Israeli politics since independence, although Mapai also had been reduced in size due to a breakaway of eight MKs led by ] to found ].


Led by Begin, in its first electoral test Gahal won 26 seats. However, it was outperformed by the ] (a new left-wing alliance of ] and ]), which won 46 seats. The party was reduced in strength when three Gahal MKs broke away to form the ], and a fourth later left. Led by Begin, in its first electoral test Gahal won 26 seats. However, it was outperformed by the Alignment (a new left-wing alliance of Mapai and ]) which won 46 seats. Gahal was reduced in strength when three of its MKs broke away to form the ], and a fourth later left.


During the ], Alignment leader and ] ] invited Gahal to join a ]. The party remained in the government after the war, and kept its place when ] became Prime Minister following Eshkol's death in 1969. During the ], Alignment leader and ] ] invited Gahal to join a ]. The party remained in the government after the war, and kept its place when ] became Prime Minister following Eshkol's death in 1969.


In the ], Gahal maintained its 26-seat strength, but was comprehensively beaten by the Alignment, which won 56, in the best-ever election performance in Israeli political history. Nevertheless, it remained within the national unity government. The announcement of the ] on December 9 had alarmed Menachem Begin sufficiently to cause the Herut faction to stop haggling with the Labor Party and accept the six cabinet seats offered in the new government. At the UN, a similar American proposal to ] on December 18, explicitly calling for Israeli withdrawal from the ], removed any remaining differences with the prime minister, since they both saw this as a challenge requiring a blunt and energetic response.<ref>http://www.jstor.org/stable/4328055?seq=12 In the ] Gahal maintained its 26-seat strength, but was comprehensively beaten by the Alignment, which won 56, in the strongest-ever election performance in Israeli political history. Nevertheless, Gahal remained within the national unity government. The announcement of the ] on 9 December had alarmed Menachem Begin sufficiently to cause the Herut faction to stop haggling with the Labor Party and accept the six cabinet seats offered in the new government. At the UN, a similar American proposal to ] on 18 December, explicitly calling for Israeli withdrawal from the ], removed any remaining differences between Gahal and the Prime Minister, since they both saw this as a challenge requiring a blunt and energetic response.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=4328055 |title=US-Soviet Negotiations of 1969 and the Rogers Plan |author=David A. Korn |author-link=David A. Korn |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=44 |issue=1 |date=Winter 1990 |pages=37–50 |publisher=Middle East Institute}}</ref> However, Gahal pulled out of the coalition in August 1970 after the government announced its support for the Rogers Plan. Although the government later retracted its support for the plan, Gahal did not rejoin the coalition.
''US-Soviet Negotiations of 1969 and the Rogers Plan'', ], Middle East, Journal, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Winter, 1990), pp. 37-50, ]</ref>
Gahal pulled out of the coalition in August 1970 however, after the government announced its support for the ]. Although the government later retracted its support for the plan, Gahal did not rejoin the coalition.


Before the ], Gahal merged with several smaller right-wing parties, including its former breakaway, the Free Centre, the ] (a small party founded by Ben-Gurion after he had left Rafi) and the non-parliamentary ]. The new party, also headed by Begin, was called ], the Hebrew word for ''consolidation.'' Before the ], Gahal and several smaller right-wing parties (including its former breakaway the Free Centre, the ] (a small party founded by David Ben-Gurion after he had left Rafi) and the non-parliamentary ]) to form a new alliance named ], the Hebrew word for 'consolidation'. Although Likud failed to overcome the Alignment in the 1973 elections, it comfortably won the ] in 1977, ousting the left from power for the first time in Israel's history.


⚫ ===Composition===
Though Likud failed to overcome the Alignment in the 1973 elections, it comfortably won the ] in 1977, ousting the left from power for the first time in Israel's history.
⚫ {| class="wikitable"

⚫ ==Composition==

⚫ {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%"
|- |-
!colspan=2|Party ! colspan=2| Name
! Ideology
!Main ideology
! Position
!Leader/s ! Leader
! ]
|- |-
| bgcolor="{{Herut/meta/color}}" | | style="background: {{party color|Herut}}"|
| ] | style="width:200px" | ]
| ] | style="width:180px" | ]<br />]
| style="width:100px" | ]
| ] | style="width:150px" | ]
| {{Composition bar|15|120|{{party color|Herut}}}}
|-
⚫ | style="background: {{party color|Liberal Party (Israel)}}"|
| style="width:200px" | ]
| style="width:180px" | ]<br />]
| style="width:100px" | ]
| style="width:150px" | ]<br />]
| {{Composition bar|11|120|{{party color|Liberal Party (Israel)}}}}
|- |-
⚫ | bgcolor="{{Liberal Party (Israel)/meta/color}}" |
⚫ | ]
| ]
| ]
|} |}


==Electoral results== ==Electoral results==
{| class=wikitable {| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
! Election year !Election
!Votes
! # of<br />overall votes
!%
! % of<br />overall vote
!Seats
! # of<br />overall seats won
! +/– !+/–
! Leader !Leader
|- |-
! ] | ]
| 256,957 (#2) | 256,957 (#2)
| 21.3 | 21.3
| {{Composition bar|26|120|hex={{Gahal/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|26|120|hex={{party color|Gahal}}}}
| –
| <center>New</center>
| <center>]</center> | ]
|- |-
! ] | ]
| 296,294 (#2) | 296,294 (#2)
| 21.7 | 21.7
| {{Composition bar|26|120|hex={{Gahal/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|26|120|hex={{party color|Gahal}}}}
| <center>{{steady}}</center> | {{steady}}
| <center>]</center> | ]
|} |}

==See also==
*]


==References== ==References==
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==External links== ==External links==
* Knesset website * Knesset website


{{Israeli political parties}} {{Israeli political parties}}
{{Authority control}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
⚫ ]
] ]
⚫ ]
]
]

Latest revision as of 09:32, 25 October 2024

Political party in Israel
Herut–Liberals Bloc גוש חרות-ליברלים‎
ChairpersonMenachem Begin
Founded25 May 1965 (1965-05-25)
Dissolved1973 (1973)
Succeeded byLikud
HeadquartersTel Aviv, Israel
IdeologyLiberalism
Conservatism
Liberal conservatism
Factions
Liberal Zionism
Revisionist Zionism
Political positionCenter-right to right-wing
Member partiesHerut
Liberal Party
Colours  Blue
Most MKs27 (1961)
Fewest MKs26 (1965, 1969)
Election symbol

Gahal (Hebrew: גח"ל, an acronym for Gush Herut–Liberalim (Hebrew: גוש חרות-ליברלים‎), lit. Freedom–Liberals Bloc) was the main right-leaning political alliance in Israel, ranging from the centre-right to right-wing, from its founding in 1965 until the establishment of Likud in 1973. It was led by Menachem Begin.

History

Gahal was formed by an alliance of Herut and the Liberal Party towards the end of the fifth Knesset in preparation for the 1965 elections. The alliance brought together the only two right-wing parties in the Knesset, each with 17 seats at the time. The Liberal Party had only been formed in 1961, by a merger of the General Zionists and the Progressive Party. The Gahal platform largely incorporated Herut's approach to security and foreign affairs and the Liberal Party's approach to economics and finance. Though Gahal was led by Begin, Herut and the Liberals initially had nearly equal strength in the alliance.

However, several former Liberal Party members were unhappy with the alliance, identifying Herut and its leader, Menachem Begin, as too right-wing. As a result, seven MKs broke away from the Liberal Party to form the Independent Liberals, which later merged into the left-wing Alignment. Nevertheless, the new party went into the elections with 27 seats, just seven less than Mapai, the party that had dominated Israeli politics since independence, although Mapai also had been reduced in size due to a breakaway of eight MKs led by David Ben-Gurion to found Rafi.

Led by Begin, in its first electoral test Gahal won 26 seats. However, it was outperformed by the Alignment (a new left-wing alliance of Mapai and Ahdut HaAvoda) which won 46 seats. Gahal was reduced in strength when three of its MKs broke away to form the Free Centre, and a fourth later left.

During the Six-Day War, Alignment leader and Prime Minister Levi Eshkol invited Gahal to join a national unity government. The party remained in the government after the war, and kept its place when Golda Meir became Prime Minister following Eshkol's death in 1969.

In the October 1969 elections Gahal maintained its 26-seat strength, but was comprehensively beaten by the Alignment, which won 56, in the strongest-ever election performance in Israeli political history. Nevertheless, Gahal remained within the national unity government. The announcement of the Rogers Plan on 9 December had alarmed Menachem Begin sufficiently to cause the Herut faction to stop haggling with the Labor Party and accept the six cabinet seats offered in the new government. At the UN, a similar American proposal to Jordan on 18 December, explicitly calling for Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank, removed any remaining differences between Gahal and the Prime Minister, since they both saw this as a challenge requiring a blunt and energetic response. However, Gahal pulled out of the coalition in August 1970 after the government announced its support for the Rogers Plan. Although the government later retracted its support for the plan, Gahal did not rejoin the coalition.

Before the 1973 elections, Gahal and several smaller right-wing parties (including its former breakaway the Free Centre, the National List (a small party founded by David Ben-Gurion after he had left Rafi) and the non-parliamentary Movement for Greater Israel) to form a new alliance named Likud, the Hebrew word for 'consolidation'. Although Likud failed to overcome the Alignment in the 1973 elections, it comfortably won the next elections in 1977, ousting the left from power for the first time in Israel's history.

Composition

Name Ideology Position Leader Former MKs
Herut Revisionist Zionism
National conservatism 		Right-wing Menachem Begin 15 / 120
Libralit Liberalism
Centrism 		Centre-right Peretz Bernstein
Yosef Serlin 		11 / 120

Electoral results

Election Votes % Seats +/– Leader
1965 256,957 (#2) 21.3 26 / 120 – Menachem Begin
1969 296,294 (#2) 21.7 26 / 120 Steady Menachem Begin

See also

References

  1. Ervin Birnbaum (1970). The Politics of Compromise: State and Religion in Israel. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 64. ISBN 08386-7567-0.
  2. Don Peretz and Gideon Doron (1997). The Government and Politics of Israel (3 ed.). Perseus. p. 140. ISBN 9780429974120.
  3. David A. Korn (Winter 1990). "US-Soviet Negotiations of 1969 and the Rogers Plan". Middle East Journal. 44 (1). Middle East Institute: 37–50. JSTOR 4328055.

External links

Political parties in Israel
Parliamentary
Extra-
parliamentary
Defunct
Categories: