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{{short description|12th-century Anglo-Norman nobleman and sheriff in England}}
{{bots|deny=InternetArchiveBot}}
{{Infobox person {{Infobox person
| name =Reginald de Warenne | name =Reginald de Warenne
Line 4: Line 6:
| image_size = | image_size =
| caption = | caption =
| birth_date =between 1121 and 1126 | birth_date =Between 1121 and 1126
| birth_place = | birth_place =
| death_date =1179 | death_date =1179
| death_place = | death_place =
| occupation = Feudal baron of Wormegay<br />Royal justice | occupation = {{ubl|Feudal baron|Royal justice}}
| spouse = Alice de Wormegay | spouse = Alice de Wormegay
| parents =]<br />] | parents ={{ubl|]|]}}
| children =]<br />Gundrada<br />Alice<br />possibly Muriel<br />possibly Ela | children ={{ubl|]|Gundrada|Alice|Possibly Muriel|Possibly Ela}}
}} }}


'''Reginald de Warenne''' (''alias'' '''Rainald de Warenne'''<ref name=DNB/>) (1121/6&nbsp;– 1179) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and royal official. The third son of an earl, Reginald began his career as an administrator of his brother's estates and married the heiress to the ] in Norfolk. By the reign of King ] (1154-1189), Reginald was a royal justice and played a minor role in the ] in 1170. He died in 1179 and left a son and heir together with several daughters. '''Reginald de Warenne''' (sometimes '''Rainald de Warenne''';<ref name=DNB/> between 1121 and 1126&nbsp;– 1179) was an ] nobleman and royal official. The third son of an earl, Reginald began his career as an administrator of his brother's estates and continued to manage them for his brother's successor, ], the second son of ]. Reginald was involved in the process that led to the peaceful ascension of ] to the throne of England in 1154 and served the new king as a ] afterwards. He played a minor role in the ] in 1170, as a member of the party that met Becket on his return to England from exile in 1170.

Reginald married Alice de Wormegay, the heiress to the ] of ] in Norfolk. He died in 1179 and left a son and heir, ], and at least two daughters.


==Origins== ==Origins==
Reginald de Warenne was the third son of ],<ref name=DD777>Keats-Rohan ''Domesday Descendants'' pp. 777–778</ref> the second ], who died in 1138. Reginald's mother was ].<ref name=DD239/> Reginald was likely born between 1121 and 1126.<ref name=DNB/> Reginald's brothers were ], the third Earl of Surrey, and ]. Reginald's two sisters were Gundrada de Warenne who married first ] and then ], and ] who married ].<ref name=DD239>Keats-Rohan ''Domesday Descendants'' pp. 239–240</ref> Ada's husband was the only son of King ], and she was the mother of two kings of Scotland&nbsp;– ] and ]. From their mother's first marriage to ], Reginald and his siblings were half-siblings of the twins ] the ] and ], the ] and ].<ref name=AdaDNB>Stringer "Ada , countess of Northumberland" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> There was another Reginald de Warenne alive during Reginald's lifetime&nbsp;– this may have been an illegitimate half-brother.<ref name=DNB>Chandler "Warenne, Reginald de" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> Reginald de Warenne was the third son of ],<ref name=DD777>Keats-Rohan ''Domesday Descendants'' pp. 777–778</ref> the second ], and ].<ref name=DD239/> Reginald, who was probably born between 1121 and 1126,<ref name=DNB/> had two brothers, ] and Ralph, and two sisters: Gundrada, who married first ] and then ]; and ], who married ].<ref name=DD239>Keats-Rohan ''Domesday Descendants'' pp. 239–240</ref> Ada's husband was the only son of King ], and she was the mother of two kings of Scotland&nbsp;– ] and ]. From their mother's first marriage, to ], Reginald was a half-brother of the twins ] the ], and ], the ] and ].<ref name=AdaDNB>Stringer "Ada, countess of Northumberland" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref> There was another Reginald de Warenne alive during Reginald's lifetime who may have been an illegitimate half-brother.<ref name=DNB>Chandler "Warenne, Reginald de" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''</ref>


==Early career== ==Early career==
Reginald first appears in the historical record around 1138 when he was a witness on some of his father's charters.<ref name=DNB/> Reginald was one of the main administrators of his elder brother's estates up until 1147.<ref name=Crouch128>Crouch ''Reign of King Stephen'' p. 128</ref> Reginald also had his own lands that he was granted from his brother's honour in Norfolk and Sussex.<ref name=DNB/> While his brother was on crusade, Reginald granted the right to form a merchant guild to the inhabitants of the town of ], as long as his brother agreed after his return from crusade.<ref name=King238>King ''King Stephen'' pp. 238–239</ref> William, the third earl, died in early 1148 while on crusade and the earldom and estates passed to William's daughter Isabel, whom King ] married to the king's second son, ]. Reginald continued to serve the new earl and also began to serve the king, witnessing a number of royal charters. Reginald eventually became the main advisor to the new earl.<ref name=DNB/> Reginald first appears in the historical record in early 1138, signing some of his father William's charters as a witness.<ref name=DNB/> On William's death in May that year,<ref name="DD777" /><ref name="Crouch128" /> his son William became the third earl of Surrey, and Reginald was one of the main administrators of his estates until William's death in 1148 at the ] during the ].<ref name=Crouch128>Crouch ''Reign of King Stephen'' p. 128</ref> Reginald also had his own lands, granted from his brother's estates in Norfolk and Sussex.<ref name=DNB/> While William was on crusade, Reginald granted the right to form a merchant guild to the inhabitants of ], as long as his brother agreed after his return.<ref name=King238>King ''King Stephen'' pp. 238–239</ref> On William's death the earldom and estates passed to William's daughter Isabel. At the instigation of King ] she married the King's second son, ], who thus became Earl of Surrey. Reginald continued in his role as an administrator under the new Earl, eventually becoming his main advisor, and also began to serve the King, signing several royal charters as a witness.<ref name=DNB/>


Reginald was granted the castles of Bellencombre and Mortemer in the charter of Westminster in 1153 which settled the rights that William, the surviving son of King Stephen, received for not contesting the crown of England going to ] after Stephen's death,<ref name=King282>King ''King Stephen'' pp. 282–283</ref> and was also a witness to the charter.<ref name=King289>King ''King Stephen'' pp. 288–289</ref> Reginald continued to serve as a royal official, witnessing a number of the new king's charters.<ref name=DNB/> Reginald was granted the castles of ] and ] by a ] in 1153.<ref name="King282" /> This charter, which Reginald was a witness to,<ref name="King289">King ''King Stephen'' pp. 288–289</ref> laid out the rights that William, by then the only surviving son of King Stephen, would receive for not contesting the passage of the crown of England to ] after Stephen's death.<ref name=King282>King ''King Stephen'' pp. 282–283</ref> Stephen died in 1154, and Henry succeeded him as Henry II; Reginald continued to serve as a royal official, witnessing several of the new King's charters.<ref name=DNB/>


==Royal service== ==Royal service==


In 1157 Reginald was one of the justices present when King Henry II decided a case between ], the ] and ], the Abbot of ].<ref name=Govern213>Richardson and Sayles ''Governance of Mediaeval England'' p. 213</ref> In 1164 he was present at the ],<ref name=DNB/> which was part of the long struggle between King Henry II and the new ], ], over the control of the English church.<ref name=Carpenter205>Carpenter ''Struggle for Mastery'' pp. 205–206</ref> Reginald also accompanied the king's daughter ] to ] for her marriage to ], ].<ref name=DNB/> In 1157 Reginald was one of the ] present when King Henry II decided a case between ], the ], and ], the Abbot of ].<ref name=Govern213>Richardson and Sayles ''Governance of Mediaeval England'' p. 213</ref> In 1164 he was present at the ],<ref name=DNB/> which was part of the long struggle between Henry and the new ], ], over control of the English church.<ref name=Carpenter205>Carpenter ''Struggle for Mastery'' pp. 205–206</ref> Reginald was also in the party which accompanied the King's daughter, ], to Germany for her marriage to ], ].<ref name=DNB/>


Reginald was one of the four main justices involved with the ] in 1168 through 1170, along with ], Guy the Dean of Waltham Holy Cross, and ].<ref name=Govern203>Richardson and Sayles ''Governance of Mediaeval England'' p. 203</ref> In 1168, Henry II summoned Reginald as a ], one of the first identifiable members of that order in the historical record.<ref name=Warren919>Warren "Serjeants-at-Law" ''Virginia Law Review'' p. 919 and footnote 18</ref>{{efn|The others summoned by Henry were: 1174: ], ], ] 1176: ], ] 1177: ] 1179: ], ], ] 1182: ], Osbert fitzHervey<!-- Not clear WHICH Osbert fitzHervey this means&nbsp;— Glanvill's brother or nephew Ealdgyth, March 2013 --> 1184: ].<ref name=Warren919/>}} Besides these administrative and judicial roles, Reginald was a ] in 1169 and held the office of ] from 1170 to 1176.<ref name=DNB/> Reginald was one of the four main justices involved with the ]{{efn|An eyre was an occasional circuit court, with justices sent out by the king on circuits of the shires to hear civil and criminal cases. England was divided into multiple circuits.<ref name=Eyre>Saul "Eyre" ''Companion to Medieval England''</ref>}} between 1168 and 1170, along with ], Guy the Dean of Waltham Holy Cross, and ].<ref name=Govern203>Richardson and Sayles ''Governance of Mediaeval England'' p. 203</ref>{{efn|Writing in 1942, Edward Warren argued that in 1168 Henry II summoned Reginald as a ],<ref name=Warren919>Warren "Serjeants-at-Law" ''Virginia Law Review'' p. 919 and footnote 18</ref> but later researchers have not agreed with Warren's conclusions.<ref name=DNB/><ref name=Baker9>Baker ''Order of Serjeants at Law'' pp. 9–10</ref> According to Warren, the others summoned by Henry were: 1174: ], ], ] 1176: ], ] 1177: ] 1179: ], ], ] 1182: ], Osbert fitzHervey<!-- Not clear WHICH Osbert fitzHervey this means&nbsp;– Glanvill's brother or nephew Ealdgyth, March 2013 --> 1184: ].<ref name=Warren919/>}} Besides these administrative and judicial roles, Reginald was a ] in 1169 and held the office of ] from 1170 to 1176,<ref name=DNB/> and was a member of the King's Council, or ], in 1170.<ref name="Becket223">Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 223</ref>


In 1170, Reginald was involved with attempts to keep Thomas Becket, who had been in exile, from returning to England. Working with Reginald were ]&nbsp;– the ], ]&nbsp;– the ], ]&nbsp;– the ], ]&nbsp;– the ], and ]. At that time, Reginald was a royal justiciar.<ref name=Becket223>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 223</ref> Reginald was part of the party that met Becket at ] on 1 December 1070 when the archbishop returned to England. Reginald's group, led by Gervase of Cornhill, complained that the archbishop was sowing dissension in the land by his excommunication of the three ecclesiastics, but Becket managed to calm the officials by stating he would consider the matter and reply to them the next day. The next day the group was accompanied by some clergy sent by the ecclesiastics who had been excommunicated by Becket. Nothing further was accomplished by this meeting except further offers from Becket to consider other options.<ref name=Becket224>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' pp. 224–227</ref> Reginald was involved in a further attempt at resolving the differences between the king and Becket later in December 1170, which again came to nothing.<ref name=Becket230>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 230</ref> In 1170 Reginald was involved in attempts to keep Thomas Becket, who had been in exile, from returning to England. Working with Reginald were ], the ]; ]; and three senior ecclesiastics that Becket had excommunicated: ], the ]; ], the ]; and ], the ].<ref name="Becket223" /> Reginald was a member of the party that met Becket at ] on 1 December 1170 when the archbishop returned to England. This group, led by Gervase of Cornhill, complained that the archbishop was sowing dissension in the land by his excommunication of Roger of York and the two bishops, but Becket managed to calm the officials by stating he would consider the matter and reply to them the next day. At the meeting the following day the group was joined by several clergymen sent by the excommunicated ecclesiastics, but nothing was accomplished beyond further offers by Becket to consider alternative options.<ref name=Becket224>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' pp. 224–227</ref> Reginald was involved in a subsequent attempt to resolve the differences between the King and Becket later in the month, which again came to nothing.<ref name=Becket230>Barlow ''Thomas Becket'' p. 230</ref>


In 1173 Reginald worked for the king, along with ] and ], when all three men assessed a land tax on parts of the royal ]. These three men assessed the tax in the counties of ], ], ], ] and ].<ref name=Richardson169>Richardson "Richard fitz Neal" ''English Historical Review'' p. 169 footnote 1</ref> During the ] Reginald served the king as ] of ].<ref name=Vincent301>Vincent "Court of Henry II" ''Henry II'' p. 301</ref> In 1173 Reginald worked for the King, along with ] and ], to assess a land tax on parts of the royal estate. They assessed the tax in ], Bedfordshire, ], Kent and ].<ref name=Richardson169>Richardson "Richard fitz Neal" ''English Historical Review'' p. 169 footnote 1</ref> During the ] Reginald served the King as ] of ].<ref name=Vincent301>Vincent "Court of Henry II" ''Henry II'' p. 301</ref>


==Death and legacy== ==Death and legacy==


Reginald married Alice, the daughter and heiress of William de Wormegay, Baron of ] in Norfolk. William de Wormegay died in 1166 and Reginald was fined a bit over 466 ] by the king for the right to inherit his father-in-law's lands. With his father-in-law's death he became Lord of Wormegay, or Baron Wormegay.<ref name=Saunders101>Saunders ''English Baronies'' pp. 101–102</ref> This lordship was assessed at 14 and a quarter ]s and was located mostly in Norfolk and Suffolk. The centre of the honour was at ].<ref name=Turner90>Turner ''English Judiciary'' pp. 90–91</ref> Reginald married Alice, the daughter and heiress of William de Wormegay, Baron of ] in Norfolk, who died in 1166. Reginald was fined just over 466 ] by the King for the right to inherit his father-in-law's lands and become Lord of Wormegay, or Baron Wormegay.<ref name=Saunders101>Sanders ''English Baronies'' pp. 101–102</ref>{{efn|The sources do not define the exact basis for the king imposing this fine.<ref name=Saunders101/><ref name=DNB/>}} This lordship was assessed at fourteen and a quarter ]s and was located mostly in Norfolk and Suffolk. The centre of this land was ], in ].<ref name=Turner90>Turner ''English Judiciary'' pp. 90–91</ref>


Sometime between ] 1178 and the start of 1179, Reginald retired from public life and became a monk at ], which had been founded by his family.<ref name=DNB/> When he retired, the ] began to pressure him to repay his debts owed to the king, which for the previous decade or more they had ignored.<ref name=Vincent301/> Reginald died in 1179, and his heir was his son ].<ref name=Saunders101/> Besides his son, Reginald also had several daughters. One was Gundrada who married three times&nbsp;– first to Peter de Valognes,<ref name=DD777/> son of ],<ref name=DD758>Keats-Rohan ''Domesday Descendants'' p. 758</ref> second to ],<ref name=DD777/> son of ]{{efn|The son of ] who was the son of ].<ref name=DD428/>}} and Avice de Rumilly the daughter of ],<ref name=DD428>Keats-Rohan ''Domesday Descendants'' p. 428</ref> and third to Geoffrey Hose,<ref name=DD777/> the son of Henry Hose.<ref name=DD1006>Keats-Rohan ''Domesday Descendants'' p. 1006</ref> Another daughter was Alice who married Peter, constable of Mealton. A possible third daughter was Muriel, who was a nun at ].<ref name=DD777/> Another possible daughter was Ela, who married ] the ].<ref name=Chandler128>Chandler "Ada de Warenne" ''Scottish Historical Review'' p. 128</ref> At his death, Reginald still owed a large portion of the fine he'd been assessed for the inheritance of his father-in-law's estates.<ref name=DNB/> Reginald gave up his public duties in 1176.<ref name=Vincent301/> Although his considerable debts (including the levy for the Wormegay Barony) had been tacitly ignored while he was in the king's service, as soon as he retired the ] demanded that he start to quickly repay them.<ref name=Vincent301/> Sometime between ] 1178 and the start of 1179, Reginald became a monk at ] in ], which had been founded by his family in the previous century.<ref name=DNB/> He died in 1179, still owing a large portion of the fine levied against him for the inheritance of his father-in-law's estates.<ref name=DNB/> His heir was his son ],<ref name=Saunders101/> and he also had at least two daughters. One was Gundrada, who married three times: first to Peter de Valognes,<ref name=DD777/> son of ];<ref name=DD758>Keats-Rohan ''Domesday Descendants'' p. 758</ref> then to ];<ref name=DD777/> and finally to Geoffrey Hose.<ref name=DD777/> Another daughter, Alice, married Peter, Constable of Mealton. A possible third daughter, Muriel, was a nun at ],<ref name=DD777/> and another possible daughter, Ela, married ] the ].<ref name=Chandler128>Chandler "Ada de Warenne" ''Scottish Historical Review'' p. 128</ref>


The historian Edmund King has called Reginald "the fixer in that formidable family".<ref name=King337>King ''King Stephen'' p. 337</ref> Reginald gave lands and gifts to a number of monasteries. Among these were the Warenne family foundations of Lewes and ], with further gifts to Carrow, ], and ].<ref name=DNB/> The historian Edmund King has called Reginald "the fixer in that formidable family".<ref name=King337>King ''King Stephen'' p. 337</ref> Reginald gave lands and gifts to several monasteries. Among these were the Warenne family ] of Lewes and ], with further gifts to Carrow, ], and ].<ref name=DNB/>


==Notes== ==Notes==
{{notelist}} {{notelist|60em}}


==Citations== ==Citations==
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==References== ==References==
{{refbegin|60em}} {{refbegin|60em}}
* {{cite book |author=Barlow, Frank|authorlink=Frank Barlow (historian) |title=Thomas Becket |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1986 |isbn=0-520-07175-1 }} * {{cite book |author=Baker, J. H. |title=The Order of Serjeants at Law |publisher=Seldon Society |location=London |year=1984 |oclc=27811571 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |author=Carpenter, David |authorlink= David Carpenter (historian) |title=The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284 |publisher=Penguin |location= New York|year=2004 |isbn=0-14-014824-8 }} * {{cite book |author=Barlow, Frank |title=Thomas Becket |authorlink=Frank Barlow (historian) |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, CA |year=1986 |isbn=0-520-07175-1 |ref=none }}
* {{cite journal |author=Chandler, Victoria |title=Ada de Warenne, Queen Mother of Scotland (c. 1123–1178) |journal=The Scottish Historical Review |date=October 1981 |volume=60 |issue=170 Part 2|jstor=25529417 |pages=119–139}} * {{cite book |author=Carpenter, David |title=The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284 |authorlink=David Carpenter (historian) |publisher=Penguin |location=New York |year=2004 |isbn=0-14-014824-8 |ref=none }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author= Chandler, Victoria |title=Warenne, Reginald de (1121x6–1178/9) |encyclopedia =Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47230 |accessdate= 9 January 2013|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/47230 |format={{ODNBsub}}}} * {{cite journal |author=Chandler, Victoria |title=Ada de Warenne, Queen Mother of Scotland (c. 1123–1178) |journal=The Scottish Historical Review |date=October 1981 |volume=60 |issue=170 Part 2 |jstor=25529417 |pages=119–139 |ref=none }}
⚫ * {{cite encyclopedia |author=Chandler, Victoria |title=Warenne, Reginald de (1121x6–1178/9) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/47230 |access-date=2013-01-09 |doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/47230 |ref=none }} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite book |author=Crouch, David |title=The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154 |publisher=Longman |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=0-582-22657-0 }}
* {{cite book |author=Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. |authorlink= Katharine Keats-Rohan |title=Domesday Descendants: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166: Pipe Rolls to Cartae Baronum |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Ipswich, UK |year=1999 |isbn=0-85115-863-3 }} * {{cite book |author=Crouch, David |title=The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154 |authorlink=David Crouch (historian) |publisher=Longman |location=New York |year=2000 |isbn=0-582-22657-0 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |author=King, Edmund |title=King Stephen |series=The English Monarchs Series |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |year=2010 |isbn=0-300-11223-8 }} * {{cite book |author=Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. |title=Domesday Descendants: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166: Pipe Rolls to Cartae Baronum |authorlink=Katharine Keats-Rohan |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Ipswich, UK |year=2002 |isbn=0-85115-863-3 |ref=none }}
* {{cite journal |author=Richardson, H. G. |title=Richard fitz Neal and the Dialogus de Scaccario |journal=] |volume=43 |issue=170 |date=April 1928 |pages=161–171 |doi=10.1093/ehr/XLIII.CLXX.161 |jstor= 552059 }} * {{cite book |author=King, Edmund |title=King Stephen |series=The English Monarchs Series |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven, CT |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-300-11223-8 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |author1=Richardson, H. G. |author2= Sayles, G. O. |author2link= G.O. Sayles |title= The Governance of Mediaeval England: From the Conquest to Magna Carta |year= 1963|publisher= Edinburgh University Press |location= Edinburgh |oclc= 504298 }} * {{cite journal |author=Richardson, H. G. |title=Richard fitz Neal and the Dialogus de Scaccario |journal=] |volume=43 |issue=170 |date=April 1928 |pages=161–171 |doi=10.1093/ehr/XLIII.CLXX.161 |jstor=552059 |s2cid=159685164 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |author=Sanders, I. J. |title=English Baronies: A Study of Their Origin and Descent 1086–1327 |publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford, UK |year=1960 |oclc= 931660}} * {{cite book |author1=Richardson, H. G. |author2= Sayles, G. O. |title=The Governance of Mediaeval England: From the Conquest to Magna Carta |author2link=G.O. Sayles |year=1963 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |oclc=504298 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book |author=Sanders, I. J. |title=English Baronies: A Study of Their Origin and Descent 1086–1327 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, UK |year=1960 |oclc=931660 |ref=none }}
⚫ * {{cite encyclopedia |author= Stringer, Keith |title=Ada , countess of Northumberland (c.1123–1178) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50012 |accessdate= 9 January 2013|doi= 10.1093/ref:odnb/50012|format={{ODNBsub}}}}
* {{cite book |author= Turner, Ralph V. |title=The English Judiciary in the Age of Glanvill and Bracton, c. 1176–1239 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |edition=Reprint |isbn=0-521-07242-5 }} * {{cite encyclopedia |author=Saul, Nigel |title=Eyre |encyclopedia=A Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485 |year=2005 |authorlink=Nigel Saul |publisher=Tempus |location=Stroud, UK |isbn=0-7524-2969-8 |pages=98–99 |ref=none}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Vincent, Nicholas |title=The Court of Henry II |encyclopedia = Henry II: New Interpretations |editor1=Harper-Bill, Christopher |editor2=Vincent, Nicholas |pages=278–334 |publisher=Boydell Press | location=Woodbridge, UK |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84383-340-6}} * {{cite encyclopedia |author=Stringer, Keith |title=Ada, countess of Northumberland (c.1123–1178) |encyclopedia=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/50012 |access-date=2013-01-09 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/50012 |ref=none }} {{ODNBsub}}
* {{cite journal |author=Warren, Edward H. |title=Serjeants-at-Law: The Order of the Coif |journal=Virginia Law Review |volume=28 |issue=7 |date=May 1942 |pages=911–950|jstor=1068630}} * {{cite book |author=Turner, Ralph V. |title=The English Judiciary in the Age of Glanvill and Bracton, c. 1176–1239 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2008 |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-0-521-07242-7 |ref=none }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |author=Vincent, Nicholas |title=The Court of Henry II |encyclopedia=Henry II: New Interpretations |editor1=Harper-Bill, Christopher |editor2=Vincent, Nicholas |pages=278–334 |publisher=Boydell Press |location=Woodbridge, UK |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84383-340-6 |ref=none }}
* {{cite journal |author=Warren, Edward H. |title=Serjeants-at-Law: The Order of the Coif |journal=Virginia Law Review |volume=28 |issue=7 |date=May 1942 |pages=911–950 |doi=10.2307/1068630 |jstor=1068630 |s2cid=158404423 |ref=none }}
{{refend}} {{refend}}


{{Authority control}} {{Authority control}}

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Latest revision as of 01:21, 27 December 2024

12th-century Anglo-Norman nobleman and sheriff in England
Reginald de Warenne
BornBetween 1121 and 1126
Died1179
Occupations
  • Feudal baron
  • Royal justice
SpouseAlice de Wormegay
Children
Parents

Reginald de Warenne (sometimes Rainald de Warenne; between 1121 and 1126 – 1179) was an Anglo-Norman nobleman and royal official. The third son of an earl, Reginald began his career as an administrator of his brother's estates and continued to manage them for his brother's successor, William, the second son of King Stephen. Reginald was involved in the process that led to the peaceful ascension of Henry fitzEmpress to the throne of England in 1154 and served the new king as a royal justice afterwards. He played a minor role in the Becket controversy in 1170, as a member of the party that met Becket on his return to England from exile in 1170.

Reginald married Alice de Wormegay, the heiress to the feudal barony of Wormegay in Norfolk. He died in 1179 and left a son and heir, William de Warenne, and at least two daughters.

Origins

Reginald de Warenne was the third son of William de Warenne, the second earl of Surrey, and Isabel de Vermandois. Reginald, who was probably born between 1121 and 1126, had two brothers, William and Ralph, and two sisters: Gundrada, who married first Roger, Earl of Warwick and then William of Lancaster; and Ada, who married Henry, Earl of Huntingdon. Ada's husband was the only son of King David I of Scotland, and she was the mother of two kings of Scotland – Malcolm IV and William I. From their mother's first marriage, to Robert de Beaumont, Reginald was a half-brother of the twins Robert de Beaumont the Earl of Leicester, and Waleran de Beaumont, the Count of Meulan and Earl of Worcester. There was another Reginald de Warenne alive during Reginald's lifetime who may have been an illegitimate half-brother.

Early career

Reginald first appears in the historical record in early 1138, signing some of his father William's charters as a witness. On William's death in May that year, his son William became the third earl of Surrey, and Reginald was one of the main administrators of his estates until William's death in 1148 at the Battle of Mount Cadmus during the Second Crusade. Reginald also had his own lands, granted from his brother's estates in Norfolk and Sussex. While William was on crusade, Reginald granted the right to form a merchant guild to the inhabitants of Lewes, as long as his brother agreed after his return. On William's death the earldom and estates passed to William's daughter Isabel. At the instigation of King Stephen of England she married the King's second son, William, Count of Boulogne, who thus became Earl of Surrey. Reginald continued in his role as an administrator under the new Earl, eventually becoming his main advisor, and also began to serve the King, signing several royal charters as a witness.

Reginald was granted the castles of Bellencombre and Mortemer by a charter at Westminster in 1153. This charter, which Reginald was a witness to, laid out the rights that William, by then the only surviving son of King Stephen, would receive for not contesting the passage of the crown of England to Henry of Anjou after Stephen's death. Stephen died in 1154, and Henry succeeded him as Henry II; Reginald continued to serve as a royal official, witnessing several of the new King's charters.

Royal service

In 1157 Reginald was one of the justices present when King Henry II decided a case between Hilary of Chichester, the Bishop of Chichester, and Walter de Luci, the Abbot of Battle Abbey. In 1164 he was present at the Council of Clarendon, which was part of the long struggle between Henry and the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket, over control of the English church. Reginald was also in the party which accompanied the King's daughter, Matilda, to Germany for her marriage to Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony.

Reginald was one of the four main justices involved with the general eyre between 1168 and 1170, along with Richard of Ilchester, Guy the Dean of Waltham Holy Cross, and William Basset. Besides these administrative and judicial roles, Reginald was a baron of the exchequer in 1169 and held the office of sheriff of Sussex from 1170 to 1176, and was a member of the King's Council, or curia regis, in 1170.

In 1170 Reginald was involved in attempts to keep Thomas Becket, who had been in exile, from returning to England. Working with Reginald were Gervase de Cornhill, the Sheriff of Kent; Ranulf de Broc; and three senior ecclesiastics that Becket had excommunicated: Roger de Pont L'Évêque, the Archbishop of York; Gilbert Foliot, the Bishop of London; and Josceline de Bohon, the Bishop of Salisbury. Reginald was a member of the party that met Becket at Sandwich on 1 December 1170 when the archbishop returned to England. This group, led by Gervase of Cornhill, complained that the archbishop was sowing dissension in the land by his excommunication of Roger of York and the two bishops, but Becket managed to calm the officials by stating he would consider the matter and reply to them the next day. At the meeting the following day the group was joined by several clergymen sent by the excommunicated ecclesiastics, but nothing was accomplished beyond further offers by Becket to consider alternative options. Reginald was involved in a subsequent attempt to resolve the differences between the King and Becket later in the month, which again came to nothing.

In 1173 Reginald worked for the King, along with Richard fitzNigel and Nicholas de Sigillo, to assess a land tax on parts of the royal estate. They assessed the tax in Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire, Oxfordshire, Kent and Sussex. During the Revolt of 1173–1174 Reginald served the King as castellan of Hastings Castle.

Death and legacy

Reginald married Alice, the daughter and heiress of William de Wormegay, Baron of Wormegay in Norfolk, who died in 1166. Reginald was fined just over 466 pounds by the King for the right to inherit his father-in-law's lands and become Lord of Wormegay, or Baron Wormegay. This lordship was assessed at fourteen and a quarter knight's fees and was located mostly in Norfolk and Suffolk. The centre of this land was Lynn, in Norfolk.

Reginald gave up his public duties in 1176. Although his considerable debts (including the levy for the Wormegay Barony) had been tacitly ignored while he was in the king's service, as soon as he retired the Exchequer demanded that he start to quickly repay them. Sometime between Michaelmas 1178 and the start of 1179, Reginald became a monk at Lewes Priory in Sussex, which had been founded by his family in the previous century. He died in 1179, still owing a large portion of the fine levied against him for the inheritance of his father-in-law's estates. His heir was his son William de Warenne, and he also had at least two daughters. One was Gundrada, who married three times: first to Peter de Valognes, son of Roger de Valognes; then to William de Courcy; and finally to Geoffrey Hose. Another daughter, Alice, married Peter, Constable of Mealton. A possible third daughter, Muriel, was a nun at Carrow Abbey, and another possible daughter, Ela, married Duncan the Earl of Fife.

The historian Edmund King has called Reginald "the fixer in that formidable family". Reginald gave lands and gifts to several monasteries. Among these were the Warenne family foundations of Lewes and Castle Acre Priory, with further gifts to Carrow, Clerkenwell Priory, and Binham Priory.

Notes

  1. An eyre was an occasional circuit court, with justices sent out by the king on circuits of the shires to hear civil and criminal cases. England was divided into multiple circuits.
  2. Writing in 1942, Edward Warren argued that in 1168 Henry II summoned Reginald as a serjeant-at-law, but later researchers have not agreed with Warren's conclusions. According to Warren, the others summoned by Henry were: 1174: John de Cumin, William fitzRalph, William fitzStephen 1176: William Basset, Roger fitzReinfrid 1177: Hugh de Cressy 1179: Hugh de Gaerst, Ranulf de Glanvill, Hugh Murdac 1182: William de Auberville, Osbert fitzHervey 1184: Ralph fitzStephen.
  3. The sources do not define the exact basis for the king imposing this fine.

Citations

  1. ^ Chandler "Warenne, Reginald de" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  2. ^ Keats-Rohan Domesday Descendants pp. 777–778
  3. ^ Keats-Rohan Domesday Descendants pp. 239–240
  4. Stringer "Ada, countess of Northumberland" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  5. ^ Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 128
  6. King King Stephen pp. 238–239
  7. ^ King King Stephen pp. 282–283
  8. King King Stephen pp. 288–289
  9. Richardson and Sayles Governance of Mediaeval England p. 213
  10. Carpenter Struggle for Mastery pp. 205–206
  11. Saul "Eyre" Companion to Medieval England
  12. Richardson and Sayles Governance of Mediaeval England p. 203
  13. ^ Warren "Serjeants-at-Law" Virginia Law Review p. 919 and footnote 18
  14. Baker Order of Serjeants at Law pp. 9–10
  15. ^ Barlow Thomas Becket p. 223
  16. Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 224–227
  17. Barlow Thomas Becket p. 230
  18. Richardson "Richard fitz Neal" English Historical Review p. 169 footnote 1
  19. ^ Vincent "Court of Henry II" Henry II p. 301
  20. ^ Sanders English Baronies pp. 101–102
  21. Turner English Judiciary pp. 90–91
  22. Keats-Rohan Domesday Descendants p. 758
  23. Chandler "Ada de Warenne" Scottish Historical Review p. 128
  24. King King Stephen p. 337

References


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