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			{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
	The ] (]: Euskal Nazio Askapenerako Mugimendua, "ENAM") is a term that encompasses all ], social and armed organizations which have as their goal the creation of a ] which would include all of the ] and ], and be independent of ] and ]. Although this movement is currently synonymous with the separatist organisation ], it does have a history stretching back long before ETA's formation. The failure of politics to satisfy the desire many Basques have had for a return to self-governance, and the severe limitations imposed on the use of their language and expression of their culture by ], were contributory factors to the initiation of the latest armed conflict, headed by ETA.
			'''Basque National Liberation Movement prisoners''' are all those people who have been ], placed ], or otherwise kept in custody due to their illegal activity in support of the ] (MLNV using its Spanish acronym).
			Most individuals linked to the MLNV currently serving out their sentences in prisons of Spain, France and other countries were convicted for their involvement with ] (ETA) at the moment of their arrest, and for other offences such as ], ], participating in ] and ]. Some were convicted only for being a member of ETA, while others were not members of ETA but have been imprisoned for collaborating with it, or have been convicted of other offences such as belonging to illegal organizations like ] or ], belonging to or trying to rebuild banned ] such as ] and ], participating in ], or for the "public glorification of terrorism", an offence incorporated into the ] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://riull.ull.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/915/3157/El%20delito%20de%20apologia%20del%20terrorismo..pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|title=El delito de apología del terrorismo|access-date=13 April 2023|author=David Cabrera Acosta|website=riull.ull.es|language=es}}</ref>
	The people who have been imprisoned over the past 40 years have mostly been linked to this armed struggle and have been convicted of ], or for belonging to or having belonged to ETA or other organisations linked to it. Many will have taken part in ], and some have been convicted of murder. A few have no connection to ETA.
			Many supporters of the ] consider ETA and MLNV convicts currently in Spanish and French prisons to be ], the majority of whom are represented by the Basque Political Prisoners Collective (EPPK under its Basque acronym). Some organizations like ] have spent many years campaigning for the rights of Basque prisoners, with a special focus on bringing dispersed prisoners back to the Basque Country and the release of seriously ill prisoners.
			Since the late 1960s tens of thousands of MLNV activists have been detained, and several thousands of those imprisoned. Up until 2003 an estimated 30,000 activists had been arrested, 8,172 of whom were accused of being members of ETA, out of which 4,770 were convicted of a criminal offence and served a prison sentence.<ref name="Data1" /> A notable convicted MLNV leader is former ETA-member ], who was released in 2016 after six year in prisons for attempting to re-establish the outlawed party Batasuna,<ref>{{cite news|title=Free after six years, but what now for Basque separatist leader Arnaldo Otegi?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/29/free-after-six-years-but-what-now-for-arnaldo-otegi|access-date=11 May 2016|work=The Guardian|date=29 April 2016}}</ref> despite having received conviction in an unfair trial.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/Tribunal-Europeo-Derechos-Humanos-Batasuna_0_832916799.html|title=El Tribunal de Estrasburgo dictamina que Otegi no tuvo un juicio justo en el caso de la reconstrucción de Batasuna|work=eldiario.es|access-date=2018-11-07|language=es}}</ref> In addition, Otegi had been previously convicted of a number of offences including kidnapping, glorifying terrorism, and being an ETA member.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mujeres de Amaiur, PSE, PNV y EB piden la libertad de Otegi|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/v/20120513/politica/mujeres-amaiur-piden-libertad-20120513.html|access-date=26 March 2016|publisher=]|date=13 May 2012}}</ref>
	==History==		==History==
	The number of ]s related to the Basque National Liberation Movement has varied over the years as can be seen in the following bar chart. It begins in 1978, after the ], which made it illegal to bring to trial any Franco era crime, and also gave amnesty to all prisoners who had committed crimes with a political root during ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ley 46/1977, de 15 de octubre, de amnistía.|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/l46-1977.html#a1|publisher=Noticias Juridicas|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amnistia: Texto integro de la Ley Aprobada|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1977/10/15/pagina-9/33777224/pdf.html?search=amnistia|publisher=La Vanguadia|accessdate=29 July 2014|ref=15 October 1977}}</ref>		The number of ]s related to the Basque National Liberation Movement has varied over the years as can be seen in the following bar chart. It begins in 1978, after the ], which made it illegal to bring to trial any Franco era crime, and also gave amnesty to all prisoners who had committed crimes with a political root during ] and the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ley 46/1977, de 15 de octubre, de amnistía.|url=http://noticias.juridicas.com/base_datos/Penal/l46-1977.html#a1|publisher=Noticias Juridicas|access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amnistia: Texto integro de la Ley Aprobada|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1977/10/15/pagina-9/33777224/pdf.html?search=amnistia|publisher=La Vanguadia|access-date=29 July 2014|ref=15 October 1977}}</ref>
	The data for the bar chart comes from ], the association of family members of these prisoners,<ref name=Etxerat/><ref>{{cite web|title=EPPK: 527 Presos en 81 Cárceles|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2013/12/29/52bffe82ca47419a4b8b456f.html|publisher=El Mundo 29 December 2013|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dossier que recoge los sucesos que se han dado en las cárceles en diciembre|url=http://issuu.com/etxerat/docs/dossier_diciembre|publisher=Etxerat|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly report October 2013|url=http://issuu.com/etxerat/docs/report_october/1|publisher=Etxerat, 2013|accessdate=18 September 2014}}</ref> and the EPPK (Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa).<ref>{{cite web|title=Kideak|url=http://www.eppk-bt.net/eppk/kideak/|publisher=EPPK|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref> However it should be noted that some prisoners choose not to be part of Etxerat, or have been expelled, and so the number of Basque National Liberation Movement prisoners is approximately 7% more than these figures. For example, in 2005 Etxerat reported 507 prisoners were held in Spanish prisons, while the Spanish prison service stated that there were 544 related to ETA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Más de 660 activistas de ETA en prisión|url=http://especiales.ideal.es/2006/eta/historia/eta-01.html|publisher=especiales.ideal.es. Originally an ABC newspaper article, 2006|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref>		The data for the bar chart comes from ], the association of family members of these prisoners,<ref name=Etxerat>{{cite web|title=Listado/Direcciones|url=http://www.etxerat.info/index.php/es/pres-s/listado-direcciones|publisher=Etxerat|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=EPPK: 527 Presos en 81 Cárceles|date=29 December 2013|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2013/12/29/52bffe82ca47419a4b8b456f.html|publisher=El Mundo 29 December 2013|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dossier que recoge los sucesos que se han dado en las cárceles en diciembre|date=28 December 2012 |url=http://issuu.com/etxerat/docs/dossier_diciembre|publisher=Etxerat|access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Monthly report October 2013|date=19 December 2013 |url=http://issuu.com/etxerat/docs/report_october/1|publisher=Etxerat, 2013|access-date=18 September 2014}}</ref> and the EPPK (Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa).<ref>{{cite web|title=Kideak|url=http://www.eppk-bt.net/eppk/kideak/|publisher=EPPK|access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref> However, some prisoners choose not to be part of Etxerat, or have been expelled, and so the number of Basque National Liberation Movement prisoners is approximately 7% more than these figures. For example, in 2005 Etxerat reported 507 prisoners were held in Spanish prisons, while the Spanish prison service stated that there were 544 related to ETA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Más de 660 activistas de ETA en prisión|url=http://especiales.ideal.es/2006/eta/historia/eta-01.html|publisher=especiales.ideal.es. Originally an ABC newspaper article, 2006|access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>
	For consistency the Etxerat figures have been used in the bar chart and they give a good indication of how the number of prisoners has changed over the years.		For consistency the Etxerat figures have been used in the bar chart.
	<timeline>		<timeline>
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	ImageSize = width:1100 height: 400		ImageSize = width:1000 height: 290
	PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30		PlotArea = left:30 bottom:50 top:30 right:30
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	Period = from:0 till:800		Period = from:0 till:800
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	bar:2014 text:2014		bar:2014 text:2014
	bar:2015 text:2015		bar:2015 text:2015
			bar:2016 text:2016
			bar:2017 text:2017
			bar:2018 text:2018
			bar:2019 text:2019
			bar:2020 text:2020
			bar:2021 text:2021
			bar:2022 text:2022
	PlotData=		PlotData=
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	bar:2014 from: 0 till:482		bar:2014 from: 0 till:482
	bar:2015 from: 0 till:427		bar:2015 from: 0 till:427
			bar:2016 from: 0 till:366
			bar:2017 from: 0 till:314
			bar:2018 from: 0 till:267
			bar:2019 from: 0 till:246
			bar:2020 from: 0 till:218
			bar:2021 from: 0 till:194
			bar:2022 from: 0 till:174
	PlotData=		PlotData=
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	bar:2014 at:482 fontsize:S text: 482 shift:(-8,5)		bar:2014 at:482 fontsize:S text: 482 shift:(-8,5)
	bar:2015 at:427 fontsize:S text: 427 shift:(-8,5)		bar:2015 at:427 fontsize:S text: 427 shift:(-8,5)
			bar:2016 at:366 fontsize:S text: 366 shift:(-8,5)
			bar:2017 at:314 fontsize:S text: 314 shift:(-8,5)
			bar:2018 at:267 fontsize:S text: 267 shift:(-8,5)
			bar:2019 at:246 fontsize:S text: 246 shift:(-8,5)
			bar:2020 at:218 fontsize:S text: 218 shift:(-8,5)
			bar:2021 at:194 fontsize:S text: 194 shift:(-8,5)
			bar:2022 at:174 fontsize:S text: 174 shift:(-8,5)
	TextData=		TextData=
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	==Current situation==		==Current situation==
	According to Etxerat there are currently 427 people imprisoned due their activities in support of, or links to the Basque National Liberation Movement. One is in ], 91 in France and the remaining 335 are in Spain. Four are under ], with the rest being held in ]s. 63 are women, and five of these have babies with them.<ref name=Etxerat>{{cite web|title=Listado/Direcciones|url=http://www.etxerat.info/index.php/es/pres-s/listado-direcciones|publisher=Etxerat|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref>		According to Etxerat, as of February 2023 there were 168 people imprisoned due their activities in support of ETA or organizations linked to ETA. 156 are imprisoned in Spain and 12 in France. 25 are women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lista de Presos |url=http://www.etxerat.eus/files/lines/2023/e1344d7962de03fcf8912eb83b2cd37fzerrenda-ef-2023-2-22pdf.pdf |publisher=Etxerat |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lista de Presos |url=http://www.etxerat.eus/files/lines/2023/1fcd8a82984737cba45668f621e3e210zerrenda-eh-ee-2023-2-22pdf.pdf |publisher=Etxerat |access-date=16 March 2023}}</ref>
	==Dispersion policy==
	In 1989 the ] began a policy of dispersion of Basque prisoners throughout Spain. The purpose was to restrict communication between ETA and its prisoners and to demoralise them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Documentos incautados en 1993...|url=http://hemeroteca-paginas.lavanguardia.com/LVE01/PUB/1997/07/12/LVG19970712-016.pdf|publisher=La Vanguardia, 12 July 1997|accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref> At the beginning some prisoners were even sent to North Africa and the ], but during ETA's ceasefire in the late 1990s those prisoners were brought back to the mainland, and even after the ceasefire ended they were kept there. Several times prisoners have been brought nearer to the Basque Country as a response to an ETA ceasefire. For example, in September 1999, 105 prisoners were sent to prisons nearer the Basque Country in response to ETA maintaining its ceasefire for over a year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interior decide acercar a 105 presos...|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/1999/septiembre/07/nacional/eta.html|publisher=El Mundo, 7 September 1999, Spanish|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref> However, prisoners have also been sent further away in response to ETA violence.
	The policy has been maintained over the years, generally sending the more dangerous or high ranking individuals to prisons furthest from the Basque Country.<ref>{{cite web|title=El Mapa de los presos de ETA|url=http://www.larazon.es/detalle_hemeroteca/noticias/LA_RAZON_297174/9025-el-mapa-de-los-presos-de-eta#.Ttt13lAQuFxOxyq|publisher=La Razón, 3 August 2010, Spanish|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref>
	2014 marked the 25th anniversary of this policy, which has been hailed as a great success by the Spanish government, especially in the light of the 2011 declaration by ETA of a permanent ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eta declares permanent ceasefire|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/10/eta-declares-permanent-ceasefire|publisher=The Guardian, 10 January 2011|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref> France has taken a similar approach, spreading the prisoners throughout the French prison system.
	The families of the prisoners view this policy as punishing them, as they are forced to travel large distances to visit their imprisoned relatives. They say that the distances they need to travel cause stress, is financially draining and that every year there are accidents involving family members while travelling to or from prisons. Prisoners who are held in prisons with no other Basques feel they are effectively being put in isolation as in such a situation there would be no one else to talk to using their Basque language.
	The maps below show where current prisoners are held.
			==Dispersal policy==
	{{Location map many | France		{{Location map many | France
			| caption= French, Spanish and Swiss prisons currently (red) and previously (green) holding MNLV members.
	| caption=
	| relief = yes		| relief = yes
	| width = 580		| width = 420
	| float = right		| float = right
			| label9 = Lannemezan
			| label9_size = 70
			| pos9 = right
			| lat9_deg = 43.1
			| lon9_deg = 0.39
			| label12 = Mont de Marsan
			| label12_size = 70
			| pos12 = top
			| lat12_deg = 43.9
			| lon12_deg = -0.5
			| mark12 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label67 = La Sante
			| label67_size = 64
			| mark67size = 8
			| position67 = left
			| lat67_deg = 48.7
			| lon67_deg = 2.34
			| mark67 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label19 = Rennes
			| label19_size = 70
			| pos19 = left
			| lat19_deg = 48.1
			| lon19_deg = -1.7
			| mark19 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label20 = Roanne
			|mark=Green_pog.svg
			| label20_size = 70
			| pos20 = right
			| lat20_deg = 46
			| lon20_deg = 4
			| mark20 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label21 = Saint-Martin-de-Re
			| label21_size = 70
			| position21 = bottom
			| lat21_deg = 46.2
			| lon21_deg = -1.4
			| mark21 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label22 = La Moreleja
			| label22_size = 62
			| pos22 = right
			| lat22_deg = 42
			| lon22_deg = -4.84
			| label24 = Muret
			| label24_size = 70
			| position24 = left
			| lat24_deg = 43.48
			| lon24_deg = 1.29
			| mark24 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label25 = Reau Sud Francilien
			| label25_size = 62
			| mark25size = 8
			| pos25 = right
			| lat25_deg = 48.52
			| lon25_deg = 2.58
			| label30 = Logroño
			| label30_size = 70
			| pos30 = right
			| lat30_deg = 42.5
			| lon30_deg = -2.5
			| label31 = Mansilla
			| label31_size = 70
			| position31 = right
			| lat31_deg = 42.5
			| lon31_deg = -5.6
			| mark31 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label36 = Soria
			| label36_size = 68
			| pos36 = right
			| lat36_deg = 42
			| lon36_deg = -2.4
			| label38 = Zuera
			| label38_size = 70
			| position38 = right
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			| lon38_deg = -0.75
			| mark38 = Lightgreen pog.svg
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			| label41_size = 70
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			| lon41_deg = -2.68
			| label42 = Burgos
			| label42_size = 64
			| pos42 = top
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			| lon45_deg = -1.5
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			| position56 = right
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			| lon56_deg = -1.6
	| label = Clairvaux		| label = Clairvaux
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	| label2 = Fleury Merogis		| label2 = Fleury Merogis
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Line 186:		Line 305:
	| lat2_deg = 48.52		| lat2_deg = 48.52
	| lon2_deg = 2.38		| lon2_deg = 2.38
			| mark2 = Lightgreen pog.svg
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Line 192:		Line 312:
	| lat3_deg = 48.65		| lat3_deg = 48.65
	| lon3_deg = 2.36		| lon3_deg = 2.36
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	| label6 = Arles		| label6 = Arles
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Line 197:		Line 318:
	| lat6_deg = 43.68		| lat6_deg = 43.68
	| lon6_deg = 4.6		| lon6_deg = 4.6
			| mark6 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label7 = Bapaume		| label7 = Bapaume
	| label7_size = 70		| label7_size = 70
Line 202:		Line 324:
	| lat7_deg = 50.1		| lat7_deg = 50.1
	| lon7_deg = 2.82		| lon7_deg = 2.82
			| mark7 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label9 = Lannemezan
	| label9_size = 70
	| pos9 = right
	| lat9_deg = 43.1
	| lon9_deg = 0.39
	| label10 = Liancourt		| label10 = Liancourt
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Line 212:		Line 330:
	| lat10_deg = 49.39		| lat10_deg = 49.39
	| lon10_deg = 2.47		| lon10_deg = 2.47
			| mark10 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label12 = Mont de Marsan
	| label12_size = 70
	| pos12 = left
	| lat12_deg = 43.9
	| lon12_deg = -0.5
	| label13 = Moulins-Yzeure		| label13 = Moulins-Yzeure
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Line 222:		Line 336:
	| lat13_deg = 46.5		| lat13_deg = 46.5
	| lon13_deg = 3.36		| lon13_deg = 3.36
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	| label15 = Nanterre
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	| mark15size = 8
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	| lon15_deg = 2.2
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Line 234:		Line 343:
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	| lon16_deg = 2.06		| lon16_deg = 2.06
			| mark16 = Lightgreen pog.svg
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Line 239:		Line 349:
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	| lon17_deg = 0.4		| lon17_deg = 0.4
			| mark17 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label18 = Poissy
			| label66 = Poissy
	| label18_size = 64
	| mark18size = 8		| label66_size = 64
	| position18 = left		| mark66size = 8
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	| lon18_deg = 2.05		| lat66_deg = 49.16
	| label19 = Rennes		| lon66_deg = 2.05
			| mark66 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label19_size = 70
	| pos19 = left
	| lat19_deg = 48.1
	| lon19_deg = -1.7
	| label20 = Roanne
	| label20_size = 70
	| pos20 = right
	| lat20_deg = 46
	| lon20_deg = 4
	| label21 = Saint-Martin-de-Re
	| label21_size = 70
	| position21 = bottom
	| lat21_deg = 46.2
	| lon21_deg = -1.4
	| label22 = La Moreleja
	| label22_size = 70
	| pos22 = right
	| lat22_deg = 42
	| lon22_deg = -4.5
	| label23 = Lyon Corbas		| label23 = Lyon Corbas
	| label23_size = 70		| label23_size = 70
Line 270:		Line 362:
	| lat23_deg = 45.7		| lat23_deg = 45.7
	| lon23_deg = 4.92		| lon23_deg = 4.92
			| mark23 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label24 = Muret
	| label24_size = 70
	| position24 = left
	| lat24_deg = 43.48
	| lon24_deg = 1.29
	| label25 = Reau Sud Francilien
	| label25_size = 62
	| mark25size = 8
	| pos25 = right
	| lat25_deg = 48.52
	| lon25_deg = 2.58
	| label26 =Saint Maur		| label26 =Saint Maur
	| label26_size = 70		| label26_size = 70
Line 286:		Line 368:
	| lat26_deg = 46.8		| lat26_deg = 46.8
	| lon26_deg = 1.63		| lon26_deg = 1.63
			| mark26 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label27 = Villepinte		| label27 = Villepinte
	| label27_size = 70		| label27_size = 70
Line 292:		Line 375:
	| lat27_deg = 49.08		| lat27_deg = 49.08
	| lon27_deg = 2.5		| lon27_deg = 2.5
			| mark27 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label28 = Bois D'Arcy
	| label28_size = 64
	| mark28size = 8
	| position28 = left
	| lat28_deg = 48.87
	| lon28_deg = 2.03
	| label30 = Logroño
	| label30_size = 70
	| pos30 = right
	| lat30_deg = 42.5
	| lon30_deg = -2.5
	| label31 = Mansilla de las Mulas
	| label31_size = 70
	| position31 = right
	| lat31_deg = 42.5
	| lon31_deg = -5.5
	| label32 = El Dueso		| label32 = El Dueso
	| label32_size = 70		| label32_size = 70
Line 318:		Line 386:
	| lat34_deg = 41.305		| lat34_deg = 41.305
	| lon34_deg = -4.1		| lon34_deg = -4.1
			| mark34 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label36 = Soria
	| label36_size = 70
	| pos36 = right
	| lat36_deg = 42
	| lon36_deg = -2.5
	| label38 = Zuera
	| label38_size = 70
	| position38 = right
	| lat38_deg = 41.83
	| lon38_deg = -0.75
	| label40 = Basauri		| label40 = Basauri
	| label40_size = 70		| label40_size = 70
Line 333:		Line 392:
	| lat40_deg = 43.25		| lat40_deg = 43.25
	| lon40_deg = -2.8		| lon40_deg = -2.8
	| label41 = Zaballa
	| label41_size = 70
	| pos41 = right
	| lat41_deg = 42.78
	| lon41_deg = -2.68
	| label42 = Burgos
	| label42_size = 70
	| pos42 = top
	| lat42_deg = 42.5
	| lon42_deg = -3.5
	| label43 = Villanubla		| label43 = Villanubla
	| label43_size = 70		| label43_size = 70
Line 348:		Line 397:
	| lat43_deg = 41.75		| lat43_deg = 41.75
	| lon43_deg = -4.96		| lon43_deg = -4.96
			| mark43 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label44 = Meaux		| label44 = Meaux
	| label44_size = 68		| label44_size = 68
Line 354:		Line 404:
	| lat44_deg = 48.9		| lat44_deg = 48.9
	| lon44_deg = 2.5		| lon44_deg = 2.5
			| mark44 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label45 = Daroca
	| label45_size = 70
	| pos45 = top
	| lat45_deg = 41.06
	| lon45_deg = -1.5
	| label46 = Tarascon		| label46 = Tarascon
	| label46_size = 70		| label46_size = 70
Line 364:		Line 410:
	| lat46_deg = 43.75		| lat46_deg = 43.75
	| lon46_deg = 4.67		| lon46_deg = 4.67
			| mark46 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label47 = Alencon		| label47 = Alencon
	| label47_size = 70		| label47_size = 70
Line 369:		Line 416:
	| lat47_deg = 48.4		| lat47_deg = 48.4
	| lon47_deg = 0.1		| lon47_deg = 0.1
			| mark47 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label50 = Uzerche		| label50 = Uzerche
	| label50_size = 70		| label50_size = 70
Line 374:		Line 422:
	| lat50_deg = 45.5		| lat50_deg = 45.5
	| lon50_deg = 1.5		| lon50_deg = 1.5
			| mark50 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label52 = Gefängnis
			| label52_size = 70
			| pos52 = bottom
			| lat52_deg = 47.4
			| lon52_deg = 8.5
			| mark52 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label54 = Valence
			| label54_size = 70
			| pos54 = left
			| lat54_deg = 44.9
			| lon54_deg = 4.9
			| mark54 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label4 = La Sante
			| label4_size = 64
			| mark4size = 8
			| position4 = left
			| lat4_deg = 48.7
			| lon4_deg = 2.34
			| mark4 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label68 = Baumettes
			| label68_size = 70
			| position68 = right
			| lat68_deg = 43.25
			| lon68_deg = 5.4
			| mark68 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label8 = Gradignan
			| label8_size = 70
			| position8 = left
			| lat8_deg = 44.75
			| lon8_deg = -0.67
			| mark8 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label11 = Martutene
			| label11_size = 70
			| position11 = right
			| lat11_deg = 43.36
			| lon11_deg = -2
			| label14 = Seysses
			| label14_size = 70
			| position14 = right
			| lat14_deg = 43.5
			| lon14_deg = 1.34
			| mark14 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label99 = Beziers
			| label99_size = 70
			| pos99 = bottom
			| lat99_deg = 43.36
			| lon99_deg = 3.25
			| mark99 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	}}		}}
	{{Location map many | Spain		{{Location map many | Spain
			| caption= Spanish and Portuguese prisons currently (red) and previously (green) holding MNLV members.
	| caption= Prisons where Basque National Liberation Movement prisoners are imprisoned.
	| relief = yes		| relief = yes
	| width = 560		| width = 420
	| float = center		| float = right
	| label = Seville II		| label = Seville II
	| label_size = 70		| label_size = 70
	| position = right		| position = right
	| lat_deg = 37		| lat_deg = 37
	| lon_deg = -6		| lon_deg = -6
			| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label2 = Albocasser		| label2 = Albocasser
	| label2_size = 70		| label2_size = 70
Line 394:		Line 489:
	| lat2_deg = 40.5		| lat2_deg = 40.5
	| lon2_deg = -0.1		| lon2_deg = -0.1
			| mark2 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label3 = Teruel		| label3 = Teruel
	| label3_size = 70		| label3_size = 70
	| pos3 = top		| pos3 = top
	| lat3_deg = 40		| lat3_deg = 40
	| lon3_deg = -1		| lon3_deg = -0.91
			| mark3 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label4 = Soria		| label4 = Soria
	| label4_size = 70		| label4_size = 68
	| position4 = right		| position4 = right
	| lat4_deg = 42		| lat4_deg = 42
	| lon4_deg = -2.5		| lon4_deg = -2.3
	| label5 = Soto del Real		| label5 = Soto del Real
	| label5_size = 58		| label5_size = 58
Line 409:		Line 506:
	| lat5_deg = 40.75		| lat5_deg = 40.75
	| lon5_deg = -3.74		| lon5_deg = -3.74
			| mark5 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label6 = Topas		| label6 = Topas
	| label6_size = 70		| label6_size = 70
	| pos6 = left		| pos6 = left
	| lat6_deg = 41		| lat6_deg = 41
	| lon6_deg = -5.5		| lon6_deg = -5.5
			| mark6 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label7 = Picassent		| label7 = Picassent
	| label7_size = 70		| label7_size = 70
	| pos7 = right		| pos7 = right
	| lat7_deg = 39.38		| lat7_deg = 39.38
	| lon7_deg = -0.47		| lon7_deg = -0.47
			| mark7 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label8 = Villanubla		| label8 = Villanubla
	| label8_size = 70		| label8_size = 70
Line 424:		Line 524:
	| lat8_deg = 41.75		| lat8_deg = 41.75
	| lon8_deg = -4.8		| lon8_deg = -4.8
			| mark8 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label11 = Martutene
			| label11_size = 70
			| position11 = right
			| lat11_deg = 43.36
			| lon11_deg = -2
	| label9 = Villabona		| label9 = Villabona
	| label9_size = 70		| label9_size = 70
	| pos9 = top		| pos9 = top
	| lat9_deg = 43.5		| lat9_deg = 43.5
	| lon9_deg = -6		| lon9_deg = -6
			| mark9 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label10 = Villena		| label10 = Villena
	| label10_size = 70		| label10_size = 70
	| pos10 = top		| pos10 = top
	| lat10_deg = 38.6		| lat10_deg = 38.6
	| lon10_deg = -0.8		| lon10_deg = -0.8
			| mark10 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label12 = A Lama		| label12 = A Lama
	| label12_size = 70		| label12_size = 70
	| pos12 = bottom		| pos12 = bottom
	| lat12_deg = 42		| lat12_deg = 42
	| lon12_deg = -8		| lon12_deg = -8
			| mark12 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label13 = Alcalá-Meco		| label13 = Alcalá-Meco
	| label13_size = 70		| label13_size = 70
Line 445:		Line 554:
	| lon13_deg = -3.37		| lon13_deg = -3.37
	| label14 = Botafuego		| label14 = Botafuego
	| label14_size = 70		| label14_size = 70
	| position14 = right		| position14 = right
	| lat14_deg = 36		| lat14_deg = 36
	| lon14_deg = -5.5		| lon14_deg = -5.5
			| mark14 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label15 = Almeria		| label15 = Almeria
	| label15_size = 70		| label15_size = 70
	| pos15 = right		| pos15 = right
	| lat15_deg = 37		| lat15_deg = 37
	| lon15_deg = -2.5		| lon15_deg = -2.5
			| mark15 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label16 = Aranjuez		| label16 = Aranjuez
	| label16_size = 70		| label16_size = 70
	| pos16 = left		| pos16 = left
	| lat16_deg = 40		| lat16_deg = 40
	| lon16_deg = -3.6		| lon16_deg = -3.6
			| mark16 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label17 = Badajoz		| label17 = Badajoz
	| label17_size = 70		| label17_size = 70
	| pos17 = right		| pos17 = right
	| lat17_deg = 39		| lat17_deg = 39
	| lon17_deg = -6.96		| lon17_deg = -6.96
			| mark17 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label18 = Brieva
	| label18_size = 70
	| position18 = left
	| lat18_deg = 40.7
	| lon18_deg = -4.9
	| label19 = Burgos		| label19 = Burgos
	| label19_size = 70		| label19_size = 70
	| pos19 = left		| pos19 = left
	| lat19_deg = 42.5		| lat19_deg = 42.5
	| lon19_deg = -3.5		| lon19_deg = -3.5
			| mark19 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label20 = Caceres		| label20 = Caceres
	| label20_size = 70		| label20_size = 70
	| pos20 = top		| pos20 = top
	| lat20_deg = 39.5		| lat20_deg = 39.5
	| lon20_deg = -6		| lon20_deg = -6
			| mark20 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label21 = Monsanto		| label21 = Monsanto
	| label21_size = 70		| label21_size = 70
Line 484:		Line 594:
	| lat21_deg = 38.75		| lat21_deg = 38.75
	| lon21_deg = -9		| lon21_deg = -9
			| mark21 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label22 = Daroca		| label22 = Daroca
	| label22_size = 70		| label22_size = 70
Line 489:		Line 600:
	| lat22_deg = 41		| lat22_deg = 41
	| lon22_deg = -1.5		| lon22_deg = -1.5
	| label23 = El Dueso
	| label23_size = 70
	| pos23 = left
	| lat23_deg = 43.5
	| lon23_deg = -3.5
	| label24 = Alcolea		| label24 = Alcolea
	| label24_size = 70		| label24_size = 70
	| position24 = left		| position24 = left
	| lat24_deg = 38		| lat24_deg = 38
	| lon24_deg = -4.5		| lon24_deg = -4.5
			| mark24 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label25 = Herrera de la Mancha		| label25 = Herrera de la Mancha
	| label25_size = 70		| label25_size = 70
	| pos25 = bottom		| pos25 = bottom
	| lat25_deg = 39		| lat25_deg = 39
	| lon25_deg = -3.5		| lon25_deg = -3.5
			| mark25 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label26 = Huelva		| label26 = Huelva
	| label26_size = 70		| label26_size = 70
	| pos26 = left		| pos26 = left
	| lat26_deg = 37.25		| lat26_deg = 37.25
	| lon26_deg = -7		| lon26_deg = -7
			| mark26 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label27 = Jaén		| label27 = Jaén
	| label27_size = 70		| label27_size = 70
	| pos27 = right		| pos27 = right
	| lat27_deg = 37.75		| lat27_deg = 37.75
	| lon27_deg = -3.75		| lon27_deg = -3.75
			| mark27 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label28 = Albolote		| label28 = Albolote
	| label28_size = 70		| label28_size = 70
	| position28 = left		| position28 = left
	| lat28_deg = 37.25		| lat28_deg = 37.25
	| lon28_deg = -3.5		| lon28_deg = -3.5
			| mark28 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label29 = La Moraleja		| label29 = La Moraleja
	| label29_size = 70		| label29_size = 64
	| pos29 = right		| pos29 = right
	| lat29_deg = 42		| lat29_deg = 42
	| lon29_deg = -4.5		| lon29_deg = -4.6
	| label30 = Logroño		| label30 = Logroño
	| label30_size = 70		| label30_size = 70
	| pos30 = right		| pos30 = right
	| lat30_deg = 42.5		| lat30_deg = 42.5
	| lon30_deg = -2.5		| lon30_deg = -2.5
	| label31 = Mansilla de las Mulas		| label31 = Mansilla de las Mulas
	| label31_size = 70		| label31_size = 70
	| position31 = left		| position31 = left
	| lat31_deg = 42.5		| lat31_deg = 42.5
	| lon31_deg = -5.5		| lon31_deg = -5.5
			| mark31 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label32 = Monterroso		| label32 = Monterroso
	| label32_size = 70		| label32_size = 70
	| pos32 = left		| pos32 = left
	| lat32_deg = 42.75		| lat32_deg = 42.75
	| lon32_deg = -7.85		| lon32_deg = -7.85
			| mark32 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label33 = Murcia		| label33 = Murcia
	| label33_size = 70		| label33_size = 70
	| pos33 = bottom		| pos33 = bottom
	| lat33_deg = 38		| lat33_deg = 38
	| lon33_deg = -1.1		| lon33_deg = -1.1
			| mark33 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label34 = Navalcarnero		| label34 = Navalcarnero
	| label34_size = 65		| label34_size = 65
Line 549:		Line 663:
	| lat34_deg = 41.4		| lat34_deg = 41.4
	| lon34_deg = -4.1		| lon34_deg = -4.1
			| mark34 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label35 = Ocaña		| label35 = Ocaña
	| label35_size = 70		| label35_size = 70
	| pos35 = bottom		| pos35 = bottom
	| lat35_deg = 39.95		| lat35_deg = 39.95
	| lon35_deg = -3.48		| lon35_deg = -3.48
			| mark35 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label36 = Puerto		| label36 = Puerto
	| label36_size = 70		| label36_size = 70
	| pos36 = left		| pos36 = left
	| lat36_deg = 36.6		| lat36_deg = 36.6
	| lon36_deg = -6.25		| lon36_deg = -6.25
			| mark36 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label37 = Segovia		| label37 = Segovia
	| label37_size = 70		| label37_size = 70
Line 564:		Line 681:
	| lat37_deg = 41		| lat37_deg = 41
	| lon37_deg = -4.2		| lon37_deg = -4.2
			| mark37 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label38 = Zuera		| label38 = Zuera
	| label38_size = 70		| label38_size = 70
	| position38 = right		| position38 = right
	| lat38_deg = 41.83		| lat38_deg = 41.83
	| lon38_deg = -0.75		| lon38_deg = -0.75
			| mark38 = Lightgreen pog.svg
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	| label39_size = 70		| label39_size = 70
	| pos39 = right		| pos39 = right
	| lat39_deg = 38.3		| lat39_deg = 38.3
	| lon39_deg = -0.5		| lon39_deg = -0.5
			| mark39 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label40 = Basauri		| label40 = Basauri
	| label40_size = 70		| label40_size = 70
Line 580:		Line 700:
	| lon40_deg = -2.8		| lon40_deg = -2.8
	| label41 = Zaballa		| label41 = Zaballa
	| label41_size = 70		| label41_size = 70
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	| lon41_deg = -2.68		| lon41_deg = -2.68
	| label42 = Lannemezan		| label42 =
	| label42_size = 70		| label42_size =
	| pos42 = right		| pos42 =
	| lat42_deg = 43.1		| lat42_deg =
	| lon42_deg = 0.39		| lon42_deg =
	| label43 = Mont de Marsan		| label43 =
	| label43_size = 70		| label43_size =
	| pos43 = left		| pos43 =
	| lat43_deg = 43.9		| lat43_deg =
	| lon43_deg = -0.5		| lon43_deg =
	| label45 = Arles		| mark43 =
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	| pos45 = bottom		| label44_size =
	| lat45_deg = 43.68		| pos44 =
	| lon45_deg = 4.6		| lat44_deg =
	| label46 = Muret		| lon44_deg =
	| label46_size = 70		| mark44 =
	| position46 = left		| label45 =
	| lat46_deg = 43.48		| label45_size =
	| lon46_deg = 1.28		| pos45 =
			| lat45_deg =
			| lon45_deg =
			| mark45 =
			| label46 =
			| label46_size =
			| position46 =
			| lat46_deg =
			| lon46_deg =
			| mark46 =
			| label47 =
			| label47_size =
			| position47 =
			| lat47_deg =
			| lon47_deg =
			| mark47 =
	| label48 = Teixeiro		| label48 = Teixeiro
	| label48_size = 70		| label48_size = 70
	| position48 = right		| position48 = right
	| lat48_deg = 43.36		| lat48_deg = 43.36
	| lon48_deg = -8.4		| lon48_deg = -8.4
			| mark48 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	| label49 = Estremera		| label49 = Estremera
	| label49_size = 70		| label49_size = 70
	| position49 = right		| position49 = right
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	| lon49_deg = -3.1		| lon49_deg = -3.34
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	| lat50_deg = 40		| lat50_deg = 40
	| lon50_deg = -0.06		| lon50_deg = -0.06
			| mark50 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label51 = Brieva
			| label51_size = 70
			| position51 = left
			| lat51_deg = 40.7
			| lon51_deg = -4.9
			| mark51 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label52 = El Dueso
			| label52_size = 70
			| pos52 = left
			| lat52_deg = 43.5
			| lon52_deg = -3.5
			| label53 = Valdemoro
			| label53_size = 70
			| position53 = left
			| lat53_deg = 40.22
			| lon53_deg = -3.69
			| mark53 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label56 = Pamplona
			| label56_size = 70
			| position56 = right
			| lat56_deg = 42.7
			| lon56_deg = -1.6
			| label60 = Ceuta
			| label60_size = 70
			| pos60 = bottom
			| lat60_deg = 35.8
			| lon60_deg = -5.36
			| mark60 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label61 = Ibiza
			| label61_size = 70
			| pos61 = left
			| lat61_deg = 38.86
			| lon61_deg = 1.4
			| mark61 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label62 = Melilla
			| label62_size = 70
			| pos62 = right
			| lat62_deg = 35.53
			| lon62_deg = -2.92
			| mark62 = Lightgreen pog.svg
			| label63 = Carabanchel
			| label63_size = 70
			| pos63 = left
			| lat63_deg = 40.4
			| lon63_deg = -3.75
			| mark63 = Lightgreen pog.svg
	}}		}}
			In 1989 the ] began a policy of dispersal of Basque prisoners throughout Spain. The purpose was to restrict communication between ETA and its prisoners and to eventually reintegrate them into society.<ref>{{cite web|title=Documentos incautados en 1993...|url=http://hemeroteca-paginas.lavanguardia.com/LVE01/PUB/1997/07/12/LVG19970712-016.pdf|publisher=La Vanguardia, 12 July 1997|access-date=30 July 2014}}</ref> At the beginning some prisoners were even sent to North Africa and the ], but during ETA's ceasefire in the late 1990s those prisoners were brought back to the mainland, and even after the ceasefire ended they were kept there. Several times prisoners have been brought nearer to the Basque Country as a response to an ETA ceasefire. For example, in September 1999, 105 prisoners were sent to prisons nearer the Basque Country in response to ETA maintaining its ceasefire for over a year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interior decide acercar a 105 presos...|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/1999/septiembre/07/nacional/eta.html|publisher=El Mundo, 7 September 1999, Spanish|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> However, prisoners have also been sent further away in response to ETA violence.
	There have been many demonstrations calling for all these prisoners to be moved to prisons in the Basque Country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thousands protest over Basque prisoners|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/223763.stm|publisher=BBC News, 28 November 1998|accessdate=7 August 2014}}</ref> Currently there is a highly publicised campaign calling for this. Its slogan is "Euskal presoak- Euskal Herrira" ("Basque prisoners- to the Basque Country"). It has widespread support within the Basque Country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thousands of Basque Protesters march for ETA prisoners...|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/01/12/world/thousands-of-basque-protesters-march-for-eta-prisoners-in-defiance-of-madrid/#.U9vHRj3cDcg|publisher=The Japan Times, 12 January 2014|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Huge march in Spain after ban on Eta prisoner rally.|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25700221|publisher=BBC News, 11 January 2014|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref> Ill prisoners also regularly ask to be transferred to prisons in the Basque country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aged and sick ETA prisoners request transfer to northern Spanish prisons.|url=http://spanishnewstoday.com/aged-and-sick-eta-prisoners-request-transfer-to-northern-spanish-prisons_19607-a.html#.U95HGSifM-Y|publisher=Spanish News Today, 12 March 2014|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref> However, in the rest of Spain, there is a strong rejection of this campaign. ], the ], said in 2011 that he would not consider ending the policy until ETA declares its disbandment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajoy no revisará la dispersion de presos.....|url=http://www.larazon.es/detalle_hemeroteca/noticias/LA_RAZON_423100/9231-rajoy-no-revisara-la-dispersion-de-presos-si-eta-no-se-disuelve#.Ttt15rIELsCkxtM|publisher=La Razon, 31 December 2011|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref>
			The policy has been maintained over the years, generally sending the more dangerous or high ranking individuals to prisons furthest from the Basque Country.<ref>{{cite web|title=El Mapa de los presos de ETA|url=http://www.larazon.es/detalle_hemeroteca/noticias/LA_RAZON_297174/9025-el-mapa-de-los-presos-de-eta#.Ttt13lAQuFxOxyq|publisher=La Razón, 3 August 2010, Spanish|access-date=19 August 2014}}</ref> 2014 marked the 25th anniversary of this policy, which has been hailed as a great success by the Spanish government, especially in the light of the 2011 declaration by ETA of a permanent ceasefire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eta declares permanent ceasefire|date=10 January 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/10/eta-declares-permanent-ceasefire|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> France has taken a similar approach, spreading the prisoners throughout the French prison system.
	==EPPK==
	] (EPPK) is a collective which speaks and negotiates for, and has as members the majority of these prisoners.
			The families of the prisoners view this policy as punishing them, as they are forced to travel large distances to visit their imprisoned relatives. They argue that the distances they need to travel cause stress, is financially draining, and that every year there are accidents involving family members while traveling to or from prisons. There have been many demonstrations calling for all these prisoners to be moved to prisons in the Basque Country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thousands protest over Basque prisoners|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/223763.stm|publisher=BBC News, 28 November 1998|access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref> Currently there is a highly publicised campaign calling for this. Its slogan is "Euskal presoak- Euskal Herrira" ("Basque prisoners to the Basque Country"). It has widespread support within the Basque Country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thousands of Basque Protesters march for ETA prisoners...|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/01/12/world/thousands-of-basque-protesters-march-for-eta-prisoners-in-defiance-of-madrid/#.U9vHRj3cDcg|publisher=The Japan Times, 12 January 2014|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=30 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530150935/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/01/12/world/thousands-of-basque-protesters-march-for-eta-prisoners-in-defiance-of-madrid/#.U9vHRj3cDcg|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Huge march in Spain after ban on Eta prisoner rally.|work=BBC News|date=11 January 2014|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25700221|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> Ill prisoners also regularly ask to be transferred to prisons in the Basque country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aged and sick ETA prisoners request transfer to northern Spanish prisons.|url=http://spanishnewstoday.com/aged-and-sick-eta-prisoners-request-transfer-to-northern-spanish-prisons_19607-a.html#.U95HGSifM-Y|publisher=Spanish News Today, 12 March 2014|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
	Originally this role was played by La Comisión Pro Amnistía and La Gestora Pro Amnistía, both of which were dissolved after the general ] in 1978.<ref>{{cite web|title=La gestora pro amnistía, diezmada|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1977/12/11/espana/250642813_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 11 December 1977|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref> In 1979 ] was created to take their place. After this was made illegal in 2001 Askatasuna took on the role,<ref>{{cite web|title=Nace Askatasuna de la fusión de Gestoras....|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2001/12/17/paisvasco/1008621606_850215.html|publisher=El País, 17 December 2001|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref> but was itself made illegal in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Garzón declara ilegales las organizaciones...|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2002/02/05/actualidad/1012900621_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 5 February 2002, Spanish|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref> In 2008 twenty-one members who had run Gestoras pro Amnistía were jailed for between 8 and 10 years each.<ref>{{cite web|title=El juez ordena el ingreso en prisión de 12....|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2008/09/17/actualidad/1221639420_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 17 September 2008, Spanish.|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=El Supremo confirma la....|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/10/16/espana/1255688336.html|publisher=El Mundo, 16 October 2009, Spanish|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref> In 2011 the former head of Askatasuna, Oihana Agirre was given a 12-year sentence.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Fiscalía pide 12 años de cárcel para Agirre|url=http://gara.naiz.eus/paperezkoa/20110113/242868/es/La-Fiscalia-pide-12-anos-carcel-para-Agirre-dirigente-Askatasuna|publisher=Gara, 13 January 2011, Spanish|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref>
			Most of the main political parties in Spain reject this idea, the exception being ] which wants to see an end to the dispersal policy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Podemos, contra la dispersión de presos que avalan jueces y gobiernos desde hace 25 años|date=23 June 2015|url=http://www.abc.es/espana/20150624/abci-dispersion-etarras-problema-podemos-201506232041.html|publisher=ABC, 24 June 2015|access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref> ], the ], said in 2011 that he would not consider ending the policy until ETA declares its disbandment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajoy no revisará la dispersion de presos.....|url=http://www.larazon.es/detalle_hemeroteca/noticias/LA_RAZON_423100/9231-rajoy-no-revisara-la-dispersion-de-presos-si-eta-no-se-disuelve#.Ttt15rIELsCkxtM|publisher=La Razon, 31 December 2011|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> Interior minister ] confirmed the possibility of changing the dispersal policy conditioned on ETA's dissolution.<ref name="Martín">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20180504/juristas-acabar-dispersion-presos-etarras-fin-eta-6799643|title=Los juristas piden acabar con la dispersión de los presos etarras|last=Martín|first=Patricia|date=2018-05-04|website=elperiodico|language=es|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> In 2017 this was re-emphasized by the Interior minister ] who stated that the Spanish government would not end dispersion while ETA still exists.<ref>{{cite news|title=El Gobierno mantendrá la dispersión de presos mientras ETA no se disuelva|url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2017/08/02/actualidad/1501668224_985878.html|access-date=23 August 2017|publisher=El Pais|date=2 August 2017}}</ref> By contrast, the European Parliament condemned on 5 October 2017 dispersal policies applied within Europe for their damaging effect on prisoners' family life, as well as urging member states to revise the sentences of seriously ill prisoners on humanitarian grounds; the act, passed by a large majority (474 votes), was opposed by the ], ], and ].<ref>{{cite news|title= European Parliament resolution of 5 October 2017 on prison systems and conditions (2015/2062(INI))|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P8-TA-2017-0385&format=XML&language=EN|access-date=2017-06-07|publisher=European Parliament|date=2017-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= El Parlamento Europeo condena la política de alejamiento de presos|url=http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/5128518/el-parlamento-europeo-condena-politica-alejamiento-presos/|access-date=2017-10-07|publisher=EITB|date=2017-08-06}}</ref>
	Since the illegalization of Askatasuna the EPPK and Etxerat have spoken for the prisoners and campaigned for amnesty to be granted to them. The EPPK is said to control prisoners strictly and demand they follow its orders. Prisoners who refuse orders from the EPPK have been ostracized.<ref name=EPPK/>
			However, in May 2019, the European Tribunal for Human Rights ruled against the appeal filed in 2016 by prisoner Gorka Fraile against his dispersal 700&nbsp;km away from his family while undergoing cancer treatment; the tribunal stated that the dispersal policy is justified and sanctioned by Spanish law and interference with his family life would be justified by a higher end, i.e. "the prevention of disorder and crime and the protection of the rights and liberties of others", concluding next that Spanish Justice did not breach his fundamental rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/6437878/estrasburgo-falla-alejamiento-preso-fraile-no-vulnero-sus-derechos-/|title=Estrasburgo rechaza el recurso del preso Gorka Fraile contra la dispersión|website=www.eitb.eus|date=28 May 2019|language=es|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref> In March 2018, Etxerat reported the death of prisoner Xabier Rey in a Cadiz prison cell, 1050&nbsp;km away from home, who was held 1st degree, i.e. incommunicado. The relatives' support association condemned the harsh conditions of his detention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.etxerat.eus/index.php/fr/nouvelles/1632-le-prisonnier-politique-navarrais-xabier-rey-est-mort-a-la-prison-de-puerto-iii|title=Etxerat AE - Le prisonnier politique navarrais Xabier Rey est mort à la prison de Puerto III|website=www.etxerat.eus|language=fr-fr|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref> It was followed by a rally in Pamplona mourning and denouncing his death attended by thousands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/5454842/muerte-xabier-rey-manifestacion-fin-politica-penitenciaria/|title=Miles de personas exigen en Pamplona el fin de la actual política penitenciaria|last=Vasca|first=EiTB Radio Televisión Pública|website=www.eitb.eus|language=es-ES|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref>
			Following ETA's disbandment , a wide number of jurists consulted in Spain advocated for an end to the dispersal policy in May 2018; however, at that point, the Spanish government refused to change its policy on the matter.<ref name="Martín"/> The same month that year, ], a regional party of ], warned it would not endorse the Spanish government's national budget if it did not strongly commit to the dispersal policies of Basque prisoners.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=Europa Press|date=2018-05-10|title=UPN amenaza con rechazar los Presupuestos si Rajoy acerca a los presos|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20180510/upn-rechazo-presupuestos-acercamiento-presos-eta-6810175|access-date=2022-02-15|website=elperiodico|language=es}}</ref> The topic of ETA prisoners was raised by ] before and after his election in July 2018 as head of the Popular Party. The party used the victims of terrorism as a way of opposing the incoming Spanish premier ], ], now in office, with Casado declaring they would "not put up with any prison transfer close home of ETA prisoners", and would not either accept "meddling with the memory of the victims"; the party secretary ] stated that the party would rally ETA victims out to the streets to protest any attempt to transfer these prisoners close to the Basque Country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/Maroto-Sanchez-PP-acercamiento-ETA_0_800020087.html|title=El PP vuelve a utilizar a las víctimas del terrorismo para hacer oposición al PSOE|work=eldiario.es|access-date=2018-08-05|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/Pitos-Pablo-Casado-fiestas-Vitoria_0_800370139.html|title=Pitos y gritos de "que se vayan" a Pablo Casado en su visita a las fiestas de Vitoria|work=eldiario.es|access-date=2018-08-05|language=es}}</ref>
			==EPPK==
			]
			]
			] (EPPK) is a collective which speaks and negotiates for, and has as members the majority of these prisoners.
			Originally this role was played by La Comisión Pro Amnistía and La Gestora Pro Amnistía, both of which were dissolved after the general ] in 1978.<ref>{{cite news|title=La gestora pro amnistía, diezmada|newspaper=El País|date=10 December 1977|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1977/12/11/espana/250642813_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 11 December 1977|access-date=20 August 2014|last1=Beloqui|first1=José Ramon}}</ref> In 1979 ] was created to take their place. After this was made illegal in 2001 Askatasuna took on the role,<ref>{{cite news|title=Nace Askatasuna de la fusión de Gestoras....|newspaper=El País|date=16 December 2001|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2001/12/17/paisvasco/1008621606_850215.html|publisher=El País, 17 December 2001|access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref> but was itself made illegal in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=Garzón declara ilegales las organizaciones...|newspaper=El País|date=4 February 2002|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2002/02/05/actualidad/1012900621_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 5 February 2002, Spanish|access-date=20 August 2014}}</ref> In 2008 twenty-one members who had run Gestoras pro Amnistía were imprisoned for between 8 and 10 years each.<ref>{{cite news|title=El juez ordena el ingreso en prisión de 12....|newspaper=El País|date=17 September 2008|url=http://elpais.com/elpais/2008/09/17/actualidad/1221639420_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 17 September 2008, Spanish.|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=El Supremo confirma la....|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/10/16/espana/1255688336.html|publisher=El Mundo, 16 October 2009, Spanish|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> In 2011 the former head of Askatasuna, Oihana Agirre was given a 12-year sentence.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Fiscalía pide 12 años de cárcel para Agirre|url=http://gara.naiz.eus/paperezkoa/20110113/242868/es/La-Fiscalia-pide-12-anos-carcel-para-Agirre-dirigente-Askatasuna|publisher=Gara, 13 January 2011, Spanish|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref>
	It is thought there are broadly 2 groups within the prisoner population. One group has long sentences yet to serve, who would prefer a group negotiation for amnesty. The other group consists of prisoners with less time to serve before being released, and they might be interested in applying for better conditions or for limited release.<ref name=EPPK/><ref name=none/>
			Since the illegalization of Askatasuna the EPPK and Etxerat have spoken for the prisoners and campaigned for amnesty to be granted to them. The EPPK is said to control prisoners strictly and demand they follow its orders. Prisoners who refuse orders from the EPPK have been ostracized.<ref name=EPPK/>
	In 2012 the EPPK was criticized by former prisoners for insisting on amnesty for all prisoners and denying many prisoners the option of improving their own situation through other legal means.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los presos de la ‘vía Nanclares’ cargan contra los.....|url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/06/10/paisvasco/1339324208_293322.html|publisher=El Pais, 10 June 2012|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref> In December 2013 the EPPK announced that it was dropping its long standing demand for amnesty of all prisoners, and so opened the door for prisoners to negotiate individually for better conditions.<ref name=EPPK/>
			It is thought there are broadly 2 groups within the prisoner population. One group has long sentences yet to serve, who would prefer a group negotiation for amnesty. The other group consists of prisoners with less time to serve before being released, and they might be interested in applying for better conditions or for limited release.<ref name=EPPK/><ref name=none/>
	However, in July 2014 it was reported that no member of the EPPK had begun individual negotiations, and it was believed that the EPPK was still following an alternative strategy.
	<ref name=none>{{cite web|title=Erkoreka dice que "ninguno" de los presos......|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2188073/0/erkoreka-dice-que-ninguno-presos-eppk-ha-optado-por-reinsercion-porque-estan-otras-estrategias/|publisher=20minutes.es, 8 July 2014|accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref>
			In 2012 the EPPK was criticized by former prisoners for insisting on amnesty for all prisoners and denying many prisoners the option of improving their own situation through other legal means.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los presos de la 'vía Nanclares' cargan contra los.....|newspaper=El País|date=10 June 2012|url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2012/06/10/paisvasco/1339324208_293322.html|publisher=El Pais, 10 June 2012|access-date=14 August 2014|last1=Morán|first1=Unai}}</ref> In December 2013 the EPPK announced that it was dropping its long standing demand for amnesty of all prisoners, and so opened the door for prisoners to negotiate individually for better conditions.<ref name=EPPK/>
	==High-profile prisoners==
	Rafael Díez Usabiaga, who was previously a member of the Basque Parliament and also of the ], has been in prison since 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los jueces dan otro golpe a Batasuna....|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2011/09/19/actualidad/1316422115_065940.html|publisher=El Pais, 19 September 2011|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref> He was given a 10-year sentence, but on 9 May 2012 had his sentence reduced to 6½ years by the ] when it decided that he was not a leading member of ETA.<ref>{{cite web|title=El Supremo rebaja la condena de Otegi....|url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20120509/supremo-rebaja-condena-otegi-diez-seis-anos-medio-querer-reconstruir-batasuna/523620.shtml|publisher=rtve.es, 9 May 2012|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tribunal Supremo, Sala de lo Penal.|url=http://ep00.epimg.net/descargables/2012/05/09/0964a83b7d4c6d6227149eaaaadf19c4.pdf|publisher=Spanish Supreme Court, 7 May 2012|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=El Supremo mantiene a Otegi en prisión por un voto de diferencia|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/05/09/actualidad/1336559163_949797.html|publisher=El Pais newspaper, 9 May 2012|accessdate=17 March 2016}}</ref>
			However, in July 2014 it was reported that no member of the EPPK had begun individual negotiations, and it was believed that the EPPK was still following an alternative strategy.<ref name=none>{{cite web|title=Erkoreka dice que "ninguno" de los presos......|date=8 July 2014|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2188073/0/erkoreka-dice-que-ninguno-presos-eppk-ha-optado-por-reinsercion-porque-estan-otras-estrategias/|publisher=20minutes.es, 8 July 2014|access-date=12 September 2014}}</ref>
	Until March 2016 ], who was convicted with Usabiaga, was also held in prison. The campaign for his release received support from ] and ], amongst others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global campaign demands: ‘Free Otegi, bring Basque prisoners home’|url=http://emmaclancy.com/2015/03/28/global-campaign-demands-free-otegi-bring-basque-prisoners-home/|publisher=emmaclancy.com|accessdate=17 March 2016}}</ref>
	==Hunger strikes==		==Hunger strikes==
Line 647:		Line 835:
	Here is a list of some of them:		Here is a list of some of them:
	* In June 1974 thirteen prisoners in Basauri prison began a hunger strike. It lasted 13 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trece presos de Basauri inician huelga de hambre.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/07/12/pagina-7/34267939/pdf.html?search=basauri|publisher=La Vanguardia, 28 June 1974|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Finaliza la huelga de hambre de various reclusos de la carcel de Basauri.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/07/11/pagina-8/34245948/pdf.html?search=basauri|publisher=La Vanguardia, 13 July 1974|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>		* In June 1974 thirteen prisoners in Basauri prison began a hunger strike. It lasted 13 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trece presos de Basauri inician huelga de hambre.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/07/12/pagina-7/34267939/pdf.html?search=basauri|publisher=La Vanguardia, 28 June 1974|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Finaliza la huelga de hambre de various reclusos de la carcel de Basauri.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/07/11/pagina-8/34245948/pdf.html?search=basauri|publisher=La Vanguardia, 13 July 1974|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>
	* In September 1974 one prisoner in Zaragoza prison took part in a 16-day hunger strike and was hospitalized.<ref>{{cite web|title=Termina la huelga de hambre en la carcel de Zaragoza|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/10/08/pagina-9/34251099/pdf.html?search=iriondo|publisher=La Vanguardia, 8 October 1974|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref>		* In September 1974 one prisoner in Zaragoza prison took part in a 16-day hunger strike and was hospitalized.<ref>{{cite web|title=Termina la huelga de hambre en la carcel de Zaragoza|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/10/08/pagina-9/34251099/pdf.html?search=iriondo|publisher=La Vanguardia, 8 October 1974|access-date=26 March 2015}}</ref>
	* In October 1974 thirteen prisoners in Basauri prison began another hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bilbao: Trece en la carcel de Basauri|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/12/14/pagina-7/34246193/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 4 October 1974|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref>		* In October 1974 thirteen prisoners in Basauri prison began another hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bilbao: Trece en la carcel de Basauri|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/12/14/pagina-7/34246193/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 4 October 1974|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
	* In December 1974 six prisoners took part in a hunger strike in Zaragoza prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zaragoza: Prosigue la huelga de hambre de detenidos de ETA|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/12/14/pagina-11/34256425/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 14 December 1974|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref>		* In December 1974 six prisoners took part in a hunger strike in Zaragoza prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zaragoza: Prosigue la huelga de hambre de detenidos de ETA|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/12/14/pagina-11/34256425/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 14 December 1974|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
	* In September 1976 twelve prisoners began a hunger strike in Burgos prison to protest at the conditions of the prison and their treatment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doce miembros de ETA iniciaron una huelga de hambre en el Penal de Burgos|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/12/14/pagina-5/33626591/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 22 September 1976|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref>		* In September 1976 twelve prisoners began a hunger strike in Burgos prison to protest at the conditions of the prison and their treatment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doce miembros de ETA iniciaron una huelga de hambre en el Penal de Burgos|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/12/14/pagina-5/33626591/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 22 September 1976|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
	* In December 1976 eleven prisoners began another hunger strike in Burgos prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burgos: Once presos de ETA inician una huelga de hambre|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/01/13/pagina-15/33630395/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 15 December 1976|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>		* In December 1976 eleven prisoners began another hunger strike in Burgos prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Burgos: Once presos de ETA inician una huelga de hambre|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1974/01/13/pagina-15/33630395/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 15 December 1976|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref>
	* In August 1977 seven prisoners from Carabanchel and Martutene prisons took part in a hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quince presos continúan en huelga de hambre.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1977/08/04/pagina-8/33732601/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre|publisher=La Vanguardia, 24 August 1977|accessdate=23 March 2015}}</ref>		* In August 1977 seven prisoners from ] and ] prisons took part in a hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quince presos continúan en huelga de hambre.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1977/08/04/pagina-8/33732601/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre|publisher=La Vanguardia, 24 August 1977|access-date=23 March 2015}}</ref>
	* In May 1978 nine prisoners held in Pamplona prison held a 17-day hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fin de la Huelga de Hambre|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1978/05/17/029.html|publisher=ABC, 17/5/1978|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref> It was to support the Pro-Amnesty week, and demand a general amnesty.		* In May 1978 nine prisoners held in Pamplona prison held a 17-day hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fin de la Huelga de Hambre|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1978/05/17/029.html|publisher=ABC, 17/5/1978|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref> It was to support the Pro-Amnesty week, and demand a general amnesty.
	* In October 1980, 43 prisoners took part in a hunger strike to complain about harsh treatment in the prisons of Soria and Zamora.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuarenta y tres Etarras y......|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/sevilla/abc.sevilla/1980/10/08/018.html|publisher=ABC, 8/10/1980, in Spanish|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>		* In October 1980, 43 prisoners took part in a hunger strike to complain about harsh treatment in the prisons of Soria and Zamora.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuarenta y tres Etarras y......|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/sevilla/abc.sevilla/1980/10/08/018.html|publisher=ABC, 8/10/1980, in Spanish|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In September 1982, 74 prisoners in Puerto Santa Maria prison began a hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Huelga de Hambre|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1982/09/26/061.html|publisher=ABC, 26/9/1982|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>		* In February 1981, 108 prisoners in Carabanchel prison began a hunger strike in protest at the torturing to death of fellow inmate Joxe Arregi.<ref name=Joxe/>
			* In September 1982, 74 prisoners in Puerto Santa Maria prison began a hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Huelga de Hambre|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1982/09/26/061.html|publisher=ABC, 26/9/1982|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In February 1984, two prisoners in Fresnes prison, in France held a month-long hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dos miembros de Iparretarrak...|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1984/02/17/022.html|publisher=ABC, 17/2/1984|accessdate=27 August 2014}}</ref>		* In February 1984, two prisoners in Fresnes prison, in France held a month-long hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dos miembros de Iparretarrak...|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1984/02/17/022.html|publisher=ABC, 17/2/1984|access-date=27 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In June 1986 almost 100 prisoners held in Herrera de la Mancha prison took part in a hunger strike to demand amnesty.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ayer continuó la huelga de hambre....|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1986/06/25/022.html|publisher=ABC, 25/6/1986, in Spanish.|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Huelga de hambre de presos 'etarras' en|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1986/06/07/espana/518479209_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 7 June 1986|accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref>		* In June 1986 almost 100 prisoners held in Herrera de la Mancha prison took part in a hunger strike to demand amnesty.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ayer continuó la huelga de hambre....|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1986/06/25/022.html|publisher=ABC, 25/6/1986, in Spanish.|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Huelga de hambre de presos 'etarras' en|newspaper=El País|date=6 June 1986|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1986/06/07/espana/518479209_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 7 June 1986|access-date=19 September 2014|last1=Aparicio|first1=Chelo}}</ref>
	* In November 1987 over 100 prisoners from six prisons declared a hunger strike to protest "against the repression of the Basque people, and for political negotiations".<ref>{{cite web|title=Actos de protesta de los presos etarras para forzar la negociacion.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1977/08/24/pagina-16/32998770/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 18 November 1987|accessdate=19 March 2015}}</ref>		* In November 1987 over 100 prisoners from six prisons declared a hunger strike to protest "against the repression of the Basque people, and for political negotiations".<ref>{{cite web|title=Actos de protesta de los presos etarras para forzar la negociacion.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1977/08/24/pagina-16/32998770/pdf.html?search=huelga%20de%20hambre%20eta|publisher=La Vanguardia, 18 November 1987|access-date=19 March 2015}}</ref>
	* In December 1988 three prisoners in French jails took part in a month-long hunger strike, and were hospitalized.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitalizados tres presos de ETA por huelga de hambre.|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1988/12/07/024.html|publisher=ABC, 7/12/1988, in Spanish|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref>		* In December 1988 three prisoners in French prisons took part in a month-long hunger strike, and were hospitalized.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitalizados tres presos de ETA por huelga de hambre.|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1988/12/07/024.html|publisher=ABC, 7/12/1988, in Spanish|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In April 1991 seventy prisoners in Herrera de la Mancha prison began a hunger strike to complain about being separated from each other within the prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los Etarras presos en Herrera......|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1991/04/24/029.html|publisher=ABC, 24 April 1991, page 29|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref>		* In April 1991 seventy prisoners in Herrera de la Mancha prison began a hunger strike to complain about being separated from each other within the prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los Etarras presos en Herrera......|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1991/04/24/029.html|publisher=ABC, 24 April 1991, page 29|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
	* In May 1992, twelve prisoners in El Salto del Negro Prison, in the Canary Islands, held a month-long hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los Presos de ETA en huelga de hambre....|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1992/06/03/espana/707522406_850215.html|publisher=El Pais. 3 June 1992|accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=La prisión de Salto del Negro, amenazada por la protesta de ios presos de ETA|url=http://jable.ulpgc.es/jable/diario.de.las.palmas/1992/06/01/0101.htm?palabras=senideak|publisher=Diario de Las Palmas, 1 June 1992|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref>		* In June 1991, thirteen prisoners in El Salto del Negro Prison, in the Canary Islands began a hunger strike in protest at the "minimal living conditions" in the prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los trece etarras del Salto del Negro, en huelga de hambre|url=http://www.laprovincia.es/opinion/2016/06/19/trece-etarras-salto-negro-huelga/834347.html|access-date=29 June 2016|publisher=La Provincia newspaper|date=18 June 2016}}</ref>
			* In May 1992, twelve prisoners in El Salto del Negro Prison, in the Canary Islands, held a month-long hunger strike.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los Presos de ETA en huelga de hambre....|newspaper=El País|date=2 June 1992|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1992/06/03/espana/707522406_850215.html|publisher=El Pais. 3 June 1992|access-date=28 October 2014|last1=Martin|first1=Carmelo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=La prisión de Salto del Negro, amenazada por la protesta de ios presos de ETA|url=http://jable.ulpgc.es/jable/diario.de.las.palmas/1992/06/01/0101.htm?palabras=senideak|publisher=Diario de Las Palmas, 1 June 1992|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
	* In July 1992, nine prisoners in Puerto 2 prison, held a hunger strike to complain about conditions in the prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nueve presos de ETA y....|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1992/07/13/pagina-8/33528311/pdf.html?search=%22huelga%20de%20hambre%22|publisher=La Vanguardia, 13/7/1992, in Spanish.|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In September 1994, 250 prisoners began a hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preso de ETA inician hoy una huelga de hambre.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1994/03/11/pagina-17/34403478/pdf.html?search=%22huelga%20de%20hambre%22|publisher=La Vanguardia, 4/9/1994, in Spanish.|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref>		* In July 1992, nine prisoners in Puerto 2 prison, held a hunger strike to complain about conditions in the prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nueve presos de ETA y....|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1992/07/13/pagina-8/33528311/pdf.html?search=%22huelga%20de%20hambre%22|publisher=La Vanguardia, 13/7/1992, in Spanish.|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>
			* In September 1994, 250 prisoners began a hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preso de ETA inician hoy una huelga de hambre.|url=http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.com/preview/1994/03/11/pagina-17/34403478/pdf.html?search=%22huelga%20de%20hambre%22|publisher=La Vanguardia, 4/9/1994, in Spanish.|access-date=28 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In July 1996 Iñaki Olaskoaga Múgica, imprisoned in Uzerche prison in France undertook a hunger strike to demand that Basque prisoners be imprisoned together in a Basque prison. After 23 days he was transferred to hospital.
	* In October 1998 four prisoners in La Sante prison in Paris went on hunger strike to protest against the planned extradition of one of them to Spain after completing his sentence in France.<ref>{{cite web|title=Huelga de hambre de los presos etarras en Francia....|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1998/10/08/025.html|publisher=ABC, 8 October 1998, page 25|accessdate=1 April 2015}}</ref>		* In July 1996 Iñaki Olaskoaga Múgica, imprisoned in Uzerche prison in France, undertook a hunger strike to demand that Basque prisoners be imprisoned together in a Basque prison. After 23 days he was transferred to hospital.
			* In October 1998 four prisoners in La Sante prison in Paris went on hunger strike to protest against the planned extradition of one of them to Spain after completing his sentence in France.<ref>{{cite web|title=Huelga de hambre de los presos etarras en Francia....|url=http://hemeroteca.abc.es/nav/Navigate.exe/hemeroteca/madrid/abc/1998/10/08/025.html|publisher=ABC, 8 October 1998, page 25|access-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
	* In May 2000, 300 prisoners ended a 7 month long hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manifestaciones.|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2000/05/28/espana/959464810_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 28/5/2000|accessdate=28 August 2014}}</ref>		* In May 2000, 300 prisoners ended a 7-month-long hunger strike.<ref>{{cite news|title=Manifestaciones.|newspaper=El País|date=27 May 2000|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2000/05/28/espana/959464810_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 28/5/2000|access-date=28 August 2014|last1=Martínez|first1=Isabel C.}}</ref>
	* In August 2006 ] began his first hunger strike which lasted 63 days. It was to protest against him being accused of making terrorist threats in two letters written from prison just as he was about to be released after 17 years inside.<ref>{{cite web|title=LOs Batasunos se manifiestan en homenaje a.....|url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-27-08-2006/abc/Nacional/los-batasunos-se-manifiestan-en-homenaje-al-etarra-de-juana-chaos_1423037790026.html|publisher=ABC.es, 27 August 2007|accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref> In November of the same year he was given a 12½ year sentence for writing those letters.<ref>{{cite web|title=De Juana Chaos, condenado a 12 años y seis meses....|url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-07-11-2006/abc/Nacional/de-juana-chaos-condenado-a-12-años-y-seis-meses-de-carcel-por-amenazas-terroristas_1524135841001.html|publisher=ABC.es, 7 November 2006|accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref> In protest at the sentence he began another hunger strike which ended on 1 March 2007 after 114 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preparan sus traslado al hospital|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/prensa/20061121/politica/preparan-traslado-hospital_20061121.html|publisher=elcorreodigital, 21 November 2006|accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eta prisoner ends hunger strike|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6407951.stm|publisher=BBC news, 1 March 2007|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref> He began his third hunger strike in July 2008 in protest at the Spanish authorities confiscating the apartment his wife had bought from his mother, and where he was planning to live on leaving prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eta man begins jail hunger strike.|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/52812/Eta-man-begins-jail-hunger-strike|publisher=The Sunday Express, 17 July 2008|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref>		* In August 2006 ] began his first hunger strike which lasted 63 days. It was to protest against him being accused of making terrorist threats in two letters written from prison just as he was about to be released after 17 years inside.<ref>{{cite web|title=LOs Batasunos se manifiestan en homenaje a.....|date=27 August 2006|url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-27-08-2006/abc/Nacional/los-batasunos-se-manifiestan-en-homenaje-al-etarra-de-juana-chaos_1423037790026.html|publisher=ABC.es, 27 August 2007|access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> In November of the same year he was given a 12½ year sentence for writing those letters.<ref>{{cite web|title=De Juana Chaos, condenado a 12 años y seis meses....|date=7 November 2006 |url=http://www.abc.es/hemeroteca/historico-07-11-2006/abc/Nacional/de-juana-chaos-condenado-a-12-años-y-seis-meses-de-carcel-por-amenazas-terroristas_1524135841001.html|publisher=ABC.es, 7 November 2006|access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref> In protest at the sentence he began another hunger strike which ended on 1 March 2007 after 114 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Preparan sus traslado al hospital|date=21 November 2006|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/prensa/20061121/politica/preparan-traslado-hospital_20061121.html|publisher=elcorreodigital, 21 November 2006|access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Eta prisoner ends hunger strike|date=March 2007|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6407951.stm|publisher=BBC News, 1 March 2007|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> He began his third hunger strike in July 2008 in protest at the Spanish authorities confiscating the apartment his wife had bought from his mother, and where he was planning to live on leaving prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eta man begins jail hunger strike.|date=17 July 2008|url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/52812/Eta-man-begins-jail-hunger-strike|publisher=The Sunday Express, 17 July 2008|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In January 2010 Lorentxa Gimon began a hunger strike to protest against her isolation in the French prison where she was. It began before and independently of the mass hunger strike which began later in January.<ref>{{cite web|title=La etarra Lorentxa Gimon inicia una huelga de hambre|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/20100106/politica/etarra-lorentxa-gimon-inicia-20100106.html|publisher=el Diario Vasco, 6 January 2010|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref>		* In January 2010 Lorentxa Gimon began a hunger strike to protest against her isolation in the French prison where she was. It began before and independently of the mass hunger strike which began later in January.<ref>{{cite web|title=La etarra Lorentxa Gimon inicia una huelga de hambre|date=6 January 2010|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/20100106/politica/etarra-lorentxa-gimon-inicia-20100106.html|publisher=], 6 January 2010|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In January 2010 there was a mass hunger strike by all 742 prisoners belonging to the collective of Basque prisoners (EPPK). It was to complain about the policy of dispersion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eta prisoners go on mass hunger strike.|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/7071620/Eta-prisoners-go-on-mass-hunger-strike.html|publisher=The Telegraph, 25 January 2010|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref>		* In January 2010 there was a mass hunger strike by all 742 prisoners belonging to the collective of Basque prisoners (EPPK). It was to complain about the policy of dispersion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eta prisoners go on mass hunger strike.|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/7071620/Eta-prisoners-go-on-mass-hunger-strike.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=25 January 2010|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In October 2010 six prisoners began a 15-day hunger strike in Murcia prison to demand that they all be kept in the same part of the prison, and to complain at the unhygienic conditions of the whole prison, including a plague of rats in the kitchen and dining room.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los presos de ETA tiran la toalla y abandonan una huelga de hambre|url=http://www.laopiniondemurcia.es/comunidad/2010/11/10/presos-eta-tiran-toalla-abandonan-huelga-hambre/282317.html|publisher=laopiniondemurcia.es 10 November 2010|accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref>		* In October 2010 six prisoners began a 15-day hunger strike in Murcia prison to demand that they all be kept in the same part of the prison, and to complain at the unhygienic conditions of the whole prison, including a plague of rats in the kitchen and dining room.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los presos de ETA tiran la toalla y abandonan una huelga de hambre|date=10 November 2010|url=http://www.laopiniondemurcia.es/comunidad/2010/11/10/presos-eta-tiran-toalla-abandonan-huelga-hambre/282317.html|publisher=laopiniondemurcia.es 10 November 2010|access-date=26 March 2015}}</ref>
	* In February 2012 Ibon Goieaskoetxea and Borja Gutiérrez began a hunger strike in protest of the imminent transfer of Goieaskoetxea to another prison in France.<ref>{{cite web|title=El exjefe de ETA preso en Francia se declara en huelga de hambre|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/v/20120204/politica/exjefe-preso-francia-declara-20120204.html|publisher=Diario Vasco, 4 February 2012|accessdate=5 August 2014}}</ref>		* In February 2012 Ibon Goieaskoetxea and Borja Gutiérrez began a hunger strike in protest of the imminent transfer of Goieaskoetxea to another prison in France.<ref>{{cite web|title=El exjefe de ETA preso en Francia se declara en huelga de hambre|date=4 February 2012|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/v/20120204/politica/exjefe-preso-francia-declara-20120204.html|publisher=], 4 February 2012|access-date=5 August 2014}}</ref>
	* In August 2012 a hunger strike was begun to protest at the Spanish authorities refusal to let ], a jailed ETA member who had terminal cancer, from returning home to die.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basque hunger strike spreads to French prisons.|url=http://www.dw.de/basque-hunger-strike-spreads-to-french-prisons/a-16166358|publisher=DW, 14 August 2012|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> It began with 100 prisoners in Spain, including Arnaldo Otegi, and they were joined by 91 from French prisons.<ref>{{cite web|title=French Eta prisoners join solidarity hunger strike.|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20120815-hunger-strike-prisons|publisher=English rfi, 15 August 2012|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref> By 13 August 254 prisoners had joined the hunger strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=El etarra enfermo se somete a las pruebas para determinar si su estado es terminal|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/08/13/actualidad/1344846162_985105.html|publisher=El Pais, 13 August 2012|accessdate=23 March 2015}}</ref>		* In August 2012 a hunger strike was begun to protest at the Spanish authorities refusal to let ], an imprisoned ETA member who had terminal cancer, from returning home to die.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basque hunger strike spreads to French prisons.|url=http://www.dw.de/basque-hunger-strike-spreads-to-french-prisons/a-16166358|publisher=DW, 14 August 2012|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> It began with 100 prisoners in Spain, including Arnaldo Otegi, and they were joined by 91 from French prisons.<ref>{{cite web|title=French Eta prisoners join solidarity hunger strike.|date=15 August 2012|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/france/20120815-hunger-strike-prisons|publisher=English rfi, 15 August 2012|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> By 13 August 254 prisoners had joined the hunger strike.<ref>{{cite news|title=El etarra enfermo se somete a las pruebas para determinar si su estado es terminal|newspaper=El País|date=13 August 2012|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2012/08/13/actualidad/1344846162_985105.html|publisher=El Pais, 13 August 2012|access-date=23 March 2015|last1=Belaza|first1=Mónica Ceberio}}</ref>
	* In October 2013 fifteen Basque prisoners in Seville prison began a hunger strike to protest against their incarceration so far from home and their families.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seville jail ETA prisoners are on hunger strike...|url=https://www.acaip.es/en/news/media/4730-los-presos-de-eta-de-la-carcel-de-sevilla-estan-en-huelga-de-hambre-desde-octubre|publisher=Acaip, 14 November 2013|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bins fired in the Basque Country....|url=http://spanishnewstoday.com/bins-fired-in-the-basque-country-supporting-eta_19117-a.html#.U950sSifM-Y|publisher=Spanish News Today, 27 November 2013|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref> Thirteen of the prisoners continued the hunger strike for 32 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los presos de ETA en Sevilla II abandonan la huelga de hambre|url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/11/28/paisvasco/1385634180_901187.html|publisher=El Pais, 28 November 2013|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref>		* In October 2013 fifteen Basque prisoners in Seville prison began a hunger strike to protest against their incarceration so far from home and their families.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seville jail ETA prisoners are on hunger strike...|url=https://www.acaip.es/en/news/media/4730-los-presos-de-eta-de-la-carcel-de-sevilla-estan-en-huelga-de-hambre-desde-octubre|publisher=Acaip, 14 November 2013|access-date=3 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103242/https://www.acaip.es/en/news/media/4730-los-presos-de-eta-de-la-carcel-de-sevilla-estan-en-huelga-de-hambre-desde-octubre|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bins fired in the Basque Country....|url=http://spanishnewstoday.com/bins-fired-in-the-basque-country-supporting-eta_19117-a.html#.U950sSifM-Y|publisher=Spanish News Today, 27 November 2013|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Thirteen of the prisoners continued the hunger strike for 32 days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los presos de ETA en Sevilla II abandonan la huelga de hambre|newspaper=El País|date=28 November 2013|url=http://ccaa.elpais.com/ccaa/2013/11/28/paisvasco/1385634180_901187.html|publisher=El Pais, 28 November 2013|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
			* In June 2015 seven prisoners held in ] went on hunger strike to protest at the reduction in the number of visits they can each receive, from four every month to two.<ref>{{cite news|title=Siete presos de ETA, en huelga de hambre en la cárcel de Fleury Merogis|url=http://www.elmundo.es/pais-vasco/2015/06/16/5580458bca4741194d8b459d.html|access-date=8 July 2016|publisher=El Mundo newspaper|date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
			* In May 2016 a hunger strike was held for 19 days by several prisoners in Fresnes prison in France in protest at Itziar Moreno being placed in isolation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los presos de ETA internos en Fresnes finalizan huelga de hambre tras 19 días|url=http://radiointereconomia.com/2016/05/29/los-presos-de-eta-internos-en-fresnes-finalizan-huelga-de-hambre-tras-19-dias/|access-date=29 June 2016|publisher=radio intereconomia|date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827032839/http://radiointereconomia.com/2016/05/29/los-presos-de-eta-internos-en-fresnes-finalizan-huelga-de-hambre-tras-19-dias/|archive-date=27 August 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref>
	=='Via Nanclares'==		=='Via Nanclares'==
	'Via Nanclares' is a project to allow ETA prisoners to gain better conditions in prison and eventually to be released on condition they fulfill certain conditions. The core of these conditions is that they distance themselves from ETA, ask for forgiveness, and agree to pay compensation for their actions. Its purpose is to break the control the EPPK (Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa) has over these prisoners and the strict discipline it imposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=¿Que es la via Nanclares?|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/nacional/2012-04-26/que-es-la-via-nanclares-1276456918/|publisher=Libertad Digital, 26 April 2012. Spanish|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref> Part of this discipline for example, demanded that amnesty of all prisoners was to be sought, and that individuals could not seek ways to reduce their own sentences. Anyone doing so would be ostracized. The 'Via Nanclares' project was thought up by ] and set in motion by the then Prime Minister ] in 2009.<ref name=Via>{{cite web|title=La Justicia impulsa los beneficios penitenciarios para los presos de ETA|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/07/04/actualidad/1404499328_437062.html|publisher=El Pais, 5 July 2014|accessdate=14 August 2014}}</ref> It takes its name from the old Nanclares de Oca prison in the Basque Country, where these prisoners were to be sent. In 2011 that prison was replaced by the new 720 cell Zaballa prison, built close to it.<ref>{{cite web|title=La cárcel de Zaballa, un centro con 720...|url=http://www.europapress.es/euskadi/noticia-carcel-zaballa-centro-720-celdas-donde-ya-estan-disidentes-via-nanclares-20140215211022.html|publisher=Europa Press, 15 February 2014|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref>		'Via Nanclares' is a project to allow ETA prisoners to gain better conditions in prison and eventually to be released on condition they fulfill certain conditions. The core of these conditions is that they distance themselves from ETA, ask for forgiveness, and agree to pay compensation for their actions. Its purpose is to break the control the EPPK (Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa) has over these prisoners and the strict discipline it imposes.<ref>{{cite web|title=¿Que es la via Nanclares?|date=26 April 2012|url=http://www.libertaddigital.com/nacional/2012-04-26/que-es-la-via-nanclares-1276456918/|publisher=Libertad Digital, 26 April 2012. Spanish|access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref> Part of this discipline for example, demanded that amnesty of all prisoners was to be sought, and that individuals could not seek ways to reduce their own sentences. Anyone doing so would be ostracized. The 'Via Nanclares' project was thought up by ] and set in motion by the then Prime Minister ] in 2009.<ref name=Via>{{cite news|title=La Justicia impulsa los beneficios penitenciarios para los presos de ETA|newspaper=El País|date=5 July 2014|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/07/04/actualidad/1404499328_437062.html|publisher=El Pais, 5 July 2014|access-date=14 August 2014|last1=Aizpeolea|first1=Luis R.}}</ref> It takes its name from the old Nanclares de Oca prison in the Basque Country, where these prisoners were to be sent. In 2011 that prison was replaced by the new 720 cell Zaballa prison, built close to it.<ref>{{cite web|title=La cárcel de Zaballa, un centro con 720...|date=15 February 2014|url=http://www.europapress.es/euskadi/noticia-carcel-zaballa-centro-720-celdas-donde-ya-estan-disidentes-via-nanclares-20140215211022.html|publisher=Europa Press, 15 February 2014|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref>
	With the change of government in Madrid in November 2011 the 'Via Nanclares' was temporarily closed, but is now in use again.		With the change of government in Madrid in November 2011 the 'Via Nanclares' was temporarily closed, but is now in use again.
	It requires prisoners to:		It requires prisoners to:
	* Distance themselves from ETA.		* Distance themselves from ETA.
			* Accept prison policy.
	* Accept the sentence they have been given.
	* Leave the collective of Basque prisoners (EPPK).		* Leave the collective of Basque prisoners (EPPK).
	* Publicly denounce ETA and the use of violence.		* Publicly denounce ETA and the use of violence.
	* Ask for forgiveness from the families of their victims, if there are any.		* Ask for forgiveness from the families of their victims, if there are any.
	* Agree to pay compensation, if damage has been caused.		* Agree to pay compensation, if damage has been caused.
			* And lastly to collaborate with the Spanish judicial system in the fight against terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|title=La 'Via Nanclares' explicada en 10 preguntas.|date=15 May 2012|url=http://www.eldiario.es/zonacritica/Via-Nanclares-explicada-preguntas_6_4959511.html|publisher=elDiario.es, 15 May 2012|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref>
			When ETA declared its permanent ceasefire in 2011 twenty two prisoners had opted for this option.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ningun preso etarra se ha sumado a la.....|url=http://www.larazon.es/detalle_hemeroteca/noticias/LA_RAZON_443577/9320-ningun-preso-etarra-se-ha-sumado-a-la-via-nanclares-tras-anunciar-el-cese-definitivo#.Ttt1QDpO1JJgBQp|publisher=La Razon.es, 21 March 2012. Spanish|access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> However, Mikel Buesa claimed that 68 prisoners had started the 'Via Nanclares' by 2012, with 30 managing to be sent to Nanclares prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los Presos de ETA y el...|url=http://www.ilustracionliberal.com/53/los-presos-de-eta-y-el-juego-del-gallina-mikel-buesa.html|publisher=La Ilustracion Liberal.|access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The first to be released through the 'Via Nanclares' were José Manuel Fernández Pérez de Nanclares and Fernando de Luis Astarloa in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Excarcelan a los dos primeras etarras de la 'Via Nanclares'|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/20120507/espana/rc-excarcelan-primeros-etarras-nanclares-201205071502.html|publisher=ABCdesevilla, 7 May 2012, Spanish|access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref> Prisoners who have chosen this way to improve their conditions have all found themselves ostracized by the radical nationalist community they were formally part of.<ref name=EPPK>{{cite web|title=La caída de Zulueta sume al EPPK en el.....|date=June 2014 |url=http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-caida-zulueta-sume-eppk-desconcierto-asoman-divisiones-dudas-colectivo-20140601121644.html|publisher=Europapress, 1 June 2014|access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> Many prisoners have been reluctant to pursue the 'Via Nanclares' for this reason.
	* And lastly to collaborate with the Spanish judicial system in the fight against terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|title=La 'Via Nanclares' explicada en 10 preguntas.|url=http://www.eldiario.es/zonacritica/Via-Nanclares-explicada-preguntas_6_4959511.html|publisher=elDiario.es, 15 May 2012|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref>
			The 'Via Nanclares' was closed at the end of 2011 when the ] won the ]. The new government initiated a different project to rehabilitate prisoners, but only one person used it.<ref name=Via/>
	When ETA declared its permanent ceasefire in 2011 twenty two prisoners had opted for this option.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ningun preso etarra se ha sumado a la.....|url=http://www.larazon.es/detalle_hemeroteca/noticias/LA_RAZON_443577/9320-ningun-preso-etarra-se-ha-sumado-a-la-via-nanclares-tras-anunciar-el-cese-definitivo#.Ttt1QDpO1JJgBQp|publisher=La Razon.es, 21 March 2012. Spanish|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> However, Mikel Buesa claimed that 68 prisoners had started the 'Via Nanclares' by 2012, with 30 managing to be sent to Nanclares prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Los Presos de ETA y el...|url=http://www.ilustracionliberal.com/53/los-presos-de-eta-y-el-juego-del-gallina-mikel-buesa.html|publisher=La Ilustracion Liberal.|accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref> The first to be released through the 'Via Nanclares' were José Manuel Fernández Pérez de Nanclares and Fernando de Luis Astarloa in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Excarcelan a los dos primeras etarras de la 'Via Nanclares'|url=http://sevilla.abc.es/20120507/espana/rc-excarcelan-primeros-etarras-nanclares-201205071502.html|publisher=ABCdesevilla, 7 May 2012, Spanish|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref> Prisoners who have chosen this way to improve their conditions have all found themselves ostracized by the radical nationalist community they were formally part of.<ref name=EPPK>{{cite web|title=La caída de Zulueta sume al EPPK en el.....|url=http://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-caida-zulueta-sume-eppk-desconcierto-asoman-divisiones-dudas-colectivo-20140601121644.html|publisher=Europapress, 1 June 2014|accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref> Many prisoners have been reluctant to pursue the 'Via Nanclares' for this reason.
			In 2014 Spanish judges opened up the way for prisoners, who had been on the 'Via Nanclares' when the project was stopped, to continue the process. So far 3 have been given permission to leave prison during daytime, and a further 8 have been given permission to spend 18 days away from the prison in every 6-month period.<ref name=Via/>
	The 'Via Nanclares' was closed at the end of 2011 when the ] won the ]. The new government initiated a different project to rehabilitate prisoners, but only one person used it.<ref name=Via/>
	In 2014 Spanish judges opened up the way for prisoners, who had been on the 'Via Nanclares' when the project was stopped, to continue the process. So far 3 have been given permission to leave prison during daytime, and a further 8 have been given permission to spend 18 days away from the prison in every 6-month period.<ref name=Via/>
	==The Parot doctrine==		==The Parot doctrine==
	{{Main|Parot doctrine}}		{{Main|Parot doctrine}}
	In October 2013 the ] (ECtHR) condemned Spain over its continued detention of ]. She was due to be released in 2008 for good behaviour after 21 years in prison, but in 2006 Spain changed its rules to include what is now known as the Parot doctrine, and decided to postpone her release until 2017. The ECtHR declared that this was a violation of two articles (5 and 7) of the ] and ordered Spain to release her as soon as possible and to pay her compensation.<ref>{{cite web|title=European Court of Human Rights condemns Spain over Eta case.|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24606155|publisher=BBC News, 21 October 2013|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref> The following day, on 21 October 2013, she was released from prison.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spain releases Eta convict after European court ruling.|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24624913|publisher=BBC News, 22 October 2013|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>		In October 2013 the ] (ECtHR) condemned Spain over its continued detention of ]. She was due to be released in 2008 for good behaviour after 21 years in prison, but in 2006 Spain changed its rules to include what is now known as the Parot doctrine, and decided to postpone her release until 2017. The ECtHR declared that this was a violation of two articles (5 and 7) of the ] and ordered Spain to release her as soon as possible and to pay her compensation.<ref>{{cite news|title=European Court of Human Rights condemns Spain over Eta case.|work=BBC News |date=21 October 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24606155|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> The following day, on 21 October 2013, she was released from prison.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain releases Eta convict after European court ruling.|work=BBC News |date=22 October 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24624913|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> The European court's ruling also banned the Spanish government from extending prison terms for Basque prisoners.<ref name="euronews, 27 October 2013">{{cite web|title=Thousands protest in Madrid against European Court ruling....|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/10/27/thousands-protest-in-madrid-against-a-european-court-ruling-that-led-to-release-of-eta-prisoner/|publisher=euronews, 27 October 2013|access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>
	The Spanish government complained that this ruling would mean they would have to release dozens of ETA prisoners. In November 2013 Spain began releasing other prisoners,<ref>{{cite web|title=Spain releases 8 of 9 Eta militants after court move.|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24870601|publisher=BBC News, 8 November 2013|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref> and in the end a total of 61 prisoners were released in the wake of this court ruling,<ref>{{cite web|title=Impact of the "Parot" Prison Doctrine.|url=http://rodriguezbernal.com/979/|publisher=Rodriguez Bernal, 11 December 2013|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref> including one being held temporarily in a prison in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eta prisoner released from British custody...|url=http://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/oct/23/eta-prison-released-prison-basque-separatists-human-rights|publisher=The Guardian, 23 October 2013.|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref>		The Spanish government complained that this ruling would mean they would have to release dozens of ETA prisoners. In November 2013 Spain began releasing other prisoners,<ref>{{cite news|title=Spain releases 8 of 9 Eta militants after court move.|work=BBC News |date=8 November 2013 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24870601|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> including one being held temporarily in a prison in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eta prisoner released from British custody...|url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/oct/23/eta-prison-released-prison-basque-separatists-human-rights|newspaper=The Guardian|date=23 October 2013|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> Ahead of the European Court of Human Rights' ruling, the minister of interior ] declared that its implementation to the inmates in similar circumstances may be skipped by means of "juridical engineering".<ref>{{cite web|title=Interior ve margen para la "ingeniería jurídica" si el Tribunal de Derechos Humanos deroga la doctrina Parot|date=20 March 2013 |url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20130320/54370456345/interior-margen-ingenieria-juridica-deroga-doctrina-parot.html|publisher=La Vanguardia|access-date=2018-05-19}}</ref> The minister of justice Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón stated that "each inmate of Spain in similar circumstances will have to appeal to the European Cour if they want to have the Parot doctrine cancelled". There was a mass demonstration held in Madrid against the ruling by the ECtHR organised by the ].<ref name="euronews, 27 October 2013"/>
	There were several large protests held in Spain against the ruling by the ECtHR which were organised by the ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Thousands protest in Madrid against European Court ruling....|url=http://www.euronews.com/2013/10/27/thousands-protest-in-madrid-against-a-european-court-ruling-that-led-to-release-of-eta-prisoner/|publisher=euronews, 27 October 2013|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref>
	==Torture==		==Torture==
			Generally speaking, torture almost always takes place in secret and so it is difficult to know if it has taken place or not.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Were They Tortured or Did They Make That Up?|journal=Oñati Socio-Legal Series |date=11 May 2011 |volume=1 |issue=2 |url=http://opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/view/54/175|publisher=Oñati Social-Legal Series, 2011|access-date=4 September 2014 |last1=Terwindt |first1=Carolijn }}</ref> Members of the Spanish state apparatus have been convicted for mistreatment, torture and even murder of ETA members, the veracity of many torture allegations and the degree to which it occurs is subject to controversy in Spain. However, ] claims that torture is a reality in Spain; between 2004 and 2012 over 6,400 torture cases were reported, a figure in contrast to the number of convictions.<ref>{{cite news|title=España ha vivido desde 2004 más de 6.600 casos de tortura o malos tratos policiales|url=http://www.publico.es/politica/espana-vivido-2004-mas-600.html|access-date=13 December 2016|publisher=Público|date=1 February 2015}}</ref> Pau Pérez-Sales, activist and senior expert assisting both domestic and international tribunals has stressed the degree of impunity surrounding torture in Spain.<ref name="auto">Público (1 February 2015).</ref> On 13 September 2017, Amnesty International stated that during a long period, citing a Basque Government's 1978-1999 report, torture was applied extensively in Spain under anti-terrorist provisions, affecting to a large extent the Basque Country, and demanded that the Spanish government admit to its practice, as well as reminding it of its 'obligation' to investigate torture and make reparations to the victims.<ref>{{cite web|title=AI pide a España que investigue y permita reparar a víctimas de torturas|date=2014-09-18|url=http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/5075993/ai-pide-espana-investigue-permita-reparar-victimas-torturas/|publisher=EITB|access-date=2017-10-07}}</ref> It also denounced Spain for continuing to evade the application of international standards against torture in its domestic legislation. In addition, it stated that convictions for torture are very infrequent, and highlighted the high number of pardons granted to the few people convicted of such crimes. The NGO also pointed out that torture victims are 'ostracized'.<ref>{{cite web|title=España: Amnistía Internacional pide al Gobierno que investigue la tortura y no obstaculice las iniciativas autonómicas|url=https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/noticias/noticia/articulo/espana-amnistia-internacional-pide-al-gobierno-central-que-investigue-la-tortura-y-malos-tratos-y/|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2017-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007115927/https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/noticias/noticia/articulo/espana-amnistia-internacional-pide-al-gobierno-central-que-investigue-la-tortura-y-malos-tratos-y/|archive-date=2017-10-07|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	Between 1977 and 2002 there were approximately 5300 claims of ] having been carried out by police on Basque prisoners.<ref name=Data1>{{cite web|title=DATOS SIGNIFICATIVOS DEL CONFLICTO VASCO, 1968–2003|url=http://www.euskonews.com/0256zbk/gaia25604_01.html|publisher=Euskonews|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref> Since then there have been hundreds more accusations. Allegations of torture are mostly related to threats and beatings, and then to lesser degrees to suffocation, forced body positions, undressing and physical exercises.<ref name=torture>{{cite web|title=A follow up study of allegations of ill-treatment/torture in incommunicado detainees in Spain|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289885|publisher=PubMed.gov, 2008|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> Different police forces are said to have different methods, with the ] being the more severe.<ref name=torture/>
			Between 1977 and 2002 there were approximately 5300 claims of ] having been carried out by police on ETA prisoners.<ref name=Data1>{{cite web|title=DATOS SIGNIFICATIVOS DEL CONFLICTO VASCO, 1968–2003|url=http://www.euskonews.com/0256zbk/gaia25604_01.html|publisher=Euskonews|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> Since then there have been hundreds more accusations. Allegations of torture are mostly related to threats and beatings, and then to lesser degrees to suffocation, forced body positions, undressing and physical exercises.<ref name=torture>{{cite journal|title=A follow up study of allegations of ill-treatment/torture in incommunicado detainees in Spain| pmid=19289885 | volume=18 | journal=Torture| pages=87–98 | last1 = Morentin | first1 = B | last2 = Callado | first2 = LF | last3 = Idoyaga | first3 = MI| year=2008 | issue=2 }}</ref> A study of 112 Basques held incommunicado between 2000 and 2005, conducted by the Basque Institute for ] and based on testimonies collected by an NGO, suggests that torture remains a serious problem in Spain. It detected different alleged torture patterns relating to different police forces. The group arrested by the ] accused this body of the most severe torture methods.<ref name=torture/> In December 2018, the Spanish Parliament refused reparation and recognition to the victims of torture inflicted in the fight against ETA, or removing honour awards granted to members of the security forces convicted of torture; the proposal was turned down with the votes of the parties PSOE, Ciudadanos and PP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/PP-PSOE-Cs-PNV-ETA_0_847616291.html|title=PP, PSOE y Cs tumban la moción del PNV que perseguía reparar a las víctimas de torturas en los años de lucha contra ETA|agency=Europa Press|website=eldiario.es|date=18 December 2018 |language=es|access-date=2018-12-20}}</ref>
	Torture almost always takes place in secret and so it is difficult to know if it has taken place or not.<ref>{{cite web|title=Were They Tortured or Did They Make That Up?|url=http://opo.iisj.net/index.php/osls/article/view/54/175|publisher=Oñati Social-Legal Series, 2011|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> The Spanish Government insists that the torture claims by Basque detainees are false and are part of a tactic by ETA to gain political capital and sympathy.<ref>{{cite web|title=The torturous process of proving ETA mistreatment.|url=http://elpais.com/m/elpais/2012/10/10/inenglish/1349870156_691448.html|publisher=El Pais in English, 10 October 2012|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> In 2008 a manual produced by ETA for its members was allegedly found, which instructed them to claim to have been tortured by the police if they were ever detained.<ref>{{cite web|title=Un manual de ETA aconseja a sus.....|url=http://www.cadenaser.com/espana/articulo/manual-eta-aconseja-miembros-denunciar-supuestas-torturas-detenidos/csrcsrpor/20080114csrcsrnac_1/Tes|publisher=Cadena SER, 14 January 2008, in Spanish.|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref>
			According to former ETA members, the French police never submitted their prisoners to torture.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Whitfield|first1=Teresa|title=Endgame for ETA: Elusive Peace in the Basque Country|date=2014|publisher=C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd|isbn=978-1849043465|page=286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0ReBAAAQBAJ&q=sarasola+torture&pg=PA286|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> ETA terrorism never targeted French civilians nor security forces and France had a long-standing policy of tolerating ETA presence on its territory since the times of Franco's dictatorship. This policy changed in the late 80s when French President Mitterrand decided that France would no longer be an ETA 'safe-haven' and began co-operation with Spanish authorities and extradition of ETA-members indicted for terrorism to Spain.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/20110626/espana/abci-santuario-frances-201106260237.html|title=El "santuario francés" de nunca acabar - ABC.es|last=ABC|website=ABC|date=26 June 2011 }}</ref>
	A ] report published in March 2004 stated that the fact that detainees are held ] for up to 5 days allows abuses to take place, and advised the Spanish government to make changes to this practice.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN says Spain tortured ETA 'terrorists'|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-says-spain-tortured-eta-terrorists-6172769.html|publisher=The Independent, 11 March 2004.|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Human rights vital for the peace of Spain and the Basque Country|url=http://www.amnesty.org/fr/library/asset/EUR41/004/1999/fr/66fc0222-e114-11dd-b0b0-b705f60696a0/eur410041999en.pdf|publisher=Amnesty.org|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref>
			===Torture cases and convictions===
	One example of an alleged incident is that of Martxelo Otamendi, the editor of a Basque language newspaper, ], who claimed in 2004 to have been stripped naked, blindfolded, touched with unidentified objects around his genitals, had an unloaded pistol fired next to his head, and was forced to stay standing for 3 days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former mayor accuses police of torturing Basque editor.|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/07/spain.pressandpublishing|publisher=The Guardian, 7 March 2003|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exdirector de Egunkaria denuncia la situación de...|url=http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/0504/1905/noticias190504/noticias190504-8.htm|publisher=Noticiasdot.com|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref> Six colleagues who were detained at the same time also claimed to have experienced similar treatment. They were eventually released without charge after the newspaper had been put into liquidation and its assets sold.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rollo de Sala núm.21/05.|url=http://egunkaria.info/international/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/veredicto.pdf|publisher=Juzgado Central de Instrucción núm.6. 12 April 2010|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>
			One example of an alleged incident is that of Martxelo Otamendi, the editor of a Basque language newspaper ] which was subject to a precautionary closure in 2004 by a Spanish judge due to alleged links with ETA, later found to be ungrounded. Otamendi, among other editors was arrested by the Guardia Civil as a result of the Court order and claims to have been stripped naked, blindfolded, touched with unidentified objects around his genitals and subject to sleep deprivation and simulated execution.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former mayor accuses police of torturing Basque editor.|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/07/spain.pressandpublishing|newspaper=The Guardian|date=7 March 2003|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Exdirector de Egunkaria denuncia la situación de...|url=http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/0504/1905/noticias190504/noticias190504-8.htm|publisher=Noticiasdot.com|access-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709062850/http://www.noticiasdot.com/publicaciones/2004/0504/1905/noticias190504/noticias190504-8.htm|archive-date=2008-07-09|url-status = dead}}</ref> Six colleagues who were detained at the same time also claimed to have experienced similar treatment. They were eventually absolved by the Spanish Audiencia Nacional (High Court) in 2010, which also criticized the Judge's decision to close the only newspaper at the time which was fully in the Basque language without more solid constitutional grounds. The Popular Party's government sued Otamendi for defamation but was eventually ordered by the European Court of Human Rights to pay Otamendi compensation for not taking his allegations seriously nor investigating them.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rollo de Sala núm.21/05.|url=http://egunkaria.info/international/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/veredicto.pdf|publisher=Juzgado Central de Instrucción núm.6. 12 April 2010|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>
			Another case is that of Fernando Elejalde Tapia, arrested minutes after murdering Francisco Javier Gomez Alósegui at the door of his house; Gomez Alósegui was the psychologist of Martutene prison and a public supporter of negotiation with ETA and bringing convicts to jails close to the Basque Country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1997/03/12/espana/858121201_850215.html|title=La policía detiene a un etarra poco después de que asesinara al psicólogo de la cárcel de Martutene|work=El País|date=12 March 1997 |last1=Barbería |first1=José Luis |last2=Intxausti |first2=Aurora }}</ref> ] reported concern about Elejalde Tapia as a suspected case of torture. After being arrested he was transferred to hospital with "a fractured ear drum, four broken vertebrae in his back, bruising all over his body, blackened eyes, a kidney malfunction and was in a state of semi-consciousness."<ref>{{cite web|title=DOCUMENT - SPAIN: TORTURE / FEAR FOR SAFETY / MEDICAL CONCERN: FERNANDO ELEJALDE TAPIA |url=https://www.amnesty.org/fr/documents/eur41/001/1997/en/|publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=7 November 2016 }}</ref> Ms Leire Gallastegui claimed in 2001 to have been told to choose between "electrodes, her mother's arrest or a broom handle".<ref>{{cite web|title=Basque academics call torture protest.|date=23 May 2001|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/23/spain.internationaleducationnews|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> In December 2010 four Civil Guard police officers were imprisoned for torturing two men suspected of terrorist activities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spanish police jailed for torture of Basque Eta members.|work=BBC News|date=30 December 2010|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12096655|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref> The police officers were released in 2011 after appealing to the Spanish High Court, which judged the injuries sustained by the suspects to have been caused by a violent arrest.<ref>{{cite news|title=Four Spanish police cleared of torturing Eta militants.|work=BBC News |date=15 November 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15743175|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="tort">{{cite web|title=The torturous process of proving ETA mistreatment.|date=10 October 2012 |url=http://elpais.com/m/elpais/2012/10/10/inenglish/1349870156_691448.html|access-date=4 September 2014|publisher=El Pais in English, 10 October 2012}}</ref>]
	Another example was the case of Fernando Elejalde Tapia who ] reported as a suspected case of torture. After being arrested he was transferred to hospital with "a fractured ear drum, four broken vertebrae in his back, bruising all over his body, blackened eyes, a kidney malfunction and was in a state of semi-consciousness."<ref>{{cite web|title=DOCUMENT - SPAIN: TORTURE / FEAR FOR SAFETY / MEDICAL CONCERN: FERNANDO ELEJALDE TAPIA|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/EUR41/001/1997/en/13bbebff-eaac-11dd-9f63-e5716d3a1485/eur410011997en.html|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=16 October 2014}}</ref>
			On the 13 of February 1981 Joxe Arregi, an alleged member of ETA, died of ] in the hospital of Carabanchel prison after spending 9 days in police custody. The forensic report concluded that he was tortured; he showed ] on the soles of his feet, as well as blows and traumas over his body. Two policemen involved in the interrogation were eventually given sentences of 3 months in prison and a two-year suspension for torturing the detainee. No judgment was made in court as to whether Arregi had died as a result of the torture he received because neither the prosecutor nor the Human Rights Organization party to the case asked the judge to do so. However, a first sentence establishing no connection between torture and death was later overturned on the grounds of the contradictions found on the judge's conclusion. It was reported in the Spanish press that Arregi may have died as a result of being submitted to a torture technique called ''la bañera'' in which the victim's head is placed in a container of dirty water until he or she is obliged to breathe in the liquid which then enters the victims lungs. ], doctor and member of the political party ] at the time, speculated that it may account for Arregi's broncopneumonia.<ref name=Joxe>{{cite news|title=El informe forense reconoce que José Arregui fue torturado.|newspaper=El País|date=16 February 1981|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1981/02/17/espana/351212404_850215.html|publisher=El Pais newspaper, 17 February 1981.|access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://elpais.com/diario/1989/10/04/espana/623458815_850215.html|title=El Supremo condena a dos policías por torturas a un 'etarra'|work=El País|date=4 October 1989 |last1=Yoldi |first1=José }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sobre dónde está cada cual.|url=http://gara.naiz.eus/paperezkoa/20090218/122641/es/Sobre-donde-esta-cada-cual|publisher=Gara newspaper, 18 February 2009.|access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>
	Another case was that of Ms Leire Gallastegui, who claimed in 2001 to have been told to choose between "electrodes, her mother's arrest or a broom handle".<ref>{{cite web|title=Basque academics call torture protest.|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/may/23/spain.internationaleducationnews|publisher=The Guardian, 23 May 2001.|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref>
			In September 2014, a Basque report commissioned by the human rights society Argituz and based on the ] confirmed the veracity of the 45 torture testimonies analyzed spanning from 1982 to 2010 for detainees held incommunicado under the Antiterrorist Law. The report carried out by over 30 health professionals, especially psychotherapists and psychiatric doctors, hailing from 8 different organizations have stressed the difficulties found to obtain any records due to the incommunicado regime that "facilitates the commission of torture and mistreatment", as well as pointing to an ever-increasing use of psychological torture techniques."<ref>{{cite web|title=Un informe vasco avala todas las denuncias de tortura analizadas|date=2014-09-18|url=http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/2556516/informe-tortura--informe-argituz-dobre-denuncias-tortura/ |publisher=EITB|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref>
	In December 2010 four Civil Guard police officers were jailed for torturing two men suspected of terrorist activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spanish police jailed for torture of Basque Eta members.|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12096655|publisher=BBC News, 30 December 2010.|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref> The police officers were released in 2011 after appealing to the Spanish High Court, which judged the injuries sustained by the suspects to have been caused by a violent arrest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Four Spanish police cleared of torturing Eta militants.|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-15743175|publisher=BBC News, 15 November 2011|accessdate=4 September 2014}}</ref>
			An expert panel appointed by ]'s cabinet to evaluate the provisions in place for the prevention of torture underscored that "mistreatment cases are not exceptional, but symptoms of structural deficiencies", recommending as well to install CCTV cameras in all areas of the police stations.<ref name="auto"/> Unai Romano's is another case that may have been prevented with the use of CCTV. The Basque youth was arrested and transferred to Madrid in 2001, receiving severe injuries to his head while in custody; as stated by Romano, "on arrival in Madrid I was put in a cell, I was instructed not look at their eyes, then interrogations began. When my answer did not suit them, I got beaten on my head." He was taken to hospital, with Romano filing a report, but his claims went unheard, dismissed by the relevant Spanish tribunal. He then took the case to the European Court of Human Rights, where the case was being considered in early 2015. The images of Romano's swollen and deformed head were leaked, and showed on posters protesting against torture across the Basque Country.<ref name="auto"/>
	In October 2014 the European Court of Human Rights criticised Spain for failing to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of the authorities. In particular the cases of Ms Beatriz Etxebarria Caballero, and Mr Oihan
	Unai Ataun Rojo were examined. It was shown that the Spanish authorities did little to investigate their claims of torture and ordered Spain to pay each compensation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spain should adopt measures to protect persons held incommunicado|url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/webservices/content/pdf/003-4894696-5984727|publisher=European Court of Human Rights, 7 October 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref>
			In February 2018, in the midst of a political controversy, with the ] MP ] urging the Spanish government to condemn Civil Guard head ] for targeting his party in the fight against ETA, labelled as 'the evil', Esteban disclosed that the law-enforcement official was condemned in 1997 for ] against a Basque, and pardoned subsequently by the Spanish government.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180204/44538418898/pnv-pide-reprobar-sanchez-corbi-etarras.html|title=El PNV pide al Gobierno reprobar a Sánchez Corbí por equipararles con etarras|work=La Vanguardia|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref>
	==Escapes==
	There have been numerous attempts at escaping from custody. Of the 10 successful escapes, 3 have been from hospitals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diez fugas y decenas de intentos frustrados|url=http://www.elmundo.es/eta/historia/fugas.html|publisher=El Mundo|accessdate=21 Aug 2014}}</ref> The biggest involved 29 prisoners who dug a tunnel to escape Segovia prison in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=SPAIN: POLICE RECAPTURE 22 OUT OF 29 ESCAPED|url=http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1976/04/06/BGY510030095/?s=*|publisher=ITN source, 6 April 1976|accessdate=21 Aug 2014}}</ref> A film has been made based on it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Escape from Segovia|url=http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film892054.html|publisher=filmaffinity|accessdate=21 August 2014}}</ref> The most recent escape was by Ibon Fernández Iradi who managed to flee the police station where he was being held in France in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=France rapped over ETA escape.|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2600283.stm|publisher=BBC News, 23 December 2002|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref>
			===International criticism===
	==Reintegration into society==
			Since 2002 Spain has been criticised several times by ] (CAT) and the ] (ECtHR) for not investigating properly allegations of torture made by ETA members and others suspected of having links to it. Specifically Spain has been found to have violated articles 2, 4 and 14 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and ]. France was also criticised by CAT for having ] ETA member Josu Arkauz Arana to Spain in 1997 where he was "in a situation where he was particularly vulnerable to possible abuse". France was found to have violated article 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in that case.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crawshaw|first1=Ralph|title=Essential Cases on Human Rights for the Police: Reviews and Summaries of International Cases|date=2006|publisher=Brill - Nijhoff|isbn=978-9004139787|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlGwCQAAQBAJ&q=Josu+Arkauz+Arana+v.+France&pg=PA138|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=De Weck|first1=Fanny|title=Non-Refoulement under the European Convention on Human Rights and the UN Convention against Torture (International Refugee Law)|date=2016|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9004311480|page=330|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoJyDQAAQBAJ&q=eta+echr+torture&pg=PA330|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Josu Arkauz Arana v. France|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3f588ed80.html|website=refworld.org|publisher=UNHCR|access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> CAT investigated the case of Kepa Urra in 2002, who claimed to have been tortured by 4 members of the Guardia Civil in 1997 during an operation to dismantle part of ETA. Although the four guardia were initially convicted in a Spanish court of having tortured Urra they were later ]ed. Spain was found guilty of a violation of articles 2, 4 and 14 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Crawshaw|first1=Ralph|title=Essential Rules of Behaviour for Police in Armed Conflict, Disturbance and Tension: Legal Framework, International Cases and Instruments|date=2014|publisher=Brill - Nijhoff|isbn=978-9004219151|pages=168–173|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbu9CwAAQBAJ&q=kepa+urra+guridi+v.+spain&pg=PA168|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SELECTED DECISIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS Page 158|url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/SDecisionsCATVolIen.pdf|website=ohchr.org|publisher=United Nations|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> Two years later, in 2004 a ] report written by ] stated that the fact that detainees are held incommunicado for up to 5 days allows abuses to take place, and advised the Spanish government to make changes to this practice.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN says Spain tortured ETA 'terrorists'|date=11 March 2004|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/un-says-spain-tortured-eta-terrorists-565914.html|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS, INCLUDING THE QUESTION OF TORTURE AND DETENTION |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/pdf/chr60/56add2AV.pdf |publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Council |access-date=8 April 2016 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061230113053/http://www.unhchr.ch/pdf/chr60/56add2AV.pdf |archive-date=December 30, 2006 }}</ref> In 2012, the UN Committee Against Torture ruled against Spain again, this time for not investigating accusations of torture made by Oskar Gallastegi, who had been sentenced to 26 years in jail for his role in the murder of a judge in the Basque Country in 2001.<ref name="tort" />
	When prisoners are released they are currently offered help by Harrera Elkartea, an organisation created in 2012, which helps them looking for work, sorting out their finances, paperwork and other issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=ETA convicts: life after ceasefire.|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/13/eta-convicts-life-after-ceasefire/|publisher=Euronews, 13 February 2014|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref> Some politicians have called for this organisation to be made illegal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosa Díez pide al fiscal general que inicie.....|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2013/10/23/5267c18a63fd3dc4408b4575.html|publisher=El Mundo, 23 October 2013, Spanish.|accessdate=6 August 2014}}</ref>
			] (English subtitles)]]
			] has also condemned Spain for holding prisoners incommunicado. A report published in 1999 stated that it "believes it to be beyond question that incommunicado detention facilitates torture and ill-treatment."<ref>{{cite web|title=Spain: A briefing on human rights concerns in relation to the Basque peace process|date=23 June 1999 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur41/001/1999/en/|publisher=Amnesty International 1999|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> Again in 2002 Amnesty International released a report criticising the Spanish government for its policy of holding detainees incommunicado. The report states that it had "received some very serious and highly detailed reports, which appear to be corroborated by medical evidence. Many of the allegations referred to the practice of ]tion with plastic bags; repeated kicks and blows of the hand on the head or testicles; forced physical exercises for long periods of time; claims of sexual harassment or abuse; threats of execution, rape, miscarriage or injury to partners and relatives."<ref>{{cite web|title=SPAIN: A Briefing for the UN Committee against Torture: Update Page 15.|date=November 2002 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/116000/eur410142002en.pdf|publisher=Amnesty International, 2002|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> In June 2014 Amnesty International reported on the 'impunity and denial' of the Spanish authorities regarding torture. The human rights organization stated that it had continued to receive allegations of torture and mistreatment inflicted by state security forces since 1987, the year when Spain ratified the ]. The international organization goes on to say that "the Spanish authorities do not take seriously the gravity of torture as a crime of international law, and meanwhile, the victims of torture remain defenseless."<ref name="Amn">{{cite web|title=En los últimos cinco años se han dado casos de tortura y malos tratos en 141 países|date=2014-06-26|url=https://www.es.amnesty.org/en-que-estamos/noticias/noticia/articulo/en-los-ultimos-cinco-anos-se-han-dado-casos-de-tortura-y-malos-tratos-en-141-paises/ |publisher=Amnistía Internacional España|access-date=24 October 2016}}</ref> In the same report Amnesty International says that successive Spanish governments "have not established sufficient measures and mechanisms necessary to prevent torture taking place while in the custody of its security forces, e.g. the suspension of the incommunicado regime, which remains in place, or the introduction of CCTV in all the places where detainees are held, nor have they implemented provisions leading to thorough, independent and impartial investigation of torture when it takes place."<ref name="Amn" />
			In 2010 the ECtHR in Strasbourg made its first ruling against Spain for not investigating properly allegations of torture made by ETA member Mikel San Argimiro.<ref name="tort" /> In 2014 the ECtHR criticised Spain again for failing to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of the authorities. This time the cases of Ms Beatriz Etxebarria Caballero, and Mr Oihan Unai Ataun Rojo were examined. It was shown that the Spanish authorities did little to investigate their claims of torture and ordered Spain to pay each compensation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Spain should adopt measures to protect persons held incommunicado|url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/webservices/content/pdf/003-4894696-5984727|access-date=4 November 2014|publisher=European Court of Human Rights, 7 October 2014}}</ref> In 2015 the ECtHR found Spain guilty of violating the procedural aspects of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the case brought against it by Arratibel Garciandia.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Maccanico|first1=Yasha|title=ECtHR: Spain guilty of not investigating allegations of torture in incommunicado detention|url=http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-272-echr-spain.pdf|access-date=18 November 2016|website=statewatch.org|publisher=Statewatch}}</ref> Most recently, in May 2016, the ECtHR ruled against Spain for not investigating properly allegations of torture made by Xabier Beorlegi.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 May 2016|title=Nueva condena a España por no investigar casos de tortura.|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2016/05/31/actualidad/1464680116_540083.html|access-date=30 October 2016|newspaper=El Pais|last1=Pérez|first1=Fernando J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=31 May 2016|title=Estrasburgo vuelve a condenar a España, ahora por no investigar torturas a un vecino de Pamplona|publisher=Noticias de Navarra|url=http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/2016/05/31/politica/estrasburgo-vuelve-a-condenar-a-espana-ahora-por-no-investigar-presuntas-torturas-a-un-pamplones|url-status=dead|access-date=14 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919153715/http://www.noticiasdenavarra.com/2016/05/31/politica/estrasburgo-vuelve-a-condenar-a-espana-ahora-por-no-investigar-presuntas-torturas-a-un-pamplones|archive-date=19 September 2016}}</ref> In January 2018, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Spain for degrading and inhuman treatment inflicted by the Civil Guard to Mattin Sarasola and Igor Portu, two ETA members convicted of the ]. For the first time the tribunal ruled on content, and not just on form, i.e. Spain not investigating torture, for which Spain has been condemned 9 more times by the same court during the last years. The court thus supports a previous ruling by a Basque court which condemned 4 Civil Guard officers for torture, a sentence that was overturned by the Spanish High Court.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/spain-ordered-to-pay-eta-bombers-compensation-for-police-abuse-1.3391019|title=Spain ordered to pay Eta bombers compensation for police abuse|newspaper=The Irish Times|access-date=2018-03-10|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.publico.es/espana/tribunal-estrasburgo-condena-espana-torturar-etarras-t-4.html|title=El TEDH condena a España por primera vez por 'trato inhumano y degradante' a presos|access-date=2018-03-10|language=es-ES}}</ref> It constitutes a violation of Article 3 of the Council of Europe's European Convention on Human Rights.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/02/13/inenglish/1518531811_027177.html|title=Human Rights court rules against Spain in ETA prisoner abuse case|last=Belaza|first=Mónica Ceberio|date=2018-02-13|work=El País|access-date=2018-03-10|language=en|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>
	In its first 2 years Harrera Elkartea has helped 18 ex-prisoners back into work, 45 to get their driving license, and about 40 to get dental treatment and sort out eye problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harrera destaca los avances en la reintegración....|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/politica/201405/18/harrera-destaca-avances-reintegracion-20140518001327-v.html|publisher=Diario Vasco, 18 May 2014, in Spanish.|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref>
			In May 2019, fifteen independent experts making up the UNO Committee against Torture resolved that Gorka Lupiañez, condemned for ETA membership and other related offences by Spanish tribunals, was subjected to torture by the Civil Guard in 2007 during incommunicado detention, using methods such as bag suffocation, battering, sleep deprivation, and death threats, as denounced by the victim; following Lupiañez's denouncement, the Spanish authorities accused him of "following ETA's agenda". The Committee once more urges Spanish authorities to stop incommunicado detentions for their relation to torture, reminds them that nothing justifies it, as well as demanding that they "pursue diligent, immediate and impartial investigations".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/onu-confirma-tortures-guardia-civil_386818_102.html|title=L'ONU confirma tortures de la Guàrdia Civil|website=ElNacional.cat|date=22 May 2019|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/espana/portada/el-comite-de-derechos-humanos-la-onu-dictamina-que-etarra-lupianez-sufrio-torturas/10010-3980451|title=El Comité de Derechos Humanos de la ONU dictamina que el etarra Lupiáñez sufrió torturas|website=www.efe.com|language=es|access-date=2019-05-26}}</ref> Following a long process pursued by Spanish authorities to extradite Iratxe Sorzabal, an ETA member,<ref>{{Cite news|last=EFE|date=2019-10-09|title=Francia entregará a la etarra Sorzábal a España por el atentado de Alicante|language=es|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/politica/2019/10/09/actualidad/1570634137_748181.html|access-date=2020-12-17|issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Francia entregará a la presa de ETA Iratxe Sorzabal a España|url=https://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/6726759/francia-entregara-presa-eta-iratxe-sorzabal-espana/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=www.eitb.eus|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Refugees|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|title=Refworld {{!}} Iratxe Sorzábal Díaz v. France|url=https://www.refworld.org/cases,CAT,42ce9b734.html|access-date=2020-12-17|website=Refworld|language=en}}</ref> the Paris Court of Appeal rejected in December 2020 a 4th ] on the grounds that Spain did not make the efforts necessary to investigate evidence of torture inflicted on her.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Paris Court of Appeal Rejects 4th European Arrest Warrant|url=https://irct.org/media-and-resources/latest-news/article/1061|access-date=2020-12-17|website=International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=Frantziako Justiziak baztertu egin du Sorzabal Espainiaren esku uztea|url=https://www.eitb.eus/eu/albisteak/politika/osoa/7711573/frantziako-baztertu-egin-du-iratxe-sorzabal-espainiaren-uztea/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=www.eitb.eus|language=eu}}</ref> The tribunal bases its resolution on the report presented by the ], and IFEG on the risks of ignoring torture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IRCT calls French courts to reject extradition based on torture|url=https://irct.org/media-and-resources/latest-news/article/1007|access-date=2020-12-17|website=International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims|language=en}}</ref> In January 2021, the ECtHR condemned again Spain for the passivity shown in conducting proper investigation on serious torture allegations denounced in by Íñigo González, member of the disbanded organization Ekin, following his detention in 2011 by the Civil Guard in Pamplona on orders of the judge ], so breaching the article 3 of the ]; a report confirmed he suffered ]. The ] demanded to launch an investigation, but the judge did not act accordingly, "for absence of leads"; the ] did not endorse González. The tribunals refused to name the Civil Guard officers identified by the detainee, a position the ECtHR criticizes in the sentence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Callol|first=Mònica Planas|date=2021-01-19|title=Décima condena de Estrasburgo contra España por no haber investigado lo suficiente las denuncias de torturas policiales|url=https://www.ara.cat/es/politica/Decima-condena-Estrasburgo-Espana-investigado-torturas-policiales_0_2603139833.html|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Ara.cat|language=es-ES}}</ref> Spain is liable to a €20,000 compensation to González for damages. ECtHR has ruled ten times against Spain for not investigating torture since 2010.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pereda|first=Rubén|date=2021-01-19|title=Estrasburgo condena a España a indemnizar a Iñigo González con 20.000 euros por no investigar las denuncias de tortura|url=https://www.eldiario.es/euskadi/estrasburgo-condena-espana-indemnizar-inigo-gonzalez-20-000-euros-no-investigar-denuncias-tortura_1_6914607.html|access-date=2021-01-20|website=ElDiario.es|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Estrasburgo condena a España por no investigar las torturas a Iñigo González|url=https://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/7783127/estrasburgo-condena-espana-no-investigar-torturas-inigo-gonzalez/|access-date=2021-01-20|website=EITB Radio Televisión Pública Vasca|language=es}}</ref>
	==Publications==
	In 2002 the ] cultural association was set up to promote and publish literary work of these prisoners. Each year since then a book has been published compiling shorter works, and many other longer works have also been published.
			===Claims of false torture allegations===
	==Recent developments==
			Successive Spanish Governments have consistently stated that, in general terms, torture claims by Basque detainees are part of a tactic by ETA to gain political capital and sympathy as well as to bog down the legal process, rather than a systematic practice of torture by Spanish authorities. As stated by ''El País'', there is no evidence to show that the Spanish security forces have systematically used torture against ETA suspects. According to Secretary General of the Unified Police Syndicate José Manuel Sánchez-Fornet, there exist 'absolutely exceptional cases of mistreatment' with a small number of trials and convictions of members of the Police and Guardia Civil, but he also avows that anti-terrorist legislation 'helps cases of torture' happen. Just the opposite, the Coordinating Committee for the Prevention of Torture has underscored the obstacles set by the successive Spanish governments to carry out proper investigation, failing to meet the most basic requirements expected for investigations on torture allegations, with only two severe cases leading to an effective conviction of police officials, both condemnations warranted by judges in the Basque Country, and not Madrid tribunals.<ref name=tort/>
			In 2008 a manual produced by ETA for its members was found by the Guardia Civil in the hands of ETA members Igor Portu and Mattin Sarasola, when they were arrested in the house of a third ETA member Mikel Sebastian. This manual, written entirely in the Basque language and eventually leaked to the press, was named Atxiloketari Aurre Eginez, 2º zkia (Facing Detention, Volume 2). It detailed what ETA members should do once detained by the police. According to the press, the three main directives of this document were firstly, "do not make a statement", secondly, "deny everything", and thirdly, "report torture". Starting with a first hand account of a detention process, the manual highlights the comfort of court jail cells, and says a forensic doctor will visit detainees before they appear before a judge. ETA members are told that once in a court jail they need not worry about threats and blackmails made during their interrogation in the police station because they cannot be returned there. As reported by ''El País'', once in the court jail, the documents directs members to tell the forensic doctor that they have been tortured mentally as well as physically, and to tell that the statements they made in the police station were extracted under torture.<ref>{{cite news|title=El Manual Criminal de Portu y Sarasola.....|newspaper=El País|date=15 January 2008|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2008/01/16/espana/1200438022_850215.html|publisher=El Pais, 14 January 2008, in Spanish.|access-date=16 January 2008|last1=Rodríguez|first1=Jorge A.}}</ref> Official court papers make no mention of these details.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional 47/2010, de 1 de junio|url=http://www.lexnova.es/pub_ln/Juris_gaceta/Mas_Juris/SAN472010_T4.htm|publisher=La Audiencia NacionalCouncil|access-date=11 April 2016}}</ref>
	In December 2013 the EPPK, which is the collective organisation negotiating on behalf of the prisoners, dropped its long standing demand for amnesty for all the prisoners, leaving the way open for individuals to negotiate individually for their release.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basque prisoners' shift raises hopes for peace|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/afp/2014/01/02/397331/Basque-prisoners.htm|publisher=The China Post, 2 January 2014|accessdate=1 August 2014}}</ref>
			A similar manual was confiscated from the ETA cell "Commando Araba" in 1998, recommending all ETA detainees to allege torture, reminding them that "standing behind you are the press, local, youth and international collectives and, with a bit of luck, some opportunist and doubtful political party."<ref name="Soitu, 1 January 2008, in Spanish">{{cite web|title=Denunciar Torturas, de manual Etarra.....|url=http://www.soitu.es/soitu/2008/01/09/actualidad/1199895522_140137.html|publisher=Soitu, 1 January 2008, in Spanish.|access-date=16 January 2008}}</ref> However, the NGO {{ill|Torturaren Aurkako Taldea|eu}} (TAT) has pointed out that this document is totally different in style, tone and language to other 'manuals' found in the possession of the "Commando Araba". TAT has stated that they suspect the document was created by the police.<ref>{{cite web|title=La tortura y sus colaboradores|url=http://inter-rev.foroactivo.com/t622p30-torturas-espana-euskal-herria-9-650-casos-en-los-ultimos-50-anos-indultos#19911|publisher=Inter-rev|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>
	Also in December 2013, ETA declared that they recognised the "suffering and damage" caused by their actions, and also acknowledged the Spanish legal system. These two declarations were key demands from Madrid before any talks could start over the conditions of the prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|title=What now for ETA prisoner?|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/11/what-now-for-eta-s-prisoners/|publisher=Euronews, 11 February 2014|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref>
			==Solidarity==
	In May 2014 the Minister of the Interior, Jorge Fernández Díaz said that the government would not consider the ending of the policy of dispersion unless ETA disbanded completely, or until the individual prisoners ask for forgiveness.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interior reitera que mantendrá la dispersion.....|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2014/05/14/537358fde2704e56388b4578.html|publisher=El Mundo, 14 May 2014|accessdate=2 August 2014}}</ref>
			]
			] in San Fermines, Pamplona 2017]]
			The Basque Country has seen many actions and events in solidarity of the Basque prisoners with political motivation. Solidarity has materialized in gatherings, demonstrations, and other events. During the inauguration of the 1999 ] held in Seville two activists disguised as mascots of the games, the ''Giraldillas'', made it onto the stage and remained there during the presentation wearing the logo and slogans for Basque prisoners' repatriation, with another activist showing a placard.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1999/08/21/deportes/935186403_850215.html|title=Una burla a la seguridad|date=1999-08-21|work=El País|access-date=2019-01-31|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/1999/agosto/20/deportes/sevilla.html|title=SEVILLA '99 {{!}} INAUGURACION Dos "giraldillas" exhiben lemas en favor de los presos vascos|website=www.elmundo.es|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>
			Following the permanent truce by ETA in 2011, the echo of events against the Spanish dispersal policy and in support of the prisoners' rights have gained momentum and a more central position in the Basque political agenda. ] is a major movement advocating for the rights of Basque prisoners. It calls a mass demonstration each early January in Bilbao with a turnout of tens of thousands. On 9 January 2016, tens of thousands also march in Bilbao, while between 7,500 and 10,000 took to the streets in Bayonne with the same demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=85.000 personas reclaman un cambio en la política penitenciaria, en Bilbao y Baiona|url=https://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/6122194/manifestaciones-presos-bilbao-baiona-12-enero-2019/|access-date=2021-05-09|website=EITB Radio Televisión Pública Vasca|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=PERÚ|first=NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO|date=2016-01-09|title=ETA: Gigantesca manifestación en Bilbao por presos vascos {{!}} MUNDO|url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/actualidad/eta-gigantesca-manifestacion-bilbao-presos-vascos-208286-noticia/|access-date=2021-05-09|newspaper=El Comercio|language=es}}</ref>
	In July 2014 France agreed for the first time to transfer 2 prisoners to a prison near the Basque Country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Francia acerca al Pais Vasco a los dos primeros....|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/07/09/actualidad/1404905801_869626.html|publisher=El Pais, 9 July 2014|accessdate=7 August 2014}}</ref>
			On 15 January 2017, 80,000 demonstrators according to organizers rallied through the streets of Bilbao to demand an end to the dispersal policies implemented on 350 Basque prisoners scattered all over Spain and France, and the release of seriously ill prisoners.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Le ras-le-bol basque contre l'éloignement des prisonniers de l'ETA|url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/2017/01/15/raslebol-basque-contre-leloignement-prisonniers-leta |work=Le Temps |date=2017-01-15|access-date=2018-01-14}}</ref> Sare denounced that prisoners are being irregularly retained in captivity beyond the conviction term.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=ETA: des milliers de manifestants en soutien aux prisonniers à Bilbao|url=https://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/monde/eta-des-milliers-de-manifestants-en-soutien-aux-prisonniers-a-bilbao_1869058.html |work=L'Express |date=2017-01-15|access-date=2018-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Thousands rally in Spain for ETA prisonersto be moved closer to families |url=https://www.letemps.ch/monde/2017/01/15/raslebol-basque-contre-leloignement-prisonniers-letahttp://www.dw.com/en/thousands-rally-in-spain-for-eta-prisoners-to-be-moved-closer-to-families/a-37136703 |work=DW |date=2018-01-13 |access-date=2018-01-14 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> On 9 December 2017, thousands arriving from the Basque Country marched through central Paris with demands for an end to the dispersal policy and the special, emergency regime implemented on Basque prisoners. It was supported by the near totality of the French Basque representatives, including ], mayor of Bayonne and the Basque agglomeration.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Des milliers de personnes manifestent pour les prisonniers basques à Paris|url=http://www.liberation.fr/france/2017/12/09/des-milliers-de-personnes-manifestent-pour-les-prisonniers-basques-a-paris_1615571 |work=Libération |location=Paris|date=2017-12-09|access-date=2018-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Pour le retour des prisonniers basques, plusieurs milliers de manifestants à Paris|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/12/09/les-basques-demandent-le-retour-de-leurs-detenus_5227055_3224.html |work=Le Monde|location=Paris|date=2017-12-09|access-date=2018-01-14}}</ref> On 13 January 2018, this demonstration took place again under bleak weather conditions with the same demands.<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Demonstration Is Held For Visitation Rights For ETA Prisoners|url=https://www.gettyimages.es/evento/demonstration-is-held-for-visitation-rights-for-eta-prisoners-775102182#thousands-march-during-a-demonstration-organised-by-the-citizens-is-picture-id904547446 |work=GettyImages |date=2018-01-13|access-date=2018-01-14}}</ref>
	The Spanish government agreed in October 2014 to let members of ETA with Spanish nationality who are imprisoned in France, be transferred to prisons in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|title=El Congreso aprueba el traslado a España de.....|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/politica/201410/31/congreso-aprueba-traslado-espana-20141031002902-v.html|publisher=Diario Vasco, 31 October 2014|accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref>
			On her address in the Spanish Congress during the votation for the inauguration of the ] on 3 January 2020, the MP of EH Bildu Mertxe Aizpurua donned a pin for the transfer of the Basque prisoners back to their homeland, demanding also an end to "the revenge and emergency prison policy against the Basque prisoners" amidst an atmosphere of high tension in which she was subject to verbal abuse.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/vida/20200108/472789384007/dignidad-y-justicia-denuncia-a-la-portavoz-de-bildu-ante-el-supremo-por-humillar-a-las-victimas-de-eta-en-el-congreso.html|title=Dignidad y Justicia denuncia a la portavoz de Bildu ante el Supremo por humillar a las víctimas de ETA en el Congreso|date=2020-01-08|website=La Vanguardia|language=es|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/derecha-recibe-intervencion-Bildu-asesinos_0_981651854.html|title=Las derechas reciben la intervención de Bildu con gritos de "asesinos", "viva el rey" y "fuera, fuera"|last=Cortizo|first=Gonzalo|website=eldiario.es|date=5 January 2020|language=es|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> The following day, the society Dignidad y Justicia filed a report before the Supreme Court against her for "humiliation of the victims of terrorism" on the grounds that supporting the rapprochement of these prisoners to the Basque Country is "a long-running demand of the ETA terrorists", also stating that ETA's disbanding is 'fake'.<ref name=":0" /> A week later, 65,000 thousands turned out to the streets of Bilbao to demand an end to the dispersal policies; a further 10,00 took to the streets of ] the same day.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/norte/Acercamiento-presos-ETA-manifestacion-Sare_0_983751919.html|title=Miles de personas piden en Bilbao y Baiona el acercamiento de los presos de ETA a Euskadi|last=eldiarionorte.es|website=eldiario.es|date=11 January 2020|language=es|access-date=2020-01-12}}</ref>
	==List of current prisoners==
	Naming mostly follows ] of ] first, followed by the ] of the father, and lastly the mother's surname. The surnames which include the word 'de' are examples of ]. French citizens just have one surname.
			==Escapes==
	{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
			There have been a number of attempts at escaping from custody. Of the 10 successful escapes, 2 have been from hospitals, undertaken during Franco's dictatorial regime and early Transition.<ref>{{cite web|title=Diez fugas y decenas de intentos frustrados|url=http://www.elmundo.es/eta/historia/fugas.html|publisher=El Mundo|access-date=21 Aug 2014}}</ref> The biggest, the ], involved 29 prisoners who dug a tunnel to escape Segovia prison in 1976.<ref>{{cite web |title=SPAIN: POLICE RECAPTURE 22 OUT OF 29 ESCAPED |url=http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist//RTV/1976/04/06/BGY510030095/?s=* |publisher=ITN source, 6 April 1976 |access-date=21 Aug 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123034521/http://www.itnsource.com/shotlist/ITN/1971/01/16/FS160171067 |archive-date=2012-01-23 }}</ref> A film has been made based on it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Escape from Segovia|url=http://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film892054.html|publisher=filmaffinity|access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> The most recent escape was by Ibon Fernández Iradi who managed to flee the police station where he was being held in France in 2002.<ref>{{cite news|title=France rapped over ETA escape.|date=23 December 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2600283.stm|publisher=BBC News, 23 December 2002|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref>
	|-
	!Prison
	!Name
	!Sex
			==Reintegration into society==
	|-
			When prisoners are released they are currently offered help by Harrera Elkartea, an organisation created in 2012, which helps them looking for work, sorting out their finances, paperwork and other issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=ETA convicts: life after ceasefire.|date=13 February 2014|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/13/eta-convicts-life-after-ceasefire/|publisher=Euronews, 13 February 2014|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> Some politicians have called for this organisation to be made illegal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rosa Díez pide al fiscal general que inicie.....|date=23 October 2013|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2013/10/23/5267c18a63fd3dc4408b4575.html|publisher=El Mundo, 23 October 2013, Spanish.|access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>
	| '''FRANCE'''
	|
	|
	|-
	| Alencon
	|Jon Salaberria Sansinea
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
			In its first 2 years Harrera Elkartea has helped 18 ex-prisoners back into work, 45 to get their driving license, and about 40 to get dental treatment and sort out eye problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harrera destaca los avances en la reintegración....|date=17 May 2014|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/politica/201405/18/harrera-destaca-avances-reintegracion-20140518001327-v.html|publisher=], 18 May 2014, in Spanish.|access-date=10 September 2014}}</ref>
	| Arles
	| ]
	| M
	|-
	|
	| Iñaki Lopez de Bergara Astola
	| M
			==Publications==
	|-
			In 2002 the ] cultural association was set up to promote and publish literary work of these prisoners.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sormena ihesbide|url=http://www.deia.com/2016/01/03/ortzadar/sormena-ihesbide|access-date=25 June 2016|publisher=Deia|date=3 January 2016}}</ref> Each year since then a book has been published compiling shorter works, and many other longer works have also been published.
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| Bapaume
	| Alaitz Aramendi Jaunarena
	| F
			==Recent developments==
	|-
			In December 2013 the EPPK, which is the collective organisation negotiating on behalf of the prisoners, dropped its long standing demand for amnesty for all the prisoners, leaving the way open for individuals to negotiate individually for their release.<ref>{{cite web|title=Basque prisoners' shift raises hopes for peace|url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/commentary/afp/2014/01/02/397331/Basque-prisoners.htm|publisher=The China Post, 2 January 2014|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> Also in December 2013, ETA declared that they recognised the "suffering and damage" caused by their actions, and also acknowledged the Spanish legal system. These two declarations were key demands from Madrid before any talks could start over the conditions of the prisoners.<ref>{{cite web|title=What now for ETA prisoner?|date=11 February 2014|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/11/what-now-for-eta-s-prisoners/|publisher=Euronews, 11 February 2014|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> In May 2014 the Minister of the Interior, ] said that the government would not consider the ending of the policy of dispersion unless ETA disbanded completely, or until the individual prisoners ask for forgiveness.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interior reitera que mantendrá la dispersion.....|date=14 May 2014|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2014/05/14/537358fde2704e56388b4578.html|publisher=El Mundo, 14 May 2014|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> In July 2014 France agreed for the first time to transfer 2 prisoners to a prison near the Basque Country.<ref>{{cite news|title=Francia acerca al Pais Vasco a los dos primeros....|newspaper=El País|date=9 July 2014|url=http://politica.elpais.com/politica/2014/07/09/actualidad/1404905801_869626.html|publisher=El Pais, 9 July 2014|access-date=7 August 2014|last1=Aizpeolea|first1=Luis R.}}</ref> The Spanish government agreed in October 2014 to let members of ETA with Spanish nationality who are imprisoned in France, be transferred to prisons in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|title=El Congreso aprueba el traslado a España de.....|date=31 October 2014|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/politica/201410/31/congreso-aprueba-traslado-espana-20141031002902-v.html|publisher=], 31 October 2014|access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>
	|
	| Oilana Garmendia Marin
	| F
			In August 2017, the minister of interior ] declared he would not undertake any measures in order to change the prison policy until ETA disbands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eitb.eus/es/noticias/politica/detalle/5000908/zoido-rechaza-cambios-politica-penitenciaria-eta-no-se-disuelva/|title=Zoido rechaza cambios en política penitenciaria mientras ETA no se disuelva|last=Vasca|first=EiTB Radio Televisión Pública|website=www.eitb.eus|language=es-ES|access-date=2018-05-18}}</ref> In April 2018, ETA announced its dissolution, a move staged in an international conference held in ], ]. All the same, ], a strategic ally of ] in ], overtly refused to support Rajoy's national budget for 2018 with its two MPs if the prime minister allowed a transfer of Basque prisoners to internment centres closer to the Basque Country, a political stance echoing the staunch opposition showed by ] to "a negotiation by Rajoy's cabinet of ''privileges'' with ]", including measures to bring ETA prisoners closer home.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://politica.elpais.com/politica/2018/04/23/actualidad/1524481979_068685.html|title=Rivera amenaza con retirar el apoyo a los Presupuestos si el Gobierno pacta acercar a los presos de ETA|last1=Mateo|first2=José María Jiménez|last2= Gálvez|first1= Juan José|date=2018-04-24|work=EL PAÍS|access-date=2018-05-19|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/politica/20180510/upn-rechazo-presupuestos-acercamiento-presos-eta-6810175|title=UPN amenaza con rechazar los Presupuestos si Rajoy acerca a los presos|agency=Europa Press|date=2018-05-10|work=elperiodico|access-date=2018-05-19|language=ES}}</ref>
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="10"| -
	|-
	|-
	| Bois D'Arcy
	| Iurgi Garitagoitia Salegi
	| M
			On 11 January 2020, the judge of the ] José Luis Calama ordered the police a close scrutiny of the demonstration against the dispersal policy taking place in Bilbao to watch out for possible "humiliation of the victims" or "praise or justification of terrorism". On the same grounds, the party ] demanded a ban to the demonstration,<ref name=":1" /> while the party PP labelled the demonstration as 'derisory' to the victims of ETA, and the support of Podemos to the rally as 'appaling', demanding the incoming president of Spain Pedro Sanchez to take sides;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20200111/472823278289/casado-pregunta-si-sanchez-respalda-a-podemos-en-su-apoyo-a-los-presos-de-eta.html|title=Casado pregunta si Sánchez respalda a Podemos en su apoyo a los presos de ETA|date=2020-01-11|website=La Vanguardia|language=es|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref> on the rally, an ETA victim and a GAL victim urged that they not be used for political purposes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/politica/2020/01/11/actualidad/1578766754_105084.html|title=Decenas de miles de personas piden en Bilbao el acercamiento de los presos de ETA|last=Navarro|first=Juan|date=2020-01-11|work=El País|access-date=2020-01-12|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref> On 8 January, the association of relatives of Basque prisoners Etxerat denounced on a press release that 19 incurable prisoners and undergoing severe disease were being held imprisoned, demanding the release of those with death prognosis and risk. The association raised the figure of Basque prisoners of political motivation to approximately 250.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etxerat.eus/index.php/es/noticias/2560-urge-excarcelar-a-los-y-las-presas-con-pronostico-y-riesgo-de-muerte|title=Etxerat AE - Urge excarcelar a los y las presas con pronóstico y riesgo de muerte|website=etxerat.eus|access-date=2020-01-13}}</ref>
	|-
	|
	| Andoni Lariz Bustindui
	| M
			On 20 October 2020, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Spain for not accepting four Basque prisoners' appeal to the Constitutional Court, breaching their ] and lack of ]; however, the European Tribunal confirmed its refusal to accept computing time done in France on their prison terms in Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-26|title=El Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos condena a España a inadmitir recursos de amparo de presos de ETA|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20191126/471878964889/tribunal-europeo-derechos-humanos-tedh-condena-espana-inadmitir-recursos-amparo-presos-eta.html|access-date=2020-10-22|website=La Vanguardia|language=es}}</ref> In January 2022, the European Tribunal of Humans Rights condemned Spain for lack of access to the lawyer chosen by Javier Atristain, accused of offences related to ETA, and inability to consult legal-aid lawyer during questioning by the police while in incommunicado detention,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-18|title=El TEDH condena a España por negar a un etarra el acceso a un abogado|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20220118/7994951/tedh-condena-espana-negar-etarra-acceso-abogado.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=La Vanguardia|language=es}}</ref> depriving him of the right to have a fair trial, as stated and confirmed by the European court in May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gil |first=Andrés |date=2022-05-09 |title=El Tribunal de Estrasburgo rechaza el recurso de España, condenada por vulnerar el derecho a un proceso justo a un miembro de ETA |url=https://www.eldiario.es/euskadi/tribunal-estrasburgo-rechaza-recurso-espana-vulnerar-derecho-proceso-justo-miembro-eta_1_8978839.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=ElDiario.es |language=es}}</ref> The European Tribunal's ruling set a precedent that initiated the Atristain doctrine for all like cases.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-11 |title=Cas Atristain: la nova doctrina que pot alliberar desenes de presos d'ETA |url=https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/politica/cas-atristain-nova-doctrina-pot-alliberar-desenes-presos-eta_755709_102.html |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=ElNacional.cat |language=ca}}</ref> In February, the Civil Guard released a report to the Audiencia Nacional stating that the Spanish General Secretary of Penitentiary Institutions were holding contacts with the support circles of the Basque prisoners, prompting Pablo Casado, PP's opposition leader in Spain, to demand the resignation of the minister of Interior Grande-Marlaska;<ref>{{Cite web|last=Aduriz|first=Iñigo|date=2022-02-10|title=Las derechas piden investigar en el Congreso los contactos entre Interior y el entorno de los presos de ETA|url=https://www.eldiario.es/politica/derechas-piden-investigar-congreso-contactos-interior-entorno-presos-eta_1_8734613.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=ElDiario.es|language=es}}</ref> the association Sare cited in the report denounced threats and insults to his spokesperson ] as a result.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Etxenausia|first=Unai|title=Joseba Azkarragaren aurkako "jazarpena" salatu du Sarek|url=https://www.berria.eus/albisteak/209674/joseba-azkarragaren-aurkako-jazarpena-salatu-du-sarek.htm|access-date=2022-02-16|website=Berria|language=eu}}</ref>
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	| ]
	| Asier Bengoa López de Armentia
	| M
	|-
	|
	|Aitzol Etxaburu Artetxe
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	| ]
	|Marina Bernadó Bonada
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Tomas Elgorriaga Kunze
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ibon Goieaskoetxea Arronategi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Andoni Goikoetxea Gabirondo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Iturbide Otxoteko
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Javier Oses Carrasco
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ainhoa Ozaeta Mendikute
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Itziar Plaza Fernandez
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Reta Frutos
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ramon Sagarzazu Gaztelumendi
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	| ]
	|Saul Curto Lopez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ekhiñe Eizagirre Zubiaurre
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Ugaitz Errazkin Telleria
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Goienetxe Iragorri
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oier Ibarguren Sarasola
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Enrique Lopez Jurio
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Itziar Moreno Martinez
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Eider Uruburu Zabaleta
	|F
	|-
	|
	|]
	|F
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	| Lannemezan
	| Didier Agerre
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Frederic Haranburu
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Esparza Luri
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ibon Fernandez Iradi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|José Ramon Lete Alberdi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Segurola Kerejeta
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	| Liancourt
	|Jon Etxeberria Oiarbide
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel Oroz Torrea
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iban Saez de Jauregi Ortigosa
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Lyon Corbas
	|Urko Labaka Larrea
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Igor Suberbiola Zumalde
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Alejandro Zobaran Arriola
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Meaux
	|Kepa Arkauz Zubillaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oier Gomez Mielgo
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Mont de Marsan
	|Xabier Aranburu Sagarminaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ruben Rivero Campo
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Moulins-Yzeure
	|Javier Abaunza Martinez
	|M
	|-
	|
	| Aitzol Iriondo Yarza
	| M
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Muret
	|Ion Parot Navarro
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Zeberio Aierbe
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Nanterre
	|Oilan Barandalla Goñi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Asier Borrero Toribio
	|M
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Osny
	|Urtzi Etxeberria Aierdi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Fernandez Aspurz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Julen Mendizabal Elezkano
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Poissy
	|Enrique Garate Galarza
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Gregorio Vicario Setien
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Poitiers
	|Raul Aduna Valinas
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Maite Aranalde Ijurko
	|F
	|-
	|
	|]
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Josu Urbieta Alkorta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Montxo Arkaitz Varea Etxebarria
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Reau Sud Francilien
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mercedes Chivite Berango
	|F
	|-
	|
	|]
	|F
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Alberto Lopez de Lacalle Gauna
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|]
	|Alaitz Areitio Azpiri
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Lorentxa Gimon
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Maria Dolores Lopez Resina
	|F
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Roanne
	|Lorentxa Beyrie
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Miren Itxaso Zaldua Iriberri
	|F
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Saint Martin de Re
	|Jakes Esnal
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Fermin Martinez Bergara
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Zigor Merodio Larraona
	|M
	|-
	|
	| Ander Mujika Andonegi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Rubenach Roiz
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Saint Maur
	|Jon Bienzobas Arretxe
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Zigor Garro Perez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Alberto Ilundain Iriarte
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Cruz Maiza Artola
	|M
	|-
	|
	| Asier Oiarzabal Txapartegi
	| M
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Tarascon
	|Asier Ezeiza Aierra
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Zuhaitz Errasti Goiti
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ekaitz Sirvent Auzmendi
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Uzerche
	| Peio Eskisabel Urtuzaga
	| M
	|-
	|
	|Iñigo Sancho Marco
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Villepinte
	| Arkaitz Agirregabiria del Barrio
	| M
	|-
	|
	|Oroitz Gurrutxaga Gogorza
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Igor Uriarte Lopez de Vicuña
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|'''PORTUGAL'''
	|
	|
	|-
	|Montsanto
	|Andoni Zengotitabengoa Fernandez
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|'''SPAIN'''
	|
	|
	|-
	|A Lama
	|Ibai Aginaga Ginea
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Fernando Alonso Abad
	|M
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Lierni Armendariz González de Langarika
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Josu Bravo Maestrojuan
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aitor Herrera Vieites
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Hodei Ijurko Iroz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Makazaga Azurmendi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Marin Mercero
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Gorka Martinez Ahedo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Idoia Martinez Garcia
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Joxe Mari Olarra Agiriano
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Albocasser
	|Raul Alonso Alvarez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Alvaro Arri Pascual
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Bilbao Beaskoetxea
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jagoba Codo Callejo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Carlos Estevez Paz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Julen Etxaniz Garcia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Harriet Iragi Gurrutxaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Ramon Karasatorre Aldaz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Patxi Markes Zelaia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ugaitz Perez Zorriketa
	|M
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Albolote
	|Arkaitz Agote Cillero
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iban Apaolaza Sancho
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Luis Barrios Martin
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Beaumont Etxebarria
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Unai Bilbao Solaetxe
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Egoitz Coto Etxeandia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Agurtzane Delgado Iriondo
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Unai Lopez de Okariz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Imanol Miner Villanueva
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ainhoa Mujika Goñi
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Juan Antonio Olarra Guridi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Asier Rodriguez Lopez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Diego Ugarte Lopez de Arkaute
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Alcala Meco
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ibon Iparragirre Burgoa
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Alcolea
	|Iñaki Alonso Rubio
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oskar Calabozo Casado
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Cañas Carton
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ana Belen Egues Gurrutxaga
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Javier Gallaga Ruiz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ibon Muñoa Arizmendiarrieta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Perez Aldunate
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Igor Portu Juanena
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Kepa Preciado Izarra
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Xabin Usandizaga Galarraga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Gorka Vidal Alvaro
	|M
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Alicante
	|Asier Aginako Etxenagusia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Irkus Badillo Borde
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aitziber Coello Onaindia
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Olatz Lasagabaster Anza
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Lujanbio Galparsoro
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Tomas Madina Etxebarria
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jorge Txokarro Zoko
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Patxi Uranga Salbide
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Almeria
	|Kepa Arronategi Azurmendi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Lexuri Gallastegi Sodupe
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Garikoitz Arruarte Santacruz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Josu Ginea Sagasti
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Luis Goñi Lara
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Krutxaga Elezkano
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Alberto Viedma Morillas
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iratxe Yañez Ortiz de Barron
	|F
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Arranjuez
	|Jon Mintegiaga Oiarbide
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Txabi Moreno Ramajo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Olga Sanz Martin
	|F with baby
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Badajoz
	|Kepa Del Hoyo Hernandez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Gorka Fraile Iturralde
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Andoni Gabiola Goiogana
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Nerea Garaizar San Martin
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Asier Garcia Justo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Igor Gonzalez Sola
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Igerategi Lizarribar
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel Orbegozo Etxarri
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Andoni Ugalde Zubiri
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Basauri
	|Aitzol Gogorza Otaegi
	|M
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|]
	|Iñigo Albisu Hernandez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel Arrieta Llopis
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Miguel Angel Benaito Villagarcia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Carlos Cristobal Martinez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Leire Etxeberria Simarro
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Unai Fano Aldasoro
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Miguel Gaztelu Otxandorena
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Gorka Loran Lafourcade
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Eider Perez Aristizabal
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Sergio Polo Escobes
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aurken Sola Campillo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Igor Solana Matarran
	|M
	|-
	|
	|German Urizar de Paz
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Brieva
	|Oihana Agirre Garcia
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Jone Amezaga Arriaga
	|F
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Burgos
	|Jesus Felipe Arriaga Ibarra
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ekaitz Ezkerra Laspeñas
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Maria Mendizabal Alberdi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Antonio Zurutuza Sarasola
	|M
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Caceres
	|Iker Lima Sagarna
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Maria Olabarrieta Olabarrieta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aitor Olaizola Baseta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Andoni Otegi Eraso
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel San Argimiro Isasa
	|M
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Castellon
	|Jesus Maria Altable Etxarte
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Pedro Maria Cano Hernandez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Orkatz Gallastegi Sodupe
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Marta Igarriz Izeta
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Zunbeltz Larrea Azpiri
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Karmelo Lauzirika Oribe
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Sergio Lezkano Bernal
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Angel Otxoa de Eribe Landa
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Alicia Saez de la Cuesta
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Oskar Zelarain Ortiz
	|M
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Daroca
	|Aingeru Cardaño Reoyo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aitor Olaizola Urien
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Kemen Uranga Artola
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oier Urrutia Gonzalez
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|]
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Imanol Vicente Ugalde
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Estremera
	|Santi Arrozpide Sarasola
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Itziar Alberdi Uranga
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Imaz Munduate
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Sonia Jacinto Garcia
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Iurgi Mendinueta Mintegi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Jesus Narvaez Goñi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Saioa Sanchez Iturregi
	|F
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Herrera de La Mancha
	|Xabier Aranburu Muguruza
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Aranibar Almandoz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Armendariz Izagirre
	|M
	|-
	|
	| Jabi Arruabarrena Carlos
	| M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel Askasibar Garitano
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Balerdi Ibarguren
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Erostegi Bidaguren
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joanes Larretxea Mendiola
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Lopez Gomez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Faustino Marcos Alvarez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Felipe San Epifanio San Pedro
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Mirena San Pedro Blanco
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Huelva
	|Aritz Arginzoniz Zubiaurre
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Nerea Bengoa Ziarsolo
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Juan Carlos Besance Zugasti
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Bittor Franco Martinez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Irantzu Gallastegi Sodupe
	|F
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Fernando Garcia Jodra
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Sebastian Lasa Mendiaraz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Angel Lopez Anta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aitzol Maurtua Eguren
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iker Olabarrieta Colorado
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Patxi Ruiz Romero
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Jaen
	|Beñat Aginagalde Ugartemendia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oihane Bakedano Maidagan
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Dominguez Atxalandabaso
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Beatriz Etxebarria Caballero
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Aitor Fresnedo Gerrikabeitia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aitor Garcia Aliaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Goienetxe Alonso
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Premin Sanpedro Larrañaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mattin Sarasola Yarzabal
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñigo Zapirain Romano
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|La Moraleja
	|Asier Karrera Arenzana
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oier Lorente Aspiazu
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Mari Maiezkurrena Urkizu
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Lander Maruri Basagoitia
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Logroño
	|Santiago Aragon Iroz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ekaitz De Ibero Arteaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Eneko Etxaburu Markuerkiaga
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Mansilla de las Mulas
	|Iker Araguas Jusue
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Olga Comes Arranbillet
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Aitor Fernandez Terceño
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aitor Franco Gonzalez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel Korta Carrion
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Arkaitz Landaberea Torremotxa
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Carlos Subijana Izquierdo
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Monterroso
	|Ibai Aiensa Laborda
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel Aiensa Laborda
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Endika Lejarzegi Olabarrieta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Ignacio Otaño Labaka
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Kepa Zubizarreta Balboa
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Murcia 1
	|Gorka Martinez Arkarazo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Maria Novoa Arroniz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Francisco Jose Ramada Estevez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ekaitz Samaniego Curiel
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Segurola Beobide
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Murcia 2
	|Ramon Aldasoro Magunazelaia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oier Andueza Antxia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Josu Arkauz Arana
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Javier Atristain Gorosabel
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oskar Cadenas Lorente
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oier Goitia Abadia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ainoa Garcia Montero
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Mikel Izpura Garcia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Urko Labeaga Garcia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel San Sebastian Gaztelumendi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Troitiño Ciria
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Navalcarnero
	|Egoi Alberdi Casanova
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Franco Jabier Balda Araña
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Ocaña 1
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aratz Gomez Larrañaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Carlos Herrador Pouso
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Lerin Sanchez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Anartz Oiartzabal Ubierna
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel Otegi Unanue
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Ocaña 2
	|Jesus Maria Lopez Gonzalez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Santesteban Goikoetxea
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Karlos Trenor Dicenta
	|M
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Picassent 2
	|Alex Belasko Armendariz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Maria Mujika Dorronsoro
	|M
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Manex Zubiaga Bravo
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Picassent 3
	|Mikel Azurmendi Peñagarikano
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Asier Badiola Lasarte
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Josune Balda Arruti
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Ainhoa Barbarin Iurrebaso
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Jose Camacho Elizondo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Luis Angel Galarza Quirce
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Garikoitz Garcia Arrieta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Gonzalez Gonzalez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oskarbi Jauregi Amondarain
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Sara Majarenas Ibarreta
	|F with baby
	|-
	|
	|Asier Mardones Esteban
	|M
	|-
	|
	|]
	|F and baby
	|-
	|
	|Guillermo Merino Bilbao
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Josune Oña Ispizua
	|F and baby
	|-
	|
	|Maite Pedrosa Barrenetxea
	|F
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Puerto 1
	|Agustin Almaraz Larriñaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Julen Atxurra Egurrola
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Fernando Elejalde Tapia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñigo Guridi Lasa
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Sebastian Gurtubai Sanchez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñigo Gutierrez Carrillo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Angel Lerin Sanchez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Zigor Orbe Sevillano
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Josu Ordoñez Fernandez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Arkaitz Saez Arrieta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Urretabizkaia Saukillo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Zabalo Beitia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Zubiaurre Agirre
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Puerto 3
	|Aitor Agirrebarrena Beldarrain
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Oskar Barreras Diaz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ibai Beobide Arza
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Bilbao Goikoetxea
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Manex Castro Zabaleta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Aitor Cotano Sinde
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Maria Dorronsoro Malaxetxebarria
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Enbeita Ortuondo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jesus Maria Etxeberria Garaikoetxea
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Maria Matanzas Gorostizaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Daniel Pastor Alonso
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Rey Urmeneta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Arantza Zulueta Amutxastegi
	|F
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Segovia
	|Jon Enparantza Agirre
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Sevilla
	|Iker Agirre Bernadal
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Gurutz Agirresarobe Pagola
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Arakama Mendia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Rufino Arriaga Arruabarrena
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Asier Arzalluz Goñi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Maria Etxabarri Garro
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Garikoitz Etxeberria Goikoetxea
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jesus Goikoetxea Garralda
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Roberto Lebrero Panizo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñigo Vallejo Franco
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Soria
	|Mikel Arretxe Salbide
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Antonio Etxeberria Arbelaitz
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Sagardoi Lana
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Soto del Real
	|Jabier Carballido Ezkerra
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Luis Iruretagoiena Lanz
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Teixeiro
	|Zigor Blanco Santisteban
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Borde Gaztelumendi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Zigor Bravo Saez de Urbain
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Gregorio Eskudero Balerdi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jesus Maria Gomez Ezkerro
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Luis Mariñelarena Garziandia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Andoni Murga Zenarruzabeitia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jorge Olaiz Rodriguez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Sebastian Prieto Jurado
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Emilio Salaberria Etxebeste
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Teruel
	|Asier Ormazabal Lizeaga
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Topas
	|Josune Arriaga Martinez
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Vicente Askasibar Barrutia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Gaizka Astorkizaga Arriaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jon Crespo Ortega
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Miguel Etxeandia Meabe
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Etxeberria Martin
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Unai Hernandez Sistiaga
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Manuel Inziarte Gallardo
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Maitane Linazasoro Lopez
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Gorka Lupiañez Mintegi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Ugarte Billar
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Villabona
	|Alexander Bustindui Urresola
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ibon Esteban Scaloni
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Sebas Etxaniz Alkorta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Ramon Lopez de Abetxuko Liki
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Javier Sadaba Merino
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|]
	|Gotzon Amaro Lopez
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Arkaitz Antza Illarreta
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Adur Fernandez Arratibel
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Antonio Galarraga Arrona
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Nahikari Otaegi Tena
	|F and baby
	|-
	|
	|Anabel Prieto Furundarena
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Alfontso Sebastian Iriarte
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Villena
	|Gotzon Aranburu Sudupe
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Arregi Erostarbe
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Lorenzo Ayestaran Legorburu
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Elena Beloki Resa
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Ismael Berasategi Eskudero
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Raul Fuentes Villota
	|M
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Juan Carlos Iglesias Chouza
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Maria Lizarraga Merino
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Xabier Tximeno Inza
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Fermin Vila Mitxelena
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Maialen Zuazo Aurrekoetxea
	|F
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Zaballa
	|Aitor Bores Gutiérrez<ref>{{cite web|title=Un preso de la 'Vía Nanclares'....|url=http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2013/11/06/527a936f0ab74044628b4589.html|publisher=El Mundo, 6 November 2013|accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref>
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Rafael Caride Simon<ref>{{cite web|title=Victimas de Hipercor.....|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/culturas/cine/201410/01/victimas-hipercor-dolidas-director-20140930223206.html|publisher=El Correo.com, 1 October 2014|accessdate=27 October 2014}}</ref>
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Luis Carrasco Aseguinolaza<ref>{{cite web|title=La Via Zaballa no es....|url=http://www.diariovasco.com/20140312/mas-actualidad/politica/zaballa-nanclares-201403121737.html|publisher=diariovasco.com, 12 March 2014|accessdate=27 October 2014}}</ref>
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Ibon Etxezarreta Etxaniz<ref>{{cite web|title=El exetarra Ibon.....|url=http://www.abc.es/espana/20140730/abci-juan-maria-jaureguien-etarra-201407301241.html|publisher=ABC.es 30 July 2014|accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref>
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Carmen Guisasola Solozábal<ref>{{cite web|title=La Etarra arrepentida Carmen Guisasola...|url=http://ecodiario.eleconomista.es/espana/noticias/5407316/12/13/La-etarra-arrepentida-Carmen-Guisasola-podria-ser-la-proxima-excarcelada.html#.Kku8WNUTa70g0Xi|publisher=elEconomista.es 19 December 2013|accessdate=27 October 2014}}</ref>
	|F
	|-
	|
	|]<ref>{{cite web|title=Conceden doce dias de permiso....|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/politica/201410/20/conceden-doce-dias-permiso-20141020015335.html|publisher=ElCorreo.com 20 October 2014|accessdate=28 October 2014}}</ref>
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Jesus Maria Martin Hernando
	|M
	|-
	|
	|]<ref>{{cite web|title=El etarra Pikabea.....|url=http://www.abc.es/espana/20140327/abci-confesion-consuelo-oronez-201403262214.html|publisher=ABC.es, 27 March 2014|accessdate=27 October 2014}}</ref>
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Joseba Urrusolo Sistiaga<ref>{{cite web|title=Suspenden los permisos.....|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/bizkaia/politica/201407/18/suspenden-permisos-urrosolo-sistiaga-20140718195355.html|publisher=El Correo.com 18 July 2014|accessdate=27 October 2014}}</ref>
	|M
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| Most of the prisoners in Zaballa prison are not on the Etxerat list because they have been expelled from the organisation.
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|Zuera
	|Juan Luis Agirre Lete
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Bilbao Gaubeka
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Kepa Etxeberria Sagarzazu
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Iñaki Garces Beitia
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Kepa Legina Aurre
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Igor Martinez de Osaba Arregi
	|M
	|-
	|
	|]
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Asier Uribarri Benito
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Jose Jabier Zabaleta Elosegi
	|M
	|-
	|-
	|-
	| colspan="11"| -
	|-
	|-
	|House Arrest
	|Jose Ramon Foruria Zubialde
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Mikel Gil Cervera
	|M
	|-
	|
	|Belen Gonzalez Peñalva
	|F
	|-
	|
	|Milagros Ioldi Mujika
	|F
	|-
	{{Fb cs footer|u=
	25 January 2016 |s=|date=January 2014}}
	{{clear}}
	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist|3}}
	*
	*
	*
	*
	==External links==		==External links==
	*		*
	*		* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818123252/http://www.eppk-bt.net/ |date=18 August 2017 }}
			*
	]		]

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Latest revision as of 08:50, 22 July 2024

Basque National Liberation Movement prisoners are all those people who have been imprisoned, placed on remand, or otherwise kept in custody due to their illegal activity in support of the Basque National Liberation Movement (MLNV using its Spanish acronym).

Most individuals linked to the MLNV currently serving out their sentences in prisons of Spain, France and other countries were convicted for their involvement with Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) at the moment of their arrest, and for other offences such as murder, attempted murder, participating in terrorism and kidnapping. Some were convicted only for being a member of ETA, while others were not members of ETA but have been imprisoned for collaborating with it, or have been convicted of other offences such as belonging to illegal organizations like Gestoras pro Amnistía or SEGI, belonging to or trying to rebuild banned political parties such as Askatasuna and Batasuna, participating in Kale borroka, or for the "public glorification of terrorism", an offence incorporated into the Spanish Criminal Code in 1995.

Many supporters of the Basque nationalist left consider ETA and MLNV convicts currently in Spanish and French prisons to be political prisoners, the majority of whom are represented by the Basque Political Prisoners Collective (EPPK under its Basque acronym). Some organizations like Etxerat have spent many years campaigning for the rights of Basque prisoners, with a special focus on bringing dispersed prisoners back to the Basque Country and the release of seriously ill prisoners.

Since the late 1960s tens of thousands of MLNV activists have been detained, and several thousands of those imprisoned. Up until 2003 an estimated 30,000 activists had been arrested, 8,172 of whom were accused of being members of ETA, out of which 4,770 were convicted of a criminal offence and served a prison sentence. A notable convicted MLNV leader is former ETA-member Arnaldo Otegi, who was released in 2016 after six year in prisons for attempting to re-establish the outlawed party Batasuna, despite having received conviction in an unfair trial. In addition, Otegi had been previously convicted of a number of offences including kidnapping, glorifying terrorism, and being an ETA member.

History

The number of prisoners related to the Basque National Liberation Movement has varied over the years as can be seen in the following bar chart. It begins in 1978, after the amnesty of 1977, which made it illegal to bring to trial any Franco era crime, and also gave amnesty to all prisoners who had committed crimes with a political root during Franco's dictatorship and the Spanish transition to democracy.

The data for the bar chart comes from Etxerat, the association of family members of these prisoners, and the EPPK (Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa). However, some prisoners choose not to be part of Etxerat, or have been expelled, and so the number of Basque National Liberation Movement prisoners is approximately 7% more than these figures. For example, in 2005 Etxerat reported 507 prisoners were held in Spanish prisons, while the Spanish prison service stated that there were 544 related to ETA.

For consistency the Etxerat figures have been used in the bar chart.

Current situation

According to Etxerat, as of February 2023 there were 168 people imprisoned due their activities in support of ETA or organizations linked to ETA. 156 are imprisoned in Spain and 12 in France. 25 are women.

Dispersal policy

Fleury MerogisFresnesLa SanteArlesBapaumeGradignanLannemezanLiancourtMartuteneMont de MarsanMoulins-YzeureSeyssesOsnyPoitiersRennesRoanneSaint-Martin-de-ReLa MorelejaLyon CorbasMuretReau Sud FrancilienSaint MaurVillepinteLogroñoMansillaEl DuesoNavalcarneroSoriaZueraBasauriZaballaBurgosVillanublaMeauxDarocaTarasconAlenconEl DuesoUzercheGefängnisValencePamplonaPoissyLa SanteBaumettesBeziersclass=notpageimage| French, Spanish and Swiss prisons currently (red) and previously (green) holding MNLV members. Seville IIAlbocasserTeruelSoriaSoto del RealTopasPicassentVillanublaVillabonaVillenaMartuteneA LamaAlcalá-MecoBotafuegoAlmeriaAranjuezBadajozBurgosCaceresMonsantoDarocaAlcoleaHerrera de la ManchaHuelvaJaénAlboloteLa MoralejaLogroñoMansilla de las MulasMonterrosoMurciaNavalcarneroOcañaPuertoSegoviaZueraAlicanteBasauriZaballaTeixeiroEstremeraCastellonBrievaEl DuesoValdemoroPamplonaCeutaIbizaMelillaCarabanchelclass=notpageimage| Spanish and Portuguese prisons currently (red) and previously (green) holding MNLV members.

In 1989 the Spanish government began a policy of dispersal of Basque prisoners throughout Spain. The purpose was to restrict communication between ETA and its prisoners and to eventually reintegrate them into society. At the beginning some prisoners were even sent to North Africa and the Canary Islands, but during ETA's ceasefire in the late 1990s those prisoners were brought back to the mainland, and even after the ceasefire ended they were kept there. Several times prisoners have been brought nearer to the Basque Country as a response to an ETA ceasefire. For example, in September 1999, 105 prisoners were sent to prisons nearer the Basque Country in response to ETA maintaining its ceasefire for over a year. However, prisoners have also been sent further away in response to ETA violence.

The policy has been maintained over the years, generally sending the more dangerous or high ranking individuals to prisons furthest from the Basque Country. 2014 marked the 25th anniversary of this policy, which has been hailed as a great success by the Spanish government, especially in the light of the 2011 declaration by ETA of a permanent ceasefire. France has taken a similar approach, spreading the prisoners throughout the French prison system.

The families of the prisoners view this policy as punishing them, as they are forced to travel large distances to visit their imprisoned relatives. They argue that the distances they need to travel cause stress, is financially draining, and that every year there are accidents involving family members while traveling to or from prisons. There have been many demonstrations calling for all these prisoners to be moved to prisons in the Basque Country. Currently there is a highly publicised campaign calling for this. Its slogan is "Euskal presoak- Euskal Herrira" ("Basque prisoners to the Basque Country"). It has widespread support within the Basque Country. Ill prisoners also regularly ask to be transferred to prisons in the Basque country.

Most of the main political parties in Spain reject this idea, the exception being Podemos which wants to see an end to the dispersal policy. Mariano Rajoy, the Prime Minister of Spain, said in 2011 that he would not consider ending the policy until ETA declares its disbandment. Interior minister Jorge Fernández Díaz confirmed the possibility of changing the dispersal policy conditioned on ETA's dissolution. In 2017 this was re-emphasized by the Interior minister Juan Ignacio Zoido who stated that the Spanish government would not end dispersion while ETA still exists. By contrast, the European Parliament condemned on 5 October 2017 dispersal policies applied within Europe for their damaging effect on prisoners' family life, as well as urging member states to revise the sentences of seriously ill prisoners on humanitarian grounds; the act, passed by a large majority (474 votes), was opposed by the Spanish Conservatives, Ciudadanos, and UPyD.

However, in May 2019, the European Tribunal for Human Rights ruled against the appeal filed in 2016 by prisoner Gorka Fraile against his dispersal 700 km away from his family while undergoing cancer treatment; the tribunal stated that the dispersal policy is justified and sanctioned by Spanish law and interference with his family life would be justified by a higher end, i.e. "the prevention of disorder and crime and the protection of the rights and liberties of others", concluding next that Spanish Justice did not breach his fundamental rights. In March 2018, Etxerat reported the death of prisoner Xabier Rey in a Cadiz prison cell, 1050 km away from home, who was held 1st degree, i.e. incommunicado. The relatives' support association condemned the harsh conditions of his detention. It was followed by a rally in Pamplona mourning and denouncing his death attended by thousands.

Following ETA's disbandment , a wide number of jurists consulted in Spain advocated for an end to the dispersal policy in May 2018; however, at that point, the Spanish government refused to change its policy on the matter. The same month that year, UPN, a regional party of Navarre, warned it would not endorse the Spanish government's national budget if it did not strongly commit to the dispersal policies of Basque prisoners. The topic of ETA prisoners was raised by Pablo Casado before and after his election in July 2018 as head of the Popular Party. The party used the victims of terrorism as a way of opposing the incoming Spanish premier Pedro Sanchez, PSOE, now in office, with Casado declaring they would "not put up with any prison transfer close home of ETA prisoners", and would not either accept "meddling with the memory of the victims"; the party secretary Javier Maroto stated that the party would rally ETA victims out to the streets to protest any attempt to transfer these prisoners close to the Basque Country.

EPPK

Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa (EPPK) is a collective which speaks and negotiates for, and has as members the majority of these prisoners.

Originally this role was played by La Comisión Pro Amnistía and La Gestora Pro Amnistía, both of which were dissolved after the general amnesty in 1978. In 1979 Gestoras pro Amnistía was created to take their place. After this was made illegal in 2001 Askatasuna took on the role, but was itself made illegal in 2002. In 2008 twenty-one members who had run Gestoras pro Amnistía were imprisoned for between 8 and 10 years each. In 2011 the former head of Askatasuna, Oihana Agirre was given a 12-year sentence.

Since the illegalization of Askatasuna the EPPK and Etxerat have spoken for the prisoners and campaigned for amnesty to be granted to them. The EPPK is said to control prisoners strictly and demand they follow its orders. Prisoners who refuse orders from the EPPK have been ostracized.

It is thought there are broadly 2 groups within the prisoner population. One group has long sentences yet to serve, who would prefer a group negotiation for amnesty. The other group consists of prisoners with less time to serve before being released, and they might be interested in applying for better conditions or for limited release.

In 2012 the EPPK was criticized by former prisoners for insisting on amnesty for all prisoners and denying many prisoners the option of improving their own situation through other legal means. In December 2013 the EPPK announced that it was dropping its long standing demand for amnesty of all prisoners, and so opened the door for prisoners to negotiate individually for better conditions.

However, in July 2014 it was reported that no member of the EPPK had begun individual negotiations, and it was believed that the EPPK was still following an alternative strategy.

Hunger strikes

There have been many hunger strikes by Basque prisoners. None have led to the death of a prisoner.

Here is a list of some of them:

• In June 1974 thirteen prisoners in Basauri prison began a hunger strike. It lasted 13 days.
• In September 1974 one prisoner in Zaragoza prison took part in a 16-day hunger strike and was hospitalized.
• In October 1974 thirteen prisoners in Basauri prison began another hunger strike.
• In December 1974 six prisoners took part in a hunger strike in Zaragoza prison.
• In September 1976 twelve prisoners began a hunger strike in Burgos prison to protest at the conditions of the prison and their treatment.
• In December 1976 eleven prisoners began another hunger strike in Burgos prison.
• In August 1977 seven prisoners from Carabanchel and Martutene prisons took part in a hunger strike.
• In May 1978 nine prisoners held in Pamplona prison held a 17-day hunger strike. It was to support the Pro-Amnesty week, and demand a general amnesty.
• In October 1980, 43 prisoners took part in a hunger strike to complain about harsh treatment in the prisons of Soria and Zamora.
• In February 1981, 108 prisoners in Carabanchel prison began a hunger strike in protest at the torturing to death of fellow inmate Joxe Arregi.
• In September 1982, 74 prisoners in Puerto Santa Maria prison began a hunger strike.
• In February 1984, two prisoners in Fresnes prison, in France held a month-long hunger strike.
• In June 1986 almost 100 prisoners held in Herrera de la Mancha prison took part in a hunger strike to demand amnesty.
• In November 1987 over 100 prisoners from six prisons declared a hunger strike to protest "against the repression of the Basque people, and for political negotiations".
• In December 1988 three prisoners in French prisons took part in a month-long hunger strike, and were hospitalized.
• In April 1991 seventy prisoners in Herrera de la Mancha prison began a hunger strike to complain about being separated from each other within the prison.
• In June 1991, thirteen prisoners in El Salto del Negro Prison, in the Canary Islands began a hunger strike in protest at the "minimal living conditions" in the prison.
• In May 1992, twelve prisoners in El Salto del Negro Prison, in the Canary Islands, held a month-long hunger strike.
• In July 1992, nine prisoners in Puerto 2 prison, held a hunger strike to complain about conditions in the prison.
• In September 1994, 250 prisoners began a hunger strike.
• In July 1996 Iñaki Olaskoaga Múgica, imprisoned in Uzerche prison in France, undertook a hunger strike to demand that Basque prisoners be imprisoned together in a Basque prison. After 23 days he was transferred to hospital.
• In October 1998 four prisoners in La Sante prison in Paris went on hunger strike to protest against the planned extradition of one of them to Spain after completing his sentence in France.
• In May 2000, 300 prisoners ended a 7-month-long hunger strike.
• In August 2006 José Ignacio de Juana Chaos began his first hunger strike which lasted 63 days. It was to protest against him being accused of making terrorist threats in two letters written from prison just as he was about to be released after 17 years inside. In November of the same year he was given a 12½ year sentence for writing those letters. In protest at the sentence he began another hunger strike which ended on 1 March 2007 after 114 days. He began his third hunger strike in July 2008 in protest at the Spanish authorities confiscating the apartment his wife had bought from his mother, and where he was planning to live on leaving prison.
• In January 2010 Lorentxa Gimon began a hunger strike to protest against her isolation in the French prison where she was. It began before and independently of the mass hunger strike which began later in January.
• In January 2010 there was a mass hunger strike by all 742 prisoners belonging to the collective of Basque prisoners (EPPK). It was to complain about the policy of dispersion.
• In October 2010 six prisoners began a 15-day hunger strike in Murcia prison to demand that they all be kept in the same part of the prison, and to complain at the unhygienic conditions of the whole prison, including a plague of rats in the kitchen and dining room.
• In February 2012 Ibon Goieaskoetxea and Borja Gutiérrez began a hunger strike in protest of the imminent transfer of Goieaskoetxea to another prison in France.
• In August 2012 a hunger strike was begun to protest at the Spanish authorities refusal to let Josu Uribetxeberria, an imprisoned ETA member who had terminal cancer, from returning home to die. It began with 100 prisoners in Spain, including Arnaldo Otegi, and they were joined by 91 from French prisons. By 13 August 254 prisoners had joined the hunger strike.
• In October 2013 fifteen Basque prisoners in Seville prison began a hunger strike to protest against their incarceration so far from home and their families. Thirteen of the prisoners continued the hunger strike for 32 days.
• In June 2015 seven prisoners held in Fleury-Mérogis Prison went on hunger strike to protest at the reduction in the number of visits they can each receive, from four every month to two.
• In May 2016 a hunger strike was held for 19 days by several prisoners in Fresnes prison in France in protest at Itziar Moreno being placed in isolation.

'Via Nanclares'

'Via Nanclares' is a project to allow ETA prisoners to gain better conditions in prison and eventually to be released on condition they fulfill certain conditions. The core of these conditions is that they distance themselves from ETA, ask for forgiveness, and agree to pay compensation for their actions. Its purpose is to break the control the EPPK (Euskal Preso Politikoen Kolektiboa) has over these prisoners and the strict discipline it imposes. Part of this discipline for example, demanded that amnesty of all prisoners was to be sought, and that individuals could not seek ways to reduce their own sentences. Anyone doing so would be ostracized. The 'Via Nanclares' project was thought up by Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba and set in motion by the then Prime Minister José Luis Zapatero in 2009. It takes its name from the old Nanclares de Oca prison in the Basque Country, where these prisoners were to be sent. In 2011 that prison was replaced by the new 720 cell Zaballa prison, built close to it.

With the change of government in Madrid in November 2011 the 'Via Nanclares' was temporarily closed, but is now in use again. It requires prisoners to:

• Distance themselves from ETA.
• Accept prison policy.
• Leave the collective of Basque prisoners (EPPK).
• Publicly denounce ETA and the use of violence.
• Ask for forgiveness from the families of their victims, if there are any.
• Agree to pay compensation, if damage has been caused.
• And lastly to collaborate with the Spanish judicial system in the fight against terrorism.

When ETA declared its permanent ceasefire in 2011 twenty two prisoners had opted for this option. However, Mikel Buesa claimed that 68 prisoners had started the 'Via Nanclares' by 2012, with 30 managing to be sent to Nanclares prison. The first to be released through the 'Via Nanclares' were José Manuel Fernández Pérez de Nanclares and Fernando de Luis Astarloa in 2012. Prisoners who have chosen this way to improve their conditions have all found themselves ostracized by the radical nationalist community they were formally part of. Many prisoners have been reluctant to pursue the 'Via Nanclares' for this reason.

The 'Via Nanclares' was closed at the end of 2011 when the Partido Popular won the general election. The new government initiated a different project to rehabilitate prisoners, but only one person used it.

In 2014 Spanish judges opened up the way for prisoners, who had been on the 'Via Nanclares' when the project was stopped, to continue the process. So far 3 have been given permission to leave prison during daytime, and a further 8 have been given permission to spend 18 days away from the prison in every 6-month period.

The Parot doctrine

Main article: Parot doctrine

In October 2013 the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) condemned Spain over its continued detention of Inés del Rio. She was due to be released in 2008 for good behaviour after 21 years in prison, but in 2006 Spain changed its rules to include what is now known as the Parot doctrine, and decided to postpone her release until 2017. The ECtHR declared that this was a violation of two articles (5 and 7) of the European Convention on Human Rights and ordered Spain to release her as soon as possible and to pay her compensation. The following day, on 21 October 2013, she was released from prison. The European court's ruling also banned the Spanish government from extending prison terms for Basque prisoners.

The Spanish government complained that this ruling would mean they would have to release dozens of ETA prisoners. In November 2013 Spain began releasing other prisoners, including one being held temporarily in a prison in the UK. Ahead of the European Court of Human Rights' ruling, the minister of interior Fernandez Díaz declared that its implementation to the inmates in similar circumstances may be skipped by means of "juridical engineering". The minister of justice Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón stated that "each inmate of Spain in similar circumstances will have to appeal to the European Cour if they want to have the Parot doctrine cancelled". There was a mass demonstration held in Madrid against the ruling by the ECtHR organised by the Association of Victims of Terrorism.

Torture

Generally speaking, torture almost always takes place in secret and so it is difficult to know if it has taken place or not. Members of the Spanish state apparatus have been convicted for mistreatment, torture and even murder of ETA members, the veracity of many torture allegations and the degree to which it occurs is subject to controversy in Spain. However, Amnesty International claims that torture is a reality in Spain; between 2004 and 2012 over 6,400 torture cases were reported, a figure in contrast to the number of convictions. Pau Pérez-Sales, activist and senior expert assisting both domestic and international tribunals has stressed the degree of impunity surrounding torture in Spain. On 13 September 2017, Amnesty International stated that during a long period, citing a Basque Government's 1978-1999 report, torture was applied extensively in Spain under anti-terrorist provisions, affecting to a large extent the Basque Country, and demanded that the Spanish government admit to its practice, as well as reminding it of its 'obligation' to investigate torture and make reparations to the victims. It also denounced Spain for continuing to evade the application of international standards against torture in its domestic legislation. In addition, it stated that convictions for torture are very infrequent, and highlighted the high number of pardons granted to the few people convicted of such crimes. The NGO also pointed out that torture victims are 'ostracized'.

Between 1977 and 2002 there were approximately 5300 claims of torture having been carried out by police on ETA prisoners. Since then there have been hundreds more accusations. Allegations of torture are mostly related to threats and beatings, and then to lesser degrees to suffocation, forced body positions, undressing and physical exercises. A study of 112 Basques held incommunicado between 2000 and 2005, conducted by the Basque Institute for Legal Medicine and based on testimonies collected by an NGO, suggests that torture remains a serious problem in Spain. It detected different alleged torture patterns relating to different police forces. The group arrested by the Civil Guard accused this body of the most severe torture methods. In December 2018, the Spanish Parliament refused reparation and recognition to the victims of torture inflicted in the fight against ETA, or removing honour awards granted to members of the security forces convicted of torture; the proposal was turned down with the votes of the parties PSOE, Ciudadanos and PP.

According to former ETA members, the French police never submitted their prisoners to torture. ETA terrorism never targeted French civilians nor security forces and France had a long-standing policy of tolerating ETA presence on its territory since the times of Franco's dictatorship. This policy changed in the late 80s when French President Mitterrand decided that France would no longer be an ETA 'safe-haven' and began co-operation with Spanish authorities and extradition of ETA-members indicted for terrorism to Spain.

Torture cases and convictions

One example of an alleged incident is that of Martxelo Otamendi, the editor of a Basque language newspaper Egunkaria which was subject to a precautionary closure in 2004 by a Spanish judge due to alleged links with ETA, later found to be ungrounded. Otamendi, among other editors was arrested by the Guardia Civil as a result of the Court order and claims to have been stripped naked, blindfolded, touched with unidentified objects around his genitals and subject to sleep deprivation and simulated execution. Six colleagues who were detained at the same time also claimed to have experienced similar treatment. They were eventually absolved by the Spanish Audiencia Nacional (High Court) in 2010, which also criticized the Judge's decision to close the only newspaper at the time which was fully in the Basque language without more solid constitutional grounds. The Popular Party's government sued Otamendi for defamation but was eventually ordered by the European Court of Human Rights to pay Otamendi compensation for not taking his allegations seriously nor investigating them.

Another case is that of Fernando Elejalde Tapia, arrested minutes after murdering Francisco Javier Gomez Alósegui at the door of his house; Gomez Alósegui was the psychologist of Martutene prison and a public supporter of negotiation with ETA and bringing convicts to jails close to the Basque Country. Amnesty International reported concern about Elejalde Tapia as a suspected case of torture. After being arrested he was transferred to hospital with "a fractured ear drum, four broken vertebrae in his back, bruising all over his body, blackened eyes, a kidney malfunction and was in a state of semi-consciousness." Ms Leire Gallastegui claimed in 2001 to have been told to choose between "electrodes, her mother's arrest or a broom handle". In December 2010 four Civil Guard police officers were imprisoned for torturing two men suspected of terrorist activities. The police officers were released in 2011 after appealing to the Spanish High Court, which judged the injuries sustained by the suspects to have been caused by a violent arrest.

On the 13 of February 1981 Joxe Arregi, an alleged member of ETA, died of pneumonia in the hospital of Carabanchel prison after spending 9 days in police custody. The forensic report concluded that he was tortured; he showed second degree burns on the soles of his feet, as well as blows and traumas over his body. Two policemen involved in the interrogation were eventually given sentences of 3 months in prison and a two-year suspension for torturing the detainee. No judgment was made in court as to whether Arregi had died as a result of the torture he received because neither the prosecutor nor the Human Rights Organization party to the case asked the judge to do so. However, a first sentence establishing no connection between torture and death was later overturned on the grounds of the contradictions found on the judge's conclusion. It was reported in the Spanish press that Arregi may have died as a result of being submitted to a torture technique called la bañera in which the victim's head is placed in a container of dirty water until he or she is obliged to breathe in the liquid which then enters the victims lungs. Santiago Brouard, doctor and member of the political party HASI at the time, speculated that it may account for Arregi's broncopneumonia.

In September 2014, a Basque report commissioned by the human rights society Argituz and based on the Istanbul Protocol confirmed the veracity of the 45 torture testimonies analyzed spanning from 1982 to 2010 for detainees held incommunicado under the Antiterrorist Law. The report carried out by over 30 health professionals, especially psychotherapists and psychiatric doctors, hailing from 8 different organizations have stressed the difficulties found to obtain any records due to the incommunicado regime that "facilitates the commission of torture and mistreatment", as well as pointing to an ever-increasing use of psychological torture techniques."

An expert panel appointed by Mariano Rajoy's cabinet to evaluate the provisions in place for the prevention of torture underscored that "mistreatment cases are not exceptional, but symptoms of structural deficiencies", recommending as well to install CCTV cameras in all areas of the police stations. Unai Romano's is another case that may have been prevented with the use of CCTV. The Basque youth was arrested and transferred to Madrid in 2001, receiving severe injuries to his head while in custody; as stated by Romano, "on arrival in Madrid I was put in a cell, I was instructed not look at their eyes, then interrogations began. When my answer did not suit them, I got beaten on my head." He was taken to hospital, with Romano filing a report, but his claims went unheard, dismissed by the relevant Spanish tribunal. He then took the case to the European Court of Human Rights, where the case was being considered in early 2015. The images of Romano's swollen and deformed head were leaked, and showed on posters protesting against torture across the Basque Country.

In February 2018, in the midst of a political controversy, with the Basque Nationalist Party MP Aitor Esteban urging the Spanish government to condemn Civil Guard head Manuel Sanchez Corbí for targeting his party in the fight against ETA, labelled as 'the evil', Esteban disclosed that the law-enforcement official was condemned in 1997 for torture against a Basque, and pardoned subsequently by the Spanish government.

International criticism

Since 2002 Spain has been criticised several times by United Nations Committee against Torture (CAT) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) for not investigating properly allegations of torture made by ETA members and others suspected of having links to it. Specifically Spain has been found to have violated articles 2, 4 and 14 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, and article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights. France was also criticised by CAT for having deported ETA member Josu Arkauz Arana to Spain in 1997 where he was "in a situation where he was particularly vulnerable to possible abuse". France was found to have violated article 3 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in that case. CAT investigated the case of Kepa Urra in 2002, who claimed to have been tortured by 4 members of the Guardia Civil in 1997 during an operation to dismantle part of ETA. Although the four guardia were initially convicted in a Spanish court of having tortured Urra they were later pardoned. Spain was found guilty of a violation of articles 2, 4 and 14 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Two years later, in 2004 a United Nations report written by Theo van Boven stated that the fact that detainees are held incommunicado for up to 5 days allows abuses to take place, and advised the Spanish government to make changes to this practice. In 2012, the UN Committee Against Torture ruled against Spain again, this time for not investigating accusations of torture made by Oskar Gallastegi, who had been sentenced to 26 years in jail for his role in the murder of a judge in the Basque Country in 2001.

Amnesty International has also condemned Spain for holding prisoners incommunicado. A report published in 1999 stated that it "believes it to be beyond question that incommunicado detention facilitates torture and ill-treatment." Again in 2002 Amnesty International released a report criticising the Spanish government for its policy of holding detainees incommunicado. The report states that it had "received some very serious and highly detailed reports, which appear to be corroborated by medical evidence. Many of the allegations referred to the practice of asphyxiation with plastic bags; repeated kicks and blows of the hand on the head or testicles; forced physical exercises for long periods of time; claims of sexual harassment or abuse; threats of execution, rape, miscarriage or injury to partners and relatives." In June 2014 Amnesty International reported on the 'impunity and denial' of the Spanish authorities regarding torture. The human rights organization stated that it had continued to receive allegations of torture and mistreatment inflicted by state security forces since 1987, the year when Spain ratified the United Nations Convention against Torture. The international organization goes on to say that "the Spanish authorities do not take seriously the gravity of torture as a crime of international law, and meanwhile, the victims of torture remain defenseless." In the same report Amnesty International says that successive Spanish governments "have not established sufficient measures and mechanisms necessary to prevent torture taking place while in the custody of its security forces, e.g. the suspension of the incommunicado regime, which remains in place, or the introduction of CCTV in all the places where detainees are held, nor have they implemented provisions leading to thorough, independent and impartial investigation of torture when it takes place."

In 2010 the ECtHR in Strasbourg made its first ruling against Spain for not investigating properly allegations of torture made by ETA member Mikel San Argimiro. In 2014 the ECtHR criticised Spain again for failing to protect prisoners from violence at the hands of the authorities. This time the cases of Ms Beatriz Etxebarria Caballero, and Mr Oihan Unai Ataun Rojo were examined. It was shown that the Spanish authorities did little to investigate their claims of torture and ordered Spain to pay each compensation. In 2015 the ECtHR found Spain guilty of violating the procedural aspects of article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the case brought against it by Arratibel Garciandia. Most recently, in May 2016, the ECtHR ruled against Spain for not investigating properly allegations of torture made by Xabier Beorlegi. In January 2018, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Spain for degrading and inhuman treatment inflicted by the Civil Guard to Mattin Sarasola and Igor Portu, two ETA members convicted of the T-4 bombings in Madrid. For the first time the tribunal ruled on content, and not just on form, i.e. Spain not investigating torture, for which Spain has been condemned 9 more times by the same court during the last years. The court thus supports a previous ruling by a Basque court which condemned 4 Civil Guard officers for torture, a sentence that was overturned by the Spanish High Court. It constitutes a violation of Article 3 of the Council of Europe's European Convention on Human Rights.

In May 2019, fifteen independent experts making up the UNO Committee against Torture resolved that Gorka Lupiañez, condemned for ETA membership and other related offences by Spanish tribunals, was subjected to torture by the Civil Guard in 2007 during incommunicado detention, using methods such as bag suffocation, battering, sleep deprivation, and death threats, as denounced by the victim; following Lupiañez's denouncement, the Spanish authorities accused him of "following ETA's agenda". The Committee once more urges Spanish authorities to stop incommunicado detentions for their relation to torture, reminds them that nothing justifies it, as well as demanding that they "pursue diligent, immediate and impartial investigations". Following a long process pursued by Spanish authorities to extradite Iratxe Sorzabal, an ETA member, the Paris Court of Appeal rejected in December 2020 a 4th European Arrest Warrant on the grounds that Spain did not make the efforts necessary to investigate evidence of torture inflicted on her. The tribunal bases its resolution on the report presented by the IRCT, International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims, and IFEG on the risks of ignoring torture. In January 2021, the ECtHR condemned again Spain for the passivity shown in conducting proper investigation on serious torture allegations denounced in by Íñigo González, member of the disbanded organization Ekin, following his detention in 2011 by the Civil Guard in Pamplona on orders of the judge Fernando Grande-Marlaska, so breaching the article 3 of the European Convention of Human Rights; a report confirmed he suffered post-traumatic stress syndrome. The Audiencia Nacional demanded to launch an investigation, but the judge did not act accordingly, "for absence of leads"; the Constitutional Court did not endorse González. The tribunals refused to name the Civil Guard officers identified by the detainee, a position the ECtHR criticizes in the sentence. Spain is liable to a €20,000 compensation to González for damages. ECtHR has ruled ten times against Spain for not investigating torture since 2010.

Claims of false torture allegations

Successive Spanish Governments have consistently stated that, in general terms, torture claims by Basque detainees are part of a tactic by ETA to gain political capital and sympathy as well as to bog down the legal process, rather than a systematic practice of torture by Spanish authorities. As stated by El País, there is no evidence to show that the Spanish security forces have systematically used torture against ETA suspects. According to Secretary General of the Unified Police Syndicate José Manuel Sánchez-Fornet, there exist 'absolutely exceptional cases of mistreatment' with a small number of trials and convictions of members of the Police and Guardia Civil, but he also avows that anti-terrorist legislation 'helps cases of torture' happen. Just the opposite, the Coordinating Committee for the Prevention of Torture has underscored the obstacles set by the successive Spanish governments to carry out proper investigation, failing to meet the most basic requirements expected for investigations on torture allegations, with only two severe cases leading to an effective conviction of police officials, both condemnations warranted by judges in the Basque Country, and not Madrid tribunals.

In 2008 a manual produced by ETA for its members was found by the Guardia Civil in the hands of ETA members Igor Portu and Mattin Sarasola, when they were arrested in the house of a third ETA member Mikel Sebastian. This manual, written entirely in the Basque language and eventually leaked to the press, was named Atxiloketari Aurre Eginez, 2º zkia (Facing Detention, Volume 2). It detailed what ETA members should do once detained by the police. According to the press, the three main directives of this document were firstly, "do not make a statement", secondly, "deny everything", and thirdly, "report torture". Starting with a first hand account of a detention process, the manual highlights the comfort of court jail cells, and says a forensic doctor will visit detainees before they appear before a judge. ETA members are told that once in a court jail they need not worry about threats and blackmails made during their interrogation in the police station because they cannot be returned there. As reported by El País, once in the court jail, the documents directs members to tell the forensic doctor that they have been tortured mentally as well as physically, and to tell that the statements they made in the police station were extracted under torture. Official court papers make no mention of these details.

A similar manual was confiscated from the ETA cell "Commando Araba" in 1998, recommending all ETA detainees to allege torture, reminding them that "standing behind you are the press, local, youth and international collectives and, with a bit of luck, some opportunist and doubtful political party." However, the NGO Torturaren Aurkako Taldea [eu] (TAT) has pointed out that this document is totally different in style, tone and language to other 'manuals' found in the possession of the "Commando Araba". TAT has stated that they suspect the document was created by the police.

Solidarity

The Basque Country has seen many actions and events in solidarity of the Basque prisoners with political motivation. Solidarity has materialized in gatherings, demonstrations, and other events. During the inauguration of the 1999 IAAF World Championships held in Seville two activists disguised as mascots of the games, the Giraldillas, made it onto the stage and remained there during the presentation wearing the logo and slogans for Basque prisoners' repatriation, with another activist showing a placard.

Following the permanent truce by ETA in 2011, the echo of events against the Spanish dispersal policy and in support of the prisoners' rights have gained momentum and a more central position in the Basque political agenda. Sare is a major movement advocating for the rights of Basque prisoners. It calls a mass demonstration each early January in Bilbao with a turnout of tens of thousands. On 9 January 2016, tens of thousands also march in Bilbao, while between 7,500 and 10,000 took to the streets in Bayonne with the same demand.

On 15 January 2017, 80,000 demonstrators according to organizers rallied through the streets of Bilbao to demand an end to the dispersal policies implemented on 350 Basque prisoners scattered all over Spain and France, and the release of seriously ill prisoners. Sare denounced that prisoners are being irregularly retained in captivity beyond the conviction term. On 9 December 2017, thousands arriving from the Basque Country marched through central Paris with demands for an end to the dispersal policy and the special, emergency regime implemented on Basque prisoners. It was supported by the near totality of the French Basque representatives, including Jean-René Etchegaray, mayor of Bayonne and the Basque agglomeration. On 13 January 2018, this demonstration took place again under bleak weather conditions with the same demands.

On her address in the Spanish Congress during the votation for the inauguration of the Spanish premier Pedro Sanchez on 3 January 2020, the MP of EH Bildu Mertxe Aizpurua donned a pin for the transfer of the Basque prisoners back to their homeland, demanding also an end to "the revenge and emergency prison policy against the Basque prisoners" amidst an atmosphere of high tension in which she was subject to verbal abuse. The following day, the society Dignidad y Justicia filed a report before the Supreme Court against her for "humiliation of the victims of terrorism" on the grounds that supporting the rapprochement of these prisoners to the Basque Country is "a long-running demand of the ETA terrorists", also stating that ETA's disbanding is 'fake'. A week later, 65,000 thousands turned out to the streets of Bilbao to demand an end to the dispersal policies; a further 10,00 took to the streets of Bayonne the same day.

Escapes

There have been a number of attempts at escaping from custody. Of the 10 successful escapes, 2 have been from hospitals, undertaken during Franco's dictatorial regime and early Transition. The biggest, the Segovia prison break, involved 29 prisoners who dug a tunnel to escape Segovia prison in 1976. A film has been made based on it. The most recent escape was by Ibon Fernández Iradi who managed to flee the police station where he was being held in France in 2002.

Reintegration into society

When prisoners are released they are currently offered help by Harrera Elkartea, an organisation created in 2012, which helps them looking for work, sorting out their finances, paperwork and other issues. Some politicians have called for this organisation to be made illegal.

In its first 2 years Harrera Elkartea has helped 18 ex-prisoners back into work, 45 to get their driving license, and about 40 to get dental treatment and sort out eye problems.

Publications

In 2002 the Ataramiñe cultural association was set up to promote and publish literary work of these prisoners. Each year since then a book has been published compiling shorter works, and many other longer works have also been published.

Recent developments

In December 2013 the EPPK, which is the collective organisation negotiating on behalf of the prisoners, dropped its long standing demand for amnesty for all the prisoners, leaving the way open for individuals to negotiate individually for their release. Also in December 2013, ETA declared that they recognised the "suffering and damage" caused by their actions, and also acknowledged the Spanish legal system. These two declarations were key demands from Madrid before any talks could start over the conditions of the prisoners. In May 2014 the Minister of the Interior, Jorge Fernández Díaz said that the government would not consider the ending of the policy of dispersion unless ETA disbanded completely, or until the individual prisoners ask for forgiveness. In July 2014 France agreed for the first time to transfer 2 prisoners to a prison near the Basque Country. The Spanish government agreed in October 2014 to let members of ETA with Spanish nationality who are imprisoned in France, be transferred to prisons in Spain.

In August 2017, the minister of interior Juan Ignacio Zoido declared he would not undertake any measures in order to change the prison policy until ETA disbands. In April 2018, ETA announced its dissolution, a move staged in an international conference held in Cambo (Kanbo), French Basque Country. All the same, UPN, a strategic ally of PP in Navarre, overtly refused to support Rajoy's national budget for 2018 with its two MPs if the prime minister allowed a transfer of Basque prisoners to internment centres closer to the Basque Country, a political stance echoing the staunch opposition showed by Ciudadanos to "a negotiation by Rajoy's cabinet of privileges with Basque nationalists", including measures to bring ETA prisoners closer home.

On 11 January 2020, the judge of the National Court of Spain José Luis Calama ordered the police a close scrutiny of the demonstration against the dispersal policy taking place in Bilbao to watch out for possible "humiliation of the victims" or "praise or justification of terrorism". On the same grounds, the party Vox demanded a ban to the demonstration, while the party PP labelled the demonstration as 'derisory' to the victims of ETA, and the support of Podemos to the rally as 'appaling', demanding the incoming president of Spain Pedro Sanchez to take sides; on the rally, an ETA victim and a GAL victim urged that they not be used for political purposes. On 8 January, the association of relatives of Basque prisoners Etxerat denounced on a press release that 19 incurable prisoners and undergoing severe disease were being held imprisoned, demanding the release of those with death prognosis and risk. The association raised the figure of Basque prisoners of political motivation to approximately 250.

On 20 October 2020, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Spain for not accepting four Basque prisoners' appeal to the Constitutional Court, breaching their right to a fair trial and lack of legal certainty; however, the European Tribunal confirmed its refusal to accept computing time done in France on their prison terms in Spain. In January 2022, the European Tribunal of Humans Rights condemned Spain for lack of access to the lawyer chosen by Javier Atristain, accused of offences related to ETA, and inability to consult legal-aid lawyer during questioning by the police while in incommunicado detention, depriving him of the right to have a fair trial, as stated and confirmed by the European court in May. The European Tribunal's ruling set a precedent that initiated the Atristain doctrine for all like cases. In February, the Civil Guard released a report to the Audiencia Nacional stating that the Spanish General Secretary of Penitentiary Institutions were holding contacts with the support circles of the Basque prisoners, prompting Pablo Casado, PP's opposition leader in Spain, to demand the resignation of the minister of Interior Grande-Marlaska; the association Sare cited in the report denounced threats and insults to his spokesperson Joseba Azkarraga as a result.

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External links

• Etxerat website in Basque and Spanish
• EPPK website in Basque Archived 18 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
• Press Release: Atristrain Gorosabel vs Spain (2022)

Categories:

• Basque conflict
• Basque history
• Basque politics