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| {{short description|1686 charter for Albany, New York}} | |||
| {{Infobox document | {{Infobox document | ||
| |document_name = Dongan Charter | | document_name = Dongan Charter | ||
| |image = Charterdoc.jpg | | image = Charterdoc.jpg | ||
| | |
| image_size = 250px | ||
| | |
| caption = Opening paragraph of the Dongan Charter | ||
| |date_created = | | date_created = | ||
| |date_ratified = July 25, 1686 | | date_ratified = July 25, 1686 | ||
| |location_of_document = Albany County Hall of Records | | location_of_document = Albany County Hall of Records | ||
| |writer = ] ] | | writer = ] ] | ||
| |signers = | | signers = | ||
| |purpose = ] the City of Albany | | purpose = ] the City of Albany | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | The '''''Dongan Charter''''' is the 1686 document ] ], ], as a ]. Albany's charter was issued by ] ] of the ], a few months after Governor Dongan issued a similarly worded, but less detailed ] for the ].<ref>{{cite journal | issue = 3 | title = Municipal Corporations in the Colonies | author = John Archibald Fairlie |date=September 1898 | publisher = Reform Club, Committee on Municipal Administration | journal = Municipal Affairs | volume = II | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fHlaAAAAIAAJ&q=albany+dongan+charter&pg=PA346 | pages = 846–847 | access-date = 2010-05-24}}</ref> The city of Albany was created three years after ].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Annals of Albany | publisher = J. Munsell | author = Joel Munsell | page = | access-date = 2009-05-24 | url = https://archive.org/details/annalsofalbany03muns | quote = annals of albany. | year = 1869}}</ref> The charter is the oldest existing city charter still in force in the United States. According to Stefan Bielinski, former senior historian of the ], the charter is also "arguably the longest-running instrument of municipal government in the ]."<ref name=fitzpatrick/> In 1936 the United States Congress commemorated the charter's 250th anniversary by minting a half dollar coin.<ref name=Coin/> | ||
| ⚫ | The '''''Dongan Charter''''' is the 1686 document ] ], ] as a ]. Albany's charter was issued by ] ] of the ], a few months after Governor Dongan issued a similarly worded, but less detailed ] for the ].<ref>{{cite journal | issue = 3 | title = Municipal Corporations in the Colonies | author = John Archibald Fairlie |date=September 1898 | publisher = Reform Club, Committee on Municipal Administration | journal = Municipal Affairs | volume = II | url = |
||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| After the city of New York received a municipal charter from Governor Dongan the governor came to Albany, at which time the village sent a delegation of prominent men to request a charter of their own. The ], after being encouraged by the governor, finally released all claims to Albany and forfeited a strip of land {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and {{convert|16|mi|km}} long to Albany.<ref>{{cite book | author = Cuyler Reynolds | title = Albany Chronicles | |
After the city of New York received a municipal charter from Governor Dongan the governor came to Albany, at which time the village sent a delegation of prominent men to request a charter of their own. The ], after being encouraged by the governor, finally released all claims to Albany and forfeited a strip of land {{convert|1|mi|km}} wide and {{convert|16|mi|km}} long to Albany.<ref>{{cite book | author = Cuyler Reynolds | title = Albany Chronicles | publisher = J. B. Lyon Company, printers | access-date = 2009-05-24 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XNU0AAAAIAAJ | quote = castle island french fort 1540. | pages = –85 | year = 1906}}</ref> Albany at the time consisted of about 500 residents living in around 140 houses.<ref>{{cite web | title = The First Hundred Years (1686-1786): In the Beginning | page = T1 | access-date = 2010-05-30 | publisher = Albany Times Union | date = July 6, 1986 | author = Judy Shepard | url = http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5445683 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210530/http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5445683 | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 23, 2011 }}</ref> In July 1686 a delegation led by ] and ] traveled to New York to receive the charter for Albany;<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iNIUAAAAYAAJ |title=Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley : A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Building of a Nation |first=Cuyler |last=Reynolds |volume=3 |publisher=Lewis Historical Publishing Company |location=New York, NY |page=1306 |year=1914}}</ref> the charter was signed on July 22, 1686,<ref name="julian">{{cite web | title = Albany's Political Clout, Civic Pride Told in the Stars | author = Thomas Kearns | publisher = Albany Knickerbocker News | page = 1A | url = http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5467173 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210636/http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5467173 | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 23, 2011 | date = March 24, 1986 | access-date = 2010-05-30 }}</ref> and was read aloud to the citizens of Albany on July 25.<ref>{{cite web | title = Dongan Charter Born Out of Trading Rights Tiff | author = Bruce A. Scruton | publisher = Albany Knickerbocker News | date = July 22, 1986 | page = 3A | access-date = 2010-05-30 | url = http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5447754 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210601/http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5447754 | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 23, 2011 }}</ref> Due to England, and by extension Albany, using the ] at the time, the corrected date for the signing of the document under the ] is August 1, 1686.<ref name="julian" /> | ||
| During ] ] demanded the charters of Albany and the city of New York be forfeited, and New York yielded but Albany's mayor, Pieter Schuyler, refused. Schuyler went on to |
During ] ] demanded the charters of Albany and the city of New York be forfeited, and New York yielded but Albany's mayor, Pieter Schuyler, refused. Schuyler went on to become one of the major leaders in suppressing the rebellion.<ref name=Thacher>{{Cite book | pages = 137–138 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=MrwZAQAAIAAJ&q=albany+dongan+charter&pg=PA137 | access-date = 2010-05-24 | title = Proceedings of the Third National Conference for Good City Government and of the Second Annual Meeting of the National Municipal League | year = 1896 | publisher = Selmeiner Printing Company |location=Philadelphia, PA}}</ref> The next major threat to the charter government came during the ] when the Common Council stopped meeting in 1775. The local ] took over daily functions until 1778 when the Common Council began meeting again.<ref>{{cite web | title = Gov. Dongan's Charter: Was City's First Milestone | publisher = Albany Times Union | url = http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5445696 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210525/http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5445696 | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 23, 2011 | page = T9 | date = July 6, 1986 | access-date = 2010-05-30 | author = Nancy Connell }}</ref> | ||
| A ''Dongan Charter Parade'' was held in 1936 for the 250th anniversary celebrations,<ref>{{cite web | title = Looking Back | page = F2 | |
A ''Dongan Charter Parade'' was held in 1936 for the 250th anniversary celebrations,<ref>{{cite web | title = Looking Back | page = F2 | access-date = 2010-05-30 | date = November 21, 2001 | publisher = Albany Times Union | url = http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=6078231 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210645/http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=6078231 | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 23, 2011 }}</ref> and as part of the ceremonies the ] authorized the minting of an Albany Charter ] coin.<ref name=Coin>{{cite web | title = 1936 Albany Charter Half Dollar | url = http://www.ngccoin.com/CoinDetail.aspx?ContentID=146&page=all | publisher = ] | access-date = 2010-11-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180514/http://www.ngccoin.com/CoinDetail.aspx?ContentID=146&page=all | archive-date = 2011-07-14 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Tricentennial celebrations held in 1986 included a re-enactment of the signing and awarding of the charter by Governor ] playing Governor Dongan, and Mayor ] playing Mayor Schuyler.<ref>{{cite web | title = Cuomo, Whalen Re-enact Signing of City's Charter | access-date = 2010-05-30 | url = http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5447736 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210539/http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5447736 | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 23, 2011 | author = Greg B. Smith and Brad Kelly | publisher = Albany Knickerbocker News | page = 1A | date = July 22, 1986 }}</ref> Other events during the tricentennial were fireworks, music, the unveiling of a tricentennial clock, a hot-air balloon lift-off from ], and a cake large enough to feed thousands. Mayors from other Albanys around the world were among the visiting dignitaries who were invited to the ceremonies and given a tour of the city by Mayor Whalen.<ref>{{cite web | title = Charter Day's Array of Tricentennial Events | date = July 21, 1986 | page = B1 | url = http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5447705 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723210706/http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5447705 | url-status = dead | archive-date = July 23, 2011 }}</ref> | ||
| ==Provisions== | ==Provisions== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The charter turned the ] of Albany into a city under the name of "The Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the city of Albany";<ref name=Thacher/><ref name=Bi>{{Cite book | url = |
The charter turned the ] of Albany into a city under the name of "The Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the city of Albany";.<ref name=Thacher/><ref name=Bi>{{Cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/albanybicentenni00bank_0 | quote = dongan charter albany. | pages = –454 | title = Albany Bi-centennial | author = A. Bleeker Banks | year = 1888 | publisher = Banks and Brothers | access-date = 2010-05-27}}</ref> This legally separated it from ], a nearby colonial estate. The charter also established Albany's boundaries and a municipal government, as well as specifically naming the first officers. Certain special rights were put into the charter as well, such as the exclusive right to negotiate with the ]. It also established Albany as the sole market town in the ], with the right to purchase land at ] and ].<ref name=Charter>{{cite web | title = Dongan Charter | publisher = New York State Museum | access-date = 2009-12-09 | url = http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/charter.html | archive-date = 2008-10-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081012114158/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/charter.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> | ||
| The mayor of Albany was the executive officer and selected by the Lieutenant Governor. He was also designated as the clerk of the marketplace and the coroner for both the city and Albany County. Two |
The mayor of Albany was the executive officer and selected by the Lieutenant Governor. He was also designated as the clerk of the marketplace and the coroner for both the city and Albany County. Two aldermen and two assistant aldermen were chosen from each ward and sat on the Common Council along with the mayor and recorder. The mayor, recorder, and aldermen were also justices, the assistants however did not have any judicial powers.<ref name=Thacher/> | ||
| The sole right to issue trading privileges anywhere in Albany County rested with the mayor and Common Council. Albany County encompassed all of Upstate New York north and west of ] at that time, as well as the state of ].<ref name=Thacher/> All residents of New York, except those of Albany, were specifically banned from trading with any ] nation, or with any other native tribe to the west, east, or north of the city of Albany, or with native tribes anywhere within Albany County.<ref name=Bi/> | The sole right to issue trading privileges anywhere in Albany County rested with the mayor and Common Council. Albany County encompassed all of Upstate New York north and west of ] at that time, as well as the state of ].<ref name=Thacher/> All residents of New York, except those of Albany, were specifically banned from trading with any ] nation, or with any other native tribe to the west, east, or north of the city of Albany, or with native tribes anywhere within Albany County.<ref name=Bi/> | ||
| ==Amendments== | ==Amendments== | ||
| The Dongan Charter was first amended on March 21, 1787 to remove the mayor's powers to act as the city and county's sole coroner, and to regulate trade with Indians. It continued to be used with only minor changes until March 16, 1870,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Albany bi-centennial: Historical memoirs |first1=Anthony Bleecker |last1=Banks |first2=Franklin Martin |last2=Danaher |first3=Andrew |last3=Hamilton |page=363 |year=1888 |publisher=Charles Van Benthuysen & |
The Dongan Charter was first amended on March 21, 1787, to remove the mayor's powers to act as the city and county's sole coroner, and to regulate trade with Indians. It continued to be used with only minor changes until March 16, 1870,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Albany bi-centennial: Historical memoirs |first1=Anthony Bleecker |last1=Banks |first2=Franklin Martin |last2=Danaher |first3=Andrew |last3=Hamilton |page=363 |year=1888 |publisher=Charles Van Benthuysen & Sons |location=Albany, NY}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title = Two Centuries Growth of American Law 1701-1901: Volume 1 | author = Faculty of Yale Law School | publisher = Yale Law School | year = 1901 | pages = 217–218 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=skt5x_Lg1uwC&q=albany+dongan+charter&pg=PA212 | access-date = 2010-05-24}}</ref> when it saw major changes by the state legislature in 1870 and 1883.<ref name=Thacher/> In the 1870 revision, the city's official name was changed from "The Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the city of Albany" to the "City of Albany".<ref name=Thacher/> In 1998, the charter was almost completely rewritten after a municipal referendum. Legally, however, the revised charter was reckoned as an amendment to the Dongan Charter.<ref name=fitzpatrick>{{cite news|title=312-Year-Old Document Shapes City's Government |author=Fitzpatrick, Edward |publisher=Hearst Newspapers |work=Times Union (Albany) |date=1998-06-03 |page=B4 |url=http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5926696 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111234233/http://albarchive.merlinone.net/mweb/wmsql.wm.request?oneimage&imageid=5926696 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-11 |access-date=2010-05-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = City Charter | publisher = City of Albany, New York | access-date = 2010-05-24 | url = http://www.albanyny.org/Government/CityHistory/CityCharter.aspx | archive-date = 2010-09-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100917181635/http://albanyny.org/Government/CityHistory/CityCharter.aspx | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Albany Charter | publisher = Council of Albany Neighborhood Associations | access-date = 2010-05-24 | url = http://calbanyna.tripod.com/albany.htm#a1}}</ref> | ||
| ==Commemorative coin== | ==Commemorative coin== | ||
| {{Main|Albany Charter half dollar}} | |||
| {{multiple image | |||
| | align = right | |||
| | direction = horizontal | |||
| | header = The Albany Charter commemorative half-dollar. | |||
| | header_align = | |||
| | header_background = | |||
| | footer = | |||
| | footer_align = | |||
| | footer_background = | |||
| | width = | |||
| | image1 = Albany charter half dollar commemorative reverse.jpg | |||
| | width1 = 160 | |||
| | caption1 = Obverse | |||
| | image2 = Albany charter half dollar commemorative obverse.jpg | |||
| | width2 = 160 | |||
| | caption2 = Reverse}} | |||
| ⚫ | The United States Congress authorized on June 16, 1936 the minting of 25,000 half dollar coins celebrating the 250th anniversary of the Dongan Charter |
||
| All 25,013 coins were minted at the ], the 13 extra were for the assay commission and were destroyed. ] of this period had normally sold for $1.00 or $1.50, the Albany Charter Coin however was put for sale at $2.00. The commemorative coin mania that had been sweeping the country in the spring and summer of 1936 had already seen close to twenty other commemorative coins issued that same year, and had abated by the time of this issuing. 7,342 coins were returned to Philadelphia and melted in 1943 and between 1,600 to 2,400 were sold in 1954 by the State Bank of Albany.<ref name=Coin/> | |||
| {{As of|2009}} the coins can fetch $330 for an uncirculated coin rated as ], and $470 for an MS-65.<ref>{{cite web | title = Albany Half Dollar One of Many 1936 Issues | author = Paul M. Green | url = http://numismaster.com/ta/numis/Article.jsp?ad=article&ArticleId=6408 | publisher = Numismatic News | date = March 30, 2009 | accessdate = 2010-05-31}}</ref> Original packaging, which is more rare, included a four-page booklet containing an illustration of the coin, a history of Albany, and slots for one to five coins. Both the booklet and the envelope it came in are highly collectible today. Even scarcer today are boxes designed to hold single coins and inscribed with "The National Commercial Bank and Trust Company of Albany".<ref name=Coin/> | |||
| ⚫ | The United States Congress authorized on June 16, 1936, the minting of 25,000 half dollar coins celebrating the 250th anniversary of the Dongan Charter.<ref name=Coin/><ref>{{cite web|title=PUBLIC—NO. 687—74TH CONGRESS H.R. 7690 |publisher=United States Congress |url=http://www.usmint.gov/historianscorner/index.cfm?action=DocDL&doc=leg232.doc |date=June 16, 1936 |access-date=2010-05-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507050328/http://www.usmint.gov/historianscorner/index.cfm?action=DocDL&doc=leg232.doc |archive-date=May 7, 2009 }}</ref> | ||
| ===Specifications=== | |||
| The Albany Charter coin is {{convert|30.6|mm|in}} in diameter and weighs {{convert|12.5|g|oz}}, with a reeded edge, and was 90% silver with 10% copper. The obverse is a beaver gnawing on a maple branch, which represents the importance that the ] had in Albany's economy, with the maple used since it is New York's ]. Seeds of a maple tree separate the words "United States of America" from "Half Dollar", which are arranged around the bottom periphery while "]" and "]" appear in small letters above the beaver. On the reverse are Governor Dongan, Robert Livingston, and Mayor Schuyler standing in front of a pine tree on a base inscribed with the year 1936. The artist's initials, "GKL", are inscribed next to the governor's feet. The mayor is holding the new charter and shaking hands with the governor. Above the three men is an eagle with the legend "Liberty". Arranged along the top periphery are the words "Settled 1614 Chartered 1686", while "Albany, N Y" arcs across the bottom; ]s separate the two inscriptions.<ref name=Coin/> | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
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| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| {{Commons category}} | {{Commons category}} | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012114158/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/charter.html |date=2008-10-12 }} | ||
| {{Albany, New York}} | {{Albany, New York}} | ||
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| ] | ] | ||
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Latest revision as of 06:34, 10 January 2025
1686 charter for Albany, New York| Dongan Charter | |
|---|---|
 Opening paragraph of the Dongan Charter | |
| Ratified | July 25, 1686 |
| Location | Albany County Hall of Records |
| Author(s) | Governor Thomas Dongan |
| Purpose | Incorporated the City of Albany |
The Dongan Charter is the 1686 document incorporating Albany, New York, as a city. Albany's charter was issued by Governor Thomas Dongan of the Province of New York, a few months after Governor Dongan issued a similarly worded, but less detailed charter for the city of New York. The city of Albany was created three years after Albany County. The charter is the oldest existing city charter still in force in the United States. According to Stefan Bielinski, former senior historian of the New York State Museum, the charter is also "arguably the longest-running instrument of municipal government in the Western Hemisphere." In 1936 the United States Congress commemorated the charter's 250th anniversary by minting a half dollar coin.
History
After the city of New York received a municipal charter from Governor Dongan the governor came to Albany, at which time the village sent a delegation of prominent men to request a charter of their own. The Patroon, after being encouraged by the governor, finally released all claims to Albany and forfeited a strip of land 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and 16 miles (26 km) long to Albany. Albany at the time consisted of about 500 residents living in around 140 houses. In July 1686 a delegation led by Pieter Schuyler and Robert Livingston traveled to New York to receive the charter for Albany; the charter was signed on July 22, 1686, and was read aloud to the citizens of Albany on July 25. Due to England, and by extension Albany, using the Julian calendar at the time, the corrected date for the signing of the document under the Gregorian calendar is August 1, 1686.
During Leisler's Rebellion Jacob Leisler demanded the charters of Albany and the city of New York be forfeited, and New York yielded but Albany's mayor, Pieter Schuyler, refused. Schuyler went on to become one of the major leaders in suppressing the rebellion. The next major threat to the charter government came during the American Revolution when the Common Council stopped meeting in 1775. The local Committee of Safety took over daily functions until 1778 when the Common Council began meeting again.
A Dongan Charter Parade was held in 1936 for the 250th anniversary celebrations, and as part of the ceremonies the United States Congress authorized the minting of an Albany Charter half dollar coin. Tricentennial celebrations held in 1986 included a re-enactment of the signing and awarding of the charter by Governor Mario Cuomo playing Governor Dongan, and Mayor Thomas Whalen playing Mayor Schuyler. Other events during the tricentennial were fireworks, music, the unveiling of a tricentennial clock, a hot-air balloon lift-off from Lincoln Park, and a cake large enough to feed thousands. Mayors from other Albanys around the world were among the visiting dignitaries who were invited to the ceremonies and given a tour of the city by Mayor Whalen.
Provisions
partially unfolded
The charter turned the village of Albany into a city under the name of "The Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the city of Albany";. This legally separated it from Rensselaerswyck, a nearby colonial estate. The charter also established Albany's boundaries and a municipal government, as well as specifically naming the first officers. Certain special rights were put into the charter as well, such as the exclusive right to negotiate with the Native Americans. It also established Albany as the sole market town in the upper Hudson region, with the right to purchase land at Tionnderoge and Schaghticoke.
The mayor of Albany was the executive officer and selected by the Lieutenant Governor. He was also designated as the clerk of the marketplace and the coroner for both the city and Albany County. Two aldermen and two assistant aldermen were chosen from each ward and sat on the Common Council along with the mayor and recorder. The mayor, recorder, and aldermen were also justices, the assistants however did not have any judicial powers.
The sole right to issue trading privileges anywhere in Albany County rested with the mayor and Common Council. Albany County encompassed all of Upstate New York north and west of Ulster County at that time, as well as the state of Vermont. All residents of New York, except those of Albany, were specifically banned from trading with any Iroquois nation, or with any other native tribe to the west, east, or north of the city of Albany, or with native tribes anywhere within Albany County.
Amendments
The Dongan Charter was first amended on March 21, 1787, to remove the mayor's powers to act as the city and county's sole coroner, and to regulate trade with Indians. It continued to be used with only minor changes until March 16, 1870, when it saw major changes by the state legislature in 1870 and 1883. In the 1870 revision, the city's official name was changed from "The Mayor, Aldermen, and Commonalty of the city of Albany" to the "City of Albany". In 1998, the charter was almost completely rewritten after a municipal referendum. Legally, however, the revised charter was reckoned as an amendment to the Dongan Charter.
Commemorative coin
Main article: Albany Charter half dollarThe United States Congress authorized on June 16, 1936, the minting of 25,000 half dollar coins celebrating the 250th anniversary of the Dongan Charter.
References
- John Archibald Fairlie (September 1898). "Municipal Corporations in the Colonies". Municipal Affairs. II (3). Reform Club, Committee on Municipal Administration: 846–847. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- Joel Munsell (1869). The Annals of Albany. J. Munsell. p. 191. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
annals of albany.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Edward (1998-06-03). "312-Year-Old Document Shapes City's Government". Times Union (Albany). Hearst Newspapers. p. B4. Archived from the original on 2013-01-11. Retrieved 2010-05-23.
- ^ "1936 Albany Charter Half Dollar". Numismatic Guaranty Corporation. Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- Cuyler Reynolds (1906). Albany Chronicles. J. B. Lyon Company, printers. pp. 84–85. Retrieved 2009-05-24.
castle island french fort 1540.
- Judy Shepard (July 6, 1986). "The First Hundred Years (1686-1786): In the Beginning". Albany Times Union. p. T1. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- Reynolds, Cuyler (1914). Genealogical and Family History of Southern New York and the Hudson River Valley : A Record of the Achievements of Her People in the Making of a Commonwealth and the Building of a Nation. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. p. 1306.
- ^ Thomas Kearns (March 24, 1986). "Albany's Political Clout, Civic Pride Told in the Stars". Albany Knickerbocker News. p. 1A. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- Bruce A. Scruton (July 22, 1986). "Dongan Charter Born Out of Trading Rights Tiff". Albany Knickerbocker News. p. 3A. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- ^ Proceedings of the Third National Conference for Good City Government and of the Second Annual Meeting of the National Municipal League. Philadelphia, PA: Selmeiner Printing Company. 1896. pp. 137–138. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- Nancy Connell (July 6, 1986). "Gov. Dongan's Charter: Was City's First Milestone". Albany Times Union. p. T9. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- "Looking Back". Albany Times Union. November 21, 2001. p. F2. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- Greg B. Smith and Brad Kelly (July 22, 1986). "Cuomo, Whalen Re-enact Signing of City's Charter". Albany Knickerbocker News. p. 1A. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved 2010-05-30.
- "Charter Day's Array of Tricentennial Events". July 21, 1986. p. B1. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011.
- ^ A. Bleeker Banks (1888). Albany Bi-centennial. Banks and Brothers. pp. 431–454. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
dongan charter albany.
- "Dongan Charter". New York State Museum. Archived from the original on 2008-10-12. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
- Banks, Anthony Bleecker; Danaher, Franklin Martin; Hamilton, Andrew (1888). Albany bi-centennial: Historical memoirs. Albany, NY: Charles Van Benthuysen & Sons. p. 363.
- Faculty of Yale Law School (1901). Two Centuries Growth of American Law 1701-1901: Volume 1. Yale Law School. pp. 217–218. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- "City Charter". City of Albany, New York. Archived from the original on 2010-09-17. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- "Albany Charter". Council of Albany Neighborhood Associations. Retrieved 2010-05-24.
- "PUBLIC—NO. 687—74TH CONGRESS H.R. 7690". United States Congress. June 16, 1936. Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-31.
External links
- Complete text
- The Dongan Charter Archived 2008-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
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