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| {{Short description|State of having one's appearance injured or changed}} | |||
| {{redirect|Disfigure}} | |||
| {{Multiple issues| | {{Multiple issues| | ||
| {{ |
{{More citations needed|date=September 2014}} | ||
| {{ |
{{More medical citations needed|date= November 2014}} | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ]]] | |||
| ⚫ | ], which causes much harm to the skin.]] | ||
| ⚫ | '''Disfigurement''' is the state of having one's appearance deeply and persistently harmed medically, such as from a disease, ], or wound. General societal attitudes towards disfigurement have varied greatly across cultures and over time, with cultures possessing strong ] against it often causing ] to disfigured individuals. Alternatively, many societies have regarded some forms of disfigurement in a medical, scientific context where someone having ill will against the disfigured is viewed as anathema. In various religious and spiritual contexts, disfigurement has been variously described as being a punishment from the divine for sin (such as ]'s ] for ]'s murder in Judaism), as being (such as ] of the ]'s arguments about ]'s sufferings) caused by ] forces of hate and ] and just, which will be later atoned for, or as being without explanation '']'' with people just having to endure. | ||
| ⚫ | ], which causes much harm to the |
||
| ⚫ | The topic has been frequently commented on and referred to in a great many forms of fictional media as well. ]ous examples include the iconic fiend ] from various ] and the mysterious figure with a "red right hand" from the ] by the band ]. ]ic examples include ], a crime-fighter who was rendered ] (from ]), and the compassionate character ] from the film of the same name. Antiheroic examples include ], a mercenary whose healing factor gives his skin a scarred appearance, and ], who has facial disfigurement, also from Marvel Comics. | ||
| :''Disfigurement may also refer to ].'' | |||
| ⚫ | '''Disfigurement''' is the state of having one's appearance deeply and persistently harmed |
||
| ⚫ | The topic has been frequently commented on and referred to in a great many forms of fictional media as well. ]ous examples include the iconic fiend ] from various ] and the mysterious figure with a "red right hand" from the ] by band ]. ]ic examples include ], a crime-fighter who was rendered ] (from ]), and the compassionate character ] from the film of the same name. | ||
| ==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
| Disfigurement, whether caused by a benign or malignant condition, often leads to severe ] problems such as negative ]; ]; difficulties in one's social, sexual, and professional lives; prejudice; and intolerance. |
Disfigurement, whether caused by a benign or malignant condition, often leads to severe ] problems such as negative ]; ]; difficulties in one's social, sexual, and professional lives; prejudice; and intolerance. This is partly due to how the individual copes with looking ']', though the extent of the disfigurement rarely correlates with the degree of distress the patient feels. An additional factor which affects people with a disfigurement is the reaction they get from other people. The general population responds to people with a disfigurement with less trust and respect, and often try to avoid making contact or having to look at the disfigurement.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hartung |first1=Franziska |last2=Jamrozik |first2=Anja |last3=Rosen |first3=Miriam E. |last4=Aguirre |first4=Geoffrey |title=Behavioural and Neural Responses to Facial Disfigurement |journal=Scientific Reports |date=29 May 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=8021 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-44408-8 |pmid=31142792 |pmc=6541618 |bibcode=2019NatSR...9.8021H |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kleck |first1=Robert E. |last2=Nuessle |first2=William |title=Congruence between the indicative and communicative functions of eye contact in interpersonal relations. |journal=British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology |date=December 1968 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=241–246 |doi=10.1111/j.2044-8260.1968.tb00565.x |pmid=5706460 }}</ref> Disfigurements affecting visible areas, such as the face, arms, and hands, are thought to present greater difficulty for affected people to cope with than do other disfigurements. | ||
| Deliberate mutilation resulting in physical disfigurement has also been practiced by many cultures throughout human history for religious or judicial purposes. During the ], the emperor was considered God's viceregent on Earth, and as such the physical wholeness of his person was an essential complement to the perfection of Heaven. For this reason, many deposed emperors were blinded, had their noses cut off, or ] by their successors, as these permanent disfigurements disqualified them from ever reclaiming the throne. | Deliberate mutilation resulting in physical disfigurement has also been practiced by many cultures throughout human history for religious or judicial purposes. During the ], the emperor was considered God's ] on Earth, and as such, the physical wholeness of his person was an essential complement to the perfection of Heaven. For this reason, many deposed emperors were blinded, had ], or ] by their successors, as these permanent disfigurements disqualified them from ever reclaiming the throne. | ||
| A case of voluntary disfigurement is that of St. ] and the nuns of ] in Scotland. When the monastery was attacked by ] |
A case of voluntary disfigurement is that of St. ] and the nuns of ] in Scotland. When the monastery was attacked by ], she and the other nuns cut off their own noses and upper lips, fearing rape. In response, the Vikings burned down the building with the nuns inside. | ||
| Some cases of disfigurement may also result from animal attacks, like Charla Nash, whose face and hands were disfigured in an attack by her friend's pet chimpanzee, ]. | |||
| ==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
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| {{col-begin}} | {{col-begin}} | ||
| {{col-2}} | {{col-2}} | ||
| *severe ] | *severe or mismanaged ] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *]s | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| {{col-2}} | {{col-2}} | ||
| *]s | |||
| ], with ] causing much visible damage.]] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
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| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *]s | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *severe ] | *severe ] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *severe ] | *severe ]s | ||
| {{col-end}} | {{col-end}} | ||
| ] or ] is available in many cases to disfigured people. Some ] companies and government ] cover ] for these problems when they do not generally cover plastic surgery for what is labeled as "cosmetic purposes". | ] or ] is available in many cases to disfigured people. Some ] companies and government ] cover ] for these problems when they do not generally cover plastic surgery for what is labeled as "cosmetic purposes". | ||
| ⚫ | The term "disfigurement" is sometimes used pejoratively to describe the results of intentional ]. ] and other forms of such modification are sometimes referred to as such by neutral parties or by advocates of the processes, as well. Many types of body modification are subject to strong social debate as such. | ||
| ==Society and culture== | |||
| ⚫ | The term "disfigurement" is sometimes used pejoratively to describe the results of intentional ]. ] and other forms of such modification |
||
| People with disfigurement are often treated poorly.<ref>{{cite web|last1=MOSAIC|first1=Neil Steinberg|title=Facial discrimination: Living with a disfigured face|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/06/23/health/facial-discrimination-disfigured-face/index.html|website=CNN|date=23 June 2015 |publisher=]|access-date=30 August 2016}}</ref> | |||
| == |
===In American fiction=== | ||
| {{more citations needed|date=July 2016}} | |||
| ]'s version of "]" in ]'' had pervasive facial disfigurements, including jagged teeth and sunken-in eyes.]] | ]'s version of "]" in ] had pervasive facial disfigurements, including jagged teeth and sunken-in eyes.]] | ||
| *In ], the character ] is disfigured with an extreme hunch. | |||
| *In most |
*In most adaptations (literary, stage, film, or otherwise) of '']'', the title character (known as "]" or "]") wears either a full- or half-face mask to conceal a disfigurement. Some adaptations infer that his disfigurement was present from birth, such as in the ] ], whereas others infer or show it to be the result of a horrible accident such as burning from fire or chemicals. The Phantom's disfigured face is usually described as having caused him anguish and despair, thus influencing him to adopt the enigmatic "phantom" persona.<ref></ref> | ||
| *The ] character the ], often a foe of ], possesses a ]-like grin and a grotesque combination of bleached skin, red lips, and green hair that are typically described or inferred to be the result of injuries and disfigurement in most media. A common origin of his skin and hair colors revolve around chemical burns as the result of the Joker character either falling into, jumping into, or being thrown into a vat of noxious chemicals. In ]'s ], the Joker character, in this version a criminal originally known as "Jack Napier", receives his distinct |
*The ] character the ], often a foe of ], possesses a ]-like grin and a grotesque combination of bleached skin, red lips, and green hair that are typically described or inferred to be the result of injuries and disfigurement in most media. A common origin of his skin and hair colors revolve around chemical burns as the result of the Joker character either falling into, jumping into, or being thrown into a vat of noxious chemicals. In ]'s ], the Joker character, in this version a criminal originally known as "Jack Napier", receives his distinct ] as the result of a botched ] that he received after a ] that Napier intended to harm Batman badly injured the Joker's face. In most media, the Joker's mania and insanity begin as a result of him seeing his own disfigurement, the 1989 film being an example.<ref></ref><ref></ref><ref>{{YouTube|33JK0zOtJOk|Jack Napier (Joker) falls into a vat of chemical}}</ref><ref></ref> | ||
| ⚫ | *Several enemies of fictional British secret agent ] have been known for their distinctive facial features. An example is the ]n criminal and ] Zao from the film '']''. Played by ], the terrorist has ] skin with thick veins shown on his face and numerous ]s embedded into his skin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/villains/zao.php3?t=dad&s=dad|title=Zao (Rick Yune)}}</ref> | ||
| *The 1990 ] ], a ] picture, features the villain ], who hides a large scar on his cheek with a metal and mesh ]. In a flash back segment, the film reveals that Saki received his scar after murdering adversary ]. Yoshi's pet ], named ], gets knocked from his cage and leaps onto Saki's face, where the rat viciously bites and claws until Saki knocks him to the ground. As revenge, Saki slices off part of one of Splinter's ears. In the final battle of the film, Splinter admits to Shredder that he is aware of the villain's true identity as Saki, and Shredder in response removes his mask, touches his scars, and charges Splinter as if to kill him.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0000543/quotes Quotes for Splinter (Character)</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cfMzamIWXA Splinters story- teenage mutant ninja turtles-TMNT-1990 movie scene</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nz5rx6o6Vt8 Turtles vs The Shredder</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | *], an ] appearing in various ]-related works, has confronted several enemies known for their drastic facial disfigurement. A prominent example is ], a ] and ] with incredible stamina, while having no superhuman powers that has a deeply mutilated face somewhat similar to a ]. Perhaps the Punisher's most iconic nemesis, he was played in ] '']'' by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://comicsalliance.com/punisher-villains/ |title=The Punisher's Strangest Villains Ever | Comics Alliance |access-date=2015-05-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522063444/http://comicsalliance.com/punisher-villains/ |archive-date=2015-05-22 }}</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | *Several enemies of fictional British secret agent ] have been known for their distinctive facial features. An example is the ]n criminal and ] Zao from the film '']''. Played by ], the terrorist has ] skin with thick veins shown on his face |
||
| *], an antihero also appearing in Marvel Comics-related works, was disfigured from a healing factor that gives his skin a scarred appearance. | |||
| ⚫ | *], an ] appearing in various ] |
||
| *]' popular ] song "]", first released in 1994's '']'', describes a nightmarish figure with a blood-red, disfigured hand (as referred to in the title |
*]' popular ] song "]", first released in 1994's '']'', describes a nightmarish figure with a blood-red, disfigured hand (as referred to in the title<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=12310 | title=Red Right Hand by Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds - Songfacts }}</ref>). | ||
| *The title character of the ] piece '']'', a ] released in ], is a ]ic example. Partially created by a good-natured ], he comes into being without hands due to the death of his creator and makes do with the aforementioned ]-like ]. Although subject to some ill will and negativity from his neighbors due to his disfigurement since birth, he treats them with innocent caring and ], attempting to use his prostheses to ] while befriending those around him. | |||
| *], a crime-fighter who was rendered ] as a child, is another heroic disfigured character. Named Matt Murdock, he spends his normal life as a ] perusing justice legally while also working as a vigilante fighting against ] and other nefarious forces. The ] figure possesses an ]-like superpower related to his lack of sight. He was played by actor ] in ]. | |||
| *] from ] resumes his masked persona once more after he is resurrected by ]. Robin witnesses Slade's face which is off screen with horror before Slade replaces the mask back upon his face once more. It is implied that Slade was without muscles and skin and therefore carry out Trigon's dirty work as a bargain to regain his human features. | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| Line 81: | Line 86: | ||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] – experimental treatment for severe facial disfigurement | *] – experimental treatment for severe facial disfigurement | ||
| *], of which disfigurement is the most permanent type | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist|30em}} | ||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| ⚫ | * |
||
| ⚫ | * |
||
| ⚫ | * |
||
| ⚫ | * |
||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| {{wiktionary}} | {{wiktionary}} | ||
| ⚫ | * – a British organization for people with facial disfigurements | ||
| ⚫ | * – a British organization helping children with facial disfigurements in Africa | ||
| ⚫ | * – an American organization for people with facial disfigurements | ||
| ⚫ | * – a Japanese organization for people with facial disfigurements | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| ⚫ | * | ||
| * www.karibuanawim.com – Australian organisation for people with facial disfigurements | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
Latest revision as of 02:27, 2 December 2024
State of having one's appearance injured or changed "Disfigure" redirects here. For other uses, see Disfigure (disambiguation). | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
Disfigurement is the state of having one's appearance deeply and persistently harmed medically, such as from a disease, birth defect, or wound. General societal attitudes towards disfigurement have varied greatly across cultures and over time, with cultures possessing strong social stigma against it often causing psychological distress to disfigured individuals. Alternatively, many societies have regarded some forms of disfigurement in a medical, scientific context where someone having ill will against the disfigured is viewed as anathema. In various religious and spiritual contexts, disfigurement has been variously described as being a punishment from the divine for sin (such as Yahweh's defacement of Cain for Abel's murder in Judaism), as being (such as Paul of the New Testament's arguments about Christ's sufferings) caused by supernatural forces of hate and evil against the good and just, which will be later atoned for, or as being without explanation per se with people just having to endure.
The topic has been frequently commented on and referred to in a great many forms of fictional media as well. Villainous examples include the iconic fiend The Joker from various DC Comics and the mysterious figure with a "red right hand" from the song of the same name by the band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Heroic examples include Daredevil, a crime-fighter who was rendered blind (from Marvel Comics), and the compassionate character Edward Scissorhands from the film of the same name. Antiheroic examples include Deadpool, a mercenary whose healing factor gives his skin a scarred appearance, and The Punisher, who has facial disfigurement, also from Marvel Comics.
Overview
Disfigurement, whether caused by a benign or malignant condition, often leads to severe psychosocial problems such as negative body image; depression; difficulties in one's social, sexual, and professional lives; prejudice; and intolerance. This is partly due to how the individual copes with looking 'visibly different', though the extent of the disfigurement rarely correlates with the degree of distress the patient feels. An additional factor which affects people with a disfigurement is the reaction they get from other people. The general population responds to people with a disfigurement with less trust and respect, and often try to avoid making contact or having to look at the disfigurement. Disfigurements affecting visible areas, such as the face, arms, and hands, are thought to present greater difficulty for affected people to cope with than do other disfigurements.
Deliberate mutilation resulting in physical disfigurement has also been practiced by many cultures throughout human history for religious or judicial purposes. During the Byzantine Empire, the emperor was considered God's viceregent on Earth, and as such, the physical wholeness of his person was an essential complement to the perfection of Heaven. For this reason, many deposed emperors were blinded, had their noses cut off, or their tongues split by their successors, as these permanent disfigurements disqualified them from ever reclaiming the throne.
A case of voluntary disfigurement is that of St. Æbbe the Younger and the nuns of Coldingham Monastery in Scotland. When the monastery was attacked by Vikings, she and the other nuns cut off their own noses and upper lips, fearing rape. In response, the Vikings burned down the building with the nuns inside.
Some cases of disfigurement may also result from animal attacks, like Charla Nash, whose face and hands were disfigured in an attack by her friend's pet chimpanzee, Travis.
Causes
Conditions that can cause disfigurement include:
Plastic surgery or reconstructive surgery is available in many cases to disfigured people. Some health insurance companies and government health care systems cover plastic surgery for these problems when they do not generally cover plastic surgery for what is labeled as "cosmetic purposes".
The term "disfigurement" is sometimes used pejoratively to describe the results of intentional body modification. Scarification and other forms of such modification are sometimes referred to as such by neutral parties or by advocates of the processes, as well. Many types of body modification are subject to strong social debate as such.
Society and culture
People with disfigurement are often treated poorly.
In American fiction
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Disfigurement" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
- In most adaptations (literary, stage, film, or otherwise) of The Phantom of the Opera, the title character (known as "Erik" or "The Phantom") wears either a full- or half-face mask to conceal a disfigurement. Some adaptations infer that his disfigurement was present from birth, such as in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical, whereas others infer or show it to be the result of a horrible accident such as burning from fire or chemicals. The Phantom's disfigured face is usually described as having caused him anguish and despair, thus influencing him to adopt the enigmatic "phantom" persona.
- The DC Comics character the Joker, often a foe of Batman, possesses a clown-like grin and a grotesque combination of bleached skin, red lips, and green hair that are typically described or inferred to be the result of injuries and disfigurement in most media. A common origin of his skin and hair colors revolve around chemical burns as the result of the Joker character either falling into, jumping into, or being thrown into a vat of noxious chemicals. In Tim Burton's 1989 film adaptation of Batman, the Joker character, in this version a criminal originally known as "Jack Napier", receives his distinct rictus grin as the result of a botched plastic surgery that he received after a ricocheted bullet that Napier intended to harm Batman badly injured the Joker's face. In most media, the Joker's mania and insanity begin as a result of him seeing his own disfigurement, the 1989 film being an example.
- Several enemies of fictional British secret agent James Bond have been known for their distinctive facial features. An example is the North Korean criminal and terrorist Zao from the film Die Another Day. Played by Rick Yune, the terrorist has partly translucent skin with thick veins shown on his face and numerous diamonds embedded into his skin.
- The Punisher, an antihero appearing in various Marvel Comics-related works, has confronted several enemies known for their drastic facial disfigurement. A prominent example is Jigsaw, a sadist and psychopath with incredible stamina, while having no superhuman powers that has a deeply mutilated face somewhat similar to a jigsaw puzzle. Perhaps the Punisher's most iconic nemesis, he was played in 2008's Punisher: War Zone by Dominic West.
- Deadpool, an antihero also appearing in Marvel Comics-related works, was disfigured from a healing factor that gives his skin a scarred appearance.
- Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds' popular alternative rock song "Red Right Hand", first released in 1994's Let Love In, describes a nightmarish figure with a blood-red, disfigured hand (as referred to in the title).
See also
- AboutFace – Canadian charitable organization
- Changing Faces (charity) – British charitable organization
- Dermatology
- Face transplant – experimental treatment for severe facial disfigurement
- Corporal punishment, of which disfigurement is the most permanent type
References
- Hartung, Franziska; Jamrozik, Anja; Rosen, Miriam E.; Aguirre, Geoffrey (29 May 2019). "Behavioural and Neural Responses to Facial Disfigurement". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 8021. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.8021H. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44408-8. PMC 6541618. PMID 31142792.
- Kleck, Robert E.; Nuessle, William (December 1968). "Congruence between the indicative and communicative functions of eye contact in interpersonal relations". British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 7 (4): 241–246. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1968.tb00565.x. PMID 5706460.
- MOSAIC, Neil Steinberg (23 June 2015). "Facial discrimination: Living with a disfigured face". CNN. CNN. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
- The Phantom's Visage: What did the Phantom Look Like?
- Joker
- The Juxtaposition of Batman and Joker
- Jack Napier (Joker) falls into a vat of chemical on YouTube
- The Joker Transformation! "The Man In The Mirror"
- "Zao (Rick Yune)".
- "The Punisher's Strangest Villains Ever | Comics Alliance". Archived from the original on 2015-05-22. Retrieved 2015-05-21.
- "Red Right Hand by Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds - Songfacts".
External links
- Changing Faces – a British organization for people with facial disfigurements
- Project Harar – a British organization helping children with facial disfigurements in Africa
- Let's Face It – an American organization for people with facial disfigurements
- Unique Face – a Japanese organization for people with facial disfigurements
- Centre for Appearance Research – Psychological and psychosocial research at the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
- Derriford Appearance Scale – a standardised psychological measure of distress and dysfunction in relation to disfigurement and visible difference
- www.karibuanawim.com – Australian organisation for people with facial disfigurements