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{{Short description|Honorific title}}
{{redirect|Batir|the commune in Cimişlia district, Moldova|Batîr}} {{redirect|Batir|the commune in Cimişlia district, Moldova|Batîr}}
{{wiktionary | bahadur}}
'''Baghatur''' (Mongolian: {{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠦᠷ}} ''Baghatur/Ba'atur'' (Modern Mongolian: Баатар ''Baatar''), Turkish: Batur/Bahadır, Russian: ]) is a historical ] honorific title,<ref>Ed. Herbert Franke and others - The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368, p.567</ref> in origin a term for "]" or "valiant ]". The Papal envoy ] compared the title with the equivalent of European Knighthood.<ref>James Chambers -The Devil's horsemen: the Mongol invasion of Europe, p.107</ref> '''Baghatur''' is a historical ] and ] honorific title,<ref>Ed. Herbert Franke and others – ''The Cambridge History of China'': Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368, p. 567.</ref> in origin a term for "]" or "valiant warrior". The Papal envoy ] ({{circa}} 1185–1252) compared the title with the equivalent of European Knighthood.<ref>James Chambers ''The Devil's horsemen: the Mongol invasion of Europe'', p. 107.</ref>
], on a Soviet stamp.]]
⚫ The word was common among the Mongols and became especially widespread, as an honorific title, in the ] in the 13th century; the title persisted in its successor-states, and later came to be adopted also as a ] in the ] and the ], among others.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}


⚫ The concept of the Baghatur is present in Turco-Mongol folklore, one instance is the ] epic poem ] . The ] of Eastern Slavic ] is derived from the ] term. Baghaturs were heroes of extraordinary courage, fearlessness, and decisiveness, often portrayed as being descended from heaven and capable of performing extraordinary deeds. Baghatur was the heroic ideal Turco-Mongol warriors strove to live up to, hence its use as a military honorific of glory.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}}
The term was first used by the steppe peoples to the north and west (]) of China as early as the 7th century as evidenced in ] records.<ref>C. Fleischer, ''"Bahādor"'', in ]</ref><ref>Grousset 194.</ref> It is attested for the ] in the 8th century, and among the ] of the ] in the 9th century.


==Etymology and distribution==
⚫ The word was common among the Mongols and became especially widespread, as an honorific title, in ]'s ] in the 13th century; the title persisted in its successor-states, and later came to be adopted also as a ] in the ], in ] dynasties etc.
{{expand section|date=January 2021}}
The term was first used by the steppe peoples to the north and west of ] as early as the 7th century as evidenced in ] records.<ref>C. Fleischer, ''"Bahādor"'', in '']''</ref><ref>Grousset 194.</ref> It is attested for the ] in the 6th century, and among the ] of the ] in the 6th century. Some authors claim Iranian origin of the word, the first syllable is very likely the ] title word ] "god, lord".<ref name="Beckwith3872">{{harvnb|Beckwith|2009|p=387}}</ref> According to ], ''bağatur'' by origin almost certainly a Xiongnu (which Clauson proposes to be ]) name, and specifically of the second Xiongnu Chanyu, whose name was transliterated by the ] as {{lang-zh|s=冒頓|labels=no}} (with ''-n'' for foreign ''-r''), now pronounced ] in ].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sir Gerard Clauson|title=An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish|pages=301–400|year=1972}}</ref><ref>] (1999). ''Migracijske teme'' 15 1–2. footnote 3 on p. 45 of pp. 35–61</ref>


The word was also introduced into many non-Turkic languages as a result of the Turco-Mongol conquests, and now exists in different forms such as the ] "Багатур (Bagatur)", ] ''Богатырь (])'', ] '']'' (meaning "hero"), ] ''Bátor'' (meaning "brave"), ] and ] ''Bahadur'', and ] ''Bagatur''. The word was introduced in many cultures as a result of the Turco-Mongol conquests, and now exists in different forms in various languages: {{langx|otk|𐰉𐰍𐰀|Baga}}; {{langx|mn|{{MongolUnicode|ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠦᠷ}}}} ''Baγatur'', ]: Баатар ''Bātar''; {{lang-zh|t=巴特爾}}; {{langx|ota|بهادر|bahadır}}; {{langx|tr|Bağatur, Batur, Bahadır}}; {{langx|ru|Богатырь ]}}; {{langx|bg|Багатур Bagatur}}; {{langx|fa|بهادر}}; {{langx|pa|ਬਹਾਦੁਰ {{small|(])}}, بہادر {{small|(])}}}}, {{langx|ur|بہادر}}, Bulgarian and Russian: Багатур (Bagatur), ] ''Bahador'', ] ''Bagatur'', and ] ''Bahadur''.


It is also preserved in the modern Turkic and Mongol languages as ] ''Batur/Bahadır'', ] and ] ''Батыр (Batyr)'', ] ''Batyr'' and ] ''Baatar'' (as in ]). It is also preserved in the modern Turkic and Mongol languages as ] ''Баатыр (Baatïr)'', Turkish ''Batur/Bahadır'', ] and ] ''Батыр (Batyr)'', ] ''Batyr'' and ] ''Baatar'' (as in ]).


It is the origin of a number of terms and names, such as ''Bahadur'' (in Persian, South Asian Muslim, Sikh and other cultures), ], ], ], ], ], {{langx|ru| Богатырь (])|links=no}}, Polish '']'' ({{lit|hero}}), {{langx|hu|Bátor|links=no}} (meaning "brave"), among others.
⚫ The concept of the Baghatur has its roots in Turco-Mongolian folklore. Like the ] of Russian myth, Baghaturs were heroes of extraordinary courage, fearlessness, and decisiveness, often portrayed as being descended from heaven and capable of performing extraordinary deeds. Baghatur was the heroic ideal Turco-Mongolian warriors strove to live up to, hence its use as a military honorific of glory.

__NOTOC__
==Titles Incorporating ''Bahadur''==
''Bahadur'' was often included in titles in ] and later during the ] to signify a higher level of honor above the title without the word. For example:
* '']'', a ] bestowed during ] and later during ].
* '']'' or ''Rai Bahadur'', a ] bestowed during ] in India
* ''] Bahadur, used as a title for rulers of Kutch. See individuals below.
* Informally used to upgrade a title or title of address (often sarcastically) in South Asia. For example ''Saahab Bahadur'' (see, for example, the movie ]); ''Company Bahadur'' (for the ]); ''Angrez Bahadur'' (for the ]); and so on.


==List of individuals with this title== ==List of individuals with this title==
The term '''Baghatur''' and its variants – '''Bahadur''', '''Bagatur''', or '''Baghadur''', was adopted by the following historical individuals: The term '''Baghatur''' and its variants – '''Bahadur''', '''Bagatur''', or '''Baghadur''', was adopted by the following historical individuals:
* ], the founding ] of the ] empire. *], the founding ] of the ] empire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/turk|title=TÜRK – TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi}}</ref>
*], military commander of ].
*Baghatur Khagan, ] of the ], c. 760.
*Bagatur Bagaina Sevar, 9th century commander in ] *Bagatur Bagaina Sevar, 6th century commander in ]
*], 10th century commander in the First Bulgarian Empire
⚫ * ], the father of ], is called Yesugei Baghatur
*], a tribal ] of ] and son of the founder of Borijigid Clan ]
*], the ] prince and grandfather of ]
⚫ *], the father of ], is called Yesugei Baghatur
*The Mongol general ] is referred to in the '']'' as ''baghatur''. *The Mongol general ] is referred to in the '']'' as ''baghatur''.
*] ] took the title Ba'atur after his name for his victory over the rebellion of the Mongol Keraits in Iran.<ref>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-said-bahador-khan</ref> *] ] took the title Ba'atur after his name for his victory over the rebellion of the Mongol Keraits in Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-said-bahador-khan|title = Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>
*], the Grand councillor of the Yuan Dynasty, was awarded Baghatur for his merit during the Ogedeid-Yuan conflict.<ref>Ed. Herbert Franke and others - The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710-1368, p.568</ref> *], the Grand councillor of the Yuan dynasty, was awarded Baghatur for his merit during the Ogedeid-Yuan conflict.<ref>Ed. Herbert Franke and others – ''The Cambridge History of China'': Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368, p.568</ref>
*Two ] emperors were named Bahadur Shah: ] and ]. *Two ] used the regnal name Bahadur Shah: ] (also called ''Shah Alam I''), and Bahadur Shah II, more commonly referred to as ], incorporating his ], or pen name as a poet.
*], great ] warrior and general *], ] warrior and general
*], heroine *], relative of Genghis Khan
*] (1533–1586), Prince of Transylvania and King of Poland. *] (1533–1586), Prince of Transylvania, and King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.
*], founder of the ]. *], founder of the ].
* ], ruler of the ], had the title of Bahadur Khan. He wrote the famous epic of the Mongols called the genealogical tree of the Mongols (or General history of Tatars). *], ruler of the ], had the title of Bahadur Khan. He wrote the famous epic of the Mongols called the genealogical tree of the Mongols (or General history of Tatars).
* ] - the ruler of ], was the first ruler of Princely State of Cutch to be given title of Sawai Bahadur. *], was the first ruler of ] to be given title of ''Sawai Bahadur''.
* ] - the ruler of ], used Bahadur as a hereditary title. *], ruler of ], used Bahadur as a hereditary title.
*] - the ruler of ], used Bahadur as a hereditary title. *], ruler of ], used Bahadur as a hereditary title.
*Field Marshal ], the second Indian soldier to be so honored, was known as "Sam Bahadur." *Field Marshal ], the second Indian soldier to be so honored, was known as "Sam Bahadur."
*], was a founding member of the ] and leader of the Mongolian partisan army that liberated ] during the ]. Enshrined as the "Father of Mongolia's Revolution", he is remembered as one of the most important figures in Mongolia's struggle for independence.
* ]
*], a ] of ] ethnicity

==See also==
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]
* ]


==Notes== ==Notes==
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==References== ==References==
*{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |date=16 March 2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC |location= |publisher=] |page= |isbn=0691135894 |access-date=30 May 2015 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last=Beckwith |first=Christopher I. |author-link=Christopher I. Beckwith |date=16 March 2009 |title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC |publisher=] |isbn=978-0691135892 |access-date=30 May 2015 }}
*]. ''The Jews of Khazaria.'' 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2006. *Brook, Kevin Alan. ''The Jews of Khazaria.'' 3rd ed. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2018. {{ISBN|9781538103425}}
*Grousset, R. ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia''. Rutgers Univ. Press, 1988. *Grousset, René. ''The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia''. Rutgers University Press, 1970. {{ISBN|9780813513041}}
*Saunders, J. ''The History of the Mongol Conquests''. Univ. of Penn. Press, 2001. *Saunders, J. J. ''The History of the Mongol Conquests''. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001. {{ISBN|9780812217667}}


] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 06:01, 26 December 2024

Honorific title "Batir" redirects here. For the commune in Cimişlia district, Moldova, see Batîr.

Baghatur is a historical Turkic and Mongol honorific title, in origin a term for "hero" or "valiant warrior". The Papal envoy Plano Carpini (c. 1185–1252) compared the title with the equivalent of European Knighthood.

Illustration of "Koblandy Batyr," a Kazakh epic poem, on a Soviet stamp.

The word was common among the Mongols and became especially widespread, as an honorific title, in the Mongol Empire in the 13th century; the title persisted in its successor-states, and later came to be adopted also as a regnal title in the Ilkhanate and the Timurid dynasty, among others.

The concept of the Baghatur is present in Turco-Mongol folklore, one instance is the Bashkir epic poem Ural-batyr . The Bogatyr of Eastern Slavic legends is derived from the Turkic term. Baghaturs were heroes of extraordinary courage, fearlessness, and decisiveness, often portrayed as being descended from heaven and capable of performing extraordinary deeds. Baghatur was the heroic ideal Turco-Mongol warriors strove to live up to, hence its use as a military honorific of glory.

Etymology and distribution

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2021)

The term was first used by the steppe peoples to the north and west of China proper as early as the 7th century as evidenced in Sui dynasty records. It is attested for the Second Turkic Khaganate in the 6th century, and among the Bulgars of the First Bulgarian Empire in the 6th century. Some authors claim Iranian origin of the word, the first syllable is very likely the Iranian title word *bag "god, lord". According to Gerard Clauson, bağatur by origin almost certainly a Xiongnu (which Clauson proposes to be Hunnic) name, and specifically of the second Xiongnu Chanyu, whose name was transliterated by the Han Chinese as 冒頓 (with -n for foreign -r), now pronounced Mòdùn ~ Màodùn in standard Chinese.

The word was introduced in many cultures as a result of the Turco-Mongol conquests, and now exists in different forms in various languages: Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰍𐰀, romanized: Baga; Mongolian: ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠦᠷ Baγatur, Khalkha Mongolian: Баатар Bātar; Chinese: 巴特爾; Ottoman Turkish: بهادر, romanized: bahadır; Turkish: Bağatur, Batur, Bahadır; Russian: Богатырь Bogatyr; Bulgarian: Багатур Bagatur; Persian: بهادر; Punjabi: ਬਹਾਦੁਰ (Gurmukhi), بہادر (Shahmukhi), Urdu: بہادر, Bulgarian and Russian: Багатур (Bagatur), Persian Bahador, Georgian Bagatur, and Hindi Bahadur.

It is also preserved in the modern Turkic and Mongol languages as Altai Баатыр (Baatïr), Turkish Batur/Bahadır, Tatar and Kazakh Батыр (Batyr), Uzbek Batyr and Mongolian Baatar (as in Ulaanbaatar).

It is the origin of a number of terms and names, such as Bahadur (in Persian, South Asian Muslim, Sikh and other cultures), Bahadır, Baturu, Bey, Mete, Metehan, Russian: Богатырь (Bogatyr), Polish Bohater (lit. 'hero'), Hungarian: Bátor (meaning "brave"), among others.

Titles Incorporating Bahadur

Bahadur was often included in titles in Mughal Empire and later during the British Raj to signify a higher level of honor above the title without the word. For example:

List of individuals with this title

The term Baghatur and its variants – Bahadur, Bagatur, or Baghadur, was adopted by the following historical individuals:

Notes

  1. Ed. Herbert Franke and others – The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368, p. 567.
  2. James Chambers The Devil's horsemen: the Mongol invasion of Europe, p. 107.
  3. C. Fleischer, "Bahādor", in Encyclopædia Iranica
  4. Grousset 194.
  5. Beckwith 2009, p. 387
  6. Sir Gerard Clauson (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. pp. 301–400.
  7. Pulleyblank, E.G. (1999). "The Peoples of the Steppe Frontier in Early Chinese Sources" Migracijske teme 15 1–2. footnote 3 on p. 45 of pp. 35–61
  8. "TÜRK – TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi".
  9. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica".
  10. Ed. Herbert Franke and others – The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 710–1368, p.568

References

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