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Revision as of 00:21, 24 February 2016 editMonochrome Monitor (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users13,037 edits again, this is about punishing family members for crimes of relatives, not punishing people in a way that will also harm their families. It is punishment with the direct intent to punish relatives, not indirect. That's how the term is used.← Previous edit Latest revision as of 21:24, 18 November 2024 edit undoHapHaxion (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers71,141 edits →Nazi GermanyTag: Visual edit 
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{{about|the German tradition and practice|similar practices in other countries or cultures|Kin punishment}}
'''''Sippenhaft''''' or '''''Sippenhaftung''''' ({{IPA-de|ˈzɪpənˌhaft(ʊŋ)|lang}}, ''kin liability''<ref>The German term '']''—although one meaning is "imprisonment"—does not necessarily imply a prison sentence, but can refer to any form of punishment ''or'' enforcement of a civil liability.</ref>) refers to the principle of families sharing the responsibility for a crime committed by one of its members. A relative of the perpetrator could thus be punished in place of or in addition to the perpetrator, depending on the circumstances. As a legal principle, it is derived from ] in the ], there usually in the form of fines and compensations. The same principle is also found in many non-western cultures.
{{short description|German term for shared family responsibility}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Sippenhaft''''' or '''''Sippenhaftung''''' ({{IPA|de|ˈzɪpənˌhaft(ʊŋ)|lang}}, ''kin liability'') is a German term for the idea that a family or clan shares the responsibility for a crime or act committed by one of its members, justifying ].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Black, Harry|author2=Cirullies, Horst|author3=Marquard, Günter Marquard|title=Polec: dictionary of politics and economics = dictionnaire de politique et d'économie = Lexikon für Politik und Wirtschaft|date=1967|publisher=] |location=Berlin|isbn=9783110008920|page=786|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vT5agE7b_CsC&pg=PA786|quote=Usual practice in totalitarian states ... to prosecute the innocent dependents of a person being prosecuted, condemned or escaped.|oclc= 815964978}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pine|first=Lisa|date=2013-06-01|title=Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth|url=https://academic.oup.com/gh/article/31/2/272/652083|journal=German History|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=272–273|doi=10.1093/gerhis/ghs131|issn=0266-3554}}</ref> As a legal principle, it was derived from ] in the ], usually in the form of fines and compensations. It was adopted by ] to justify the punishment of kin (relatives, spouse) for the offence of a family member. Punishment often involved imprisonment and execution, and was applied to relatives of the conspirators of ].


==Origins==
In modern authoritarian and totalitarian states it is one form of ], often used for harassment or extortion, most notably in ] towards the end of ]. Contemporary examples include North Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/10/AR2008121003855.html |title="Escapee Tells of Horrors in North Korean Prison Camp", Washington Post, December&nbsp;11, 2008 |work=The Washington Post |date= December 11, 2008|accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref>
Prior to the adoption of ] and ], ''Sippenhaft'' was a common legal principle among Germanic peoples, including ] and ]ns.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u4I2DwAAQBAJ&dq=sippenhaft+germanic+tribe&pg=PA593|title=The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection |last1=Bartrop|first1=Paul R.|last2=Dickerman|first2=Michael|date=2017-09-15|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781440840845|language=en}}</ref> Germanic laws distinguished between two forms of justice for severe crimes such as murder: ], or ]; and ], pecuniary restitution or fines in lieu of revenge, based on the '']'' or "man price" determined by the victim's wealth and social status.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paeQBAAAQBAJ&dq=blood+money+and+blood+revenge+germanic&pg=PA35|title=Lawyers and Savages: Ancient History and Legal Realism in the Making of Legal Anthropology|last=Tuori|first=Kaius|date=2014-09-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317815990|language=en}}</ref> The principle of ''Sippenhaft'' meant that the family or clan of an offender, as well as the offender, could be subject to revenge or could be liable to pay restitution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-trier.de/fileadmin/fb5/inst/IRP/Rechtspolitisches_Forum/68_Krey_EBook_gesch%C3%BCtzt.pdf|title=Interrogational Torture in Criminal Proceedings|publisher=Institut für Rechtspolitik|access-date=27 September 2018|archive-date=2 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402185954/http://www.uni-trier.de/fileadmin/fb5/inst/IRP/Rechtspolitisches_Forum/68_Krey_EBook_gesch%C3%BCtzt.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similar principles were common to ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90G8t-DQBBQC&q=medieval+celtic+blood+revenge|title=An Introduction to Homicide in India Ancient and Early Medieval Period|last=Thakur|first=Upendra|date=2003-06-01|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170170747|language=en}}</ref>


==Nazi Germany== ==Nazi Germany==
Sippenhaft was a common practice in which relatives of persons accused of crimes against the state were held to share the responsibility for those crimes and subject to arrest and sometimes execution. Many people who had committed no crimes were arrested and punished under ''Sippenhaft'' decrees introduced after the failed ] to assassinate ] in July 1944. In Nazi Germany, the term was revived to justify the punishment of kin (relatives, spouse) for the offence of a family member. In that form of ''Sippenhaft'', the relatives of persons accused of crimes against the state were held to share the responsibility for those crimes and subject to arrest and sometimes execution.


=== 1943–45: for desertion and treason ===
⚫ Examples of Sippenhaft being used as a threat exist within the ] from around 1943. Soldiers accused of having 'blood impurities' or soldiers conscripted from areas outside of Germany also began to have their families threatened and punished with Sippenhaft. An example is the case of Panzergrenadier Leiss, who was accused of desertion on the ] in December 1942. After the ] ] discovered supposed 'Polish' links in the Leiss family, in February 1943 his wife, child, two brothers, sister and brother-in-law were arrested and executed at ]. By 1944, several general and individual directives were ordered within divisions and corps, threatening troops with consequences against their family. After 20 July 1944 these threats were extended to include all German troops and in particular, German commanders. A decree of February 1945 threatened death to the relatives of military commanders who showed what Hitler regarded as cowardice or defeatism in the face of the enemy. After ] to the Soviets in April 1945, the family of the German commander General ] were arrested. These arrests were publicized in the '']''.<ref>{{cite book |first=Robert |last=Loeffel |title=Family Punishment in Nazi Germany, Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth |publisher=Palgrave |year=2012 |pages=53–88 |isbn=9780230343054 }}</ref>
]'' of two of the Leiss family in ], punished due to the desertion of Wenzeslaus Leiss.]]


⚫ Examples of ''Sippenhaft'' being used as a threat exist within the '']'' from around 1943. Soldiers accused of having "blood impurities" or soldiers conscripted from outside of Germany also began to have their families threatened and punished with ''Sippenhaft''. An example is the case of '']'' Wenzeslaus Leiss, who was accused of desertion on the ] in December 1942. After the ] ] discovered supposed Polish links in the Leiss family, in February 1943 his wife, two-year-old daughter, two brothers, sister and brother-in-law were arrested and executed at ]. By 1944, several general and individual directives were ordered within divisions and corps, threatening troops with consequences against their families.
After the failure of the 20 July plot, the ] chief ] told a meeting of ]s in ] that he would "introduce absolute responsibility of kin... a very old custom practiced among our forefathers." According to Himmler, this practice had existed among the ancient ]. "When they placed a family under the ban and declared it outlawed or when there was a ] in the family, they were utterly consistent.... This man has committed treason; his blood is bad; there is traitor's blood in him; that must be wiped out. And in the blood feud the entire clan was wiped out down to the last member. And so, too, will ]'s family be wiped out down to the last member."<ref>{{cite book |first=Joachim |last=Fest |title=Plotting Hitler's Death |year=1996 |location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt |page=303 |isbn=0080504213 }}</ref>


===Families of 20 July plotters===
Accordingly, the members of the family of Stauffenberg (the one who had planted the bomb that failed to kill Hitler) were all under suspicion. His wife, ], was sent to ] (she survived and lived until 2006). His brother Alexander, who knew nothing of the plot and was serving with the ], was also sent to a concentration camp. Similar punishments were meted out to the relatives of ], ], ] and many other conspirators. The fact that most of these families belonged to the old ]n aristocracy, a class detested by the Nazis, added to the zeal with which they were persecuted.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=January 2016}}
]
]
Many people who had committed no crimes were arrested and punished under ''Sippenhaft'' decrees introduced after the failed ] to assassinate ] in July 1944.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Loeffel|first=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxHxaq6sMroC&q=Sippenhaft|title=Family Punishment in Nazi Germany, Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth|publisher=Palgrave|year=2012|isbn=9780230343054}}</ref>{{rp|121–166}}After the failure of the 20 July plot, the ] chief ] told a meeting of '']'' in ] that he would "introduce absolute responsibility of kin ... a very old custom practiced among our forefathers". According to Himmler, this practice had existed among the ancient ]. "When they placed a family under the ban and declared it outlawed or when there was a ] in the family, they were utterly consistent. ... This man has committed treason; his blood is bad; there is traitor's blood in him; that must be wiped out. And in the blood feud the entire clan was wiped out down to the last member. And so, too, will ]'s family be wiped out down to the last member."<ref>{{cite book |first=Joachim |last=Fest |title=Plotting Hitler's Death |year=1996 |location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt |page= |isbn=0080504213 |url=https://archive.org/details/plottinghitlersd00joac/page/303 }}</ref> Accordingly, the members of the family of von Stauffenberg (the officer who had planted the bomb that failed to kill Hitler) were all under suspicion. His wife, ], was sent to ] (she survived and lived until 2006). His brother ], who knew nothing of the plot and was serving with the ], was also sent to a concentration camp. Similar punishments were meted out to the relatives of ], ], ] and many other conspirators. ] opted to commit suicide, rather than being tried for his suspected role in the plot, in part because he knew that his wife and children would suffer well before his own all-but-certain conviction and execution.


=== 1944–45: Soviet POW "League of German Officers" ===
After the 20 July plot, numerous families connected to the Soviet sponsored ] made up of German prisoners of war, such as those of ] and ], were also arrested. Unlike a number of the 20 July conspirators families, those arrested for connection to the League were not released after a few months but remained in prison until the end of the war. Younger children of arrested plotters were not jailed but sent to orphanages under new names: Stauffenberg's children were renamed "Meister."<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Loeffel |title=Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear in Nazi Germany: Examining One Facet of Terror in the Aftermath of the Plot of 20 July 1944 |journal=Contemporary European History |volume=16 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=51–69 |doi=10.1017/S0960777306003626 }}</ref> After the 20 July plot, numerous families connected to the Soviet-sponsored ] made up of German prisoners of war, such as those of ] and ], were also arrested. Unlike a number of the 20 July conspirators families, those arrested for connection to the League were not released after a few months but remained in prison until the end of the war. Younger children of arrested plotters were not jailed but sent to orphanages under new names. Stauffenberg's children were renamed "Meister".<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Loeffel |title=Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear in Nazi Germany: Examining One Facet of Terror in the Aftermath of the Plot of 20 July 1944 |journal=Contemporary European History |volume=16 |issue=1 |year=2007 |pages=51–69 |doi=10.1017/S0960777306003626 |s2cid=161527461 }}</ref>


=== 1944–45: for "cowardice" ===
==Other examples==
After 20 July 1944 these threats were extended to include all German troops, in particular, German commanders. A decree of February 1945 threatened death to the relatives of military commanders who showed what Hitler regarded as cowardice or defeatism in the face of the enemy. After ] to the Soviets in April 1945, the family of the German commander General ] were arrested. These arrests were publicized in the '']''.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|53–88}}
* A historical example can be seen in the practice of ], which in variations, occurred in ], as well as ] and ] during the period. It is rarely used except in serious cases of treason and rebellion, and typically involved the execution of close and extended family members, categorized into nine groups, with the exception of underage children. In the case of ] scholar ], his students were uniquely included as the tenth group. Such exterminations were done in order to deter others from committing treason for the well-being of their families.

* During ]'s 1930s ], many thousands of people were arrested and executed or sent to labour camps as "relatives of the enemies of the people", using the ] clause as a basis. One well-known example was ], the wife of ], who was imprisoned after her husband was accused of treason. ] soldiers, particularly before brutal battles such as the one at ], were told that relatives of soldiers who surrendered would be killed. The ], signed in 1938, rolled back some of the more extreme measures, as such that only spouses who were informed of their partner's political activities were arrested.
===For saving Jews===
* Similar practices took place in the ] during the ] of the 1960s. A prominent example is ], who was arrested and tortured by the ] when his father, ], was ]d by ].
In the occupied East European countries, trying to save Jews or even knowing about such acts made the families of those accused liable to execution on the principle of Sippenhaft.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}
* In ], political prisoners are sent to the ] concentration camps along with their relatives without any fair trial.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/10/AR2008121003855.html |title="Escapee Tells of Horrors in North Korean Prison Camp", Washington Post, December&nbsp;11, 2008 |work=The Washington Post |date= December 11, 2008|accessdate=August 23, 2010}}</ref> North Korean citizens convicted of more serious political crimes are sentenced to life imprisonment, and the summary two generations of their family (children and grandchildren) will be born in the camps as part of the "3 generations of punishment" policy instigated by state founder ] in 1948.<ref>]</ref>

* Organized crime groups such as ], ], and ]s often retaliate against people by committing crimes against their (innocent) family members, or effect intimidation by threatening to do so. In some cases, they may unlawfully attempt to collect a deceased person's ]s from the surviving family members, as part of more general unlawful ] practices including violence/]/]/]. (In many countries including the U.S., it is never lawful to collect a debt from a subject's family members except in ] situations as the family members are non-liable third parties.)
== Present legal status==
The principle of ''Sippenhaftung'' is considered incompatible with ], and therefore has no legal definition.{{Cn|date=February 2021}}

== Modern use ==
{{see also|Detention of Rocío San Miguel}}
The ] concluded in a September 2021 report that Venezuelan security and intelligence agents reportedly applied the principle of ''Sippenhaftung'', using methods including the kidnapping and detention of relatives of critics, real or perceived, to accomplish arrests.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Casanova |first=Mayreth |date=2022-10-02 |title=Sippenhaft, el patrón alemán con el que torturan a presos políticos en Venezuela |url=https://elpitazo.net/reportajes/sippenhaft-el-patron-aleman-con-el-que-torturan-a-presos-en-venezuela/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=] |language=es |quote=Un acusado de participar en la Operación Gedeón dijo al Tribunal de Control en su audiencia preliminar que agentes de la Dgcim lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el ‘Sippenhaft’, una táctica de castigo colectivo utilizada por los nazis.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Qué es el Sippenhaft, el método de persecución nazi usado por la dictadura chavista que denunció la ONU |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2021/09/16/que-es-el-sippenhaft-el-metodo-de-persecucion-nazi-usado-por-las-fuerzas-de-la-dictadura-chavista-que-denuncio-la-onu/ |access-date=2021-09-17 |website=] |language=es |publication-date=16 September 2021 |quote=En el caso de un acusado de participar en la Operación Gedeón (una incursión marítima en mayo de 2020), relató que en su audiencia preliminar, agentes de la Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar (DGCIM) “lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el Sippenhaft (una táctica de castigo colectivo utilizada por los nazis)”.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=García |first=Eileen |date=2021-09-17 |title=¿Qué es el Sippenhaft, el método de persecución nazi usado por las fuerzas de Maduro? |url=https://www.elnacional.com/venezuela/que-es-el-sippenhaft-el-metodo-de-persecucion-nazi-usado-por-las-fuerzas-de-maduro/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=] |language=es |quote=Además, dijo al Tribunal de Control que, tras negarse a hacer las declaraciones que le plantearon, los funcionarios le dijeron que aplicarían el Sippenhaft.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Itriago |first=Andreína |date=2021-09-16 |title=El Sippenhaft, la táctica nazi que según ONU usan agentes venezolanos |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/2021/09/16/el-sippenhaft-la-tactica-nazi-que-segun-onu-usan-agentes-venezolanos/ |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=Bloomberg Línea |language=es |quote=Un acusado de participar en la Operación Gedeón dijo al Tribunal de Control en su audiencia preliminar que agentes de la DGCIM lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el 'Sippenhaft'. Detuvieron posteriormente a sus hermanas y a su cuñado}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/FFMV/A-HRC-48-CRP.5_EN.pdf |title=Detailed findings of the independent international factfinding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela |date=16 September 2021 |publisher=] |pages=109 |quote=He told the Control Court that after refusing to make declarations posed to him during the interrogation session, the DGCIM members told him they would apply 'Sippenhaft' (a collective punishment tactic used by the Nazis), involving the imprisonment of his relatives as a form of pressure.}}</ref>

From about 1950 until 2014, ] imprisoned relatives of defectors in the ].


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Criminal justice}} {{Portal|Law|Germany}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|Sippenhaft}}
* ]
* ] *]
*]
* ]
*]
* ]
*] – kin punishment practiced in Soviet Russia
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*] (zú zhū (族誅), literally "family execution", and miè zú (灭族/滅族)) – kin punishment in ancient China


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{reflist}}


==Further reading==
* Dagmar Albrecht: ''Mit meinem Schicksal kann ich nicht hadern. Sippenhaft in der Familie ].'' Dietz, Berlin 2001, {{ISBN|3-320-02018-8}}. {{in lang|de}}
* Harald Maihold: ''Die Sippenhaft: Begründete Zweifel an einem Grundsatz des „deutschen Rechts“.'' In: ''Mediaevistik.'' Band 18, 2005, S. 99–126 () {{in lang|de}}

{{Germanic peoples}}

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Latest revision as of 21:24, 18 November 2024

This article is about the German tradition and practice. For similar practices in other countries or cultures, see Kin punishment. German term for shared family responsibility

Sippenhaft or Sippenhaftung (German: [ˈzɪpənˌhaft(ʊŋ)], kin liability) is a German term for the idea that a family or clan shares the responsibility for a crime or act committed by one of its members, justifying collective punishment. As a legal principle, it was derived from Germanic law in the Middle Ages, usually in the form of fines and compensations. It was adopted by Nazi Germany to justify the punishment of kin (relatives, spouse) for the offence of a family member. Punishment often involved imprisonment and execution, and was applied to relatives of the conspirators of the failed 1944 bomb plot to assassinate Hitler.

Origins

Prior to the adoption of Roman law and Christianity, Sippenhaft was a common legal principle among Germanic peoples, including Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians. Germanic laws distinguished between two forms of justice for severe crimes such as murder: blood revenge, or extrajudicial killing; and blood money, pecuniary restitution or fines in lieu of revenge, based on the weregild or "man price" determined by the victim's wealth and social status. The principle of Sippenhaft meant that the family or clan of an offender, as well as the offender, could be subject to revenge or could be liable to pay restitution. Similar principles were common to Celts, Teutons, and Slavs.

Nazi Germany

In Nazi Germany, the term was revived to justify the punishment of kin (relatives, spouse) for the offence of a family member. In that form of Sippenhaft, the relatives of persons accused of crimes against the state were held to share the responsibility for those crimes and subject to arrest and sometimes execution.

1943–45: for desertion and treason

Stolpersteine of two of the Leiss family in Moers, punished due to the desertion of Wenzeslaus Leiss.

Examples of Sippenhaft being used as a threat exist within the Wehrmacht from around 1943. Soldiers accused of having "blood impurities" or soldiers conscripted from outside of Germany also began to have their families threatened and punished with Sippenhaft. An example is the case of Panzergrenadier Wenzeslaus Leiss, who was accused of desertion on the Eastern Front in December 1942. After the Düsseldorf Gestapo discovered supposed Polish links in the Leiss family, in February 1943 his wife, two-year-old daughter, two brothers, sister and brother-in-law were arrested and executed at Sachsenhausen concentration camp. By 1944, several general and individual directives were ordered within divisions and corps, threatening troops with consequences against their families.

Families of 20 July plotters

Himmler in 1945
Rommel in 1942

Many people who had committed no crimes were arrested and punished under Sippenhaft decrees introduced after the failed 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler in July 1944.After the failure of the 20 July plot, the SS chief Heinrich Himmler told a meeting of Gauleiters in Posen that he would "introduce absolute responsibility of kin ... a very old custom practiced among our forefathers". According to Himmler, this practice had existed among the ancient Teutons. "When they placed a family under the ban and declared it outlawed or when there was a blood feud in the family, they were utterly consistent. ... This man has committed treason; his blood is bad; there is traitor's blood in him; that must be wiped out. And in the blood feud the entire clan was wiped out down to the last member. And so, too, will Count Stauffenberg's family be wiped out down to the last member." Accordingly, the members of the family of von Stauffenberg (the officer who had planted the bomb that failed to kill Hitler) were all under suspicion. His wife, Nina Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg, was sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp (she survived and lived until 2006). His brother Alexander, who knew nothing of the plot and was serving with the Wehrmacht in Greece, was also sent to a concentration camp. Similar punishments were meted out to the relatives of Carl Goerdeler, Henning von Tresckow, Adam von Trott zu Solz and many other conspirators. Erwin Rommel opted to commit suicide, rather than being tried for his suspected role in the plot, in part because he knew that his wife and children would suffer well before his own all-but-certain conviction and execution.

1944–45: Soviet POW "League of German Officers"

After the 20 July plot, numerous families connected to the Soviet-sponsored League of German Officers made up of German prisoners of war, such as those of Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach and Friedrich Paulus, were also arrested. Unlike a number of the 20 July conspirators families, those arrested for connection to the League were not released after a few months but remained in prison until the end of the war. Younger children of arrested plotters were not jailed but sent to orphanages under new names. Stauffenberg's children were renamed "Meister".

1944–45: for "cowardice"

After 20 July 1944 these threats were extended to include all German troops, in particular, German commanders. A decree of February 1945 threatened death to the relatives of military commanders who showed what Hitler regarded as cowardice or defeatism in the face of the enemy. After the surrender of Königsberg to the Soviets in April 1945, the family of the German commander General Otto Lasch were arrested. These arrests were publicized in the Völkischer Beobachter.

For saving Jews

In the occupied East European countries, trying to save Jews or even knowing about such acts made the families of those accused liable to execution on the principle of Sippenhaft.

Present legal status

The principle of Sippenhaftung is considered incompatible with German Basic Law, and therefore has no legal definition.

Modern use

See also: Detention of Rocío San Miguel

The Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Venezuela concluded in a September 2021 report that Venezuelan security and intelligence agents reportedly applied the principle of Sippenhaftung, using methods including the kidnapping and detention of relatives of critics, real or perceived, to accomplish arrests.

From about 1950 until 2014, North Korea imprisoned relatives of defectors in the Yodok concentration camp.

See also

References

  1. Black, Harry; Cirullies, Horst; Marquard, Günter Marquard (1967). Polec: dictionary of politics and economics = dictionnaire de politique et d'économie = Lexikon für Politik und Wirtschaft. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 786. ISBN 9783110008920. OCLC 815964978. Usual practice in totalitarian states ... to prosecute the innocent dependents of a person being prosecuted, condemned or escaped.
  2. Pine, Lisa (2013-06-01). "Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth". German History. 31 (2): 272–273. doi:10.1093/gerhis/ghs131. ISSN 0266-3554.
  3. Bartrop, Paul R.; Dickerman, Michael (2017-09-15). The Holocaust: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781440840845.
  4. Tuori, Kaius (2014-09-19). Lawyers and Savages: Ancient History and Legal Realism in the Making of Legal Anthropology. Routledge. ISBN 9781317815990.
  5. "Interrogational Torture in Criminal Proceedings" (PDF). Institut für Rechtspolitik. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 27 September 2018.
  6. Thakur, Upendra (2003-06-01). An Introduction to Homicide in India Ancient and Early Medieval Period. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170170747.
  7. ^ Loeffel, Robert (2012). Family Punishment in Nazi Germany, Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth. Palgrave. ISBN 9780230343054.
  8. Fest, Joachim (1996). Plotting Hitler's Death. New York: Henry Holt. p. 303. ISBN 0080504213.
  9. Loeffel, Robert (2007). "Sippenhaft, Terror and Fear in Nazi Germany: Examining One Facet of Terror in the Aftermath of the Plot of 20 July 1944". Contemporary European History. 16 (1): 51–69. doi:10.1017/S0960777306003626. S2CID 161527461.
  10. Casanova, Mayreth (2022-10-02). "Sippenhaft, el patrón alemán con el que torturan a presos políticos en Venezuela". El Pitazo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-11-07. Un acusado de participar en la Operación Gedeón dijo al Tribunal de Control en su audiencia preliminar que agentes de la Dgcim lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el 'Sippenhaft', una táctica de castigo colectivo utilizada por los nazis.
  11. "Qué es el Sippenhaft, el método de persecución nazi usado por la dictadura chavista que denunció la ONU". infobae (in Spanish). 16 September 2021. Retrieved 2021-09-17. En el caso de un acusado de participar en la Operación Gedeón (una incursión marítima en mayo de 2020), relató que en su audiencia preliminar, agentes de la Dirección General de Contrainteligencia Militar (DGCIM) "lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el Sippenhaft (una táctica de castigo colectivo utilizada por los nazis)".
  12. García, Eileen (2021-09-17). "¿Qué es el Sippenhaft, el método de persecución nazi usado por las fuerzas de Maduro?". El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-11-07. Además, dijo al Tribunal de Control que, tras negarse a hacer las declaraciones que le plantearon, los funcionarios le dijeron que aplicarían el Sippenhaft.
  13. Itriago, Andreína (2021-09-16). "El Sippenhaft, la táctica nazi que según ONU usan agentes venezolanos". Bloomberg Línea (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-11-07. Un acusado de participar en la Operación Gedeón dijo al Tribunal de Control en su audiencia preliminar que agentes de la DGCIM lo torturaron y le dijeron que aplicarían el 'Sippenhaft'. Detuvieron posteriormente a sus hermanas y a su cuñado
  14. Detailed findings of the independent international factfinding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (PDF). United Nations. 16 September 2021. p. 109. He told the Control Court that after refusing to make declarations posed to him during the interrogation session, the DGCIM members told him they would apply 'Sippenhaft' (a collective punishment tactic used by the Nazis), involving the imprisonment of his relatives as a form of pressure.

Further reading

  • Dagmar Albrecht: Mit meinem Schicksal kann ich nicht hadern. Sippenhaft in der Familie Albrecht von Hagen. Dietz, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-320-02018-8. (in German)
  • Harald Maihold: Die Sippenhaft: Begründete Zweifel an einem Grundsatz des „deutschen Rechts“. In: Mediaevistik. Band 18, 2005, S. 99–126 (PDF; 152 KB) (in German)
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