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{{Infobox dam {{Infobox dam
| name = Koma Kulshan Hydroelectric Project | name = Koma Kulshan Hydroelectric Project
| name_official = Koma Kulshan Project | name_official = Koma Kulshan Project
| image = | image = Koma Kulshan Project map.jpg
| image_size = | image_size = 300px
| image_caption = Image of project on Mount Baker as seen from space: red dot is powerhouse, green dot is dam(s). ] on the upper left side of frame, ] on lower right.
⚫ | image_caption =
| image_alt = | image_alt =
| location_map = Washington | location_map = Washington
| location_map_size = | location_map_size = 300
| location_map_caption = | location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt = | location_map_alt =
| lat_d = 48.6802 | coordinates = {{coord|48.6802|N|121.7233|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| lat_NS = N | country = United States
| location = ] in ]
| long_d = 121.7233
| long_EW = W | purpose = Hydroelectricity
| coordinates_type = type:landmark | status = Operational
⚫ | construction_began = 1989<ref name=bulletin/>
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| country = United States | opening = October 1990
| location = ] in ] | cost =
| purpose = Hydroelectricity | owner = ] and ]
| status = Operational | operator = ]
⚫ | dam_type =
⚫ | construction_began = 1989<ref name=bulletin/>
⚫ | dam_crosses = ], ]
| opening = October 1990
⚫ | dam_length = Rocky Creek Dam: {{convert|18|ft}}<br />Sulphur Creek Dam: {{convert|15|ft}}
| cost =
| owner = ] and ] | dam_height = Rocky Creek Dam: {{convert|32|ft}}<br />Sulphur Creek Dam: {{convert|37|ft}}
| operator = ] | plant_name = Koma Kulshan powerhouse
| plant_coordinates = {{coord|48.6802|N|121.7233|W}}
| dam_type =
⚫ | plant_operator = ]
⚫ | dam_crosses = ], ]
⚫ | plant_commission = 1990
⚫ | dam_length = Rocky Creek Dam: {{convert|18|ft}}<br>Sulphur Creek Dam: {{convert|15|ft}}
| plant_decommission =
| dam_height = Rocky Creek Dam: {{convert|32|ft}}<br>Sulphur Creek Dam: {{convert|37|ft}}
| plant_name = Koma Kulshan powerhouse | plant_type = R
⚫ | plant_hydraulic_head = c. {{convert|1600|ft|abbr=on}} <!-- 2750 ft a.s.l. birfucation to 1120 ft a.s.l. powerhouse -->
| plant_lat_d = 48.6802
⚫ | plant_turbines = 1 x Sulzer Escher Wyss ]
| plant_lat_NS = N
⚫ | plant_capacity = 13.3 MW @ maximum flow {{convert|120|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| plant_long_d = 121.7233
⚫ | plant_capacity_factor = 38.6% (2009-2010)<ref name=generation/>
| plant_long_EW = W
⚫ | plant_annual_gen = 45,000,000 kWh (10/1/2009–9/30/2010<ref name=generation/>)
⚫ | plant_operator = ]
⚫ | website = {{url|www.atlanticpower.com/koma-kulshan}}
⚫ | plant_commission = 1990
| plant_decommission = | extra =
| plant_type = R
⚫ | plant_hydraulic_head = c. {{convert|1600|ft|abbr=on}} <!-- 2750 ft a.s.l. birfucation to 1120 ft a.s.l. powerhouse -->
⚫ | plant_turbines = 1 x Sulzer Escher Wyss ]
⚫ | plant_capacity = 13.3 MW @ maximum flow {{convert|120|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
⚫ | plant_capacity_factor= 38.6% (2009-2010)<ref name=generation/>
⚫ | plant_annual_gen = 45,000,000 kWh (10/1/2009–9/30/2010<ref name=generation/>)
⚫ | website = {{url|www.atlanticpower.com/koma-kulshan}}
| extra =
}} }}
The '''Koma Kulshan Project''' is a 13.3 MW ] facility on the slopes of ], a stratovolcano in Washington state's ]. The project commenced commercial operation in October 1990,<ref name=Atlantic/><ref name=CEC/><ref name=PNUCC/> and is owned by a ]–] joint venture. It supplies ] via a Power Supply Agreement (PSA) contract.<ref name=Atlantic/><ref name=Covanta/> Its single turbine is a ] supplied by Sulzer Escher Wyss.<ref name=Bergesen/> The '''Koma Kulshan Project''' is a 13.3 MW ] facility on the slopes of ], a stratovolcano in Washington state's ]. The project commenced commercial operation in October 1990,<ref name=Atlantic/><ref name=CEC/><ref name=PNUCC/> and is owned by a ]–] joint venture. It supplies ] via a Power Supply Agreement (PSA) contract.<ref name=Atlantic/><ref name=Covanta/> Its single turbine is a ] supplied by Sulzer Escher Wyss.<ref name=Bergesen/>
Line 53: Line 45:


==Dams== ==Dams==
Intakes are located at diversion dams on the Rocky Creek and Sulphur Creek tributaries of ]. A {{convert|42|-|45|inch|adj=on}} diameter, {{convert|19250|ft|adj=on}} long ] carries water from a bifurcation ({{coord|48.6914|-121.7919|type:landmark|name=Penstock head}}, {{convert|2750|ft}} a.s.l.) to the powerhouse.<ref name=1990license/> Water is discharged from the powerhouse through a short run on Sandy Creek to ].<ref name=GEO/><ref name=Nuclear/><ref name=ecy/><ref name=Hydrokinetics/> Up to {{convert|120|cuft/s}} is diverted to the powerhouse.<ref name=flow/><ref name=pse-initial/>{{rp|3-16}} Intakes are located at diversion dams on the Rocky Creek and Sulphur Creek tributaries of ]. A {{convert|42|-|45|inch|adj=on}} diameter, {{convert|19250|ft|adj=on}} long ] carries water from a bifurcation ({{coord|48.6914|-121.7919|type:landmark|name=Penstock head}}, {{convert|2750|ft}} a.s.l.) to the powerhouse.<ref name=1990license/> Water is discharged from the powerhouse through a short run on Sandy Creek to ].<ref name=GEO/><ref name=Nuclear/><ref name=ecy/><ref name=Hydrokinetics/> Up to {{convert|120|cuft/s}} is diverted to the powerhouse.<ref name=flow/><ref name=pse-initial/>{{rp|3–16}}


{{vanchor|Rocky Creek Dam}} ({{coord|48.6849|-121.8065|type:landmark|name=Rocky Creek diversion dam}}) is {{convert|18|ft}} high, {{convert|32|ft}} long at {{convert|2770|ft}} a.s.l.<ref name=1990license/> {{vanchor|Rocky Creek Dam}} ({{coord|48.6849|-121.8065|type:landmark|name=Rocky Creek diversion dam}}) is {{convert|18|ft}} high, {{convert|32|ft}} long at {{convert|2770|ft}} a.s.l.<ref name=1990license/>
Line 59: Line 51:
{{vanchor|Sulphur Creek Dam}} ({{coord| 48.6928|-121.7928|type:landmark|name=Sulphur Creek diversion dam}}) is {{convert|15|ft}} high, {{convert|37|ft}} long at {{convert|2755|ft}} a.s.l.<ref name=1990license/> {{vanchor|Sulphur Creek Dam}} ({{coord| 48.6928|-121.7928|type:landmark|name=Sulphur Creek diversion dam}}) is {{convert|15|ft}} high, {{convert|37|ft}} long at {{convert|2755|ft}} a.s.l.<ref name=1990license/>


Diversion of the creek had an impact on the appearance of Upper and Middle Sulphur Creek Falls.<ref name=Swan1/><ref name=Swan2/> Diversion of the creek affected the appearance of Upper and Middle Sulphur Creek Falls.<ref name=Swan1/><ref name=Swan2/>


==Peak generation== ==Peak generation==
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<ref name=Bergesen> <ref name=Bergesen>
{{citation|title=Kulshan site|work=Power Plants Around the World|type=Website|editor=Christopher Bergesen|location=Bethesda, Maryland|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-usa-wa.htm|accessdate=2015-07-08}}</ref> {{citation|title=Kulshan site|work=Power Plants Around the World|type=Website|editor=Christopher Bergesen|location=Bethesda, Maryland|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-usa-wa.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126073839/http://www.industcards.com/hydro-usa-wa.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 26, 2013|accessdate=2015-07-08}}</ref>


<ref name=Atlantic>{{cite web|title=Koma Kulshan|url=http://www.atlanticpower.com/koma-kulshan|publisher=Atlantic Power Corporation|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> <ref name=Atlantic>{{cite web|title=Koma Kulshan|url=http://www.atlanticpower.com/koma-kulshan|publisher=Atlantic Power Corporation|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref>
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<ref name=flow> <ref name=flow>
{{citation|publisher=Koma Kulshan Associates|title=Koma Kulshan Hydroelectric Project average annual flows for the period 10/1/10 to 9/30/11|via=FERC|date=December 14, 2011|url=http://elibrary.ferc.gov/idmws/common/opennat.asp?fileID=12861342}}</ref> {{citation|publisher=Koma Kulshan Associates|title=Koma Kulshan Hydroelectric Project average annual flows for the period 10/1/10 to 9/30/11|via=FERC|date=December 14, 2011|url=http://elibrary.ferc.gov/idmws/common/opennat.asp?fileID=12861342}}</ref>


<ref name=pse-initial> <ref name=pse-initial>
{{citation|publisher=Puget Sound Energy |title=Initial Consultation Document: Baker River Project, FERC No.2150, Existing Conditions |url=http://pse.com/aboutpse/HydroLicensing/Documents/baker/docs/ICD/icd33water.pdf}}</ref> {{citation|publisher=Puget Sound Energy |title=Initial Consultation Document: Baker River Project, FERC No.2150, Existing Conditions |url=http://pse.com/aboutpse/HydroLicensing/Documents/baker/docs/ICD/icd33water.pdf}}</ref>


<ref name=bulletin>{{cite journal|last1=Burkardt|first1=Nina|title=Technical Clarity in Inter-Agency Negotiations: Lessons From Four Hydropower Projects|journal=Water Resources Bulletin|date=April 1995|volume=31|issue=2|pages=188-189|url=https://www.fort.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/products/publications/2556/2556.pdf|accessdate=10 July 2015|publisher=American Water Resources Association}}</ref> <ref name=bulletin>{{cite journal|last1=Burkardt|first1=Nina|title=Technical Clarity in Inter-Agency Negotiations: Lessons From Four Hydropower Projects|journal=Water Resources Bulletin|date=April 1995|volume=31|issue=2|pages=188–189|url=https://www.fort.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/products/publications/2556/2556.pdf|accessdate=10 July 2015|publisher=American Water Resources Association|doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03372.x|bibcode=1995JAWRA..31..187B}}</ref>


<ref name=Bright>{{citation|title=Native American Placenames of the United States|first=William |last=Bright|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2004|ISBN=9780806135984|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA241}}</ref> <ref name=Bright>{{citation|title=Native American Placenames of the United States|first=William |last=Bright|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2004|isbn=9780806135984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA241}}</ref>
}} }}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
*{{citation|work=Environmental Impact Assessment Review|date=November 1993|volume=13|number=6|pp=331–351| doi=10.1016/0195-9255(93)90002-S|title= *{{citation|journal=Environmental Impact Assessment Review|date=November 1993|volume=13|number=6| doi=10.1016/0195-9255(93)90002-S|title=Assessing the "need to negotiate" in ferc licensing consultations: A study of two hydropower projects|author1=Beth A.K. Coughlan |author2=Nina Burkardt |author3=David Fulton |pages=331–351}}
⚫ *{{citation|author1=Vassilia Angelaki |author2=Jonathan M. Harbor |title=Impacts of Flow Diversion for Small Hydroelectric Power Plants on Sediment Transport, Northwest Washington | journal=Physical Geography|volume=16|issue=5|year= 1995| pages=432–443|doi=10.1080/02723646.1995.10642564|bibcode=1995PhGeo..16..432A }}<!--http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02723646.1995.10642564-->
Assessing the “need to negotiate” in ferc licensing consultations: A study of two hydropower projects|authors=Beth A.K. Coughlan, Nina Burkardt, and David Fulton}}
⚫ *{{citation|title=IMPACTS OF FLOW DIVERSION FOR SMALL HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, NORTHWEST WASHINGTON|authors=Vassilia Angelaki and Jonathan M. Harbor | journal=Physical Geography|volume=16|issue=5|year= 1995| pages=432–443|doi=10.1080/02723646.1995.10642564}}<!--http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02723646.1995.10642564-->


==External links== ==External links==
{{stack|{{Portal|United States|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
{{Geogroup}} {{Geogroup}}
* of documents related to permit 3239, Koma Kulshan * of documents related to permit 3239, Koma Kulshan

Latest revision as of 02:38, 21 December 2024

Dam in Mount Baker National Forest in Whatcom County, Washington
Koma Kulshan Hydroelectric Project
Image of project on Mount Baker as seen from space: red dot is powerhouse, green dot is dam(s). Bellingham on the upper left side of frame, Lake Shannon on lower right.
Koma Kulshan Project is located in Washington (state)Koma Kulshan ProjectLocation of Koma Kulshan Hydroelectric Project in Washington (state)
Official nameKoma Kulshan Project
CountryUnited States
LocationMount Baker National Forest in Whatcom County, Washington
Coordinates48°40′49″N 121°43′24″W / 48.6802°N 121.7233°W / 48.6802; -121.7233
PurposeHydroelectricity
StatusOperational
Construction began1989
Opening dateOctober 1990
Owner(s)Covanta Energy and Atlantic Power
Operator(s)Puget Sound Energy
Dam and spillways
ImpoundsSulphur Creek, Rocky Creek
HeightRocky Creek Dam: 32 feet (9.8 m)
Sulphur Creek Dam: 37 feet (11 m)
LengthRocky Creek Dam: 18 feet (5.5 m)
Sulphur Creek Dam: 15 feet (4.6 m)
Koma Kulshan powerhouse
Coordinates48°40′49″N 121°43′24″W / 48.6802°N 121.7233°W / 48.6802; -121.7233
Operator(s)Puget Sound Energy
Commission date1990
TypeRun-of-the-river
Hydraulic headc. 1,600 ft (490 m)
Turbines1 x Sulzer Escher Wyss Pelton wheel
Installed capacity13.3 MW @ maximum flow 120 cu ft/s (3.4 m/s)
Capacity factor38.6% (2009-2010)
Annual generation45,000,000 kWh (10/1/2009–9/30/2010)
Website
www.atlanticpower.com/koma-kulshan

The Koma Kulshan Project is a 13.3 MW run-of-the-river hydroelectric generation facility on the slopes of Mount Baker, a stratovolcano in Washington state's North Cascades. The project commenced commercial operation in October 1990, and is owned by a Covanta Energy–Atlantic Power joint venture. It supplies Puget Sound Energy via a Power Supply Agreement (PSA) contract. Its single turbine is a Pelton wheel supplied by Sulzer Escher Wyss.

Located in the Mount Baker National Forest, it is one of six Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)-licensed small hydro installations on Federal Government land in Washington state.

Koma Kulshan is the name of Mount Baker in the Lummi dialect.

Dams

Intakes are located at diversion dams on the Rocky Creek and Sulphur Creek tributaries of Lake Shannon. A 42–45-inch (1,100–1,100 mm) diameter, 19,250-foot (5,870 m) long penstock carries water from a bifurcation (48°41′29″N 121°47′31″W / 48.6914°N 121.7919°W / 48.6914; -121.7919 (Penstock head), 2,750 feet (840 m) a.s.l.) to the powerhouse. Water is discharged from the powerhouse through a short run on Sandy Creek to Baker Lake. Up to 120 cubic feet per second (3.4 m/s) is diverted to the powerhouse.

Rocky Creek Dam (48°41′06″N 121°48′23″W / 48.6849°N 121.8065°W / 48.6849; -121.8065 (Rocky Creek diversion dam)) is 18 feet (5.5 m) high, 32 feet (9.8 m) long at 2,770 feet (840 m) a.s.l.

Sulphur Creek Dam (48°41′34″N 121°47′34″W / 48.6928°N 121.7928°W / 48.6928; -121.7928 (Sulphur Creek diversion dam)) is 15 feet (4.6 m) high, 37 feet (11 m) long at 2,755 feet (840 m) a.s.l.

Diversion of the creek affected the appearance of Upper and Middle Sulphur Creek Falls.

Peak generation

Further information: Washington (state) § Climate

Power generation peaks in May through July coinciding with snowmelt, and has a smaller peak in November coinciding with the wet season.

References

  1. Burkardt, Nina (April 1995). "Technical Clarity in Inter-Agency Negotiations: Lessons From Four Hydropower Projects" (PDF). Water Resources Bulletin. 31 (2). American Water Resources Association: 188–189. Bibcode:1995JAWRA..31..187B. doi:10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03372.x. Retrieved 10 July 2015.
  2. ^ Power generation statement, Koma Kulshan Associates, October 22, 2010 – via FERC
  3. ^ "Koma Kulshan". Atlantic Power Corporation. Retrieved 8 July 2015.
  4. Renewable Resources Development Report California Energy Commission, State of California, November 2003, principal authors: Ann Peterson, Pamela Doughman, Todd Lieberg
  5. Northwest Regional Forecast of Power Loads and Resources August 2007 – July 2017 (PDF), Portland, Oregon: Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference Committee (PNUCC), April 2007 – via efsec.wa.gov
  6. Covanta Energy sustainability report 2009/2010
  7. Christopher Bergesen (ed.), "Kulshan site", Power Plants Around the World (Website), Bethesda, Maryland, archived from the original on January 26, 2013, retrieved 2015-07-08
  8. ^ Micro hydro at Virtual Nuclear Tourist
  9. ^ Koma Kulshan site, Global Energy Observatory, c. 2006
  10. Bright, William (2004), Native American Placenames of the United States, University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 9780806135984
  11. ^ Amended license, FERC, April 25, 1990
  12. Water quality certification, Koma Kulshan project (PDF), Washington Department of Ecology, September 16, 1986
  13. Site map, Hydrokinetics, September 8, 1980 – via FERC. Note: Site map shows two unbuilt diversion dams on Dillard Creek and Sandy Creek, and does not match as-built configuration of penstock.
  14. Koma Kulshan Hydroelectric Project average annual flows for the period 10/1/10 to 9/30/11, Koma Kulshan Associates, December 14, 2011 – via FERC
  15. Initial Consultation Document: Baker River Project, FERC No.2150, Existing Conditions (PDF), Puget Sound Energy
  16. Bryan Swan, "Upper Sulphur Creek Falls", Northwest Waterfall Survey, retrieved 2015-07-08
  17. Bryan Swan, "Middle Sulphur Creek Falls", Northwest Waterfall Survey, retrieved 2015-07-08

Further reading

  • Beth A.K. Coughlan; Nina Burkardt; David Fulton (November 1993), "Assessing the "need to negotiate" in ferc licensing consultations: A study of two hydropower projects", Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 13 (6): 331–351, doi:10.1016/0195-9255(93)90002-S
  • Vassilia Angelaki; Jonathan M. Harbor (1995), "Impacts of Flow Diversion for Small Hydroelectric Power Plants on Sediment Transport, Northwest Washington", Physical Geography, 16 (5): 432–443, Bibcode:1995PhGeo..16..432A, doi:10.1080/02723646.1995.10642564

External links

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