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⚫ ]
{{Short description|Bulgar Clan}}
{{other uses}}
⚫ ] of the Dulo clan.]]


The '''Dulo''' clan was a ruling dynasty of the ],<ref name="Fine">{{The Early Medieval Balkans|pages=66, 300}}</ref> who were of ] origin.<ref>{{cite book | last=Bowersock | first=G. W. | last2=Brown | first2=Peter | last3=Grabar | first3=Oleg | title=Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World | publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass. | date=1999 | isbn=0-674-51173-5 | oclc=41076344}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Luttwak | first=Edward | title=The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire | chapter = Bulghars and Bulgarians | publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass. | date=2009 | isbn=978-0-674-05420-2 | oclc=648760614}}</ref>{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=68}}<ref>Raymond Detrez, Pieter Plas, Peter Lang, 2005, p. 29</ref><ref name="Panos" /><ref name=":1">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |author=Denis Sinor |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0521243041 |page=261}}</ref><ref name="Chen" /> It is generally considered that their elite{{sfn|Pohl|1998}} was related to the ] and the ].<ref>{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2011 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |publisher=Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei |pages=143–144 |isbn=9789732721520}}</ref> Particularly, it is said that the Dulo descended from the rulers of ].<ref>{{Cite book|title=World and Its Peoples: Greece and the Eastern Balkans|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|year=2010|isbn=9780761478836|location=New York|page=1474}}</ref> This state was a centralized monarchy from its inception, unlike previous Hunno-Turkic political entities, which were tribal confederations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies|last=Hupchick|first=Dennis|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2017|isbn=9783319562056|location=Cham|page=9}}</ref>
The '''Dulo clan''' or '''the House of Dulo''' was the ruling dynasty of the ] (or Huno-Bulgars) of states in various parts of Eastern Europe, including ] (632 AD), ] (until the 13th century) and modern ] (since 681 AD). The origins of the Bulgars and Dulo clan are not known precisely, there are many theories about their origin, but it is generally considered that it is intimately related to the origin and activity of the ].{{sfn|Pohl|1998}} Until the beginning of 20th century in Danube ] the dynasty was known under the names Dua (or Rua).


The royal family and rulers of ] (632–668) and the first half of the ] (681–1018), in their prince lists ('']'') claimed through descent from Attila through Irnik, possibly ]'s attested son ].<ref name="Fine"/>{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59, 142}} During the pagan period, the succession of clan leadership was based on traditions brought over to the Balkans from the ], which include the rulers' divine ancestry.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria|last=Biliarsky|first=Ivan|publisher=BRILL|year=2011|isbn=9789004191457|location=Leiden|page=218}}</ref> At the head of the clan was the '']'', who reigned as the head of state, military leader, and probably high priest of the Bulgar god, ].<ref name=":0" />
The most what is known about the House of Dulo is written in the '']''. The first two rulers, ] and ], are usually identified by many historians as ] and his third son ] although no documents exist to support this identification.{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59, 142}}

] (605 AD-665 AD), the first historical member of the House of Dulo, was a ] ]. ] and some modern ] scholars identify the ] as one of the tribes of the ], which is a transliteration of their own name for themselves meaning "moon clan".<ref>http://s155239215.onlinehome.us/turkic/29Huns/Zuev/ZuevEarly1En.htm, p.38 and p.62</ref><ref>http://www.protobulgarians.com/PODSTRANITSA%20NA%20DR%20ZHIVKO%20VOYNIKOV/ZHIVKO%20VOYNIKOV%20-%20PROIZHOD%20NA%20BAALGARITE%20-%20KNIGA%20-%202009.pdf</ref> In 632 AD he founded ] on the territory of modern ] unifying different Bulgar tribes and defeating the ].<ref>, editor Carl G. de Boor, 24, 9-12.</ref> During the second half of the 7th century Kubrat's sons split up the Bulgar family and spread over Europe, from the Volga to the shadow of Vesuvius: ] (]), ] (]), ] (Balkan ]), ] (Danube Bulgaria) and also ] (]).{{sfn|Runciman (Book I)|1930|p=2–24}}

] of the House of Dulo founded modern ] in the year 681, establishing the ] south of the ] after defeating the Romans in the ].<ref>Cholpanov, B. and others. History of the Bulgarians: Military history, 2007, p.73</ref>

] (700-721AD) of the House of Dulo played an important role in the history of ] when in 717-718 AD he defeated Arabs and stopped the ] siege of ].

] was the last known ruler of ] from the House of Dulo, he reigned 738–754 AD. The successor of the last Dulo was a boyar named ], of the House of ] (or ]).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/Nominalia_of_the_Bulgarian_khans</ref><ref>http://www.helsinki.fi/slavicahelsingiensia/preview/sh35/pdf/4.pdf</ref>
<ref name="Panos">{{Cite book |last=Sophoulis |first=Panos |date=2011 |title=Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=EbIyAQAAQBAJ |publisher=Brill |pages=92, 147–148, 71, 111 |isbn=9789004206960}}</ref><ref name="Curta">{{Cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |date=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=YIAYMNOOe0YC |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=79, 85 |isbn=9780521815390}}</ref>


== Research history == == Research history ==
The ''Nominalia'' lists as the first ruler mythical ], who lived 300 years and descended from the Dulo clan.{{sfn|Runciman (Book I)|1930|p=11}} Josef Marquart and many other historians identified Avitohol with ] the Hun.{{sfn|Runciman (Book I)|1930|p=12}}<ref name="Biliarsky"/> ] considered the connection possible, but suspicious and unimportant if the link between Irnik-Ernak is confirmed.{{sfn|Runciman (Appendix III)|1930|p=280}} Runciman considered the name Avitohol meaningless and its biblical origin more convincing.{{sfn|Runciman (Book I; Appendix III)|1930|p=11–12; 281}} He considered that the missionaries were spreading ] stories around the ]s, as well the story of ], the ancestor of Eurasian people, which easly modifies into the Latin name ] (ancestral; granfather) it derives from.{{sfn|Runciman (Book I)|1930|p=11–12}} Runciman considered Avitohol to be a distant mythological ancestor.{{sfn|Runciman (Appendix III)|1930|p=281}} Ivan Biliarsky considers that both Avitohol and Irnik were only mythic figures of the historical personalities.<ref name="Biliarsky">{{Cite book |last=Biliarsky |first=Ivan |date=2013 |title=The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=mbevAAAAQBAJ |publisher=Brill |pages=255–257 |isbn=9789004254381}}</ref> According to him the ''Nominalia'' shows that the clan memory and genealogy important to Central Asian peoples was likewise significant to the Bulgars, as well the cosmological understanding of the history, as the Avitohol and Irnik were mentioned in the category of the ''creator'' and ''founder'', the mythological divine ''ancestor-creator'' represented in the reincarnation of the cultural hero within time cycles.<ref name="Biliarsky"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Biliarsky |first=Ivan |date=2011 |title=Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=O-j66lYzINEC |publisher=Brill |pages=218 |isbn=9789004191457}}</ref> Jean W Sedlar considered the Attila connection justly doubtful, and argued the possibility of a steppe dynasty which produced Hunnic rulers like Attila may have also produced rulers for the Bulgars.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jean W. |last=Sedlar |date=2011 |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500 |url=http://books.google.hr/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295800646}}</ref> Most of what is known about the clan is written in the '']''. The ''Nominalia'' lists as the first ruler mythical ], who lived 300 years and descended from the Dulo clan.{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Book I|1930|p=11}} Josef Marquart and many other historians identified Avitohol with ] the Hun.{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Book I|1930|p=12}}<ref name="Biliarsky"/> ] considered the connection possible, but suspicious and unimportant if the link between ]-Ernak is confirmed.{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Appendix III|1930|p=280}} Runciman considered the name Avitohol meaningless and its biblical origin more convincing.{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Book I; Appendix III|1930|p=11–12; 281}} He considered that the missionaries were spreading ] stories around the ]s, as well the story of ], the ancestor of Eurasian people, which easily modifies into the Latin name '']'' (ancestral; grandfather) and Turkish ''Awit'' (ancestor) it derives from.{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Book I|1930|p=11–12, 281}} Runciman considered Avitohol to be a distant mythological ancestor.{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Appendix III|1930|p=281}} Ivan Biliarsky considers that both Avitohol and Irnik were only mythic figures of the historical personalities.<ref name="Biliarsky">{{Cite book |last=Biliarsky |first=Ivan |date=2013 |title=The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbevAAAAQBAJ |publisher=Brill |pages=255–257 |isbn=9789004254381}}</ref> According to him the ''Nominalia'' shows that the clan memory and genealogy important to Central Asian peoples was likewise significant to the Bulgars, as well the cosmological understanding of the history, as the Avitohol and Irnik were mentioned in the category of the ''creator'' and ''founder'', the mythological divine ''ancestor-creator'' represented in the reincarnation of the cultural hero within time cycles.<ref name="Biliarsky"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Biliarsky |first=Ivan |date=2011 |title=Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-j66lYzINEC |publisher=Brill |page=218 |isbn=9789004191457}}</ref> Jean W. Sedlar considered the Attila connection justly doubtful, and argued the possibility of a steppe dynasty which produced Hunnic rulers like Attila may have also produced rulers for the Bulgars.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jean W. |last=Sedlar |date=2011 |title=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ANdbpi1WAIQC |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295800646}}</ref>


The second listed ruler is Irnik, who lived 150 years and also descended from the Dulo clan.{{sfn|Runciman (Book I)|1930|p=11–12}} It is generally considered that in the ''Nominalia'' under Irnik was considered the third son of Attila, ].{{sfn|Runciman (Appendix III)|1930|p=11–12, 280–281}}<ref name="Biliarsky"/> ] thought the identification between Irnik and Ernak pointless, and they were two different persons.{{sfn|Zlatarski|1918|p=79–80}} Zlatarski pointed out, which points Runciman considered to be indisputable;{{sfn|Runciman (Appendix III)|1930|p=280–281}} if Irnik was Ernak, then both Ernak and Atilla belonged to the Dulo clan, whereas, actually, no source mentions Dulo clan in connection with them;{{sfn|Zlatarski|1918|p=79–80}} according the ''Nominalia'' Irnik ruled from 437, not 435 like ] or the 15 years later Ernak (c. 469–503);{{sfn|Zlatarski|1918|p=80}} if Irnik was the ruler of the Bulgars, then he ruled over the Western branch ], and not the Eastern branch the ] which allegedly established the Old Bulgaria in the Balkan.{{sfn|Zlatarski|1918|p=80}} ], like Zlatarski and Runciman, considered that the Bulgars horde that settled during the 7-8th century in the Balkans belonged to the Utigurs-Bulgars, and as their khans claimed descent from Ernak, the Utigurs could have been the remnants of the horde of Ernak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vernadsky |first=George |authorlink=George Vernadsky |title=A History of Russia |volume=1 |place=New Haven |year=1943}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vernadsky |first=George |title=A History of Russia |volume=2 |place=New Haven |date=1948 |quote=българската орда, която впоследствие се заселила на Балканите в течение на седмото и осмото столетие, е принадлежала към утигурите и доколкото българските ханове от тези векове се причислявали към потомците на Ернак, можем да заключим, че именно ордата на Ернак става известна като орда на утигурите.}}</ref> The second listed ruler is Irnik, who lived 150 years and also descended from the Dulo clan.{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Book I|1930|p=11–12}} It is generally considered that in the ''Nominalia'' under Irnik was considered the third son of Attila, ].{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Appendix III|1930|p=11–12, 280–281}}<ref name="Biliarsky"/> ] thought the identification between Irnik and Ernak pointless, and they were two different persons and families.{{sfn|Zlatarski|1918|p=79–80}} Zlatarski pointed out, which points Runciman considered to be indisputable;{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Appendix III|1930|p=280–281}} if Irnik was Ernak, then both Ernak and Attila belonged to the Dulo clan, whereas, actually, no source mentions Dulo clan in connection with them;{{sfn|Zlatarski|1918|p=79–80}} according to the ''Nominalia'' Irnik ruled from 437, i.e. several years before the death of Attila in 453, which is impossible.{{sfn|Zlatarski|1918|p=80}} Due to be assigned a reign of 150 years, Runciman considered the inaccuracy of the date of accession as venial mistake.{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Appendix III|1930|p=280}}


Kurt (]; c. 632–665), a member of the clan, revolted against the ] and founded the ] on the territory of modern ].<ref name="Fine"/> During the second half of the 7th century his sons split up the Bulgar royal family and spread over Europe, from the ] to the shadow of ] mountains: ] (]), ] (]), ] (]), ] (]) and ] (], ], ]).{{sfn|Runciman|loc=Book I|1930|p=2–24}} In the ''Nominalia'' the Bezmer (c. 665–668) was the last Dulo ruler on the northern side of ] river (of the Old Great Bulgaria), while the Asparukh (c. 681–701) was the first from the southern side of the river (First Bulgarian Empire). He was followed by ] (c. 700–721), and the last ruler of Bulgaria from the Dulo clan, ] (c. 721–737). According to ], in 761 or 762 the Bulgars "rose up, killed their hereditary lords and set up as their king an evil-minded man called ], who was 30 years old".<ref name="Curta">{{Cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |date=2006 |title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250 |url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt |url-access=registration |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=, 85 |isbn=9780521815390}}</ref> Historians usually interpreted the testimony as evidence of a massacre of the previous dynasty (the Dulo clan), and the rise of a new leader with no connection to the previous regime.<ref name="Curta"/><ref name="Panos">{{Cite book |last=Sophoulis |first=Panos |date=2011 |title=Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbIyAQAAQBAJ |publisher=Brill |pages=92, 147–148, 71, 111 |isbn=9789004206960}}</ref>


===Origin=== ===Origin===
Some researchers consider that the origin of the clan probably was Turkic.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |author=Denis Sinor |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0521243041 |pages=261}}</ref><ref name="Panos"/><ref name="Chen">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC |title=Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages |author=Sanping Chen |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2012 |isbn=0812206282 |pages=97}}</ref> This proposition was suggested by ],<ref name="Golden">{{citation |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |title=Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* |publisher=Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University |year=2012 |url=http://www.enu.kz/repository/repository2014/oq-and-ogur.pdf |pages=footnote 37}}</ref> and was prompted by ] (1967), impling there may be made an association of the Dulo clan with the five ''Duolu'' or ''Tu-lu'' tribes of the ].<ref name="Golden"/> The First ] (552–581) was during the ] (581–593) divided into Western and Eastern Khaganate. The Western was led by ''Onoq'' (ten arrows), the five ''Duolu'' and five '']'' tribes.<ref name="Golden"/> Many modern historians consider that the first historical Bulgar ruler Kubrat belonged to the Dulo clan of the Western Turks - the so-called alliance ] Bulgars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brook |first=Kevin Alan |date=2006 |title=The Jews of Khazaria |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC |publisher=] |pages=13 |isbn=9781442203020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Curta |first1=Kevin |last2=Kovalev |first2=Roman |date=2008 |title=The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C |publisher=Brill |pages=288 |isbn=9789004163898}}</ref><ref name="Peter">{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2003 |title=Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs |url=https://books.google.hr/books?ei=p65PVeHwOOfjywPJ24CACw |publisher=Ashgate/Variorum |pages=71 |isbn=9780860788850}}</ref>{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}} The exact origin is obscure.<ref name="Fine"/> Some researchers consider that the origin of the clan most probably was Turkic.<ref name="Panos"/><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC |title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia |first=Denis |last=Sinor |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1990 |isbn=0521243041 |page=261}}</ref><ref name="Chen">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbWH-5OjegC |title=Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages |author=Sanping Chen |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0812206289 |page=97}}</ref> This proposition was suggested by ],<ref name="Golden">{{citation |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |title=Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* |publisher=Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University |year=2012 |url=http://www.enu.kz/repository/repository2014/oq-and-ogur.pdf |pages=footnote 37 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419023615/http://www.enu.kz/repository/repository2014/oq-and-ogur.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-19 }}</ref> and was prompted by ] (1967), implying there may be made an association of the Dulo clan with the five ] (or To-lu) tribes of the ].<ref name="Golden"/> The ] (552–581) was during the ] (581–593) divided into Western and Eastern Khaganate. The Western was led by ''Onoq'' (ten arrows), the five Duolu and five ] tribes.<ref name="Golden"/> Many modern historians consider that the first historical Bulgar ruler Kubrat belonged to the Dulo clan of the Western Turks - the so-called alliance of ] and Bulgars.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brook |first=Kevin Alan |date=2006 |title=The Jews of Khazaria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC |publisher=] |page=13 |isbn=9781442203020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Curta |first1=Florin |last2=Kovalev |first2=Roman |date=2008 |title=The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-G1L-9Zec0C |publisher=Brill |page=288 |isbn=9789004163898}}</ref><ref name="Peter">{{Cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2003 |title=Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K2ppAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Ashgate/Variorum |page=71 |isbn=9780860788850}}</ref>{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}}


Some historians have even identified the Western qaghan ''Mohotu'' (]) with ], the nephew of Kubrat.<ref name="Panos"/><ref name="Boris">{{Cite book |author=Boris Zhivkov |date=2015 |title=Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ |publisher=Brill |pages=50, 52–53 |isbn=9789004294486}}</ref> Accurately or not, it still points to the rivalty between the Bulgars, led by Kubrat from the Dulo clan, and the ], led by the ] clan.<ref name="Curta"/><ref name="Boris"/> Some historians have even identified the Western qaghan '']'' (]) with ], the maternal uncle of Kubrat.<ref name="Panos"/><ref name="Boris">{{Cite book |first=Boris |last=Zhivkov |date=2015 |title=Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Du2CAAAQBAJ |publisher=Brill |pages=50, 52–53 |isbn=9789004294486}}</ref> Accurately or not, it still points to the rivalry between the Bulgars, led by Kubrat from the Dulo clan, and the ], led by the ] clan.<ref name="Curta"/><ref name="Boris"/>


] further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old ] ruling house ''T'u-ko'' (in ] ''D'uo'klo'').{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}}<ref name="Chen"/> This association could furtherly prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Hun-Bulgars).{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}} ] considers the Turkic association as speculative.<ref name="Golden"/> ] further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old ] ruling house 屠各 ''Tuge'' (in ] ''d'o-klâk'').{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}}<ref name="Chen"/> This association could further prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Huns and Bulgars).{{sfn|Kim|2013|p=59}}<ref>{{Cite book |author=Antonio Carile |title=Teoderico e i Goti tra oriente e occidente |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NH1oAAAAMAAJ |date=1995 |publisher=Longo |page=28 |isbn=978-88-8063-057-9}}</ref> ] surmises that the Xiongnu tribal surname 獨孤 ] (< ''d'uk-kuo'') or 屠各 ''Tuge'' (< ''d'o-klâk'') possibly reflects underlying ] *''Tuğqu'' or *''Tuğlağ'' "tribe of the ]?"<ref name="PBG1992">Golden, Peter B. (1992) An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. p. 58</ref> yet still considers the Turkic association as speculative.<ref name="Golden"/>


] claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal.<ref name="Mercia">{{Cite book |last=MacDermott |first=Mercia |author-link=Mercia MacDermott |date=1998 |title=Bulgarian Folk Customs |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC |publisher=] |pages=21–22 |isbn=9781853024856}}</ref> MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this today "''he kills the dog''", in the meaning "''he gives the orders''", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrified a dog to the deity ] in the name of the whole community.<ref name="Mercia"/> ] claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal.<ref name="Mercia">{{Cite book |last=MacDermott |first=Mercia |author-link=Mercia MacDermott |date=1998 |title=Bulgarian Folk Customs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gh4IE6toGJMC |publisher=] |pages=21–22 |isbn=9781853024856}}</ref> MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this day "he kills the dog", in the meaning "he gives the orders", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity ] in the name of the whole community.<ref name="Mercia"/>


Some modern Bulgarian scholars, the most prominent of them, namely Peter Dobrev, argued that the Turkic names of the animals in the ] (also found in the ''Nominalia'') show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Iranian language (Bulgars). However, according ], this theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria, and is ideologically motivated.<ref name="Detrez">{{cite book| author=Raymond Detrez |author-link=Raymond Detrez |title=Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence Vs. Divergence |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C |pages=29}}</ref> As such the proto-Bulgar language (of the group which established the state of Bulgaria), was claimed to be of Iranian language although it is generally accepted it was Turkic and related to modern ].<ref name="Detrez"/> Some modern Bulgarian scholars, the most prominent of them, namely Peter Dobrev, argued that the Turkic names of the animals in the ] (also found in the ''Nominalia'') show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Iranian language (Bulgars). However, according to ], this theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria, and is ideologically motivated.<ref name="Detrez">{{cite book| author=Raymond Detrez |author-link=Raymond Detrez |title=Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence vs. Divergence |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C |page=29|isbn=9789052012971 }}</ref> As such the proto-Bulgar language (of the group which established the state of Bulgaria), was claimed to be of Iranian language although it is generally accepted it was Turkic of ] branch and related to modern ].<ref name="Detrez"/>


] noted that the medieval writers under various names mentioned Huns and Bulgars, and some authors mentioned them as separate ethnical categories.{{sfn|Zlatarski (Burmov)|1948|p=83}} The cases of mixing information for Proto-Bulgars and Huns in some authors, as well as possible rapprochement of the names Avitohol - Attila, and Irnik - Ernak, do not give reason to draw a line of equality between the two ethnic groups.{{sfn|Zlatarski (Burmov)|1948|p=83}} According Burmov there is no historical evidence that the Bulgars and Huns lived in the same territory.{{sfn|Zlatarski (Burmov)|1948|p=83}} Burmov, Peter B. Golden, ] and Panos Sophoulis concluded that claiming of Attilid descent shows the intermingling of European Huns elements with newly arrived Oğuric Turkic groups, as the number of evidence of linguistic, ethnographic and socio-political nature show that Bulgars belonged to the group of Turkic peoples.{{sfn|Zlatarski (Burmov)|1948|p=83}}<ref name="Panos"/><ref name="Chen"/><ref name="Peter"/> ] noted that the medieval writers under various names mentioned Huns and Bulgars, and some authors mentioned them as separate ethnic categories.{{CN|date=February 2023}} The cases of mixing information for Bulgars and Huns in some authors, as well as possible rapprochement of the names Avitohol – Attila and Irnik – Ernak, do not give reason to draw a line of equality between the two ethnic groups.{{CN|date=February 2023}} According to Burmov there is no historical evidence that the Bulgars and Huns lived in the same territory.{{CN|date=February 2023}} Burmov, Peter B. Golden, ] and Panos Sophoulis concluded that claiming of Attilid descent shows the intermingling of European Huns elements with newly arrived Oğuric Turkic groups, as the number of evidence of linguistic, ethnographic and socio-political nature show that Bulgars belonged to the group of Turkic peoples.<ref name="Panos"/><ref name="Chen"/><ref name="Peter"/>


===Etymology=== ===Etymology===
B. Zhivkov emphasized that Dulo and Nushibi were tribal confederations, and not ruling dynasties.<ref name="Boris"/> B. Simeonov derived ''Dulu'' from Turkic ''dul/tul'' (big, powerful, giant; war horse), and saw ''Dulo'' as partly Slavicized form.<ref name="Golden"/> The ''*Dullu'' Simeonov derived from Old Hunnic ''dul + lu'' (mounted, horseman).<ref name="Golden"/> According P. B. Golden no such Hunnic word is attested.<ref name="Golden"/> According ], Old Turkic ''tul'' denotes "widow, widower".<ref name="Golden"/> All theories P. B. Golden considers for now as speculative.<ref name="Golden"/> B. Zhivkov emphasized that ] and ] were tribal confederations, and not ruling dynasties.<ref name="Boris"/> B. Simeonov derived ''Dulu'' from Turkic ''dul/tul'' (big, powerful, giant; war horse), and saw ''Dulo'' as partly Slavicized form.<ref name="Golden"/> Simeonov derived ''*Dullu'' from Old Hunnic ''dul + lu'' (mounted, horseman),<ref name="Golden"/> yet according to ], no such Hunnic word is attested.<ref name="Golden"/> According to ], Old Turkic ''tul'' denotes "widow, widower".<ref name="Golden"/> Golden, citing ] (1986), wondered if Dulo resulted from Slavicism of Turkic title ].<ref>Golden, Peter B. (2005) "Khazarica: Notes on Some Khazar Terms", in ''Turkic Languages'', ed. Lars Johanson, Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 215</ref> Even so, all hypotheses P. B. Golden considers for now as speculative.<ref name="Golden"/>


==Legacy== ==Legacy==
Line 46: Line 41:


=== Sources === === Sources ===
* {{Cite book |last=Zlatarski |first=Vasil N. |authorlink=Vasil Zlatarski |title=Medieval History of the Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part I: Age of Hun-Bulgar Domination (679-852) |publisher=Science and Arts Publishers, 2nd Edition (Petar Petrov, Ed.), Zahari Stoyanov Publishers, 4th Edition, 2006 |language=Bulgarian |year=1918 |location=Sofia |url=http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html |isbn=954-739-928-4}} * {{Cite book |last=Zlatarski |first=Vasil N. |author-link=Vasil Zlatarski |title=Medieval History of the Bulgarian State, Vol I: History of the First Bulgarian Empire, Part I: Age of Hun-Bulgar Domination (679-852) |publisher=Science and Arts Publishers, 2nd Edition (Petar Petrov, Ed.), Zahari Stoyanov Publishers, 4th Edition, 2006 |language=bg |year=1918 |location=Sofia |url=http://promacedonia.org/vz1a/vz1a_a_1.html |isbn=954-739-928-4}}
* {{Citation |last=Pohl |first=Walter |authorlink=Walter Pohl |chapter=Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies |url=http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/pohl_etnicity.html |title=Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings |editor1=Lester K. Little |editor2=Barbara H. Rosenwein |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |year=1998 |pages=13–24}} * {{Citation |last=Pohl |first=Walter |author-link=Walter Pohl |chapter=Conceptions of Ethnicity in Early Medieval Studies |chapter-url=http://www.kroraina.com/bulgar/pohl_etnicity.html |title=Debating the Middle Ages: Issues and Readings |editor1=Lester K. Little |editor2=Barbara H. Rosenwein |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |year=1998 |pages=13–24}}
* {{Cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |authorlink=Steven Runciman |title=A History of the First Bulgarian Empire |publisher=G. Bell & Sons, London |year=1930 |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/index.html}} * {{Cite book |last=Runciman |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Runciman |title=A History of the First Bulgarian Empire |publisher=G. Bell & Sons, London |year=1930 |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/en/sr/index.html}}
* {{Cite book | author=Hyun Jin Kim |title=The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC |isbn=9781107009066}} * {{Cite book |last=Kim |first=Hyun Jin |author-link=Hyun Jin Kim |title=The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC |isbn=9781107009066}}


{{Royal houses of Europe}} {{Royal houses of Bulgaria}}
{{Bulgarian monarchs}} {{Bulgarian monarchs}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Dulo Clan}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dulo Clan}}
] ]
]

Latest revision as of 06:36, 5 September 2024

Bulgar Clan For other uses, see Dulo (disambiguation).
Tamgha of the Dulo clan.

The Dulo clan was a ruling dynasty of the Bulgars, who were of Turkic origin. It is generally considered that their elite was related to the Huns and the Western Turkic Khaganate. Particularly, it is said that the Dulo descended from the rulers of Old Great Bulgaria. This state was a centralized monarchy from its inception, unlike previous Hunno-Turkic political entities, which were tribal confederations.

The royal family and rulers of Old Great Bulgaria (632–668) and the first half of the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), in their prince lists (Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans) claimed through descent from Attila through Irnik, possibly Attila's attested son Ernak. During the pagan period, the succession of clan leadership was based on traditions brought over to the Balkans from the Eurasian Steppe, which include the rulers' divine ancestry. At the head of the clan was the Khan, who reigned as the head of state, military leader, and probably high priest of the Bulgar god, Tangra.

Research history

Most of what is known about the clan is written in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. The Nominalia lists as the first ruler mythical Avitohol, who lived 300 years and descended from the Dulo clan. Josef Marquart and many other historians identified Avitohol with Attila the Hun. Steven Runciman considered the connection possible, but suspicious and unimportant if the link between Irnik-Ernak is confirmed. Runciman considered the name Avitohol meaningless and its biblical origin more convincing. He considered that the missionaries were spreading Old Testament stories around the Eurasian Steppes, as well the story of Japheth, the ancestor of Eurasian people, which easily modifies into the Latin name Avitus (ancestral; grandfather) and Turkish Awit (ancestor) it derives from. Runciman considered Avitohol to be a distant mythological ancestor. Ivan Biliarsky considers that both Avitohol and Irnik were only mythic figures of the historical personalities. According to him the Nominalia shows that the clan memory and genealogy important to Central Asian peoples was likewise significant to the Bulgars, as well the cosmological understanding of the history, as the Avitohol and Irnik were mentioned in the category of the creator and founder, the mythological divine ancestor-creator represented in the reincarnation of the cultural hero within time cycles. Jean W. Sedlar considered the Attila connection justly doubtful, and argued the possibility of a steppe dynasty which produced Hunnic rulers like Attila may have also produced rulers for the Bulgars.

The second listed ruler is Irnik, who lived 150 years and also descended from the Dulo clan. It is generally considered that in the Nominalia under Irnik was considered the third son of Attila, Ernak. Vasil Zlatarski thought the identification between Irnik and Ernak pointless, and they were two different persons and families. Zlatarski pointed out, which points Runciman considered to be indisputable; if Irnik was Ernak, then both Ernak and Attila belonged to the Dulo clan, whereas, actually, no source mentions Dulo clan in connection with them; according to the Nominalia Irnik ruled from 437, i.e. several years before the death of Attila in 453, which is impossible. Due to be assigned a reign of 150 years, Runciman considered the inaccuracy of the date of accession as venial mistake.

Kurt (Kubrat; c. 632–665), a member of the clan, revolted against the Pannonian Avars and founded the Old Great Bulgaria on the territory of modern Ukraine. During the second half of the 7th century his sons split up the Bulgar royal family and spread over Europe, from the Volga river to the shadow of Matese mountains: Bezmer (Ukraine), Kotrag (Volga Bulgaria), Kuber (Balkan Macedonia), Asparukh (Danube Bulgaria) and Alcek (Sepino, Bojano, Isernia). In the Nominalia the Bezmer (c. 665–668) was the last Dulo ruler on the northern side of Danube river (of the Old Great Bulgaria), while the Asparukh (c. 681–701) was the first from the southern side of the river (First Bulgarian Empire). He was followed by Tervel (c. 700–721), and the last ruler of Bulgaria from the Dulo clan, Sevar (c. 721–737). According to Theophanes, in 761 or 762 the Bulgars "rose up, killed their hereditary lords and set up as their king an evil-minded man called Teletzes, who was 30 years old". Historians usually interpreted the testimony as evidence of a massacre of the previous dynasty (the Dulo clan), and the rise of a new leader with no connection to the previous regime.

Origin

The exact origin is obscure. Some researchers consider that the origin of the clan most probably was Turkic. This proposition was suggested by Mikhail Artamonov, and was prompted by Lev Gumilev (1967), implying there may be made an association of the Dulo clan with the five Duolu (or To-lu) tribes of the Western Turks. The First Turkic Khaganate (552–581) was during the Göktürk civil war (581–593) divided into Western and Eastern Khaganate. The Western was led by Onoq (ten arrows), the five Duolu and five Nushibi tribes. Many modern historians consider that the first historical Bulgar ruler Kubrat belonged to the Dulo clan of the Western Turks - the so-called alliance of Onogurs and Bulgars.

Some historians have even identified the Western qaghan Moheduo (Külüg Sibir) with Organa, the maternal uncle of Kubrat. Accurately or not, it still points to the rivalry between the Bulgars, led by Kubrat from the Dulo clan, and the Khazars, led by the Ashina clan.

Omeljan Pritsak further considered the connection of the name of Dulo clan with the name of the old Xiongnu ruling house 屠各 Tuge (in Old Chinese d'o-klâk). This association could further prove the link between Xiongnu and Huns (as well Huns and Bulgars). Peter B. Golden surmises that the Xiongnu tribal surname 獨孤 Dugu (< d'uk-kuo) or 屠各 Tuge (< d'o-klâk) possibly reflects underlying Turkic *Tuğqu or *Tuğlağ "tribe of the tuğ?" yet still considers the Turkic association as speculative.

Mercia MacDermott claimed that the Dulo clan had the dog as its sacred animal. MacDermott considered that the Bulgarian expression preserved to this day "he kills the dog", in the meaning "he gives the orders", is a relic of the time when the Dulo Khan sacrificed a dog to the deity Tangra in the name of the whole community.

Some modern Bulgarian scholars, the most prominent of them, namely Peter Dobrev, argued that the Turkic names of the animals in the Bulgar calendar (also found in the Nominalia) show that the Turkic peoples had borrowed these words from the Iranian language (Bulgars). However, according to Raymond Detrez, this theory is rooted in the periods of anti-Turkish sentiment in Bulgaria, and is ideologically motivated. As such the proto-Bulgar language (of the group which established the state of Bulgaria), was claimed to be of Iranian language although it is generally accepted it was Turkic of Oghuric branch and related to modern Chuvash.

Aleksandar Burmov noted that the medieval writers under various names mentioned Huns and Bulgars, and some authors mentioned them as separate ethnic categories. The cases of mixing information for Bulgars and Huns in some authors, as well as possible rapprochement of the names Avitohol – Attila and Irnik – Ernak, do not give reason to draw a line of equality between the two ethnic groups. According to Burmov there is no historical evidence that the Bulgars and Huns lived in the same territory. Burmov, Peter B. Golden, Gyula Németh and Panos Sophoulis concluded that claiming of Attilid descent shows the intermingling of European Huns elements with newly arrived Oğuric Turkic groups, as the number of evidence of linguistic, ethnographic and socio-political nature show that Bulgars belonged to the group of Turkic peoples.

Etymology

B. Zhivkov emphasized that Duolu and Nushibi were tribal confederations, and not ruling dynasties. B. Simeonov derived Dulu from Turkic dul/tul (big, powerful, giant; war horse), and saw Dulo as partly Slavicized form. Simeonov derived *Dullu from Old Hunnic dul + lu (mounted, horseman), yet according to Peter B. Golden, no such Hunnic word is attested. According to G. Clauson, Old Turkic tul denotes "widow, widower". Golden, citing Lajos Ligeti (1986), wondered if Dulo resulted from Slavicism of Turkic title Yula. Even so, all hypotheses P. B. Golden considers for now as speculative.

Legacy

Dulo Hill on Livingston Island, near Antarctica, is named after the Bulgarian ruling dynasty Dulo.

References

Notes

  1. ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) . The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 66, 300. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
  2. Bowersock, G. W.; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-51173-5. OCLC 41076344.
  3. Luttwak, Edward (2009). "Bulghars and Bulgarians". The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05420-2. OCLC 648760614.
  4. Kim 2013, p. 68.
  5. Raymond Detrez, Pieter Plas, Peter Lang, 2005, p. 29
  6. ^ Sophoulis, Panos (2011). Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831. Brill. pp. 92, 147–148, 71, 111. ISBN 9789004206960.
  7. Denis Sinor (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 261. ISBN 0521243041.
  8. ^ Sanping Chen (2012). Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0812206289.
  9. Pohl 1998.
  10. Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. pp. 143–144. ISBN 9789732721520.
  11. World and Its Peoples: Greece and the Eastern Balkans. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 1474. ISBN 9780761478836.
  12. ^ Hupchick, Dennis (2017). The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. ISBN 9783319562056.
  13. Kim 2013, p. 59, 142.
  14. Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Leiden: BRILL. p. 218. ISBN 9789004191457.
  15. Runciman 1930, p. 11, Book I.
  16. Runciman 1930, p. 12, Book I.
  17. ^ Biliarsky, Ivan (2013). The Tale of the Prophet Isaiah: The Destiny and Meanings of an Apocryphal Text. Brill. pp. 255–257. ISBN 9789004254381.
  18. ^ Runciman 1930, p. 280, Appendix III.
  19. Runciman 1930, p. 11–12; 281, Book I; Appendix III.
  20. Runciman 1930, p. 11–12, 281, Book I.
  21. Runciman 1930, p. 281, Appendix III.
  22. Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Brill. p. 218. ISBN 9789004191457.
  23. Sedlar, Jean W. (2011). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780295800646.
  24. Runciman 1930, p. 11–12, Book I.
  25. Runciman 1930, p. 11–12, 280–281, Appendix III.
  26. ^ Zlatarski 1918, p. 79–80.
  27. Runciman 1930, p. 280–281, Appendix III.
  28. Zlatarski 1918, p. 80.
  29. Runciman 1930, p. 2–24, Book I.
  30. ^ Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. pp. 79, 85. ISBN 9780521815390.
  31. Sinor, Denis (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 261. ISBN 0521243041.
  32. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2012), Oq and Oğur~Oğuz* (PDF), Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies, Rutgers University, pp. footnote 37, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-19
  33. Brook, Kevin Alan (2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 13. ISBN 9781442203020.
  34. Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman (2008). The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. Brill. p. 288. ISBN 9789004163898.
  35. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2003). Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs. Ashgate/Variorum. p. 71. ISBN 9780860788850.
  36. ^ Kim 2013, p. 59.
  37. ^ Zhivkov, Boris (2015). Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Brill. pp. 50, 52–53. ISBN 9789004294486.
  38. Antonio Carile (1995). Teoderico e i Goti tra oriente e occidente. Longo. p. 28. ISBN 978-88-8063-057-9.
  39. Golden, Peter B. (1992) An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples. p. 58
  40. ^ MacDermott, Mercia (1998). Bulgarian Folk Customs. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781853024856.
  41. ^ Raymond Detrez (2005). Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence vs. Divergence. Peter Lang. p. 29. ISBN 9789052012971.
  42. Golden, Peter B. (2005) "Khazarica: Notes on Some Khazar Terms", in Turkic Languages, ed. Lars Johanson, Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 215
  43. Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica: Dulo Hill.

Sources

Royal houses of Bulgaria
Bulgarian monarchs
First Empire (680–1018)
Rebels against the Byzantines
Second Empire (1185–1422)
Rebels against the Ottomans
Principality (1878–1908) and
Kingdom (1908–1946)
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