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{{Short description|Kru language spoken in Ivory Coast}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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{{Infobox language |
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|name=Wobé |
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| name = Wobé |
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|altname=Northern Wèè |
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| altname = Northern Wèè |
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|states=] |
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| states = ] |
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|speakers={{sigfig|156,000|2}} |
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| speakers = {{sigfig|156,000|2}} |
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|date=1993 |
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| date = 1993 |
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|ref=e18 |
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| ref = e18 |
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|familycolor=Niger-Congo |
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| familycolor = Niger-Congo |
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|fam2=] |
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| fam2 = ] |
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|fam3=] |
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| fam3 = ] |
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|fam4=] |
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| fam4 = ] |
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|fam5=] |
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| fam5 = ] |
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|iso3=wob |
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| iso3 = wob |
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|glotto=weno1238 |
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| glotto = weno1238 |
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|glottorefname=We Northern |
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| glottorefname = Wobe-Wè Northern |
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| ethnicity = ] |
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}} |
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}} |
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'''Wobé''' (Ouobe) is a ] spoken in ]. It is one of several languages in a ] called ''Wèè (Wɛɛ)''. |
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'''Wobé''' (Ouobe) is a ] ] spoken in ]. It is one of several languages in a ] called ''Wèè (Wɛɛ)''. |
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==Tone== |
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== Phonology== |
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Typical of Western Kru languages, Wobé has sixteen vowel phonemes, with nine oral vowels and seven nasal vowels, and seventeen consonant phonemes. Wobé words tend not to have diphthongs, but rather the (up to) three vowels in a native non-compound word are pronounced separately. |
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Wobé is known for claims that it has the largest number of ] (fourteen) of any language in the world (Bearth & Link). However, this has not been confirmed by other researchers, many of whom believe that some of these will turn out to be sequences of tones or prosodic effects (Singler 1984, Newman 1986), though the Wèè languages in general do have extraordinarily large tone systems. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Consonant phonemes |
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! colspan="2" | |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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!] |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |] |
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!<small>Voiceless</small> |
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|{{IPAslink|p}} |
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|{{IPAslink|t}} |
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|{{IPAslink|c}} |
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|{{IPAslink|k}} |
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|{{IPAslink|k͡p}} |
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|- |
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!<small>Voiced</small> |
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|{{IPAslink|b}} |
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|{{IPAslink|d}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ɟ}} |
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|{{IPAslink|g}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ɡ͡b}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |] |
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|{{IPAslink|f}} |
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|{{IPAslink|s}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |] |
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|{{IPAslink|m}} |
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|{{IPAslink|n}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ɲ}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |] |
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|{{IPAslink|l}} |
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|{{IPAslink|w}} |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+Vowel phonemes |
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! rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="2" |Oral |
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! colspan="2" |] |
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|- |
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!<small>Front</small> |
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!<small>Back</small> |
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!<small>Front</small> |
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!<small>Back</small> |
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|- |
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!Close |
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|{{IPAslink|i}} |
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|{{IPAslink|u}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ĩ}} |
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|{{IPAslink|u}} |
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|- |
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!Near-close |
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|{{IPAslink|ɪ}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ʊ}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ɪ̃}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ʊ̃}} |
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|- |
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!Mid-close |
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|{{IPAslink|e}} |
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|{{IPAslink|o}} |
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|- |
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!Mid-open |
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|{{IPAslink|ɛ}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ɔ}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ɛ̃}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ɔ̃}} |
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|- |
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!Open |
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|{{IPAslink|a}} |
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|{{IPAslink|ã}} |
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|} |
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===Tone=== |
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The 14 tones posited by Bearth & Link (1980) are: |
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Wobé is known for claims that it has the largest number of ] (fourteen) of any language in the world.<ref name=Bearth&Link>{{cite journal | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277150499_The_tone_puzzle_of_Wobe | title = The tone puzzle of Wobe | first1 = Thomas | last1 = Bearth | first2 = Christa | last2 = Link | journal = Studies in African Linguistics | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | year = 1980 | pages = 147–207}} (see also </ref> However, other researchers has not confirmed this, many of whom believe that some of these will turn out to be sequences of tones or prosodic effects,<ref>{{cite journal | url = https://www.academia.edu/73400846/On_the_underlying_representation_of_contour_tones_in_Wobe | doi = 10.32473/sal.v15i1.107520 | first = John Victor | last = Singler | title = On the underlying representation of contour tones in Wobe | journal = Studies in African Linguistics | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | year = 1984 | pages = 59–75}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Paul | last = Newman | chapter = Contour Tones in Grebo | title = The Phonological Representation of Suprasegmentals | editor1-first = Harry | editor1-last = van der Hulst | editor2-first = Koen | editor2-last = Bogers | editor3-first = Marten | editor3-last = Mous | series = Publications in African Languages and Linguistics (Book 4) | publisher = De Gruyter Mouton | year = 1986 | pages = 190–191 (notes 12 and 14)}}</ref><ref>Newman believes Singler is a valuable counterweight to Bearth & Link, but does not accept all his criticism; he accept the Wobe 43 toneme, for example, but believes it should be analyzed as /32/ (all tones being off by 1 compared to related dialects).</ref> though the Wèè languages in general do have extraordinarily large tone systems. |
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The fourteen posited tones are:<ref name=Bearth&Link /> |
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{|class=wikitable |
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{|class=wikitable |
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!Newman adjustment |
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!Newman adjustment |
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|0 ||1 ||2 ||3 ||20 ||21 ||30 ||31 ||32 ||04 ||14 ||24 ||34 ||324 |
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|0 ||1 ||2 ||3 ||20 ||21 ||30 ||31 ||32 ||04 ||14 ||24 ||34 ||324 |
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|- |
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!Asian convention |
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|5 ||4 ||3 ||2 ||35 ||34 ||25 ||24 ||23 ||51 ||41 ||31 ||21 ||231 |
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==Numerals== |
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Wobe has a quinary, decimal system, and it is one of the only two Kru languages which have adopted the decimal system.<ref name="mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de">Hofer, Verena, .</ref> |
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== External links == |
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==References== |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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{{Reflist}} |
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*Bearth & Link, 1980. . ''Studies in African Linguistics'', 11:2:147–207. |
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*Paul Newman, 1986. "Contour Tones in Grebo". In Stewart et al. eds. ''The Phonological representation of suprasegmentals''. Notes 12, 14 (pp 190–191). <br> |
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*John Singler, 1984. . ''Studies in African Linguistics'', 15:1:59–75. |
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{{Languages of Côte d'Ivoire}} |
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{{Kru languages}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wobe Language}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wobe Language}} |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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] |
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{{NigerCongo-lang-stub}} |
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{{Kru-lang-stub}} |
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{{IvoryCoast-stub}} |
Typical of Western Kru languages, Wobé has sixteen vowel phonemes, with nine oral vowels and seven nasal vowels, and seventeen consonant phonemes. Wobé words tend not to have diphthongs, but rather the (up to) three vowels in a native non-compound word are pronounced separately.
Wobe has a quinary, decimal system, and it is one of the only two Kru languages which have adopted the decimal system.
