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{{Short description|1921–1936 autonomous state in the French Mandate of Syria}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
|conventional_long_name = Jabal al-Druze
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
|native_name = {{lang|ar|جبل الدروز}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}
|common_name = Jabal al-Druze
{{coord missing|Syria}}
|continent = moved from Category:Asia to the Middle East
{{Infobox country
|region = the Middle East
| conventional_long_name = State of Jabal al-Druze
|country = Syria
| native_name = ''{{lang|fr|Djebel Druze}}''<br>{{lang|ar|جبل الدروز}}
|status = League of Nations Mandate
| common_name = Jabal al-Druze
|empire = France
| status = League of Nations Mandate
|p1 = Kingdom of Syria
| empire = France
|flag_p1 = Flag of Kingdom of Syria (1920-03-08 to 1920-07-24).svg
| p1 = State of Damascus
|s1 = Syrian Republic (1930–1958)
| flag_p1 = Flag of the State of Damascus.svg
|flag_s1 = Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg
| s1 = First Syrian Republic
|image_flag = Flag of Jabal ad-Druze (state).svg
| flag_s1 = Syria-flag 1932-58 1961-63.svg
|flag = Flag of Syria
| image_flag = Flag of Jabal ad-Druze (state).svg
|image_map = French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon map en.svg
| flag = Flag of Syria
|image_map_caption = Location of Jabal al-Druze (turquoise-blue at bottom)<br/>in the ].
| image_map = French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon map en.svg
|capital = As-Suwayda
| image_map_caption = Location of Jabal al-Druze (blue) in the ]
|religion = ], ], ]
| capital = ]
|common_languages = ]<br/>]
| religion = {{ubl|]|]|]}}
|representative1 = Prince Salim Basha al-Atrash
| common_languages = {{ubl|]|]}}
|year_representative1 = 1921&ndash;1923
| representative1 = Prince Salim Basha al-Atrash
|representative2 = Tarit
| year_representative1 = 1921–1923
|year_representative2 = 1925&ndash;1936
| representative2 = Pierre Tarit
|era = Interwar period
| year_representative2 = 1935–1936
|year_start = 1921
| era = Interwar period
|event1 = {{nowrap|Named "State of Souaida"}}
| year_start = 1 May 1921
|date_event1 = 4 March 1922
|event2 = Named "Jabal al-Druze" | event1 = {{nowrap|Named "State of Souaida"}}
| date_event1 = 4 March 1922
|date_event2 = 1927
| event2 = Named "Jabal al-Druze"
|year_end = 1936
| date_event2 = 1 June 1927
}}
| year_end = 9 September 1936
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
| GDP_PPP =
| GDP_PPP_year =
| HDI =
| HDI_year =
| today =
|title_representative=Governor}}


'''Jabal al-Druze''' ({{lang-ar|جبل الدروز}}, {{lang-fr|Djebel Druze}}) was an autonomous state in the ] from 1921 to 1936, designed to function as a government for the local ] population under French oversight. '''Jabal al-Druze''' ({{langx|ar|جبل الدروز}}, {{langx|fr|Djebel Druze}}) was an autonomous state in the ] from 1921 to 1936, designed to function as a government for the local ] population under French oversight.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Phersu Atlas |url=https://content.phersu-atlas.com/object/polity/3305 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=content.phersu-atlas.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=11. French Syria (1919-1946) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/middle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region/french-syria-1919-1946/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}</ref>
]<br><br>


== Nomenclature == == Nomenclature ==
{{multiple image
On March 4, 1922, it was proclaimed as the '''State of Souaida''', after the capital ], but in 1927 it was renamed '''Jabal al-Druze''' or '''Jabal Druze State'''. The name comes from the ] mountain.
|align=left
|image1=Arrete No. 1343 borders of the State of Jebel Druze, March 1922.png
|caption1=Arrete No. 1343, which laid out the borders of the State of Jebel Druze, March 1922
|image2=Statut Organique of the State of Jebel Druze 14 May 1930.png
|caption2=Statut Organique of the State of Jebel Druze, 14 May 1930
}}

On 4 March 1922, it was proclaimed as the '''State of Souaida''', after the capital ], but in 1927 it was renamed '''Jabal al-Druze''' or '''Jabal Druze State'''. The name comes from the ] mountain.<ref name=":0" />


== History == == History ==
]
{{Druze|History}} {{Druze|History}}
The Druze state was formed on May 1, 1921, in former ] territory, while other statelets were installed in other parts of the Syrian mandate (e.g. the ] in the ] region). Jabal al-Druze was home to about 50,000 Druze. It was the first, and remains the only, autonomous entity to be populated and governed by Druze. The 1925 ] began in Jabal al-Druze under the leadership of ], and quickly spread to ] and other non-Druze areas outside the ] region. Protests against the division of Syrian territory into statelets were a main theme of Syrian ] nationalism, which eventually won the victory to reunite the entire French-mandated territory, except ] (which had become independent) and ], which was annexed to Turkey as the ]. As a result of nationalist pressure, under the ] of 1936, Jabal al-Druze ceased to exist as an autonomous entity and was incorporated into ]. The '''Druze state''' was formed on 1 May 1921 in former ] territory, while other statelets were installed in other parts of the Syrian mandate (e.g. the ] in the ] region). Jabal al-Druze was home to about 50,000 Druze.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> It was the first, and remains the only, autonomous entity to be populated and governed by Druze. The 1925 ] began in Jabal al-Druze under the leadership of ], and quickly spread to ] and other non-Druze areas outside the ] region. Protests against the division of Syrian territory into statelets were a main theme of Syrian ] nationalism, which eventually won the victory to reunite the entire French-mandated territory, except ] (which had become independent) and the ], which was annexed to Turkey as the ].


As a result of ] pressure, under the ] of 1936, Jabal al-Druze ceased to exist as an autonomous entity and was incorporated into ].
==Population==

{| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width=250 align="center" rules="all" style="margin: 1em; background: #ffffff; border: 2px solid #aaa; font-size: 100%;"
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#DDDDDD
|-
| colspan=8 align="center" | General Distribution of Population in the State of Jabal Druze according to the French census in 1921-22<ref>E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 2, page 301</ref>
|+ General distribution of population in the State of Jabal Druze according to the French census in 1921–22<ref>''E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 1913–1936, Volume 2, page 301.</ref>
|- bgcolor=#f0f0f0 align="center"
|-
! Religion ! Religion
! Inhabitants ! Inhabitants
! Percentage ! Percentage
|- |-
| ] || 700 || 1,4% | ] || 43,000 || 84.8%
|- |-
| ] || 43,000 || 84,8% | ] || 7,000 || 13.8%
|- |-
| ] || 7,000 || 13,8% | ] || 700 || 1.4%
|-
| Total || 50,700 || 100%
|- |-
| Total || 50,700 || 100%
|} |}

<gallery widths="260px" heights="200px">
File:Druzeindependance1925.jpg|Druze celebrating their independence in 1925
</gallery>


== Governors == == Governors ==
*Amir Salim Pasha al-Atrash (May 1, 1921 - September 15, 1923) *Amir Salim Pasha al-Atrash (1 May 1921 – 15 September 1923)
*Trenga (provisional) (September 1923 - March 6, 1924) *Trenga (provisional) (September 1923 – 6 March 1924)
*Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet (March 6, 1924 - October 14, 1925), provisional to October 1, 1924 *Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet (6 March 1924 – 14 October 1925), provisional to 1 October 1924
*] (July 18, 1925 - June 1, 1927), chief of state; in dissidence *] (18 July 1925 – 1 June 1927), chief of state; in dissidence
*Charles Andréa (October 15, 1925–1927) *Charles Andréa (15 October 1925 – 1927)
*Marie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry (1927) *Marie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry (1927)
*Abel Jean Ernest Clément-Grancourt (1927–1932) *Abel Jean Ernest Clément-Grancourt (1927–1932)
*Renaud Massiet (February 3, 1932 - January 28, 1934) *Claude-Gabriel-Renaud Massiet (3 February 1932 – 28 January 1934)
*Devicq (1934–1935) *Justin-Antoine Devicq (1934–1935)
*Pierre-Joseph-François Tarrit (1935 – 2 December 1936)<ref></ref>
*Tarit (1935 - December 2, 1936)


== See also == == See also ==
*]
*] *]
*]


== References == == References ==
Line 82: Line 104:
== External links == == External links ==
* at WorldStatesmen.org. * at WorldStatesmen.org.
* at unimaps.com. * {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121204160840/unimaps.com/syria-leb1923/mainmap.gif |date=4 December 2012 }} at unimaps.com.


{{French Mandate of Syria}} {{French Mandate of Syria}}
{{Former French colonies}} {{Former French colonies}}
{{Druze footer}}

{{coord missing|Syria}}

] ]
] ]
]
] ]
] ]
] ]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 10:36, 12 December 2024

1921–1936 autonomous state in the French Mandate of Syria

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State of Jabal al-DruzeDjebel Druze
جبل الدروز
1 May 1921–9 September 1936
Flag of Jabal al-Druze Flag
Location of Jabal al-Druze (blue) in the Mandate for Syria and the LebanonLocation of Jabal al-Druze (blue) in the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
StatusMandate of France
CapitalAs-Suwayda
Common languages
Religion
Governor 
• 1921–1923 Prince Salim Basha al-Atrash
• 1935–1936 Pierre Tarit
Historical eraInterwar period
• Established 1 May 1921
• Named "State of Souaida" 4 March 1922
• Named "Jabal al-Druze" 1 June 1927
• Disestablished 9 September 1936
Preceded by Succeeded by
State of Damascus
First Syrian Republic

Jabal al-Druze (Arabic: جبل الدروز, French: Djebel Druze) was an autonomous state in the French Mandate of Syria from 1921 to 1936, designed to function as a government for the local Druze population under French oversight.

Nomenclature

Arrete No. 1343, which laid out the borders of the State of Jebel Druze, March 1922Statut Organique of the State of Jebel Druze, 14 May 1930

On 4 March 1922, it was proclaimed as the State of Souaida, after the capital As-Suwayda, but in 1927 it was renamed Jabal al-Druze or Jabal Druze State. The name comes from the Jabal al-Druze mountain.

History

Part of a series on
Druze
The Druze Star
Beliefs
Important figures
Texts
Holy places
Holy days
History
Druze communities
Related topics

The Druze state was formed on 1 May 1921 in former Ottoman territory, while other statelets were installed in other parts of the Syrian mandate (e.g. the Alawite State in the Lattakia region). Jabal al-Druze was home to about 50,000 Druze. It was the first, and remains the only, autonomous entity to be populated and governed by Druze. The 1925 Syrian Revolution began in Jabal al-Druze under the leadership of Sultan al-Atrash, and quickly spread to Damascus and other non-Druze areas outside the Jabal al-Druze region. Protests against the division of Syrian territory into statelets were a main theme of Syrian anti-colonial nationalism, which eventually won the victory to reunite the entire French-mandated territory, except Lebanon (which had become independent) and the Sanjak of Alexandretta, which was annexed to Turkey as the Hatay Province.

As a result of Syrian nationalist pressure, under the Franco-Syrian Treaty of 1936, Jabal al-Druze ceased to exist as an autonomous entity and was incorporated into Syria.

General distribution of population in the State of Jabal Druze according to the French census in 1921–22
Religion Inhabitants Percentage
Druze 43,000 84.8%
Christians 7,000 13.8%
Sunni 700 1.4%
Total 50,700 100%
  • Druze celebrating their independence in 1925 Druze celebrating their independence in 1925

Governors

  • Amir Salim Pasha al-Atrash (1 May 1921 – 15 September 1923)
  • Trenga (provisional) (September 1923 – 6 March 1924)
  • Gabriel Marie Victor Carbillet (6 March 1924 – 14 October 1925), provisional to 1 October 1924
  • Sultan Pasha al-Atrash (18 July 1925 – 1 June 1927), chief of state; in dissidence
  • Charles Andréa (15 October 1925 – 1927)
  • Marie Joseph Léon Augustin Henry (1927)
  • Abel Jean Ernest Clément-Grancourt (1927–1932)
  • Claude-Gabriel-Renaud Massiet (3 February 1932 – 28 January 1934)
  • Justin-Antoine Devicq (1934–1935)
  • Pierre-Joseph-François Tarrit (1935 – 2 December 1936)

See also

References

  1. ^ "Phersu Atlas". content.phersu-atlas.com. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  2. ^ "11. French Syria (1919-1946)". uca.edu. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  3. E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936, Volume 2, page 301.
  4. Jabal Druze: Heads of State: 1921–1936

External links

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