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{{Kalyani Chalukya Kings Infobox}} {{Chalukyas|Kalyani}}
'''Satyashraya''' ({{IAST3|Satyāśraya}}; {{reign|997|1008 CE}}),<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |page=52-53}}</ref> also known as Sattiga or Irivabedanga, was a king of the ]. During a time of consolidation of the empire in the early 11th century, Satyashraya was involved in several battles with the ] of ], the ] and ] of central India, and the ]. The results of these wars were mixed, with victories and defeats.<ref name="parama">Kamath (1980). p.101</ref> Even as a prince, during the rule of his father Tailapa II, Satyashraya had established himself as an ambitious warrior.<ref name="able">Sastri(1955), p.164</ref> Satyashraya patronised the great ] poet ] (one among the "three gems" or ''ratnatraya'' of classical Kannada literature) who compared his patron favourably to the ] prince ] (of the epic ]) for his strength and valor in his epic poem ''Sahasabhimavijaya'' (''lit'', "Daring Bhima", the epic also known as ''Gadayuddha'').<ref name="gada">Narasimhacharya (1988), p.18</ref><ref name="sahasa">Sastri (1955), p.356</ref><ref name="bhima">Kamath (1980) p.101</ref> Satyashraya held such titles as ''Akalavarsha'', ''Akalankacharita'' and ''Sahasabhima''.<ref name="guj"/> '''Satyashraya''' ({{IAST3|Satyāśraya}}; {{reign|997|1008 CE}}),<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=52–53}}</ref> also known as Sattiga or Irivabedanga, was a king of the ]. During a time of consolidation of the empire in the early 11th century, Satyashraya was involved in several battles with the ] of ], the ] and ] of central India, and the ]. The results of these wars were mixed, with victories and defeats.<ref name="parama">Kamath (1980). p.101</ref> Even as a prince, during the rule of his father Tailapa II, Satyashraya had established himself as an ambitious warrior.<ref name="able">Sastri(1955), p.164</ref> Satyashraya patronised the great ] poet ] (one among the "three gems" or ''ratnatraya'' of classical Kannada literature) who compared his patron favourably to the ] prince ] (of the epic ]) for his strength and valor in his epic poem ''Sahasabhimavijaya'' (''lit'', "Daring Bhima", the epic also known as ''Gadayuddha'').<ref name="gada">Narasimhacharya (1988), p.18</ref><ref name="sahasa">Sastri (1955), p.356</ref><ref name="bhima">Kamath (1980) p.101</ref> Satyashraya held such titles as ''Akalavarsha'', ''Akalankacharita'' and ''Sahasabhima''.<ref name="guj"/>


== Battles in the North== == Battles in the North==
During the reign of Satyashraya, the Paramaras and Chedi rulers of central India (also known as the ]) appear to have regained control over territories they had lost to the Satyashraya's father Tailapa II (on account of his victories over ] in c. 996). Satyashraya however subdued the ] King ] of the northern ] and made him a ]. There was rebellion against the ] chief Barapa in the Gujarat province of the Western Chalukya empire. Barapa had been ousted by Mularaja from the Chaulukya family. Satyashraya led an expedition to Gujarat, defeated Mularaja and reinstated Goggiraja, son of Barapa. Thus, he consolidated his control over the that region.<ref name="guj">Kamath (1980), p.102</ref> During the reign of Satyashraya, the Paramaras and Chedi rulers of central India (also known as the ]) appear to have regained control over territories they had lost to the Satyashraya's father Tailapa II (on account of his victories over ] in c. 996). Satyashraya however subdued the ] King ] of the northern ] and made him a ]. There was rebellion against the ] chief Barapa in the Gujarat province of the Western Chalukya empire. Barapa had been ousted by ] from the ] family. Satyashraya led an expedition to Gujarat, defeated Mularaja and reinstated Goggiraja, son of Barapa. Thus, he consolidated his control over that region.<ref name="guj">Kamath (1980), p.102</ref>


==Wars with the Cholas== ==Wars with the Cholas==
During the early 11th century, the Chola dynasty of Thanjavur were on the ascendant. The Chola influence in the eastern Deccan ruled by the Chalukyas of Vengi (the ]) was on the rise. With the help of the Cholas, Saktivarman had defeated Jata-Choda Bhima and gained control of the Vengi kingdom. The rise of Chola influence in the east was unacceptable to the Western Chalukyas. Satyasaraya wasted no time in sending his armies under the command of Bayalanambi around c.1006. Satyashraya's armies conquered the forts at Dhanyakataka (or Dharanikota) and Yanamandala. With these victories, Satyashraya was able to establish himself temporarily at Chebrolu in the modern ].<ref name="guntur">Sastri (1955), p.165</ref> During the early 11th century, the Chola dynasty of Thanjavur were on the ascendant. The Chola influence in the eastern Deccan ruled by the Chalukyas of Vengi (the ]) was on the rise. With the help of the Cholas, Saktivarman had defeated Jata-Choda Bhima and gained control of the Vengi kingdom. The rise of Chola influence in the east was unacceptable to the Western Chalukyas. Around c.1006 - 1007, a general of Satyashraya named Bayalnambi burnt the forts at Dhanyakataka (or Dharanikota) and Yanamandala.<ref>{{cite book|author= Dr. Balakrishnan Raja Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ|title=
The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris|publisher=|year=1981 |language=en|page=98|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> With these victories, Satyashraya was able to establish himself temporarily at Chebrolu in the modern ].<ref name="guntur">Sastri (1955), p.165</ref>


However, these early victories were temporary. The Chola King Rajaraja I mounted a two pronged counter-attack. A large Chola army led by prince ] invaded and captured Donur in the ] region, ], parts of the ] ] (called Iditurainnadu), ] (or Malkheda, called Mannaikkadakkam) in the modern ], Unkal near modern ], and ] in modern ]. According to the historians Chopra et al., one inscription of c.1007 describes his attack on ]. They opine that such a simultaneous invasion on Banavasi (also spelt Vanavasi) and Manyakheta, two vastly separated regions could not have been possible with out a large army and a well planned military operation. A second thrust came from the east, from Vengi, where the Cholas successfully reduced forts at Kollipakkai (Kulpak) 45&nbsp; miles north-west of modern ]. According to the historians Sastri and Sen, Satyashraya thereafter invested a great deal of effort in successfully freeing his kingdom from the Chola hold.<ref name="guntur"/><ref name="sen">Sen (1999), p.383</ref><ref name="ratta">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.103</ref> According to historian Kamath, that Satyashraya was able to free his kingdom from the Cholas entirely, though at the cost of the life of his brother prince Dasavarman, is testified to by the Hottur inscription.<ref name="guj"/> But these early victories were temporary. The Chola King Rajaraja I mounted a two pronged counter-attack. A large Chola army led by prince ] invaded and captured Donur in the ] region, ], parts of the ] ] (called Iditurainnadu), Unkal near modern ], and ] in modern ]. However, Satyashraya at last reconquered these territories after defeating Rajendra Chola according to Hottur inscriptions which have also been noted by historians Suryanath Kamath <ref>{{cite book| author=Suryanath U. Kamath| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-1uzgEACAAJ|title= A Concise History of Karnataka (from Pre-historic Times to the Present)|publisher= Archana Prakashana |year=1980 |language=en|page=107|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> and R.C. Mujamdar.<ref>{{cite book|author=R C Majumdar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yAKAQAAIAAJ|title= The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire |publisher= G.Allen & Unwin |year= 1951|language=en|page=165|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>


An inscription dated 1005 AD found at Yelesirur (Dharwad district) says that Satyashraya was in Shriparvata (Srisailam in Kurnool) in connection with the campaign against the Cholas and had enlisted the help of Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi in his wars against the Cholas.<ref>{{cite book| author=Electronic Journals (Compilation)| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAEeAQAAIAAJ|title= The Proceedings of The Indian History Congress Tenth Session|publisher= Bombay University and Bombay Historical Society |year=1947|language=en|page=243-244|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> Satyashraya fought against Raja Raja Chola in the latter's third campaign. Satyashraya retaliated by invading the Vengi country in 1006 AD and placed Saktivarman on the throne of Vengi.<ref>{{cite book| author=S. Srikanta Sastri| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIxygEACAAJ|title= Sources of Karnataka History|publisher= Vellala Publishing House |year=2018|language=en|page=XVII|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> In 1007 AD, he defeated Rajendra Chola in the Battle of Tavareyaghatta.<ref>{{cite book|author=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ|title= The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris |publisher= Prasaranga, Karnatak University |year= 1981|language=en|page=98|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>
Satyashraya annexed Andhra province from Cholas after raids of Rajendra Chola into the Chalukya territories and Satyashraya repulsed Rajendra Chola and reconquered Andhra Province.<ref>{{cite book| author=S. Srikanta Sastri| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIxygEACAAJ|title= Sources of Karnataka History|publisher= Vellala Publishing House |year=2018|language=en|page=139|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>

According to the historians Sastri and Sen, Satyashraya thereafter invested a great deal of effort in successfully freeing his kingdom from the Chola hold.<ref name="guntur"/><ref name="sen">Sen (1999), p.383</ref><ref name="ratta">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.103</ref> According to historian Kamath, that Satyashraya was able to free his kingdom from the Cholas entirely, though at the cost of the life of his brother prince Dasavarman, is testified to by the Hottur inscription.<ref name="guj"/>

However, according to historian Balakrishnan Raja Gopal, the statement in the Chola records regarding their conquest of Rattapadi is an exaggeration.<ref>{{cite book|author=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ|title= The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris |publisher= Prasaranga, Karnatak University |year= 1981|language=en|page=91|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> Further, the inscription of the Western Chalukyas in Guntur dated S. 928 (''Paraabhava'' - V.R.ii. Guntur 84: 145 of 1897) sufficiently disposes off the Chola claim to having conquered the whole Rattapadi 7 1/2 lakh territory with Raja Raja Chola failing in his attempt inspite of a bold bid for conquest.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Sewell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nS1sQgAACAAJ|title=The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (collected Till 1923) and Outlines of Political History |publisher= The Diocesan Press|year=1932 |language=en|page=58|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>


{{S-start}} {{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=]|before=]|after=] |years=997 &ndash;1008}} {{Succession box|title=]|before=]|after=] |years=997&ndash;1008}}
{{s-end}} {{s-end}}


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==References== ==References==
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|origyear=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}} *{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|origyear=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}} * {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book |last=Narasimhacharya |first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|origyear=1988|year= 1988|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}} *{{cite book|last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|orig-year= 1988|year= 1988|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0303-6|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara}}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|origyear=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}} *{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |origyear=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|location=|isbn=81-224-1198-3}} *{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}



] ]
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Latest revision as of 03:31, 3 November 2024

Satyashraya
Reignc. 997 – c. 1008 CE
Chalukya dynasties
Vatapi / Badami Chalukyas
Jayasimha 500-520
Ranaraga 520-540
Pulakeshin I 540–566
Kirttivarman I 566–597
Mangalesha 597–609
Pulakeshin II 609–642
Adityavarman 643-645
Abhinavaditya 645-646
Chandraditya 646-649
Vijaya-Bhattarika (regent) 650-655
Vikramaditya I 655–680
Vinayaditya 680–696
Vijayaditya 696–733
Vikramaditya II 733–746
Kirtivarman II 746–753
Vengi / Eastern Chalukyas
Kubja Vishnuvardhana 624–641
Jayasimha I 641–673
Indra Bhattaraka 673
Vishnu Vardhana II 673–682
Mangi Yuvaraja 682–706
Jayasimha II 706–718
Kokkili 719
Vishnuvardhana III 719–755
Vijayaditya I (Eastern Chalukya) 755–772
Vishnuvardhana IV 772–808
Vijayaditya II 808–847
Kali Vishnuvardhana V 847–849
Vijayaditya III 849–892
Chalukya Bhima I 892–921
Vijayaditya IV 921
Amma I 921–927
Beta Vijayaditya V 927
Tala I 927
Vikramaditya II 927–928
Bhima II 928
Yuddhamalla II 928–935
Chalukya Bhima II 935–947
Amma II 947–970
Tala I 970
Danarnava 970–973
Jata Choda Bhima 973–999
Shaktivarman I 1000–1011
Vimaladitya 1011–1018
Rajaraja Narendra 1019–1061
Vijayaditya VII 1061-1075
Kalyani / Western Chalukyas
Tailapa II 957–997
Satyashraya 997–1008
Vikramaditya V 1008–1015
Jayasimha II 1015–1042
Someshvara I 1042–1068
Someshvara II 1068–1076
Vikramaditya VI 1076–1126
Someshvara III 1126–1138
Jagadhekamalla II 1138–1151
Tailapa III 1151–1164
Jagadhekamalla III 1163–1183
Someshvara IV 1184–1200

Satyashraya (IAST: Satyāśraya; r. 997 – 1008 CE), also known as Sattiga or Irivabedanga, was a king of the Western Chalukya Empire. During a time of consolidation of the empire in the early 11th century, Satyashraya was involved in several battles with the Chola dynasty of Thanjavur, the Paramara dynasty and Chedi Kingdom of central India, and the Chaulukyas of Gujarat. The results of these wars were mixed, with victories and defeats. Even as a prince, during the rule of his father Tailapa II, Satyashraya had established himself as an ambitious warrior. Satyashraya patronised the great Kannada poet Ranna (one among the "three gems" or ratnatraya of classical Kannada literature) who compared his patron favourably to the Pandava prince Bhima (of the epic Mahabharatha) for his strength and valor in his epic poem Sahasabhimavijaya (lit, "Daring Bhima", the epic also known as Gadayuddha). Satyashraya held such titles as Akalavarsha, Akalankacharita and Sahasabhima.

Battles in the North

During the reign of Satyashraya, the Paramaras and Chedi rulers of central India (also known as the Kalachuris of Tripuri) appear to have regained control over territories they had lost to the Satyashraya's father Tailapa II (on account of his victories over Munja in c. 996). Satyashraya however subdued the Shilahara King Aparajita of the northern Konkan and made him a vassal. There was rebellion against the Lata Chalukya chief Barapa in the Gujarat province of the Western Chalukya empire. Barapa had been ousted by Mularaja from the Chaulukya family. Satyashraya led an expedition to Gujarat, defeated Mularaja and reinstated Goggiraja, son of Barapa. Thus, he consolidated his control over that region.

Wars with the Cholas

During the early 11th century, the Chola dynasty of Thanjavur were on the ascendant. The Chola influence in the eastern Deccan ruled by the Chalukyas of Vengi (the Eastern Chalukyas) was on the rise. With the help of the Cholas, Saktivarman had defeated Jata-Choda Bhima and gained control of the Vengi kingdom. The rise of Chola influence in the east was unacceptable to the Western Chalukyas. Around c.1006 - 1007, a general of Satyashraya named Bayalnambi burnt the forts at Dhanyakataka (or Dharanikota) and Yanamandala. With these victories, Satyashraya was able to establish himself temporarily at Chebrolu in the modern Guntur district.

But these early victories were temporary. The Chola King Rajaraja I mounted a two pronged counter-attack. A large Chola army led by prince Rajendra Chola invaded and captured Donur in the Bijapur region, Banavasi, parts of the Raichur Doab (called Iditurainnadu), Unkal near modern Hubli, and Kudalasangama in modern Bagalkot district. However, Satyashraya at last reconquered these territories after defeating Rajendra Chola according to Hottur inscriptions which have also been noted by historians Suryanath Kamath and R.C. Mujamdar.

An inscription dated 1005 AD found at Yelesirur (Dharwad district) says that Satyashraya was in Shriparvata (Srisailam in Kurnool) in connection with the campaign against the Cholas and had enlisted the help of Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi in his wars against the Cholas. Satyashraya fought against Raja Raja Chola in the latter's third campaign. Satyashraya retaliated by invading the Vengi country in 1006 AD and placed Saktivarman on the throne of Vengi. In 1007 AD, he defeated Rajendra Chola in the Battle of Tavareyaghatta. Satyashraya annexed Andhra province from Cholas after raids of Rajendra Chola into the Chalukya territories and Satyashraya repulsed Rajendra Chola and reconquered Andhra Province.

According to the historians Sastri and Sen, Satyashraya thereafter invested a great deal of effort in successfully freeing his kingdom from the Chola hold. According to historian Kamath, that Satyashraya was able to free his kingdom from the Cholas entirely, though at the cost of the life of his brother prince Dasavarman, is testified to by the Hottur inscription.

However, according to historian Balakrishnan Raja Gopal, the statement in the Chola records regarding their conquest of Rattapadi is an exaggeration. Further, the inscription of the Western Chalukyas in Guntur dated S. 928 (Paraabhava - V.R.ii. Guntur 84: 145 of 1897) sufficiently disposes off the Chola claim to having conquered the whole Rattapadi 7 1/2 lakh territory with Raja Raja Chola failing in his attempt inspite of a bold bid for conquest.

Preceded byTailapa II Western Chalukyas
997–1008 		Succeeded byVikramaditya V

Notes

  1. Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
  2. Kamath (1980). p.101
  3. Sastri(1955), p.164
  4. Narasimhacharya (1988), p.18
  5. Sastri (1955), p.356
  6. Kamath (1980) p.101
  7. ^ Kamath (1980), p.102
  8. Dr. Balakrishnan Raja Gopal (1981). The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris. p. 98. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  9. ^ Sastri (1955), p.165
  10. Suryanath U. Kamath (1980). A Concise History of Karnataka (from Pre-historic Times to the Present). Archana Prakashana. p. 107. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  11. R C Majumdar (1951). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire. G.Allen & Unwin. p. 165. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  12. Electronic Journals (Compilation) (1947). The Proceedings of The Indian History Congress Tenth Session. Bombay University and Bombay Historical Society. p. 243-244. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  13. S. Srikanta Sastri (2018). Sources of Karnataka History. Vellala Publishing House. p. XVII. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  14. Balakrishnan Raja Gopal (1981). The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris. Prasaranga, Karnatak University. p. 98. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  15. S. Srikanta Sastri (2018). Sources of Karnataka History. Vellala Publishing House. p. 139. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  16. Sen (1999), p.383
  17. Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.103
  18. Balakrishnan Raja Gopal (1981). The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris. Prasaranga, Karnatak University. p. 91. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  19. Robert Sewell (1932). The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (collected Till 1923) and Outlines of Political History. The Diocesan Press. p. 58. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

References

  • Chopra, P.N.; Ravindran, T.K.; Subrahmanian, N (2003) . History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1. New Delhi: Chand Publications. ISBN 81-219-0153-7.
  • Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) . A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
  • Narasimhacharya, R (1988) . History of Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 81-206-0303-6.
  • Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) . A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-560686-8.
  • Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) . Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age Publishers. ISBN 81-224-1198-3.
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