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| {{Short description|Chieftain of the Kutrigurs}} | |||
| '''Zabergan''' (''Ζαβεργάν'') was chieftain of the ] ] ] about 550-560.<ref>"The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe", Hyun Jin Kim, p. 141, https://books.google.hr/books?id=jCpncXFzoFgC&q=utigurs#v=onepage&q=Kutrigurs&f=false</ref><ref>"The Empire of the Steppes", René Grousset, page 79: " Other Hun clans survived north of the Black Sea in two hordes : the Kutrigur Huns, who led a nomadic life northwest of the of Azov and the Ututgur or Utrigur Huns, whose haunts were by the mouth of the Don." https://books.google.hr/books?id=CHzGvqRbV_IC&pg=PA79&dq=kutrigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBmoVChMIvfOPuuqTyQIVxQcsCh1bWwlR#v=onepage&q=kutrigur&f=false</ref><ref>"The Byzantine Empire", Donald MacGillivray Nicol, King's College, University of London, http://history-world.org/Byzantines.htm </ref> Most probably the name Zabergan has Iranian origin.<ref name="Otto">{{cite book |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |author-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |date=1973 |chapter=Chapter IX. Language: 5. Iranian names |chapter-url=http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_5.html#Zabergan |title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture |publisher=] |pages=392 |isbn=9780520015968}}</ref> Either under pressure by incoming ],{{sfn|Golden|1992|p=100}}{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=140}} or in revolt against ], in the winter of 558, he led a large Kutrigur army who crossed frozen ],<ref>10 "The Age of Justinian", J. A. S. Evans, " The Kutrigur Bulgars swept across the Danube again and threaten to take Constantinople. ...and in March, 559, a new khagan, Zabergan, leading a Kutrigur horde which included Slavs, took advantage of sub-zero weather to cross the frozen Danube." https://books.google.hr/books?id=uieCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT335&dq=kutrigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAmoVChMIvfOPuuqTyQIVxQcsCh1bWwlR#v=onepage&q=kutrigur&f=false </ref><ref>"A history of the Balkans", Plamen S. T︠S︡vetkov, page 71: " According to Omeljan Pritsak, by 550 the Bulgarian state split into two realms : the Kutrigur realm on the west of the Azov Sea and the Utigur one to the East. ... Soon after that the Kutrigur kan Zavergan (550-560) made peace with Sandilkh and undertook in 558 a large scale attack on the East-Roman Empire. " https://books.google.hr/books?id=VR5pAAAAMAAJ&q=kutrigur&dq=kutrigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDwQ6AEwBTgUahUKEwi_m8Cm9JPJAhUEwxQKHZq8Ccs</ref> and was divided into three sections; one raided south far as ], while two others the ] and the periphery of ].{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}}<ref>The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1991, "The major invasion came in 559, when the Kutrigur Bulgars, accompanied by Sclaveni, crossed the Danube and divided their force into three columns.", https://books.google.hr/books?id=boEoAQAAIAAJ&q=kutrigur&dq=kutrigur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBjgUahUKEwi_m8Cm9JPJAhUEwxQKHZq8Ccs</ref> On March 559 Zabergan attacked Constantinople, and one part of his forces consisted of 7000 horsemen.{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=107}} | |||
| '''Zabergan''' ({{langx|grc-x-medieval|Ζαβεργάν}}) was the chieftain of the ], a ] nomadic tribe of the ], after ]. His name is ], meaning ].{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973}} Either under pressure from incoming ],<ref name=Golden>{{harvnb|Golden|2011|p=140}}; {{harvnb|Golden|1992|p=100}}</ref> or in revolt against the ], in the winter of 558, he led a large Kutrigur army that crossed the frozen ]. The army was divided into three sections: one raided south far as ], while two others the ] and the periphery of ].{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} In March 559 Zabergan attacked Constantinople, and one part of his forces consisted of 7,000 horsemen,{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=107}} but ] defeated him at the ] and he was forced to withdraw.<ref>James C. Bradford, ''International Encyclopedia of Military History''</ref> | |||
| The transit of such big distances in short period of time shows |
The transit of such big distances in a short period of time shows that the Kutrigurs were mounted warriors,{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} and Zabergan's raiders were already encamped near the banks of the Danube.{{sfn|Curta|2015|p=77}} However, once again Emperor ] (r. 527–565) managed to persuade the ] chieftain ] to attack the Kutrigurs, which resulted in the decimation of both.<ref name=Golden/> Nevertheless, according to the 12th-century chronicle of ] the remnant of those Bulgars were granted ] in the time of ] (r. 582-602).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/1894295 |title=The Three Scythian Brothers: an Extract from the Chronicle of Michael the Great | Mark Dickens |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |access-date=2015-02-27}}</ref> It is unknown if Zabergan was related to the Byzantine general named Zabergan, who in 586 defended the fortress Chlomaron against the Romans.{{sfn|Maenchen-Helfen|1973}} | ||
| ==Honours== | ==Honours== | ||
| ] in ] is named after Zabergan. | |||
| ] in ] is named after Zabergan.<ref>https://"The rocky peak rising to 700 m on Foyn Coast, Antarctic Peninsula. Situated 7.06 km S of Chuypetlovo Knoll, 9.3 km W of Takev Point and 2.2 km NW of Varad Point. Surmounting Beaglehole Glacier to the NE and Friederichsen Glacier to the SW. British mapping in 1976. Named after the Bulgar ruler Zabergan (6th century).", https://data.antarctica.gov.au/aadc/gaz/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137642</ref> | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| ==Sources== | |||
| ⚫ | * {{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |chapter=Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans |editor1=Zimonyi István |editor2=Osman Karatay |title=Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/12138833 |date=2015 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz |place=Wiesbaden |pages=69–89}} | ||
| ⚫ | * {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter Benjamin |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=1992 |title=An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East |url=https://www.academia.edu/12545004 |publisher=] |place=] |isbn=9783447032742}} | ||
| ⚫ | * {{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2011 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971 |publisher=Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei |isbn=9789732721520}} | ||
| * {{cite book |last=Maenchen-Helfen |first=Otto J. |author-link=Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen |date=1973 |chapter=Chapter IX. Language: 5. Iranian names |chapter-url=http://www.kroraina.com/huns/mh/mh_5.html#Zabergan |title=The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture |publisher=] |pages=392 |isbn=9780520015968}} | |||
| {{s-start}} | |||
| ⚫ | *{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter Benjamin |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=1992 |title=An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East |url= |
||
| {{succession box|before=]|title=Leader of the ]|after=]|years={{floruit}} 558–586}} | |||
| ⚫ | *{{cite book |last=Golden |first=Peter B. |author-link=Peter Benjamin Golden |date=2011 |title=Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes |url= |
||
| {{s-end}} | |||
| ⚫ | *{{cite book |last=Curta |first=Florin |author-link=Florin Curta |chapter=Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans |title=Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden |chapter-url= |
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Latest revision as of 17:14, 13 October 2024
Chieftain of the KutrigursZabergan (Medieval Greek: Ζαβεργάν) was the chieftain of the Kutrigurs, a Turkic nomadic tribe of the Pontic–Caspian steppe, after Sinnion. His name is Iranian, meaning full moon. Either under pressure from incoming Avars, or in revolt against the Byzantine Empire, in the winter of 558, he led a large Kutrigur army that crossed the frozen Danube. The army was divided into three sections: one raided south far as Thermopylae, while two others the Thracian Chersonesus and the periphery of Constantinople. In March 559 Zabergan attacked Constantinople, and one part of his forces consisted of 7,000 horsemen, but Belisarius defeated him at the Battle of Melantias and he was forced to withdraw.
The transit of such big distances in a short period of time shows that the Kutrigurs were mounted warriors, and Zabergan's raiders were already encamped near the banks of the Danube. However, once again Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565) managed to persuade the Utigur chieftain Sandilch to attack the Kutrigurs, which resulted in the decimation of both. Nevertheless, according to the 12th-century chronicle of Michael the Syrian the remnant of those Bulgars were granted Dacia in the time of Maurice (r. 582-602). It is unknown if Zabergan was related to the Byzantine general named Zabergan, who in 586 defended the fortress Chlomaron against the Romans.
Honours
Zabergan Peak in Antarctica is named after Zabergan.
References
- ^ Maenchen-Helfen 1973.
- ^ Golden 2011, p. 140; Golden 1992, p. 100
- ^ Curta 2015, p. 77.
- Golden 2011, p. 107.
- James C. Bradford, International Encyclopedia of Military History
- "The Three Scythian Brothers: an Extract from the Chronicle of Michael the Great | Mark Dickens". Academia.edu. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2015-02-27.
Sources
- Curta, Florin (2015). "Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar raiders, and Roman special ops: mobile warriors in the 6th-century Balkans". In Zimonyi István; Osman Karatay (eds.). Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 69–89.
- Golden, Peter Benjamin (1992). An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples: ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 9783447032742.
- Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. ISBN 9789732721520.
- Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (1973). "Chapter IX. Language: 5. Iranian names". The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 392. ISBN 9780520015968.
| Preceded bySinnion | Leader of the Kutrigurs fl. 558–586 |
Succeeded byBulgarios |