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{{short description|Instructions on how to fight}}
'''Martial arts manuals''' are instructions, with or without illustrations, detailing specific techniques of ]. '''Martial arts manuals''' are instructions, with or without illustrations, specifically designed to be learnt from a book. Many books detailing specific techniques of ] are often erroneously called manuals but were written as ]s.


Prose descriptions of martial arts techniques appear late within the ], due to the inherent difficulties of describing a technique rather than just demonstrating it. Prose descriptions of martial arts techniques appear late within the ], due to the inherent difficulties of describing a technique rather than just demonstrating it.


The earliest extant manual on armed combat (as opposed to unarmed wrestling) is the ], written in ] around AD 1300. The earliest extant manuscript on armed combat (as opposed to unarmed wrestling) is ] ("I.33"), written in ] around 1300.


Not within the scope of this article are books on ] such as ]'s '']'' (before 100 BC) or ]' '']'' (4th century AD), or military technology, such as '']'' (4th to 5th century). Not within the scope of this article are books on ] such as ]'s '']'' (before 100 BCE) or ]' '']'' (4th century), or military technology, such as '']'' (4th to 5th century).


==Predecessors== ==Predecessors==
] ]
Some early testimonies of ] consist of series of images only. The earliest example is a fresco in tomb 15 at ], showing illustrations of ] techniques dating to c. 2000 BC. Similar depictions of wrestling techniques are found on ]s dating to ]. Some early testimonies of ] consist of series of images only. The earliest example is a ] in tomb 15 at ], showing illustrations of ] techniques dating to the 20th century BCE. Similar depictions of wrestling techniques are found on ] dating to ].


The only known instance of a manual from ] is ] (2nd century), detailing ] techniques. There are some examples in ] that may predate the turn of the ]: the '']'' by ] (c. 100 BC) documents ], referring to earlier how-to manuals" of the ] (2nd century BC) which have however not survived. An extant Chinese text on wrestling is "Six Chapters of Hand Fighting" included in the 1st-century AD ].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Henning, Stanley E.|date=1999|title="Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts"|journal=China Review International|volume=6 (2)|pages=319–332|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/china_review_international/v006/6.2henning.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> The only known instance of a book from ] is ] from the 2nd century CE, detailing ] techniques.
There are some examples in the ] that may predate the turn of the ]: the '']'' by ] (c. 100 BCE) documents ], referring to earlier how-to manuals of the ] (2nd century BCE), which have however not survived. An extant Chinese text on wrestling is "Six Chapters of Hand Fighting" included in the 1st-century CE '']''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Henning |first=Stanley E. |date=1999 |title=Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts |journal=China Review International |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=319–332 |doi=10.1353/cri.1999.0020 |issn=1069-5834 |jstor=23732172 |s2cid=145378249}}</ref>


All other extant manuals date to the ] or later. All other extant manuals date to the ] or later.
⚫ The "combat stele" at ] dates to AD 728.
⚫ The earliest text detailing ] is the ] (c. 8th century), which contains several chapters giving descriptions and instructions on fighting techniques.<ref name=Zarrilli1992>{{cite journal |author=Zarrilli, Phillip B. |year=1992 |title=To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu |url=http://www.spa.ex.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html |journal=Journal of Asian Martial Arts |volume=1 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>P. C. Chakravarti (1972). ''The art of warfare in ancient India''. Delhi.</ref> It described how to improve a warrior's individual prowess and kill enemies using various methods in warfare whether they went to war in chariots, horses, ] or on foot. Foot methods were subdivided into armed combat and unarmed combat.<ref name=Svinth>J. R. Svinth (2002). ''Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences''.</ref> The former included the bow and arrow, the sword, spear, noose, armour, iron dart, club, battle axe, ] and ].<ref name=Zarrilli1>{{cite web|url=http://www.spa.ex.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html |title=Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu |publisher=Spa.ex.ac.uk |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> The latter included ], knee strikes, punching and kicking methods.<ref name=Svinth/>
An old Indian "martial arts manual" is a list of wrestling techniques contained in the '']'', 13th century, ].


⚫ The "combat stele" at the ] dates to 728 CE.
⚫ The oldest extant ] manual is ] (c. 1300).


⚫ The earliest text detailing ] is the '']'' (c. 8th century), which contains several chapters giving descriptions and instructions on fighting techniques.<ref name=Zarrilli1992>{{cite journal |author=Zarrilli, Phillip B. |year=1992 |title=To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu |url=https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/healharm.html |journal=Journal of Asian Martial Arts |volume=1 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref>P. C. Chakravarti (1972). ''The art of warfare in ancient India''. Delhi.</ref> It described how to improve a warrior's individual prowess and kill enemies using various methods in warfare whether they went to war in chariots, horses, ]s or on foot. Foot methods were subdivided into armed combat and unarmed combat.<ref name="Svinth">{{Cite web |last=Svinth |first=Joseph R. |date=2002 |title=Kronos: A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports |url=https://ejmas.com/kronos/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences}}</ref> The former included the bow and ], the sword, ], ], armour, iron dart, club, ], ] and ].<ref name="Zarrilli1">{{cite web |last=Zarrilli |first=Phillip B. |date=1994 |title=Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu |url=https://spa.exeter.ac.uk/drama/staff/kalari/power.html |access-date=2015-11-06 |website=] |publisher=}}</ref> The latter included wrestling, knee strikes, punching and kicking methods.<ref name=Svinth/>
⚫ "Illustrations only" manuals do not become extinct with the appearance of prose instructions, but rather exist alongside these, e.g. in the form of the Late Medieval German '']en''.

⚫ The oldest extant ] manual is ] (c. 1300).

⚫ "Illustrations only" manuals do not become extinct with the appearance of prose instructions, but rather exist alongside these, e.g. in the form of the Late Medieval German ]s.


==Historical European martial arts== ==Historical European martial arts==
===German Fechtbücher=== ===German Fechtbücher===
{{see|German school of fencing}} {{see|German school of fencing}}
], fol. 46v).]]

], depicting two fencers in the ''vom tag'' and ''alber'' wards.]] ], depicting two fencers in the ''vom tag'' and ''alber'' wards.]]
] thrust against a '']'' in ] ] combat. (Plate 214) ].]]
'''Fechtbuch''' (plural '''Fechtbücher''') is ] for "combat manual",<ref>'']'' is cognate to English ''fight'' and still meant "fight, combat" in general in Early Modern times; in contemporary ], ''fechten'' translates to "fencing", while the noun '']'' retains the generic meaning of "fight, battle".</ref> one of the manuscripts or printed books of the late ] and the ] containing descriptions of a ]. Usually, the term is taken to include 15th- and 16th-century German manuals, but the nature of the subject matter does not allow a clear separation of these from treatises from other parts of Europe on one hand (particularly from the Italian and French schools), and from manuals of later centuries on the other hand. '''{{Lang|de|Fechtbuch}}''' (plural '''{{Lang|de|Fechtbücher}}''') is ] for 'combat manual',<ref group=Note name=Note01 /> one of the manuscripts or printed books of the late ] and the ] containing descriptions of a martial art. The term is usually taken to include 15th- and 16th-century German manuals, but the nature of the subject matter does not allow a clear separation of these from treatises from other parts of Europe on one hand (particularly from the Italian and French schools), and from manuals of later centuries on the other hand.


A list of ''Fechtbücher'' include: Notable {{Lang|de|Fechtbücher}} include:
*Royal Armouries MS ] (Walpurgis Manuscript) (c. 1300, predating ]) *] ("Walpurgis Manuscript") (c. 1300, predating ])
*MS ] (c. 1389) *] (c. 1389)
*Fechtbuch of ] (1440s) *Fechtbuch of ] (1440s)
*], kept in ], and "]", discovered in ], both dating to the mid-15th century and largely uninfluenced by Liechtenauer. *], kept in ], and "]", discovered in ], both dating to the mid-15th century and largely uninfluenced by Liechtenauer.
*Fechtbücher of ] (several surviving manuscripts dating 1443&ndash;1467). *{{Lang|de|Fechtbücher}} of ] (several surviving manuscripts dating from 1443&ndash;1467).
*Fechtbuch of ], ], 1452 *{{Lang|de|Fechtbuch}} of Peter von Danzig, ], 1452
*Jud Lew Cod.I.6.4°.3 (1450s), ] *Jud Lew Cod.I.6.4°.3 (1450s), ]
*Fechtbuch of ] (1460s) *{{Lang|de|Fechtbuch}} of ] (1460s)
*] a ] treatise of the later 15th century only loosely related to the German school. *], a Swiss treatise of the later 15th century only loosely related to the German school.
*] (Vom Baumans Fechtbuch), 1470s, ] *] ({{Lang|de|Vom Baumans Fechtbuch}}), 1470s, ]
*Solothurner Fechtbuch, no text, dependent on Paulus Kal, 1470s, ] *Solothurner Fechtbuch, no text, dependent on Paulus Kal, 1470s, ]
*] Cod. Pal. Germ. 430, ] (1478), Cgm. 582, ] (1482)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pragmatische-schriftlichkeit.de/cgm582.html |title=Transkription der Fechthandschrift cgm582, Johann Lecküchner, Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek. |publisher=Pragmatische-schriftlichkeit.de |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> *] Cod. Pal. Germ. 430, ] (1478), Cgm. 582, ] (1482)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pragmatische-schriftlichkeit.de/cgm582.html |title=Transkription der Fechthandschrift cgm582, Johann Lecküchner, Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek. |publisher=Pragmatische-schriftlichkeit.de |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
*Cod. Guelf. 78.2, ''Herzog August Bibliothek'' ] (late 15th century) *Cod. Guelf. 78.2, ''Herzog August Bibliothek'' ] (late 15th century)
*] P 5012, ''Kunsthistorisches Museum'', ] *] P 5012, ''Kunsthistorisches Museum'', ]
*] Q566 (c. 1480), ] *] Q566 (c. 1480), ]
*] (MS M I 29) (1491)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/Mertin_Siber/MS-Web.htm|title=The Fight-Lore of Mertin Siber, 1491 AD|work=Thearma.org|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> *] (MS M I 29) (1491)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/Mertin_Siber/MS-Web.htm|title=The Fight-Lore of Mertin Siber, 1491 AD|work=Thearma.org|access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
*], c. 1500, influenced by Kal and Falkner, drawn upon by Wilhalm. *], c. 1500, influenced by Kal and Falkner, drawn upon by Wilhalm.
*] (1505) *] (1505)
*Hans Wurm, grappling, (c. 1505) *Hans Wurm, grappling, (c. 1505)
*"Goliath (manuscript)" (1510s)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/Goliath/Goliath.htm|title=Goliath|work=Thearma.org|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> *"Goliath (manuscript)" (1510s)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/Goliath/Goliath.htm|title=Goliath|work=Thearma.org|access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
*]'s fechtbuch HS. 26-232 (1512), ] *]'s fechtbuch HS. 26-232 (1512), ]
*], ''Ergründung der ritterlichen kunst des fechtens durch freyfechter czu Vienn'', ], 1516 *], {{Lang|de|Ergründung der ritterlichen kunst des fechtens durch freyfechter czu Vienn}}, ], 1516
*], anonymous (early 16th century) *], anonymous (early 16th century)
*Fechtbücher by ] (1520s) *{{Lang|de|Fechtbücher}} by ] (1520s)
*Egenolph: ''Der Altenn Fechter anfaengliche Kunst'', anonymous, printed by ], 1529, ]. This is largely derived from Pauernfeindt's 1516 manual. *Egenolph: {{Lang|de|Der Altenn Fechter anfaengliche Kunst}}, anonymous, printed by ], 1529, ]. This is largely derived from Pauernfeindt's 1516 manual.
*Hans Czynner MS. 963 (1538), ] *Hans Czynner MS. 963 (1538), ]
*the compendia of ] (1540s). *the compendia of ] (1540s).
*] (1558) (this is a reprint from the Altenn Fechter anfaengliche Kunst, printed by Egenolph). *] (1558) (this is a reprint from the {{Lang|de|Altenn Fechter anfaengliche Kunst}}, printed by Egenolph).
*] "Grundtliche Beschreibung der freyen Ritterlichen vnnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren mit vil schönen vnd nützlichen Figuren gezieret vnnd fürgestellet" (1570) *] "{{Lang|de|Gründtliche Beschreibung der freyen Ritterlichen vnnd Adelichen kunst des Fechtens in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren mit vil schönen vnd nützlichen Figuren gezieret vnnd fürgestellet|italic=no}}" (1570)
*Gunterrodt: "De veris principiis artis dimicatoriae" (1579), ] *Gunterrodt: "{{Lang|la|De veris principiis artis dimicatoriae|italic=no}}" (1579), ]
*Codex Guelf. 83.4 (c. 1591)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/guelf.htm|title=Codex Guelf|work=Thearma.org|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> *Codex Guelf. 83.4 (c. 1591)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/essays/guelf.htm|title=Codex Guelf|work=Thearma.org|access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
*Jakob Sutor von Baden (1612) * ] (1612)
* Hanko Döbringer, Cod.ms.3227a (1389)


===Italian treatises=== ===Italian treatises===
The ] is attested in an early manual of 1410, at which time it is not yet clearly separable from the German school. Indeed, the author ] states that he has learned much of his art from one "Master Johannes of Swabia". The heyday of the Italian school comes in the 16th century, with the ]. The ] is attested in an early manual of 1410, at which time it is not yet clearly separable from the German school. Indeed, the author ] states that he has learned much of his art from one "Master Johannes of ]". The heyday of the Italian school comes in the 16th century, with the ].


*]'s '']'' (1410) *]'s '']'' (1410)
*]'s '']'' (1485) *]'s '']'' (1485)
*] (1509) *] (1509)
*Anonimo Bolognese M-345/6 (c. 1510s)<ref>{{dead link|date=November 2015}}</ref> *Anonimo Bolognese M-345/6 (c. 1510s)<ref>{{cite web |title=Di Accia Armato di Tutt'Arme |url=http://www.achillemarozzo.it/it/trattati/anonimo_bolognese.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621230211/http://www.achillemarozzo.it/it/trattati/anonimo_bolognese.htm |archive-date=June 21, 2006 |language=it}}</ref>
*] (1531) *] (1531)
*] (1536) *] (1536)
Line 76: Line 84:
*] (1606) *] (1606)
*] (1610) *] (1610)
*] ''La Scherma'' (1640) *], ''La Scherma'' (1640)
*] (1711) *] (1711)


===French manuals=== ===French manuals===
Similar to the situation in Italy, there is one early manual (c. 1400, dealing with the ] exclusively, and later treatises set in only after a gap of more than a century. Similar to the situation in Italy, there is one early manual (c. 1400, dealing with the ] exclusively), and later treatises appear only after a gap of more than a century.


*] (c. 1400) *'']'' (c. 1400)
*Andre Pauernfeindt "La noble science des joueurs d'espee" (1528)—This is a French translation of Pauernfeindt's 1516 work. One notable difference between it and the original is that the "noble science" print has colored images, unlike the German. *Andre Pauernfeindt, {{Lang|fr|La noble science des joueurs d'espee}} (1528)—This is a French translation of Pauernfeindt's 1516 work. One notable difference between it and the original is that the "noble science" print has colored images, unlike the German.
*] "Traité contenant les secrets du premier livre de l’épée seule, mère de toutes les armes, qui sont épée, dague, cappe, targue, bouclier, rondelle, l’espée deux mains, et les deux espées, avec ses pourtraictures, ..." (1573) *], {{Lang|fr|Traité contenant les secrets du premier livre de l'épée seule, mère de toutes les armes, qui sont épée, dague, cappe, targue, bouclier, rondelle, l'espée deux mains, et les deux espées, avec ses pourtraictures, ...}} (1573)
*] d'Anvers "Académie de l'epee, ou se démontrent par reigles mathématique, sur le fondement d'un cercle mysterieux, la theorie et pratique des vrais et jusqu'a present incognus secrets du maniement des armes, à pied et a cheval" (1623) *], {{Lang|fr|Académie de l'epee, ou se démontrent par reigles mathématique, sur le fondement d'un cercle mysterieux, la theorie et pratique des vrais et jusqu'a present incognus secrets du maniement des armes, à pied et a cheval}} (1623)
*Monsieur L'Abbat "The Art of Fencing, or, the Use of the Small Sword" (1734) *Monsieur L'Abbat, ''The Art of Fencing, or, the Use of the Small Sword'' (1734)


===British manuals=== ===British manuals===
⚫ ;England
⚫ Apart from three rather opaque texts of the later 15th century,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mymartialheritage.org/manuals.html |title=Discover your martial heritage with the English Martial Arts Academy |publisher=Mymartialheritage.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> the native English tradition of fencing manuals begins with ]'s '']'' (1599).


⚫ ==== England ====
⚫ *] ("The Man Who Wol"), late 14th early 15th century<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/Harleian.htm|title=Harleian|work=Thearma.org|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref>
⚫ Apart from three rather opaque texts of the later 15th century,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mymartialheritage.org/manuals.html |title=Discover your martial heritage with the English Martial Arts Academy |publisher=Mymartialheritage.org |access-date=2015-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727104736/http://www.mymartialheritage.org/manuals.html |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the native English tradition of fencing manuals begins with ]'s '']'' (1599).
⚫ *] 15th-century English greatsword and staff
⚫ *Additional Manuscript 39564, 15th century<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/MS39564/MS39564.htm|title=Additional Manuscript 39564 - 15th century English sword text|work=Thearma.org|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref>
⚫ *] "]" (1599)
⚫ *] "Schoole of the Noble and Worthy Science of Defence" (1612)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/swetnam.htm|title=Joseph Swetnam -- Part One|work=Thearma.org|accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref>
*Sir ], several books (1690s)
⚫ *Captain John Godfrey "A Treatise Upon the Useful Science of Defence, Connecting the Small and Back-Sword" (1747)
⚫ *] "Lessons in sabre, singlestick, sabre & bayonet, and sword feats" (1880)
⚫ *] "Cold Steel, A Practical Treatise on the Sabre" (1889), "Old Sword-Play" (1892)


⚫ *] (''The Man Who Wol''), late 14th–early 15th century<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/Harleian.htm|title=Harleian|work=Thearma.org|access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
⚫ ;Scotland
⚫ *], 15th-century English ] and ]
⚫ *Additional Manuscript 39564, 15th century<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/MS39564/MS39564.htm|title=Additional Manuscript 39564 - 15th century English sword text|work=Thearma.org|access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
⚫ *], '']'' (1599)
⚫ *], ''Schoole of the Noble and Worthy Science of Defence'' (1612)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/Manuals/swetnam.htm|title=Joseph Swetnam -- Part One|work=Thearma.org|access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
⚫ *Captain John Godfrey, ''A Treatise Upon the Useful Science of Defence, Connecting the Small and Back-Sword'' (1747)
⚫ *], ''Lessons in ], ], sabre & ], and sword feats'' (1880)
⚫ *], ''Cold Steel, A Practical Treatise on the Sabre'' (1889), ''Old Sword-Play'' (1892)

⚫ ==== Scotland ====
{{main|Historical fencing in Scotland}} {{main|Historical fencing in Scotland}}
Scottish manuals detailing the use of the ], besides other disciplines such as the ] and ], were published throughout the 18th century, with early and late examples dating to the late 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively: Scottish manuals detailing the use of the ], besides other disciplines such as the ] and ], were published throughout the 18th century, with early and late examples dating to the late 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively:


* The Scots Fencing Master (the Complete Smallswordsman) - Sir William Hope (1687)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/ScotsFencingMaster/ |title=Scots Fencing Master: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * Sir William Hope, ''The Scots Fencing Master (the Complete Smallswordsman)'' (1687)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/ScotsFencingMaster/ |title=Scots Fencing Master: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
* Advice to his Scholar from the Fencing Master - Sir William Hope (1692) * Sir William Hope, ''Advice to his Scholar from the Fencing Master'' (1692)
* Complete Fencing Master - Sir William Hope (1691–1692) * Sir William Hope, ''Complete Fencing Master'' (1691–1692)
* The Swordsman's Vade-Mecum - Sir William Hope (1692)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/VadeMecum/ |title=Vade Mecum: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * Sir William Hope, ''The Swordsman's Vade-Mecum'' (1692)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/VadeMecum/ |title=Vade Mecum: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
* New Short and Easy Method of Fencing (1st Edition) - Sir William Hope (1707)<ref name=swordsmanship>Highland Swordsmanship: Techniques of the Scottish Sword Masters, by Mark Rector (editor) and Paul Wagner (editor), Published by ] (Nov 15, 2001)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/NewMethod/|title=Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence|author=Jonathan Miller, The Linacre School of Defence|work=sirwilliamhope.org}}</ref> * Sir William Hope, ''New Short and Easy Method of Fencing'' (1st edition, 1707)<ref name="swordsmanship">{{cite book |title=Highland Swordsmanship: Techniques of the Scottish Sword Masters |date=2001-11-15 |publisher=] |ISBN=9781891448157 |editor-last=Rector |editor-first=Mark |editor-last2=Wagner |editor-first2=Paul}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/NewMethod/|title=Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence|author=Jonathan Miller, The Linacre School of Defence|work=sirwilliamhope.org}}</ref>
* New Short and Easy Method of Fencing (2nd Edition) - Sir William Hope (1714) * Sir William Hope, ''New Short and Easy Method of Fencing'' (2nd edition, 1714)
* A Few Observations upon the Fighting for Prizes in the Bear Gardens - Sir William Hope (1715)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/Observations/Observations.php |title=Observations: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * Sir William Hope, ''A Few Observations upon the Fighting for Prizes in the Bear Gardens'' (1715)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/Observations/Observations.php |title=Observations: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
* A Vindication of the True Art of Self-Defence - Sir William Hope (1724)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/Vindication/ |title=Vindication: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * Sir William Hope, ''A Vindication of the True Art of Self-Defence'' (1724)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Hope/Vindication/ |title=Vindication: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
* Expert Swords-man's Companion - Donald McBane (1728)<ref name=swordsmanship/> * ], ''Expert Swords-man's Companion'' (1728)<ref name=swordsmanship/>
* A treatise on backsword, sword, buckler, sword and dagger, sword and great gauntlet, falchon, quarterstaff - Captain James Miller (1737)<ref name=miller>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Miller/ |title=Miller: On-line manuals: Library: LSD |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * Captain James Miller, ''A treatise on backsword, sword, ], sword and ], sword and great gauntlet, ], ]'' (1737)<ref name=miller>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Miller/ |title=Miller: On-line manuals: Library: LSD |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
* The Use of the Broad Sword - Thomas Page (1746)<ref name=page>{{cite web|url=http://sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Page/ |title=Page: On-line manuals: Library: LSD |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * Thomas Page, ''The Use of the Broad Sword'' (1746)<ref name=page>{{cite web|url=http://sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Page/ |title=Page: On-line manuals: Library: LSD |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
* Anti-Pugilism - Anonymous (Captain G. Sinclair, 1790)<ref name=broadsword>Highland Broadsword:Five Manuals of Scottish Regimental Swordsmanship, by Paul Wagner (editor) and Mark Rector (editor), Published by The Chivalry Bookshelf (July 2004)</ref><ref>Anti-Pugilism, or The Science of Defense Exemplified In Short and Easy Lessons for the Practice of the Broad Sword and Single Stick Illustrated with Copper Plates, By a Highland Officer, London, Printed for J Aitkin, NO 14, Castle-street, corner of Bear Street, Leicester Fields 1790, www.hroarr.com/manuals/boxing-pugilism/Anti-pugilism.doc</ref> * Captain G. Sinclair, ''Anti-Pugilism – Anonymous'' (1790)<ref name="broadsword">{{Cite book |title=Highland Broadsword:Five Manuals of Scottish Regimental Swordsmanship |publisher=] |year=2003 |isbn=9781891448218 |editor-last=Wagner |editor-first=Paul |editor-last2=Rector |editor-first2=Mark}}</ref><ref>Anti-Pugilism, or The Science of Defense Exemplified In Short and Easy Lessons for the Practice of the Broad Sword and Single Stick Illustrated with Copper Plates, By a Highland Officer, London, Printed for J Aitkin, NO 14, Castle-street, corner of Bear Street, Leicester Fields 1790, www.hroarr.com/manuals/boxing-pugilism/Anti-pugilism.doc</ref>
* Cudgel Playing Modernized and Improved; or, The Science of Defence, Exemplified in a Few Short and Easy Lessons, for the Practice of the Broad Sword or Single Stick, on Foot - Captain G. Sinclair<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Sinclair/Sinclair.php |title=Cudgel Playing: Sinclair: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * Captain G. Sinclair, ''Cudgel Playing Modernized and Improved; or, The Science of Defence, Exemplified in a Few Short and Easy Lessons, for the Practice of the Broad Sword or Single Stick, on Foot''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sirwilliamhope.org/Library/Sinclair/Sinclair.php |title=Cudgel Playing: Sinclair: Library: The Linacre School of Defence |publisher=Sirwilliamhope.org |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
* Lecture on the Art of Defence - Archibald MacGregor (1791)<ref name=broadsword/> * Archibald MacGregor, ''Lecture on the Art of Defence'' (1791)<ref name=broadsword/>
* The Guards of the Highland Broadsword - Thomas Rowlandson (1799)<ref name=rowlandson>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidrumsey.com/amica/amico820629-47674.html |title=Thomas Rowlandson / The Guards of the Highland Broadsword / 1799 |publisher=Davidrumsey.com |date= |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * Thomas Rowlandson, ''The Guards of the Highland Broadsword'' (1799)<ref name=rowlandson>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidrumsey.com/amica/amico820629-47674.html |title=Thomas Rowlandson / The Guards of the Highland Broadsword / 1799 |publisher=Davidrumsey.com |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
* Hungarian & Highland Broadsword - by Henry Angelo and Son (1799)<ref name=broadsword/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/pdf/HungarianHighlandBroadsword.pdf |format=PDF |title=Digital Historical Documents |author=Peter Valentine |publisher=Thearma.org |accessdate=2011-11-06}}</ref> * ] and son, ''Hungarian & Highland Broadsword'' (1799)<ref name=broadsword/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thearma.org/pdf/HungarianHighlandBroadsword.pdf |title=Digital Historical Documents |author=Peter Valentine |publisher=Thearma.org |access-date=2011-11-06}}</ref>
* The Art of Defence on Foot with Broadsword and Saber- John Taylor (1804)<ref name=broadsword/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Y7kUAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+Taylor+broadsword&source=bl&ots=PYD6Da3MA4&sig=Y-fWoh-MRpIaWSyeKhsUH1Sg00Q&hl=en&ei=kyFwTY_gA9Kutweg4Zy8Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=John%20Taylor%20broadsword&f=false |title=Art of Defence on Foot, with the Broad Sword and Sabre: Adapted Also for the ... |author=John Taylor |publisher=Books.google.com |date=1938-06-22 |accessdate=2015-11-06}}</ref> * John Taylor, ''The Art of Defence on Foot with Broadsword and Saber'' (1804)<ref name=broadsword/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7kUAAAAYAAJ&q=John+Taylor+broadsword |title=Art of Defence on Foot, with the Broad Sword and Sabre: Adapted Also for the ... |author=John Taylor |date=1938-06-22 |access-date=2015-11-06}}</ref>
* Fencing Familiarized; or, a New Treatise on the Art of the Scotch Broad Sword - Thomas Mathewson (1805)<ref name=broadsword/> * Thomas Mathewson, ''Fencing Familiarized; or, a New Treatise on the Art of the Scotch Broad Sword'' (1805)<ref name=broadsword/>


===Spanish and Portuguese manuals=== ===Iberian manuals===
There are some manuals containing training advice for the ] and ] such as the early Portuguese work '']'' by ] (1391&ndash;1438). A riding instruction manual that also included martial information. There are some manuals containing training advice for the ] and ], such as the early ] work '']'' by ] (1391&ndash;1438), a riding instruction manual that also included martial information.


In 1599, the swordmaster ] wrote the '']'', the only fencing manual that preserved the older "Common" or "Vulgar" system of Spanish fencing, which has its traditions in the Middle Ages.
⚫ 17th-century Spanish ] is very much steeped in the Spanish ] noblemen mindset, so doesn't contain much graphical explanations of the fencing techniques so much as hard to understand explanations based on mathematics and philosophical sciences in general. The subsequent difficulty on interpreting the theory and practice of ] correctly has led many times to this school of fencing being misunderstood.


⚫ 17th-century Spanish ] is steeped in the Spanish ] noblemen mindset, so it does not contain graphical explanations of the fencing techniques so much as explanations based on mathematics and philosophical sciences in general. The subsequent difficulty in interpreting the theory and practice of {{Lang|es|destreza}} correctly has frequently led to this school of fencing being misunderstood.{{Editorializing|date=August 2022}}{{Cn|date=August 2022}}
⚫ * ], ''De la filosophia de las armas y de su destreza...'' (1582)

⚫ * ], ''Grandezas de la espada'' (1600)
⚫ * ], {{Lang|es|De la filosophia de las armas y de su destreza...}} (1582)
⚫ * ], ''Academie de l’espée'' (1628)
* ], ''Nueva ciencia'' (1632) * ], '']'' (1600)
⚫ * ], {{Lang|fr|Academie de l'espée}} (1628)
⚫ * ], ''Compendio en defensa de la doctrina y destreza del comendador Gerónimo de Carranza'' (1632)
⚫ * ], {{Lang|es|Nueva ciencia}} (1632)
⚫ * ], ''Desengaño de la espada y norte de diestros'' (1642)
⚫ * Luis Méndez de Carmona Tamariz, {{Lang|es|Compendio en defensa de la doctrina y destreza del comendador Gerónimo de Carranza}} (1632)
⚫ * ] ''Memorial da Prattica do ] Que inclue dezaseis regras simplez'' (1651)
* Luis Diáz de Viedma, {{Lang|es|Método de Enseñanza de Maestros}} (1639) and {{Lang|es|Epitome de la Enseñanza}} (1639)
⚫ * ], ''Resumen de la verdadera destreza de las armas en treinta y ocho asserciones'' (1675)
⚫ * Cristóbal de Cala, {{Lang|es|Desengaño de la espada y norte de diestros}} (1642)
* ], ''Compendio de los fundamentos de la verdadera destreza y filosofia de las armas'' (1675)
⚫ * Diogo Gomes de Figueyredo, {{Lang|pt|Memorial da Prattica do ] Que inclue dezaseis regras simplez}} (1651)
⚫ * ], ''Compreension de la destreza'' (1681)
⚫ * Miguel Pérez de Mendoza y Quijada, {{Lang|es|Resumen de la verdadera destreza de las armas en treinta y ocho asserciones}} (1675)
⚫ * ], ''Tratado das liçoens da espada preta, & destreza que hao de usar os jugadores della'' (1685)
* ], ''Cartilla y luz en la verdadera destreza'' (1696) * Francisco Antonio de Ettenhard y Abarca, {{Lang|es|Compendio de los fundamentos de la verdadera destreza y filosofia de las armas}} (1675)
⚫ * Álvaro Guerra de la Vega, {{Lang|es|Compreension de la destreza}} (1681)
* ], ''Las tretas de la vulgar y comun esgrima de espada sola y con armas dobles'' (1702)
⚫ * Thomas Luis, {{Lang|pt|Tratado das liçoens da espada preta, & destreza que hao de usar os jugadores della}} (1685)
⚫ * ], ''Nobleza de la espada'' (1705)
* ], ''Crisol especulativo, demostrativo, práctico, Matemático de la destreza'' (1731) * Nicolás Tamariz, {{Lang|es|Cartilla y luz en la verdadera destreza}} (1696)
* ], ''Principios universales y reglas generales de la verdadera destreza del espadín'' (1805) * Manuel Cruzado y Peralta, {{Lang|es|Las tretas de la vulgar y comun esgrima de espada sola y con armas dobles}} (1702)
⚫ * Francisco Lórenz de Rada, {{Lang|es|Nobleza de la espada}} (1705)
⚫ * ], ''Tratado completo de la esgrima del sable español'' (1862)
* Nicolás Rodrigo Noveli, {{Lang|es|Crisol especulativo, demostrativo, práctico, Matemático de la destreza}} (1731)
* Manuel Antonio de Brea, {{Lang|es|Principios universales y reglas generales de la verdadera destreza del espadín}} (1805)
⚫ * Jaime Mereló y Casademunt, {{Lang|es|Tratado completo de la esgrima del sable español}} (1862)


==Historical Asian martial arts== ==Historical Asian martial arts==
]'' (1560s)]]
{{see|History of Asian martial arts}} {{see|History of martial arts#Asia}}
Some texts on unarmed combat survive from ] (c. 1st century).
Some texts on unarmed combat survive from ] (c. 1st century). A list of wrestling techniques is contained in the ] of 13th-century ], India. The Chinese '']'' dates to the 1560s. The Korean '']'' dates to 1598, the '']'' dates to 1790. The Japanese '']'' dates to 1645.
The Indian ] (13th century) includes portions dealing with wrestling techniques.
The Chinese ] dates to the 1560s.
The Korean ] dates to 1598, the ] dates to 1790.
The Japanese ] dates to 1645.


==See also== ==See also==
*] {{portal|Martial arts}}
*] *]
*] *]

==Notes==
{{reflist |group=Note|refs=
<ref name=Note01>'']'' is cognate to English ''fight'' and still meant "fight, combat" in general in Early Modern times; in contemporary ], ''fechten'' translates to "fencing", while the noun '']'' retains the generic meaning of "fight, battle".</ref>
}}


==References== ==References==
Line 165: Line 178:


==External links== ==External links==
{{Commonscat|Martial arts manuals}}
* hosted by the ] * hosted by the ]
* by The ] (ARMA) * by The ] (ARMA)
* hosted by the (AEMMA) * hosted by the (AEMMA)
* hosted by the (AEMMA) * hosted by the (AEMMA)
* *

{{Fencing}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Martial Arts Manual}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Martial Arts Manual}}
] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 23:00, 22 October 2024

Instructions on how to fight

Martial arts manuals are instructions, with or without illustrations, specifically designed to be learnt from a book. Many books detailing specific techniques of martial arts are often erroneously called manuals but were written as treatises.

Prose descriptions of martial arts techniques appear late within the history of literature, due to the inherent difficulties of describing a technique rather than just demonstrating it.

The earliest extant manuscript on armed combat (as opposed to unarmed wrestling) is Royal Armouries Ms. I.33 ("I.33"), written in Franconia around 1300.

Not within the scope of this article are books on military strategy such as Sun Tzu's The Art of War (before 100 BCE) or Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus' De Re Militari (4th century), or military technology, such as De rebus bellicis (4th to 5th century).

Predecessors

Detail of the wrestling scenes at Beni Hasan.

Some early testimonies of historical martial arts consist of series of images only. The earliest example is a fresco in tomb 15 at Beni Hasan, showing illustrations of wrestling techniques dating to the 20th century BCE. Similar depictions of wrestling techniques are found on Attic vases dating to Classical Greece.

The only known instance of a book from classical antiquity is Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 466 from the 2nd century CE, detailing Greek wrestling techniques.

There are some examples in the Chinese classics that may predate the turn of the Common Era: the Records of the Grand Historian by Sima Qian (c. 100 BCE) documents wrestling, referring to earlier how-to manuals of the Western Han (2nd century BCE), which have however not survived. An extant Chinese text on wrestling is "Six Chapters of Hand Fighting" included in the 1st-century CE Book of Han.

All other extant manuals date to the Middle Ages or later.

The "combat stele" at the Shaolin Monastery dates to 728 CE.

The earliest text detailing Indian martial arts is the Agni Purana (c. 8th century), which contains several chapters giving descriptions and instructions on fighting techniques. It described how to improve a warrior's individual prowess and kill enemies using various methods in warfare whether they went to war in chariots, horses, elephants or on foot. Foot methods were subdivided into armed combat and unarmed combat. The former included the bow and arrow, the sword, spear, noose, armour, iron dart, club, battle axe, chakram and trident. The latter included wrestling, knee strikes, punching and kicking methods.

The oldest extant European martial arts manual is Royal Armouries Ms. I.33 (c. 1300).

"Illustrations only" manuals do not become extinct with the appearance of prose instructions, but rather exist alongside these, e.g. in the form of the Late Medieval German illuminated manuscripts.

Historical European martial arts

German Fechtbücher

Further information: German school of fencing
Example of an illustration of half-sword, c. 1418: Islan the monk executes a half-sword thrust against Volker the minstrel (CPG 359, fol. 46v).
fol. 2r of the Cod. 44 A 8, depicting two fencers in the vom tag and alber wards.
Illustration of a half-sword thrust against a mordhau in armoured longsword combat. (Plate 214) Codex Wallerstein.

Fechtbuch (plural Fechtbücher) is Early New High German for 'combat manual', one of the manuscripts or printed books of the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance containing descriptions of a martial art. The term is usually taken to include 15th- and 16th-century German manuals, but the nature of the subject matter does not allow a clear separation of these from treatises from other parts of Europe on one hand (particularly from the Italian and French schools), and from manuals of later centuries on the other hand.

Notable Fechtbücher include:

Italian treatises

The Italian school is attested in an early manual of 1410, at which time it is not yet clearly separable from the German school. Indeed, the author Fiore dei Liberi states that he has learned much of his art from one "Master Johannes of Swabia". The heyday of the Italian school comes in the 16th century, with the Dardi school.

French manuals

Similar to the situation in Italy, there is one early manual (c. 1400, dealing with the pollaxe exclusively), and later treatises appear only after a gap of more than a century.

  • Le jeu de la hache (c. 1400)
  • Andre Pauernfeindt, La noble science des joueurs d'espee (1528)—This is a French translation of Pauernfeindt's 1516 work. One notable difference between it and the original is that the "noble science" print has colored images, unlike the German.
  • Henry de Sainct-Didier, Traité contenant les secrets du premier livre de l'épée seule, mère de toutes les armes, qui sont épée, dague, cappe, targue, bouclier, rondelle, l'espée deux mains, et les deux espées, avec ses pourtraictures, ... (1573)
  • Gérard Thibault d'Anvers, Académie de l'epee, ou se démontrent par reigles mathématique, sur le fondement d'un cercle mysterieux, la theorie et pratique des vrais et jusqu'a present incognus secrets du maniement des armes, à pied et a cheval (1623)
  • Monsieur L'Abbat, The Art of Fencing, or, the Use of the Small Sword (1734)

British manuals

England

Apart from three rather opaque texts of the later 15th century, the native English tradition of fencing manuals begins with George Silver's Paradoxes of Defense (1599).

Scotland

Main article: Historical fencing in Scotland

Scottish manuals detailing the use of the basket-hilted Scottish broadsword, besides other disciplines such as the smallsword and spadroon, were published throughout the 18th century, with early and late examples dating to the late 17th and early 19th centuries, respectively:

  • Sir William Hope, The Scots Fencing Master (the Complete Smallswordsman) (1687)
  • Sir William Hope, Advice to his Scholar from the Fencing Master (1692)
  • Sir William Hope, Complete Fencing Master (1691–1692)
  • Sir William Hope, The Swordsman's Vade-Mecum (1692)
  • Sir William Hope, New Short and Easy Method of Fencing (1st edition, 1707)
  • Sir William Hope, New Short and Easy Method of Fencing (2nd edition, 1714)
  • Sir William Hope, A Few Observations upon the Fighting for Prizes in the Bear Gardens (1715)
  • Sir William Hope, A Vindication of the True Art of Self-Defence (1724)
  • Donald McBane, Expert Swords-man's Companion (1728)
  • Captain James Miller, A treatise on backsword, sword, buckler, sword and dagger, sword and great gauntlet, falchon, quarterstaff (1737)
  • Thomas Page, The Use of the Broad Sword (1746)
  • Captain G. Sinclair, Anti-Pugilism – Anonymous (1790)
  • Captain G. Sinclair, Cudgel Playing Modernized and Improved; or, The Science of Defence, Exemplified in a Few Short and Easy Lessons, for the Practice of the Broad Sword or Single Stick, on Foot
  • Archibald MacGregor, Lecture on the Art of Defence (1791)
  • Thomas Rowlandson, The Guards of the Highland Broadsword (1799)
  • Henry Angelo and son, Hungarian & Highland Broadsword (1799)
  • John Taylor, The Art of Defence on Foot with Broadsword and Saber (1804)
  • Thomas Mathewson, Fencing Familiarized; or, a New Treatise on the Art of the Scotch Broad Sword (1805)

Iberian manuals

There are some manuals containing training advice for the medieval tournament and jousting, such as the early Portuguese work A ensinança de bem cavalgar em toda a sela by Edward of Portugal (1391–1438), a riding instruction manual that also included martial information.

In 1599, the swordmaster Domingo Luis Godinho wrote the Arte de Esgrima, the only fencing manual that preserved the older "Common" or "Vulgar" system of Spanish fencing, which has its traditions in the Middle Ages.

17th-century Spanish destreza is steeped in the Spanish Baroque noblemen mindset, so it does not contain graphical explanations of the fencing techniques so much as explanations based on mathematics and philosophical sciences in general. The subsequent difficulty in interpreting the theory and practice of destreza correctly has frequently led to this school of fencing being misunderstood.

  • Jerónimo Sánchez de Carranza, De la filosophia de las armas y de su destreza... (1582)
  • Luis Pacheco de Narváez, Libro de las grandezas de la espada (1600)
  • Gerard Thibault, Academie de l'espée (1628)
  • Luis Pacheco de Narváez, Nueva ciencia (1632)
  • Luis Méndez de Carmona Tamariz, Compendio en defensa de la doctrina y destreza del comendador Gerónimo de Carranza (1632)
  • Luis Diáz de Viedma, Método de Enseñanza de Maestros (1639) and Epitome de la Enseñanza (1639)
  • Cristóbal de Cala, Desengaño de la espada y norte de diestros (1642)
  • Diogo Gomes de Figueyredo, Memorial da Prattica do Montante Que inclue dezaseis regras simplez (1651)
  • Miguel Pérez de Mendoza y Quijada, Resumen de la verdadera destreza de las armas en treinta y ocho asserciones (1675)
  • Francisco Antonio de Ettenhard y Abarca, Compendio de los fundamentos de la verdadera destreza y filosofia de las armas (1675)
  • Álvaro Guerra de la Vega, Compreension de la destreza (1681)
  • Thomas Luis, Tratado das liçoens da espada preta, & destreza que hao de usar os jugadores della (1685)
  • Nicolás Tamariz, Cartilla y luz en la verdadera destreza (1696)
  • Manuel Cruzado y Peralta, Las tretas de la vulgar y comun esgrima de espada sola y con armas dobles (1702)
  • Francisco Lórenz de Rada, Nobleza de la espada (1705)
  • Nicolás Rodrigo Noveli, Crisol especulativo, demostrativo, práctico, Matemático de la destreza (1731)
  • Manuel Antonio de Brea, Principios universales y reglas generales de la verdadera destreza del espadín (1805)
  • Jaime Mereló y Casademunt, Tratado completo de la esgrima del sable español (1862)

Historical Asian martial arts

Unarmed fighting from the Jixiao Xinshu (1560s)
Further information: History of martial arts § Asia

Some texts on unarmed combat survive from Han China (c. 1st century). A list of wrestling techniques is contained in the Malla Purana of 13th-century Gujarat, India. The Chinese Jixiao Xinshu dates to the 1560s. The Korean Muyejebo dates to 1598, the Muyedobotongji dates to 1790. The Japanese The Book of Five Rings dates to 1645.

See also

Notes

  1. fechten is cognate to English fight and still meant "fight, combat" in general in Early Modern times; in contemporary Standard German, fechten translates to "fencing", while the noun Gefecht retains the generic meaning of "fight, battle".

References

  1. Henning, Stanley E. (1999). "Academia Encounters the Chinese Martial arts". China Review International. 6 (2): 319–332. doi:10.1353/cri.1999.0020. ISSN 1069-5834. JSTOR 23732172. S2CID 145378249.
  2. Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1992). "To Heal and/or To Harm: The Vital Spots (Marmmam/Varmam) in Two South Indian Martial Traditions Part I: Focus on Kerala's Kalarippayattu". Journal of Asian Martial Arts. 1 (1).
  3. P. C. Chakravarti (1972). The art of warfare in ancient India. Delhi.
  4. ^ Svinth, Joseph R. (2002). "Kronos: A Chronological History of the Martial Arts and Combative Sports". Electronic Journals of Martial Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2024-02-10.
  5. Zarrilli, Phillip B. (1994). "Actualizing Power and Crafting a Self in Kalarippayattu". University of Exeter. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  6. "Transkription der Fechthandschrift cgm582, Johann Lecküchner, Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek". Pragmatische-schriftlichkeit.de. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  7. "The Fight-Lore of Mertin Siber, 1491 AD". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  8. "Goliath". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  9. "Codex Guelf". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  10. "Di Accia Armato di Tutt'Arme" (in Italian). Archived from the original on June 21, 2006.
  11. "Discover your martial heritage with the English Martial Arts Academy". Mymartialheritage.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  12. "Harleian". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  13. "Additional Manuscript 39564 - 15th century English sword text". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  14. "Joseph Swetnam -- Part One". Thearma.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  15. "Scots Fencing Master: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  16. "Vade Mecum: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  17. ^ Rector, Mark; Wagner, Paul, eds. (2001-11-15). Highland Swordsmanship: Techniques of the Scottish Sword Masters. The Chivalry Bookshelf. ISBN 9781891448157.
  18. Jonathan Miller, The Linacre School of Defence. "Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". sirwilliamhope.org.
  19. "Observations: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  20. "Vindication: Hope: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  21. "Miller: On-line manuals: Library: LSD". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  22. "Page: On-line manuals: Library: LSD". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  23. ^ Wagner, Paul; Rector, Mark, eds. (2003). Highland Broadsword:Five Manuals of Scottish Regimental Swordsmanship. The Chivalry Bookshelf. ISBN 9781891448218.
  24. Anti-Pugilism, or The Science of Defense Exemplified In Short and Easy Lessons for the Practice of the Broad Sword and Single Stick Illustrated with Copper Plates, By a Highland Officer, London, Printed for J Aitkin, NO 14, Castle-street, corner of Bear Street, Leicester Fields 1790, www.hroarr.com/manuals/boxing-pugilism/Anti-pugilism.doc
  25. "Cudgel Playing: Sinclair: Library: The Linacre School of Defence". Sirwilliamhope.org. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  26. "Thomas Rowlandson / The Guards of the Highland Broadsword / 1799". Davidrumsey.com. Retrieved 2015-11-06.
  27. Peter Valentine. "Digital Historical Documents" (PDF). Thearma.org. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
  28. John Taylor (1938-06-22). "Art of Defence on Foot, with the Broad Sword and Sabre: Adapted Also for the ..." Retrieved 2015-11-06.

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