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{{Short description|German amateur rocket association prior to World War II}}
{{Infobox organization {{Infobox organization
| name = Verein für Raumschiffahrt''' | name = Verein für Raumschiffahrt
| logo = | logo =
| type = Professional Organization | type = Professional Organization
| founded_date = June 5,<ref name=Wade1>{{cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |title=Raketenflugplatz |url=http://www.astronautix.com/sites/rakplatz.htm |work=Encyclopedia Astronautica |publisher=astronautix.com |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> 1927 in ] | founded_date = June 5,<ref name=Wade1>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wade |first=Mark |title=Raketenflugplatz |url=http://www.astronautix.com/sites/rakplatz.htm |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica |publisher=astronautix.com |access-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102211141/http://astronautix.com/sites/rakplatz.htm |archive-date=2010-01-02 }}</ref> 1927 in ]
| founder = ], with<br> | founder = ], with<br />
] and <br> ] and ]
⚫ | location = 1930: ]
]
⚫ | location = 1930: ]
| origins = | origins =
| key_people = | key_people =
Line 13: Line 13:
| focus = | focus =
| method = | method =
| revenue = | revenue =
| endowment = | endowment =
| num_volunteers = | num_volunteers =
| num_employees = | num_employees =
| num_members = approx. 500, including ]:<br> | num_members = approx. 500, including ]:<br />
] (President)<br> Winkler, Johannes (President)<br />
] (Vice President)<br> Ley, Willy (Vice President)<br />
]<br> ]<br />
]<br> ]<br />
]<br> ]<br />
]<br> ]<br />
] ]
| owner = | owner =
| Non-profit_slogan = | Non-profit_slogan =
| homepage = | homepage =
| dissolved = Jan 1934<ref name="spaceline1">{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceline.org/history/3.html |title=History of Rocketry: The Early 20th Century |website=Spaceline.org |access-date=2017-01-13}}</ref>
| tax_exempt =
⚫ | footnotes = '''Periodical''' '']'' ({{langx|en|The Rocket}}).
| dissolved = 1933{{Citation needed|date=September 2008}}
⚫ | footnotes ='''Periodical''' '']'' ({{lang-en|The Rocket}}).
}} }}


The '''Verein für Raumschiffahrt''' ("''VfR''", {{lang-en|Society for Space Travel}})<ref name="NASA">{{cite web The '''Verein für Raumschiffahrt''' ("''VfR''", {{langx|en|Society for Space Travel}})<ref name="NASA">{{cite web
| url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/ch1-3.htm | url = http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4201/ch1-3.htm
|title=The Highway to Space |title=The Highway to Space
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| work = This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, pp. 13-18 | work = This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, pp. 13-18
| year = 1989 | year = 1989
| publisher = ] |accessdate=2009-09-14 | publisher = ] |access-date=2009-09-14
}}</ref> was a German amateur ] association prior to ] that included members outside Germany.<ref name="NASA" /> The ] with liquid fuel (five minutes) was at the ] on January 25, 1930; and additional rocket experiments were conducted at a farm near ], Saxony.<ref name=Wade2>{{cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |title=Mirak |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/mirak.htm |work=Encyclopedia Astronautica |publisher=astronautix.com |accessdate=2009-09-14}}</ref> }}</ref> was a German amateur ] association prior to ] that included members outside Germany.<ref name="NASA" /> The first successful VfR test firing with liquid fuel (five minutes) was conducted by ] at the Heylandt Works on January 25, 1930; and additional rocket experiments were conducted at a farm near ], Saxony.<ref name=Wade2>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Wade |first=Mark |title=Mirak |url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/mirak.htm |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica |publisher=astronautix.com |access-date=2009-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107193935/http://astronautix.com/lvs/mirak.htm |archive-date=2010-01-07 }}</ref>


Space travel and rocketry gained popularity in Germany, following the June 1923 publication of the book '']'' ({{lang-en|By Rocket into Planetary Space}}) and the expanded 1929 work ''Wege zur Raumschiffahrt'' (''Ways to Spaceflight''). Space travel and rocketry gained popularity in Germany after the June 1923 publication of ]'s book '']'' ({{langx|en|The Rocket into Planetary Space}}) and the expanded 1929 work '']'' (''Ways to Spaceflight'').


The VfR was founded in 1927 by ], with ] and ] following participation as expert advisers for ]'s early ] film '']'' (''The Woman in the Moon''). Ley and ] had hoped to receive funding from Lang for a real life experimental rocket launch coinciding with the movie's premiere.<ref> (ISBN 0811733874 pp 4 and 27. See extensive bibliography there.</ref> Valier had assisted in ]'s rocket-powered ]s for the ] company. The VfR was founded in 1927 by ], with ] and ] after their participation as expert advisers for ]'s early ] film '']'' (''The Woman in the Moon''). Ley and Hermann Oberth had hoped to receive funding from Lang for a real-life experimental rocket launch coinciding with the movie's premiere.<ref> ({{ISBN|0-8117-3387-4}} pp 4 and 27. See extensive bibliography there.</ref> Valier had assisted in ]'s rocket-powered ]s for the ] company.<ref name="Neufield_vonbraun">{{cite book |last1=Neufeld |first1=Michael |title=Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War |date=11 November 2008 |publisher=Vintage |isbn=978-0307389374 |pages=62-64}}</ref>


]
In September 1930, before Hitler came to power, the VfR contacted the German army for funding. Rockets were one of the few fields of military development not restricted by the Versailles treaty at the end of the ], 11 years earlier. They received permission from the municipality to use an abandoned ammunition dump at ], the ] ({{lang-de|Raketenflugplatz Berlin}}). For three years the VfR fired increasingly powerful rockets of their own design from this location. Following the unsuccessful ]s, the most powerful rocket of the ] series (named for a spaceship in a ])<ref name=Collins>{{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Martin |year=2007 |title=After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age |series= |location=New York |publisher=Smithsonian Books |isbn=978-0-06-089781-9 |page=16 |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> reached altitudes over 1&nbsp;km (3,000&nbsp;ft). In September 1930, before Hitler came to power, the VfR requested funding from the German army. Rockets were one of the few types of military development not restricted by the Versailles treaty at the end of ], 11 years earlier. They received permission from the municipality to use an abandoned ammunition dump at ], the ] ({{langx|de|Raketenflugplatz Berlin}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/german/highlights.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821043454/http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/german/highlights.html|archive-date=21 August 2007|title=Highlights in German Rocket Development|access-date=14 June 2016}}</ref> For three years the VfR launched increasingly powerful rockets of their own design from this location. Following the unsuccessful ]s, the most powerful rocket of the Repulsor series (named for a spaceship in a German novel by ])<ref name=Collins>{{Cite book |last=Collins |first=Martin |year=2007 |title=After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age |location=New York |publisher=Smithsonian Books |isbn=978-0-06-089781-9 |page= |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/aftersputnik50ye00coll/page/16 }}</ref> reached altitudes over 1&nbsp;km (3,000&nbsp;ft).


In the Spring of 1932; Capt ], his commander (Captain Ritter von Horstig), and Col ] viewed a (failed) VfR firing; and Dornberger subsequently issued a contract for a demonstration launch. ] who was then a young student and had joined the group two years earlier was in favor of the contract<ref name=Ordway>{{cite book |last=Ordway |first=Frederick I, III |authorlink=Frederick I. Ordway III |author2=Sharpe, Mitchell R |year=1979 |title=The Rocket Team |series= Apogee Books Space Series 36 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell |location=New York |isbn=1-894959-00-0 |pages=21, 26, 27 and 40}}</ref><ref name=Neufeld>{{cite book |last=Neufeld|first=Michael J|title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era|year=1995|publisher=The Free Press|location=New York|isbn=|pages=19, 33 and 55}}</ref> The group eventually rejected the proposal<ref> (ISBN 1591149266) pp 17.</ref> and the dissension caused during its consideration contributed to the society dissolving itself the following year. In the spring of 1932, Capt ], his commander (Captain Ritter von Horstig), and Col ] viewed a (failed) VfR launch, and Dornberger subsequently issued a contract for a demonstration launch. ], who was then a young student and had joined the group two years earlier, was in favor of the contract<ref name=Ordway>{{cite book |last=Ordway |first=Frederick I III |author-link=Frederick I. Ordway III |author2=Sharpe, Mitchell R |year=1979 |title=The Rocket Team |series= Apogee Books Space Series 36 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell |location=New York |isbn=1-894959-00-0 |pages=21, 26, 27 and 40}}</ref><ref name=Neufeld>{{cite book |last=Neufeld|first=Michael J|title=The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780029228951|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=The Free Press|location=New York|pages=, 33 and 55}}</ref> The group eventually rejected the proposal<ref> ({{ISBN|1-59114-926-6}}) pp 17.</ref> and the dissension caused during its consideration contributed to the society dissolving itself in January 1934.<ref name="spaceline1"/> The society's demise was also the result of an inability to find funding, and Berlin's civic authorities becoming concerned with rocketry experiments so close to the city.


⚫ The only known VfR rocket artifact is a rejected aluminium Repulsor nozzle which member Herbert Schaefer took to the US when he emigrated in 1935 and which he donated to the Smithsonian Institution in 1978.<ref name=Collins/>
The society's demise was also the result of an inability to find funding, and Berlin's civic authorities becoming concerned with rocketry experiments so close to the city.

⚫ The only known VfR rocket artifact is a rejected aluminum Repulsor nozzle which member Herbert Schaefer took to the US when he emigrated in 1935 and which he donated to the Smithsonian Institution in 1978.<ref name=Collins/>


== References == == References ==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verein fur Raumschiffahrt}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Verein fur Raumschiffahrt}}
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Latest revision as of 13:24, 26 October 2024

German amateur rocket association prior to World War II
Verein für Raumschiffahrt
FoundedJune 5, 1927 in Breslau
FounderJohannes Winkler, with
Max Valier and Willy Ley
DissolvedJan 1934
TypeProfessional Organization
Location
Membersapprox. 500, including Space Hall of Fame inductees:

Winkler, Johannes (President)
Ley, Willy (Vice President)
Braun, Wernher von
Hohmann, Walter
Oberth, Hermann
Riedel, Klaus

Sänger, Eugen
Periodical Die Rakete (English: The Rocket).

The Verein für Raumschiffahrt ("VfR", English: Society for Space Travel) was a German amateur rocket association prior to World War II that included members outside Germany. The first successful VfR test firing with liquid fuel (five minutes) was conducted by Max Valier at the Heylandt Works on January 25, 1930; and additional rocket experiments were conducted at a farm near Bernstadt, Saxony.

Space travel and rocketry gained popularity in Germany after the June 1923 publication of Herman Oberth's book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (English: The Rocket into Planetary Space) and the expanded 1929 work Wege zur Raumschiffahrt (Ways to Spaceflight).

The VfR was founded in 1927 by Johannes Winkler, with Max Valier and Willy Ley after their participation as expert advisers for Fritz Lang's early science fiction film Frau im Mond (The Woman in the Moon). Ley and Hermann Oberth had hoped to receive funding from Lang for a real-life experimental rocket launch coinciding with the movie's premiere. Valier had assisted in Fritz von Opel's rocket-powered publicity stunts for the Opel company.

Supplementary issue of the periodical Die Rakete in 1927 (Around the Earth in an Hour and a Half)

In September 1930, before Hitler came to power, the VfR requested funding from the German army. Rockets were one of the few types of military development not restricted by the Versailles treaty at the end of World War I, 11 years earlier. They received permission from the municipality to use an abandoned ammunition dump at Reinickendorf, the Berlin rocket launching site (German: Raketenflugplatz Berlin). For three years the VfR launched increasingly powerful rockets of their own design from this location. Following the unsuccessful Mirak rockets, the most powerful rocket of the Repulsor series (named for a spaceship in a German novel by Kurd Lasswitz) reached altitudes over 1 km (3,000 ft).

In the spring of 1932, Capt Walter Dornberger, his commander (Captain Ritter von Horstig), and Col Karl Heinrich Emil Becker viewed a (failed) VfR launch, and Dornberger subsequently issued a contract for a demonstration launch. Wernher von Braun, who was then a young student and had joined the group two years earlier, was in favor of the contract The group eventually rejected the proposal and the dissension caused during its consideration contributed to the society dissolving itself in January 1934. The society's demise was also the result of an inability to find funding, and Berlin's civic authorities becoming concerned with rocketry experiments so close to the city.

The only known VfR rocket artifact is a rejected aluminium Repulsor nozzle which member Herbert Schaefer took to the US when he emigrated in 1935 and which he donated to the Smithsonian Institution in 1978.

References

  1. Wade, Mark. "Raketenflugplatz". Encyclopedia Astronautica. astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-02. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  2. ^ "History of Rocketry: The Early 20th Century". Spaceline.org. Retrieved 2017-01-13.
  3. ^ Swenson Jr., Loyd S.; Grimwood, James M.; Alexander, Charles C. (1989). "The Highway to Space". This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury, pp. 13-18. NASA. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  4. Wade, Mark. "Mirak". Encyclopedia Astronautica. astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
  5. The Nazi Rocketeers, Dreams of Space and Crimes of War (ISBN 0-8117-3387-4 pp 4 and 27. See extensive bibliography there.
  6. Neufeld, Michael (11 November 2008). Von Braun: Dreamer of Space, Engineer of War. Vintage. pp. 62–64. ISBN 978-0307389374.
  7. "Highlights in German Rocket Development". Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
  8. ^ Collins, Martin (2007). After Sputnik: 50 Years of the Space Age. New York: Smithsonian Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-06-089781-9.
  9. Ordway, Frederick I III; Sharpe, Mitchell R (1979). The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. pp. 21, 26, 27 and 40. ISBN 1-894959-00-0.
  10. Neufeld, Michael J (1995). The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era. New York: The Free Press. pp. 19, 33 and 55.
  11. Dr. Space - The Life of Werner von Braun (ISBN 1-59114-926-6) pp 17.
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