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{{short description|Alternative medicine technique similar to acupuncture}}
'''Acupressure''' (a '']'' of "]" and "pressure") is a ] technique based on the same ideas as acupuncture. Acupressure involves placing physical pressure by hand, elbow, or with the aid of various devices on different acupuncture points on the surface of the body. Traditional Chinese Medicine does not usually operate within a ] ] but some practioners make efforts to bring practices into an ] framework. There is no scientific consensus over whether or not evidence supports the efficacy of acupressure beyond a ]. Reviews of existing clinical trials have been conducted by the ] and ] according to the protocols of ]; for most conditions they have concluded a lack of effectiveness or lack of well-conducted clinical trials.
{{Manipulative methods|fringe}}
]]]


'''Acupressure''' is an ] technique often used in conjunction with ] or ]. It is based on the concept of life energy (]), which purportedly flows through "meridians" in the body. In treatment, physical pressure is applied to ]s, or ''ashi'' ], with the aim of clearing blockages in these meridians. Pressure may be applied by hand, by elbow, or with various devices.<ref name="Ashi">{{Cite web|date=2019-07-26|title=Diagnostic Ashi Points: A Focus on Muscle Motor Points|url=https://www.pacificcollege.edu/news/blog/2019/07/26/diagnostic-ashi-points-a-focus-on-muscle-motor-points|access-date=2020-12-27|website=Pacific College}}</ref> There is no scientific evidence for the existence of acupuncture points, meridians, or ].<ref name="Dunning">{{Skeptoid|id=4411|number=411|title=Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields|access-date=3 September 2016}}</ref>
==Introduction==


Although some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, ], ], ]s, and ], among other things, such studies have been found to have a high likelihood of ].<ref name=Lee>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee EJ, Frazier SK | title = The efficacy of acupressure for symptom management: a systematic review | journal = Journal of Pain and Symptom Management | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 589–603 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21531533 | pmc = 3154967 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.007 }}</ref> There is no reliable evidence for the effectiveness of acupressure.
⚫ Acupoints used in treatment may or may not be in the same area of the body as the targeted symptom. The TCM theory for the selection of such points and their effectiveness is that they work by stimulating the ] to bring about relief by rebalancing ], ] and ] (also spelled "chi"). This theory is based on the paradigm of TCM, not that of science.


== History and origin ==
⚫ Many ] ] also make extensive study and use of acupressure for self-defense and health purposes (], ]). The points or combinations of points are said to be used to manipulate or incapacitate an opponent. Also, martial artists regularly massage their own acupressure points in routines to remove blockages from their own meridians, claiming to thereby enhance their circulation and flexibility and keeping the points "soft" or less vulnerable to an attack. Attacking the acupressure points is one theme in the ] genre of movies and novels.


There are different theories as to the origin of acupressure. One theory posits that it originated in India and then was brought to China. Another theory posits that it originated in China.
==Scientific research==


=== India theory ===
A randomised trial of ] for weight-loss maintenance found attendance at weight maintenance was 72% for TAT ]- higher than any other method studied and warranting further study. This study was supported by a grant (R21 AT01190-02) from the National Center for Complementary/Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, USA. The abstract for this study can be accessed via:
Acupressure therapy was prevalent in India. After the ], the acupressure therapy was also integrated into common medical practice in China and it came to be known as acupuncture. Scholars note these similarities because the major points of Indian acupressure and Chinese acupuncture are similar to each other.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ayurvedic Massage: For Health and Healing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIFqoZY7Uj0C|page=121|publisher=Abhinav Publications|year=2000|author=S.V. Govindan| isbn=9788170173939 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGQUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |title=Asian Medicine and Globalization |page=27|author=Joseph S. Alter|publisher=]|year=2013|isbn=9780812205251}}</ref>


=== China theory ===
⚫ An acupressure wristband that is claimed to relieve the symptoms of ] and other forms of ] is available. The band is designed to provide pressure to the P6 acupuncture point, a point that has been extensively investigated. The ], a group of ] (EBM) reviewers, reviewed the use of P6 for nausea and vomiting, and found it to be effective for reducing post-operative nausea, but not vomiting . The Cochrane review included various means of stimulating P6, including acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, laser stimulation, acustimulation device and acupressure; it did not comment on whether one or more forms of stimulation were more effective. EBM reviewer ] said that ''P6 acupressure in two studies showed 52% of patients with control having a success, compared with 75% with P6 acupressure''. One author of an article published in the Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine disagreed .
The ] is perhaps the oldest known medical textbook in the world. The ] section mentions acupressure and acupuncture. A case described in the book is the healing of an abscess with a stone needle. <ref>San, Tse Ching, et al. (1985). The science of acupuncture . Jakarta: RSCM. p. 13.</ref>


== Background ==
A ] review found that massage provided some long-term benefit for ], and said: ''It seems that acupressure or pressure point massage techniques provide more relief than classic (Swedish) massage, although more research is needed to confirm this.''


⚫ Acupoints used in treatment may or may not be in the same area of the body as the targeted symptom. The ] (TCM) theory for the selection of such points and their effectiveness is that they work by stimulating the ] to bring about relief by rebalancing ], ] and ] (also spelled "chi").
==Criticism of TCM theory==


⚫ Many ] ] also make extensive study and use of acupressure for self-defense and health purposes, (], ]). The points or combinations of points are said to be used to manipulate or incapacitate an opponent. Some martial artists regularly massage their own acupressure points in routines to remove supposed blockages from their own meridians, claiming to thereby enhance their circulation and flexibility and keeping the points "soft" or less vulnerable to an attack.<ref name="Ashi"/>
TCM theory predates use of the ], and has received various criticisms on that basis.


== Effectiveness ==
Philosopher ] deemed acupuncture a ] because it "confuse(s) metaphysical claims with empirical claims". Carroll states that:
{{Main|Acupuncture#Criticism of traditional Chinese medicine theory}}
:''...no matter how it is done, scientific research can never demonstrate that unblocking chi by acupuncture or any other means is effective against any disease. Chi is defined as being undetectable by the methods of empirical science.''


A 2011 ] of 43 studies of acupressure's effectiveness at treating symptoms found that the nature of these 43 studies "indicated a significant likelihood of bias."<ref name="Lee"/> Thirty-five of the 43 studies had concluded that acupressure was effective at treating certain symptoms. The authors of this systematic review concluded that this "review of clinical trials from the past decade did not provide rigorous support for the efficacy of acupressure for symptom management. Well-designed, randomized controlled studies are needed to determine the utility and efficacy of acupressure to manage a variety of symptoms in a number of patient populations."<ref name="Lee"/>
A report for ] on pseudoscience in China written by by Wallace Sampson and Barry L. Beyerstein said:
:''A few Chinese scientists we met maintained that although Qi is merely a metaphor, it is still a useful physiological abstraction (e.g., that the related concepts of Yin and Yang parallel modern scientific notions of endocrinologic and metabolic feedback mechanisms). They see this as a useful way to unite Eastern and Western medicine. Their more hard-nosed colleagues quietly dismissed Qi as only a philosophy, bearing no tangible relationship to modern physiology and medicine.''


A 2011 Cochrane review of four trials using acupuncture and nine studies using acupressure to control pain in childbirth concluded that "acupuncture or acupressure may help relieve pain during labour, but more research is needed".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Caroline A. |last2=Collins |first2=Carmel T. |last3=Levett |first3=Kate M. |last4=Armour |first4=Mike |last5=Dahlen |first5=Hannah G. |author-link5=Hannah Dahlen |last6=Tan |first6=Aidan L. |last7=Mesgarpour |first7=Bita |date=7 February 2020 |title=Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=CD009232 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD009232.pub2 |issn=1469-493X |pmc=7007200 |pmid=32032444}}</ref> Another ] review found that massage provided some long-term benefit for ], and stated: "It seems that acupressure or pressure point massage techniques provide more relief than classic (Swedish) massage, although more research is needed to confirm this."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, Irvin E, Imamura M | title = Massage for low-back pain | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | pages = CD001929 | date = September 2015 | volume = 2015 | pmid = 26329399 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3 | pmc = 8734598 }}</ref>
Stephen Barrett, founder of the website , writes:
:''"Chinese medicine," often called "Oriental medicine" or "traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)," encompasses a vast array of folk medical practices based on mysticism. It holds that the body's vital energy (chi or qi) circulates through channels, called meridians, that have branches connected to bodily organs and functions. ... Most acupuncturists espouse the traditional Chinese view of health and disease and consider acupuncture, herbal medicine, and related practices to be valid approaches to the full gamut of disease. Others reject the traditional approach and merely claim that acupuncture offers a simple way to achieve pain relief. Some acupuncturists ... claim that acupuncture can be used to treat conditions when the patient just "doesn't feel right," even though no disease is apparent.
:''In 1995, George A. Ulett, M.D., Ph.D., Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, University of Missouri School of Medicine, stated that "devoid of metaphysical thinking, acupuncture becomes a rather simple technique that can be useful as a nondrug method of pain control." He believes that the traditional Chinese variety is primarily a placebo treatment, but electrical stimulation of about 80 acupuncture points has been proven useful for pain control.''


⚫ An acupressure wristband that is claimed to relieve the symptoms of ] and other forms of ] provides pressure to the P6 acupuncture point, a point that has been extensively investigated.<ref name=Dent>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dent HE, Dewhurst NG, Mills SY, Willoughby M | title = Continuous PC6 wristband acupressure for relief of nausea and vomiting associated with acute myocardial infarction: a partially randomised, placebo-controlled trial | journal = Complementary Therapies in Medicine | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 72–7 | date = June 2003 | pmid = 12801491 | doi = 10.1016/s0965-2299(03)00058-x }}</ref> The ] reviewed the use of P6 for nausea and vomiting, and found it to be effective for reducing post-operative nausea, but not vomiting.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee A, Chan SK, Fan LT | title = Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 11 | pages = CD003281 | date = November 2015 | volume = 2016 | pmid = 26522652 | pmc = 4679372 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003281.pub4 }}</ref> The Cochrane review included various means of stimulating P6, including acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, laser stimulation, ] device and acupressure; it did not comment on whether one or more forms of stimulation were more effective; it found low-quality evidence supporting stimulation of P6 compared with sham, with 2 out of 59 trials having low risk of bias. EBM reviewer ] said that P6 in two studies showed 52% of patients with control having a success, compared with 75% with P6.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band59/b59-4.html|title=Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy |date=1999 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223133618/http://www.medicine.ox.ac.uk/bandolier/band59/b59-4.html|archive-date=2012-12-23|url-status=dead }}</ref>
Ted Kaptchuk, author of ''The Web That Has No Weaver'', refers to acupuncture as "prescientific". Regarding TCM theory, Kaptchuk states:
:''These ideas are cultural and speculative constructs that provide orientation and direction for the practical patient situation. There are few secrets of Oriental wisdom buried here. When presented outside the context of Chinese civilization, or of practical diagnosis and therapeutics, these ideas are fragmented and without great significance. The "truth" of these ideas lies in the way the physician can use them to treat real people with real complaints.'' (1983, pp.34-35)


] includes acupressure in a list of methods which have no "rational place" as massage therapy and states that practitioners "may also use irrational diagnostic methods to reach diagnoses that do not correspond to scientific concepts of health and disease."<ref name=Quackwatch>{{cite web|url=http://www.quackwatch.com/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/massage.html|title=Massage Therapy: Riddled with Quackery| first = Stephen | last = Barrett | name-list-style = vanc |publisher=Quackwatch|date=March 9, 2006|access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
According to the ] consensus statement on acupuncture:

:''Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the "acupuncture points", the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial. Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of ], the meridian system, and the five phases theory, which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture.''
Clinical use of acupressure frequently relies on the conceptual framework of ]. There is no physically verifiable ] or ] basis for the existence of ]s or ].<ref name="Mann_drunkard">{{cite book | vauthors = Mann F | author-link = Felix Mann | quote = ... acupuncture points are no more real than the black spots that a drunkard sees in front of his eyes. | title = Reinventing Acupuncture: A New Concept of Ancient Medicine | publisher = Butterworth Heinemann | location = London | date = 1996 | page = 14 }} Quoted by {{cite journal | first = Matthew | last = Bauer | name-list-style = vanc | url = http://www.chinesemedicinetimes.com/section.php?xSec=122 | journal = Chinese Medicine Times | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122104312/http://www.chinesemedicinetimes.com/section.php?xSec=122 | archive-date=2009-01-22 | url-status = dead | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | date = August 2006 | title = The Final Days of Traditional Beliefs? - Part One }}</ref> Proponents reply that TCM is a ] that continues to have practical relevance. Acupuncturists tend to perceive TCM concepts in functional rather than structural terms (e.g., as being useful in guiding evaluation and care of patients).<ref name="NIH_funct">{{cite web | work = NIH Consensus statement | quote = Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the 'acupuncture points', the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial. Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of Qi, the meridian system, and the five phases theory, which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture | title = Acupuncture. | publisher = National Institutes of Health: Consensus Development Conference Statement | date = November 1997 | url = http://consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm | access-date = 30 January 2007 | archive-date = 25 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110825052220/http://consensus.nih.gov/1997/1997Acupuncture107html.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> Trials using placebo have not demonstrated any statistically significant effect but concluded that acupressure is safe to use along with conventional treatment.<ref name=Dent/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Colquhoun D, Novella SP | title = Acupuncture is theatrical placebo | journal = Anesthesia and Analgesia | volume = 116 | issue = 6 | pages = 1360–3 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23709076 | doi = 10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828f2d5e | s2cid = 207135491 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | title = Evidence-based Non-pharmacological Therapies for Palliative Cancer Care | author = William Chi-Sing Cho | publisher = Springer Science & Business Media | date = 2013 | isbn = 9789400758339}}</ref>

== Instruments ==
There are several different instruments for applying nonspecific pressure by rubbing, rolling, or applying pressure on the reflex zones of the body. The acuball is a small ball made of rubber with protuberances that is heatable. It is used to apply pressure and relieve muscle and joint pain. The energy roller is a small cylinder with protuberances. It is held between the hands and rolled back and forth to apply acupressure. The foot roller (also "krupa chakra") is a round, cylindrical roller with protuberances. It is placed on the floor and the foot is rolled back and forth over it. The power mat (also pyramid mat) is a mat with small pyramid-shaped bumps that you walk on. The spine roller is a bumpy roller containing magnets that is rolled up and down the spine. The Teishein is one of the original nine classical acupuncture needles described in the original texts of acupuncture. Even though it is described as an acupuncture needle it did not pierce the skin. It is used to apply rapid percussion pressure to the points being treated.<ref name="medicinaalternativa">{{cite book | last = Sharma | first = Rajeev | name-list-style = vanc | title = Medicina Alternativa | publisher = Alpha Science Int'l Ltd | year = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iyl2XMxr6iAC&q=acuball&pg=PA198 | access-date = 2009-01-05 | pages = 196–200 | isbn = 9781842651414 }}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==
*] * ]
* ], a Japanese form of acupressure massage
*]
* ]
*]

⚫ *]
== References ==
*]
{{Reflist}}
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]


== External links == == External links ==
*
* (commercial site in German)
*


] {{Acupuncture}}
{{Pseudoscience|state=autocollapse}}
]
{{Authority control}}
]
]
]


] ]
⚫ ]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
]

Latest revision as of 12:41, 23 October 2024

Alternative medicine technique similar to acupuncture
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Acupuncture point LI-4 (Hegu), known in Chinese as 合谷 (hégǔ)

Acupressure is an alternative medicine technique often used in conjunction with acupuncture or reflexology. It is based on the concept of life energy (qi), which purportedly flows through "meridians" in the body. In treatment, physical pressure is applied to acupuncture points, or ashi trigger points, with the aim of clearing blockages in these meridians. Pressure may be applied by hand, by elbow, or with various devices. There is no scientific evidence for the existence of acupuncture points, meridians, or qi.

Although some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, insomnia, low back pain, migraines, and constipation, among other things, such studies have been found to have a high likelihood of bias. There is no reliable evidence for the effectiveness of acupressure.

History and origin

There are different theories as to the origin of acupressure. One theory posits that it originated in India and then was brought to China. Another theory posits that it originated in China.

India theory

Acupressure therapy was prevalent in India. After the spread of Buddhism to China, the acupressure therapy was also integrated into common medical practice in China and it came to be known as acupuncture. Scholars note these similarities because the major points of Indian acupressure and Chinese acupuncture are similar to each other.

China theory

The Huangdi Neijing is perhaps the oldest known medical textbook in the world. The Lingshu Jing section mentions acupressure and acupuncture. A case described in the book is the healing of an abscess with a stone needle.

Background

Acupoints used in treatment may or may not be in the same area of the body as the targeted symptom. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory for the selection of such points and their effectiveness is that they work by stimulating the meridian system to bring about relief by rebalancing yin, yang and qi (also spelled "chi").

Many East Asian martial arts also make extensive study and use of acupressure for self-defense and health purposes, (chin na, tui na). The points or combinations of points are said to be used to manipulate or incapacitate an opponent. Some martial artists regularly massage their own acupressure points in routines to remove supposed blockages from their own meridians, claiming to thereby enhance their circulation and flexibility and keeping the points "soft" or less vulnerable to an attack.

Effectiveness

Main article: Acupuncture § Criticism of traditional Chinese medicine theory

A 2011 systematic review of 43 studies of acupressure's effectiveness at treating symptoms found that the nature of these 43 studies "indicated a significant likelihood of bias." Thirty-five of the 43 studies had concluded that acupressure was effective at treating certain symptoms. The authors of this systematic review concluded that this "review of clinical trials from the past decade did not provide rigorous support for the efficacy of acupressure for symptom management. Well-designed, randomized controlled studies are needed to determine the utility and efficacy of acupressure to manage a variety of symptoms in a number of patient populations."

A 2011 Cochrane review of four trials using acupuncture and nine studies using acupressure to control pain in childbirth concluded that "acupuncture or acupressure may help relieve pain during labour, but more research is needed". Another Cochrane Collaboration review found that massage provided some long-term benefit for low back pain, and stated: "It seems that acupressure or pressure point massage techniques provide more relief than classic (Swedish) massage, although more research is needed to confirm this."

An acupressure wristband that is claimed to relieve the symptoms of motion sickness and other forms of nausea provides pressure to the P6 acupuncture point, a point that has been extensively investigated. The Cochrane Collaboration reviewed the use of P6 for nausea and vomiting, and found it to be effective for reducing post-operative nausea, but not vomiting. The Cochrane review included various means of stimulating P6, including acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, laser stimulation, acustimulation device and acupressure; it did not comment on whether one or more forms of stimulation were more effective; it found low-quality evidence supporting stimulation of P6 compared with sham, with 2 out of 59 trials having low risk of bias. EBM reviewer Bandolier said that P6 in two studies showed 52% of patients with control having a success, compared with 75% with P6.

Quackwatch includes acupressure in a list of methods which have no "rational place" as massage therapy and states that practitioners "may also use irrational diagnostic methods to reach diagnoses that do not correspond to scientific concepts of health and disease."

Clinical use of acupressure frequently relies on the conceptual framework of traditional Chinese medicine. There is no physically verifiable anatomical or histological basis for the existence of acupuncture points or meridians. Proponents reply that TCM is a prescientific system that continues to have practical relevance. Acupuncturists tend to perceive TCM concepts in functional rather than structural terms (e.g., as being useful in guiding evaluation and care of patients). Trials using placebo have not demonstrated any statistically significant effect but concluded that acupressure is safe to use along with conventional treatment.

Instruments

There are several different instruments for applying nonspecific pressure by rubbing, rolling, or applying pressure on the reflex zones of the body. The acuball is a small ball made of rubber with protuberances that is heatable. It is used to apply pressure and relieve muscle and joint pain. The energy roller is a small cylinder with protuberances. It is held between the hands and rolled back and forth to apply acupressure. The foot roller (also "krupa chakra") is a round, cylindrical roller with protuberances. It is placed on the floor and the foot is rolled back and forth over it. The power mat (also pyramid mat) is a mat with small pyramid-shaped bumps that you walk on. The spine roller is a bumpy roller containing magnets that is rolled up and down the spine. The Teishein is one of the original nine classical acupuncture needles described in the original texts of acupuncture. Even though it is described as an acupuncture needle it did not pierce the skin. It is used to apply rapid percussion pressure to the points being treated.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Diagnostic Ashi Points: A Focus on Muscle Motor Points". Pacific College. 2019-07-26. Retrieved 2020-12-27.
  2. Dunning, Brian. "Skeptoid #411: Your Body's Alleged Energy Fields". Skeptoid. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  3. ^ Lee EJ, Frazier SK (October 2011). "The efficacy of acupressure for symptom management: a systematic review". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 42 (4): 589–603. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.01.007. PMC 3154967. PMID 21531533.
  4. S.V. Govindan (2000). Ayurvedic Massage: For Health and Healing. Abhinav Publications. p. 121. ISBN 9788170173939.
  5. Joseph S. Alter (2013). Asian Medicine and Globalization. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780812205251.
  6. San, Tse Ching, et al. (1985). The science of acupuncture . Jakarta: RSCM. p. 13.
  7. Smith, Caroline A.; Collins, Carmel T.; Levett, Kate M.; Armour, Mike; Dahlen, Hannah G.; Tan, Aidan L.; Mesgarpour, Bita (7 February 2020). "Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2 (2): CD009232. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009232.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 7007200. PMID 32032444.
  8. Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, Irvin E, Imamura M (September 2015). "Massage for low-back pain". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (9): CD001929. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3. PMC 8734598. PMID 26329399.
  9. ^ Dent HE, Dewhurst NG, Mills SY, Willoughby M (June 2003). "Continuous PC6 wristband acupressure for relief of nausea and vomiting associated with acute myocardial infarction: a partially randomised, placebo-controlled trial". Complementary Therapies in Medicine. 11 (2): 72–7. doi:10.1016/s0965-2299(03)00058-x. PMID 12801491.
  10. Lee A, Chan SK, Fan LT (November 2015). "Stimulation of the wrist acupuncture point PC6 for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (11): CD003281. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003281.pub4. PMC 4679372. PMID 26522652.
  11. "Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy". 1999. Archived from the original on 2012-12-23.
  12. Barrett S (March 9, 2006). "Massage Therapy: Riddled with Quackery". Quackwatch. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  13. Mann F (1996). Reinventing Acupuncture: A New Concept of Ancient Medicine. London: Butterworth Heinemann. p. 14. ... acupuncture points are no more real than the black spots that a drunkard sees in front of his eyes. Quoted by Bauer M (August 2006). "The Final Days of Traditional Beliefs? - Part One". Chinese Medicine Times. 1 (4). Archived from the original on 2009-01-22.
  14. "Acupuncture". NIH Consensus statement. National Institutes of Health: Consensus Development Conference Statement. November 1997. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 30 January 2007. Despite considerable efforts to understand the anatomy and physiology of the 'acupuncture points', the definition and characterization of these points remains controversial. Even more elusive is the basis of some of the key traditional Eastern medical concepts such as the circulation of Qi, the meridian system, and the five phases theory, which are difficult to reconcile with contemporary biomedical information but continue to play an important role in the evaluation of patients and the formulation of treatment in acupuncture
  15. Colquhoun D, Novella SP (June 2013). "Acupuncture is theatrical placebo". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 116 (6): 1360–3. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31828f2d5e. PMID 23709076. S2CID 207135491.
  16. William Chi-Sing Cho (2013). Evidence-based Non-pharmacological Therapies for Palliative Cancer Care. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400758339.
  17. Sharma R (2003). Medicina Alternativa. Alpha Science Int'l Ltd. pp. 196–200. ISBN 9781842651414. Retrieved 2009-01-05.

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