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{{short description|Superorder of birds}}
{{Other uses}} {{Other uses}}
<!-- really? {{Distinguish|foul|foal}} -->{{Automatic taxobox <!-- really? {{Distinguish|foul|foal}} -->
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Galloanserae | taxon = Galloanserae
⚫ | name = Fowl
| fossil_range = ] – ], {{fossil range|105|0}}<ref>Van Tuinen M. (2009) Birds (Aves). In ''The Timetree of Life'', Hedges SB, Kumar S (eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 409–411.</ref>
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range/linked|Maastrichtian|Recent|ref=<ref>{{cite journal|first1=A.|last1=Elzanowski|first2=T.A.|last2=Stidham|year=2011|title=A Galloanserine Quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming|journal=The Auk|volume=128|issue=1|pages=138–145|doi=10.1525/auk.2011.10113}}</ref>}}
⚫ | name = Galloanserans
<small>Possibly an earlier origin based on ]<ref name=Kuhletal2020>{{cite journal | first1 = H. | last1 = Kuhl. | first2 = C. | last2 = Frankl-Vilches | first3 = A. | last3 = Bakker | first4 = G. | last4 = Mayr | first5 = G. | last5 = Nikolaus | first6 = S. T. | last6 = Boerno | first7 = S. | last7 = Klages | first8 = B. | last8 = Timmermann | first9 = M. | last9 = Gahr | year = 2020 | title = An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life. | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 38 | pages = 108–127 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msaa191 | doi-access = free | pmid = 32781465 | pmc = 7783168 }}</ref></small>
| image = Alectura lathami - Centenary Lakes.jpg | image = Alectura lathami - Centenary Lakes.jpg
| image_caption = ] (''Alectura lathami'') | image_caption = ] (''Alectura lathami'')
| display parents = 3 | display_parents = 2
| authority = ], 1880 | authority = ], 1880
| subdivision_ranks = subgroups | subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = | subdivision = * ]
* ]
* ] * ]
*{{extinct}}]
* ] *{{extinct}}]
* ?]
| synonyms = Anatophasianae
}} }}


'''Fowl''' are birds belonging to one of two ], namely the gamefowl or landfowl (]) and the waterfowl (]). Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close ]ary relatives; together, they form the fowl ] which is scientifically known as '''Galloanserae''' (initially termed Galloanseri).<ref>Sibley, C, Ahlquist, J. & Monroe, B. (1988)</ref> This clade is also supported by morphological and ] data<ref>Chubb, A. (2004)</ref> as well as ] ].<ref>Kriegs ''et al.'' (2007)</ref> '''Fowl''' are ]s belonging to one of two ], namely the gamefowl or landfowl (]) and the waterfowl (]). Anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close ]ary relatives; together, they form the fowl ] which is scientifically known as '''Galloanserae''' or '''Galloanseres''' (initially termed Galloanseri) (] ''gallus'' ("rooster") + ''ānser'' ("goose")).<ref>Sibley, C, Ahlquist, J. & Monroe, B. (1988)</ref> This clade is also supported by morphological and ] data<ref>Chubb, A. (2004)</ref> as well as ] ].<ref>Kriegs ''et al.'' (2007)</ref>


==Terminology== ==Terminology==
As opposed to "fowl", "]" is a term for any kind of ] bird or bird captive-raised for meat, eggs, or feathers; ]es, for example, are sometimes kept as poultry, but are neither gamefowl nor waterfowl. In colloquial speech, however, the term "fowl" is often used near-synonymously with "poultry," and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Nonetheless, the fact that the Galliformes and Anseriformes most likely form a ] group makes a distinction between "fowl" and "poultry" warranted. As opposed to "fowl", "]" is a term for any kind of ] bird or bird captive-raised for meat, eggs, or feathers; ]es, for example, are sometimes kept as poultry, but are neither gamefowl nor waterfowl. In colloquial speech, however, the term "fowl" is often used near-synonymously with "poultry", and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Nonetheless, the fact that the Galliformes and Anseriformes most likely form a ] group makes a distinction between "fowl" and "poultry" warranted.


The historic difference is due to the Germanic/Latin split word pairs characteristic of ]; the word 'fowl' is of Germanic origin (cf. Old English "''fugol''", Dutch ''vogel'', German ''Vogel'', Swedish ''fågel'', Danish/Norwegian ''fugl''), whilst 'poultry' is of Latin via ] origin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fowl |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=poultry |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-22}}</ref> The historic difference in English is due to the Germanic/Latin split word pairs characteristic of ]; the word 'fowl' is of Germanic origin (cf. Old English "{{lang|ang|fugol}}", West Frisian {{lang|fy|fûgel}}, Dutch {{lang|nl|vogel}}, German {{lang|de|Vogel}}, Swedish {{lang|sv|fågel}}, Danish/Norwegian {{lang|da|fugl}}), whilst 'poultry' is of Latin via ] origin;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=fowl |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=poultry |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2013-02-22}}</ref> the presence of an initial /p/ in ''poultry'' and an initial /f/ in ''fowl'' is due to ].


Many birds that are eaten by humans are fowl, including ] such as ]s or ]s, ]s such as ]s or ]s, other wildfowl like ] or ], and ] such as ]s or ]. Many birds that are eaten by humans are fowl, including ] such as ]s or ]s, ]s such as ]s or ]s, other wildfowl like ] or ], and ] such as ]s or ].
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==Characteristics== ==Characteristics==
While they are quite diverse ]ly and consequently, in an adaptation to their different lifestyles, also ] and ]ly, some features still unite water- and landfowl. Many of these, however, are ]ic for ] as a whole, and are also shared with ]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} While they are quite diverse ]ly and consequently, in an adaptation to their different lifestyles, also ] and ]ly, some features still unite water- and landfowl. Many of these, however, are ]ic for ] as a whole, and are also shared with ]s.{{citation needed|date=January 2011}}
*Galloanserae are very prolific; they regularly produce ]es of more than five or even more than 10 eggs, which is a lot for such sizeable birds. For example, ] and ]s rarely lay more than two eggs. *Galloanserae are very prolific; they regularly produce ]es of more than five or even more than 10 eggs, which is a lot for such sizeable birds. By comparison, ] and ]s rarely lay more than two eggs.
*While most living birds are ], at least for a breeding season, many ] are notoriously ] or ]. To ]s, this is particularly well known in ]s, where the males literally band together occasionally to "gang rape" unwilling females. The general public is probably most familiar with the polygynous habits of ]s, where usually one or two ]s are kept with a whole flock of females. *While most living birds are ], at least for a breeding season, many Galloanserae are notoriously ] or ]. To ]s, this is particularly well known in ]s, where the males band together occasionally to forcefully mate with unwilling females. The general public is probably most familiar with the polygynous habits of ]s, where usually one or two ]s are kept with a whole flock of females.
*] is extremely frequent in the Galloanserae, and ], not usually known to produce viable hybrids in birds, can be brought to interbreed with comparative ease. ] have successfully produced hybrids with domestic fowl and ], to which they are not particularly closely related as ] go. This is an important factor complicating ] ]-based research on their relationships. The ]s of ], for example, are apparently mostly derived from some males which arrived from ], settled down, and mated with ] ancestors.<ref>Kulikova, I. ''et al.'' (2005)</ref> ''See also'' ]. *] is extremely frequent in the Galloanserae, and ], not usually known to produce viable hybrids in birds, can be brought to interbreed with comparative ease. ] have successfully produced hybrids with domestic fowl and ], to which they are not particularly closely related as ] go. This is an important factor complicating ] ]-based research on their relationships. The ]s of ], for example, are apparently mostly derived from some males which arrived from ], settled down, and mated with ] ancestors.<ref>Kulikova, I. ''et al.'' (2005)</ref> ''See also'' ].
*Galloanserae young are remarkably ]. Anseriform young are able to swim and dive a few hours after hatching, and the hatchlings of ] are fully feathered and even able to fly for prolonged distances as soon as they emerge from the nest mound. *Galloanserae young are remarkably ]. Anseriform young are able to swim and dive a few hours after hatching, and the hatchlings of ] (megapodes) are fully feathered and even able to fly for prolonged distances as soon as they emerge from the nest mound.


==Systematics and evolution== ==Systematics and evolution==
From the limited ]s that have to date been recovered, the conclusion that the Galloanserae were already widespread—the predominant group of modern birds—by the end of the ] is generally accepted nowadays. Fossils such as '']'' indicate that essentially modern waterfowl, albeit belonging to a nowadays ] lineage, were contemporaries of the nonavian ]s. As opposed to the ] fairly conservative Galliformes, the Anseriformes have adapted to filter-feeding and are characterized by a large number of ]ies related to this lifestyle. The extremely advanced feeding systems of the Anseriformes, together with similarities of the early anseriform '']'' to ]s, had formerly prompted some scientists to ally Anseriformes with ], instead.<ref>Benson, D. (1999)</ref><ref>Feduccia, A. (1999)</ref> However, as strong support for the Galloanserae has emerged in subsequent studies, the fowl clade continues to be accepted as a genuine evolutionary lineage by the vast majority of scientists. From the ]s that have to date been recovered, the conclusion that the Galloanserae were already widespread by the end of the ] is generally accepted nowadays. A combination of fossils and ] estimated the origin of Galloanserae at 85 million years ago.<ref name=ClaramuntCracraft2015>{{cite journal |last1=Claramunt |first1=S. |last2=Cracraft |first2=J. |title=A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds |journal=Science Advances |date=2015 |volume=1 |issue=11 |pages=e1501005 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501005 |pmid=26824065 |pmc=4730849 |bibcode=2015SciA....1E1005C }}</ref> Fossils such as '']'' indicate that essentially modern waterfowl, albeit belonging to a now-] lineage, were contemporaries of the non-avian ]s. While the dominant ] of the ], the ], died out with all other non-avian dinosaurs, the Galloanserae (fowl) survived to become the first successful group of modern birds after the other dinosaurs died out.

As opposed to the ] fairly conservative Galliformes, the Anseriformes have adapted to filter-feeding and are characterized by many ]ies related to this lifestyle. The extremely advanced feeding systems of the Anseriformes, together with similarities of the early anseriform '']'' to ]s, had formerly prompted some scientists to ally Anseriformes with ], instead.<ref>Benson, D. (1999)</ref><ref>Feduccia, A. (1999)</ref> However, as strong support for the Galloanserae has emerged in subsequent studies, the fowl clade continues to be accepted as a genuine evolutionary lineage by the vast majority of scientists.

==Relationship with humans==

===Spiritual meanings and representations===
Fowl have deep spiritual meanings and roots in ancient cultures, such as Hinduism in India and in many Pagan cultures throughout the world. The peacock, for example, represents truth, beauty, honor, and strength and dreams of peacocks are referred to as good omens.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-11-25|title=Chicken Symbolism, Dreams, and Messages|url=https://www.spirit-animals.com/chicken-symbolism/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=Spirit Animal Totems|language=en-US}}</ref>

===As food===
Fowl are frequently kept for both meat and eggs. ]s, by far, are the most heavily consumed and farmed out of all of them. Other fowl commonly used in cooking include ]s, ], ]s and ].

===As game===
Various species of fowl are hunted for both sport and food. ]s have been widely introduced and naturalized outside of their native range in Asia to Europe and North America for use as food and sport.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/facts/game-fowl | title=Game birds, facts and photos | website=] | date=23 November 2022 }}</ref>


==References== ==References==
{{reflist}} {{Reflist}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==
*Benson, D. (1999): ''Presbyornis isoni'' and other late Paleocene birds from North Dakota. ''Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology'' '''69''': 253-266. *Benson, D. (1999): ''Presbyornis isoni'' and other late Paleocene birds from North Dakota. ''Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology'' '''69''': 253–266.
*Chubb, A. (2004): ''New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: the phylogenetic utility of ZENK(i)''. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''30''': 140-151 *Chubb, A. (2004): ''New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: the phylogenetic utility of ZENK(i)''. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' '''30''': 140–151
*Feduccia, A. (1999): ''The Origin and Evolution of Birds, Second Edition''. Yale University Press, New Haven. *Feduccia, A. (1999): ''The Origin and Evolution of Birds, Second Edition''. Yale University Press, New Haven.
*Kriegs, Jan Ole; Matzke, Andreas; Churakov, Gennady; Kuritzin, Andrej; Mayr, Gerald; Brosius, Jürgen & Schmitz, Jürgen (2007): ''Waves of genomic hitchhikers shed light on the evolution of gamebirds (Aves: Galliformes)''. ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' '''7''': 190 (). *Kriegs, Jan Ole; Matzke, Andreas; Churakov, Gennady; Kuritzin, Andrej; Mayr, Gerald; Brosius, Jürgen & Schmitz, Jürgen (2007): ''Waves of genomic hitchhikers shed light on the evolution of gamebirds (Aves: Galliformes)''. ''BMC Evolutionary Biology'' '''7''': 190 ().
*Kulikova, Irina V.; Drovetski, S.V.; Gibson, D.D.; Harrigan, R.J.; Rohwer, S.; Sorenson, Michael D.; Winker, K.; Zhuravlev, Yury N. & McCracken, Kevin G. (2005): ''Phylogeography of the Mallard'' (''Anas platyrhynchos''): ''Hybridization, dispersal, and lineage sorting contribute to complex geographic structure''. '']'' 122 (3): 949-965. <small>]: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)1222.0.CO;2</small> . Erratum: ''Auk'' 122 (4): 1309. <small>]: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)1222.0.CO;2</small> *Kulikova, Irina V.; Drovetski, S.V.; Gibson, D.D.; Harrigan, R.J.; Rohwer, S.; Sorenson, Michael D.; Winker, K.; Zhuravlev, Yury N. & McCracken, Kevin G. (2005): ''Phylogeography of the Mallard'' (''Anas platyrhynchos''): ''Hybridization, dispersal, and lineage sorting contribute to complex geographic structure''. '']'' 122 (3): 949–965. <small>]: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)1222.0.CO;2</small> . Erratum: ''Auk'' 122 (4): 1309. <small>]: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)1222.0.CO;2</small>
*Sibley, C.G.; Ahlquist, J.E. & Monroe, B.L. (1988): ''A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies''. ''Auk'' '''105''': 409-423. *Sibley, C.G.; Ahlquist, J.E. & Monroe, B.L. (1988): ''A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies''. ''Auk'' '''105''': 409–423.


==External links== ==External links==
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<!-- note that many languages do not distinguish between "fowl" and "poultry" --> <!-- note that many languages do not distinguish between "fowl" and "poultry" -->

{{Taxonbar|from=Q853058}}


] ]
] ]

Latest revision as of 22:22, 30 December 2024

Superorder of birds For other uses, see Fowl (disambiguation).

Fowl
Temporal range: Maastrichtian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Possibly an earlier origin based on molecular clock
Australian brushturkey (Alectura lathami)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Infraclass: Neognathae
Clade: Pangalloanserae
Superorder: Galloanserae
Sclater, 1880
Subgroups
Synonyms

Anatophasianae

Fowl are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). Anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives; together, they form the fowl clade which is scientifically known as Galloanserae or Galloanseres (initially termed Galloanseri) (Latin gallus ("rooster") + ānser ("goose")). This clade is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data as well as retrotransposon presence/absence data.

Terminology

As opposed to "fowl", "poultry" is a term for any kind of domesticated bird or bird captive-raised for meat, eggs, or feathers; ostriches, for example, are sometimes kept as poultry, but are neither gamefowl nor waterfowl. In colloquial speech, however, the term "fowl" is often used near-synonymously with "poultry", and many languages do not distinguish between "poultry" and "fowl". Nonetheless, the fact that the Galliformes and Anseriformes most likely form a monophyletic group makes a distinction between "fowl" and "poultry" warranted.

The historic difference in English is due to the Germanic/Latin split word pairs characteristic of Middle English; the word 'fowl' is of Germanic origin (cf. Old English "fugol", West Frisian fûgel, Dutch vogel, German Vogel, Swedish fågel, Danish/Norwegian fugl), whilst 'poultry' is of Latin via Norman French origin; the presence of an initial /p/ in poultry and an initial /f/ in fowl is due to Grimm's Law.

Many birds that are eaten by humans are fowl, including poultry such as chickens or turkeys, game birds such as pheasants or partridges, other wildfowl like guineafowl or peafowl, and waterfowl such as ducks or geese.

Characteristics

While they are quite diverse ecologically and consequently, in an adaptation to their different lifestyles, also morphologically and ethologically, some features still unite water- and landfowl. Many of these, however, are plesiomorphic for Neornithes as a whole, and are also shared with paleognaths.

  • Galloanserae are very prolific; they regularly produce clutches of more than five or even more than 10 eggs, which is a lot for such sizeable birds. By comparison, birds of prey and pigeons rarely lay more than two eggs.
  • While most living birds are monogamous, at least for a breeding season, many Galloanserae are notoriously polygynous or polyandrous. To ornithologists, this is particularly well known in dabbling ducks, where the males band together occasionally to forcefully mate with unwilling females. The general public is probably most familiar with the polygynous habits of domestic chickens, where usually one or two roosters are kept with a whole flock of females.
  • Hybridization is extremely frequent in the Galloanserae, and genera, not usually known to produce viable hybrids in birds, can be brought to interbreed with comparative ease. Guineafowl have successfully produced hybrids with domestic fowl and Indian peafowl, to which they are not particularly closely related as Galliformes go. This is an important factor complicating mtDNA sequence-based research on their relationships. The mallards of North America, for example, are apparently mostly derived from some males which arrived from Siberia, settled down, and mated with American black duck ancestors. See also Gamebird hybrids.
  • Galloanserae young are remarkably precocious. Anseriform young are able to swim and dive a few hours after hatching, and the hatchlings of mound-builders (megapodes) are fully feathered and even able to fly for prolonged distances as soon as they emerge from the nest mound.

Systematics and evolution

From the fossils that have to date been recovered, the conclusion that the Galloanserae were already widespread by the end of the Cretaceous is generally accepted nowadays. A combination of fossils and molecular clocks estimated the origin of Galloanserae at 85 million years ago. Fossils such as Vegavis indicate that essentially modern waterfowl, albeit belonging to a now-extinct lineage, were contemporaries of the non-avian dinosaurs. While the dominant avialans of the Mesozoic Era, the Enantiornithes, died out with all other non-avian dinosaurs, the Galloanserae (fowl) survived to become the first successful group of modern birds after the other dinosaurs died out.

As opposed to the morphologically fairly conservative Galliformes, the Anseriformes have adapted to filter-feeding and are characterized by many autapomorphies related to this lifestyle. The extremely advanced feeding systems of the Anseriformes, together with similarities of the early anseriform Presbyornis to shorebirds, had formerly prompted some scientists to ally Anseriformes with Charadriiformes, instead. However, as strong support for the Galloanserae has emerged in subsequent studies, the fowl clade continues to be accepted as a genuine evolutionary lineage by the vast majority of scientists.

Relationship with humans

Spiritual meanings and representations

Fowl have deep spiritual meanings and roots in ancient cultures, such as Hinduism in India and in many Pagan cultures throughout the world. The peacock, for example, represents truth, beauty, honor, and strength and dreams of peacocks are referred to as good omens.

As food

Fowl are frequently kept for both meat and eggs. Chickens, by far, are the most heavily consumed and farmed out of all of them. Other fowl commonly used in cooking include ducks, geese, turkeys and quail.

As game

Various species of fowl are hunted for both sport and food. Pheasants have been widely introduced and naturalized outside of their native range in Asia to Europe and North America for use as food and sport.

References

  1. Elzanowski, A.; Stidham, T.A. (2011). "A Galloanserine Quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming". The Auk. 128 (1): 138–145. doi:10.1525/auk.2011.10113.
  2. Kuhl., H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S. T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2020). "An unbiased molecular approach using 3'UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38: 108–127. doi:10.1093/molbev/msaa191. PMC 7783168. PMID 32781465.
  3. Sibley, C, Ahlquist, J. & Monroe, B. (1988)
  4. Chubb, A. (2004)
  5. Kriegs et al. (2007)
  6. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
  7. "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2013-02-22.
  8. Kulikova, I. et al. (2005)
  9. Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015). "A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds". Science Advances. 1 (11): e1501005. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E1005C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501005. PMC 4730849. PMID 26824065.
  10. Benson, D. (1999)
  11. Feduccia, A. (1999)
  12. "Chicken Symbolism, Dreams, and Messages". Spirit Animal Totems. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
  13. "Game birds, facts and photos". National Geographic Society. 23 November 2022.

Further reading

  • Benson, D. (1999): Presbyornis isoni and other late Paleocene birds from North Dakota. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 69: 253–266.
  • Chubb, A. (2004): New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: the phylogenetic utility of ZENK(i). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30: 140–151
  • Feduccia, A. (1999): The Origin and Evolution of Birds, Second Edition. Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Kriegs, Jan Ole; Matzke, Andreas; Churakov, Gennady; Kuritzin, Andrej; Mayr, Gerald; Brosius, Jürgen & Schmitz, Jürgen (2007): Waves of genomic hitchhikers shed light on the evolution of gamebirds (Aves: Galliformes). BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 190 (Fulltext).
  • Kulikova, Irina V.; Drovetski, S.V.; Gibson, D.D.; Harrigan, R.J.; Rohwer, S.; Sorenson, Michael D.; Winker, K.; Zhuravlev, Yury N. & McCracken, Kevin G. (2005): Phylogeography of the Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos): Hybridization, dispersal, and lineage sorting contribute to complex geographic structure. Auk 122 (3): 949–965. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)1222.0.CO;2 PDF fulltext. Erratum: Auk 122 (4): 1309. DOI: 10.1642/0004-8038(2005)1222.0.CO;2
  • Sibley, C.G.; Ahlquist, J.E. & Monroe, B.L. (1988): A classification of the living birds of the world based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies. Auk 105: 409–423.

External links


Taxon identifiers
Galloanserae
Categories: